Elevational temperature gradient 25 20 15 10 5 0 2 3 4 5 6 0.0 0.2 Temperature anomaly (°C) 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Range shape Elevational temperature gradient 25 20 15 10 5 0 4 5 6 7 2 log10 Range size (km ) 8 0 20 40 60 80 Range orientation Figure S5. Fit of robust linear regression models to four predictors of elevational temperature gradients estimated within the geographic ranges of 4,978 bird species. Red points and lines are threatened species (n = 766) and green points and black line are nonthreatened species (n = 4,212).