Overview of carbon nanoforms “NOVEL FORMS”
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Nanomaths 2012 “NOVEL FORMS”! Overview of carbon nanoforms! (PART II) Irene Suarez-Martinez! [email protected]! Nanochemistry Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia! ! ! nano Classification based on 6 morphology It is not exhaustive but a first step … Carbon Nanotubes ! Could motivate the search of new forms 12.0107 (“periodic table of carbon nanoforms”) Graphene Fullerenes Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing (dislocating) ribbon single-wall nanocone double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets coiled ribbon ultra short single-wall nanotube coiled single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotorus double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube graphene nanoscroll single-wall Nanotube spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing (dislocating) ribbon single-wall nanocone double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets coiled ribbon ultra short single-wall nanotube coiled single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotorus double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube graphene nanoscroll single-wall Nanotube spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing (dislocating) ribbon single-wall nanocone double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets coiled ribbon ultra short single-wall nanotube coiled single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotorus double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube graphene nanoscroll single-wall Nanotube spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# EDGE PERFECT SCREW ! Screwed stacked Graphenes !"#$%"&"'( )*(+!*(,-&'./((3#&7/(( 01-2*(0%$*(345(647/(893(6:5547( B1C-#D"#B&8)E)&F# 666"?CG"H3%"(I%JKL&8)E)&FJ!HM-('&78JMH"C3H7# Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing (dislocating) ribbon single-wall nanocone double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets coiled ribbon ultra short single-wall nanotube coiled single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotorus double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube graphene nanoscroll single-wall Nanotube spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing (dislocating) ribbon single-wall nanocone double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets coiled ribbon ultra short single-wall nanotube coiled single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotorus double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube graphene nanoscroll single-wall Nanotube spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# PERFECT EDGE NANOTUBE (CONCENTRIC TUBES) SCROLL Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing (dislocating) ribbon single-wall nanocone double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets coiled ribbon ultra short single-wall nanotube coiled single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotorus double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube graphene nanoscroll single-wall Nanotube spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# Carbon nanoscrolls Synthesis Proof of existance Lavin et al. Carbon 40 ( 2002) 1123 – 1130 From Andrea Schaper Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing (dislocating) ribbon single-wall nanocone double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets coiled ribbon ultra short single-wall nanotube coiled single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotorus double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube graphene nanoscroll single-wall Nanotube spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# Torus or Spiral??! Itoh & Ihara. Phys. Rev. B 49, 13970–13974 (1994) Circular nanotube bundles on hydrogenated Si(100) surface, imaged using the AFM, and after applying a vertical load of 30nN with the AFM tip to unfold the ring (R. Martel, et al , J. Phys. Chem. B 103(36), 7551 (1999).) Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing (dislocating) ribbon single-wall nanocone double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets coiled ribbon ultra short single-wall nanotube coiled single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotorus double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube graphene nanoscroll single-wall Nanotube spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# Coils! CARBON NANOCOILS Tube diameter: 60-100 nm Pitch 120-150 nm June 17, 2011 16:30 30 Coil Diameter 100 nm PSP Book - 9in x 6in 01-Tagmatarchis-ch01 Encyclopedia of Carbon Nanoforms Table 1.2. Different coiled carbon structures and their corresponding dimensions (adapted from ref. 122). Carbon Carbon Coiled carbon microcoils nanocoils nanotube (µm) (nm) (nm) Tube diameter 0.5–2 60–100 5–20 Coil pitch 1–5 120–150 20–100 Coil diameter 3–8 ∼ 100 50–80 (see Table 1.3). For recent reviews of the synthesis and mechanical applications of coiled carbon nanotubes, see refs. 112 and 113. Carbon microcoils were first seen in 1990.114 COILED CARBON NANOTUBE 1.9.1 Synthesis of Helical Nanotubes Tube diameter: 5-20 nm Helical Pitch 20-100nm Coil Diameter 50-80 nm nanotubes were proposed soon after the discovery of conventional nanotubes,115 and were experimentally reported in 1994 by Zhang et al.116 Helical nanotubes are typically grown in lowtemperature catalytic CVD, where they can be obtained with high yields.117,118 Carbon microcoils and nanocoils are fibers (graphitic, solid-core structures), whose most important difference is the size. They are grown by, e.g., microwave plasma CVD of C2 H2 over microsized Ni particles on SiC119 or oxide catalysts120 using H2 and Ar carrier gas. By varying the temperature from 600 to 700◦ C it is possible to switch from majority nanocoil to microcoil growth. Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing (dislocating) ribbon single-wall nanocone double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets coiled ribbon ultra short single-wall nanotube coiled single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotorus double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube graphene nanoscroll single-wall Nanotube spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing (dislocating) ribbon coiled ribbon double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes Coning= Disclinations ultra short single-wall nanotube coiled single-wall nanotube single-wall nanocone single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotorus double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets graphene nanoscroll single-wall Nanotube spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# Disclinations on graphene Disclinations on graphene Disclinations on graphene NANOCONE OR NANOHORN !=114º Characteristics of nanohorns! 1 pentagon 2 pentagons 3 pentagons 4 pentagons 5 pentagons 6 pentagons sin (!/2)= 1 – (n/6) ! = angle n = number of pentagons Characteristics of nanohorns Characteristics of nanohorns Characteristics of nanohorns Characteristics of nanohorns Characteristics of nanohorns The angle is only dependant on the number of pentagons not on the configuration Same as in Fullerenes: Isolated Pentagon Rule applies! 1 pentagon 2 pentagons 3 pentagons 4 pentagons 5 pentagons $"#$%2'&H1-(G.#(3#&7.#/&3%'(#NOO.#ON@#;=PPN># Naess, et al, Sci. Tech. Adv. Mat. 10 (6): 065002. (2009) • • Cones have also been observed, since 1968 or even earlier on the surface of naturally occurring graphite. Their bases are attached to the graphite, their height: <1 " 40µm. 10nm !*(;<&=/((3#&7/(><&?."%@&?#*(83/(3AB(6:55A7(( P. Harris et al, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 90(18), 2799-2802 2799 (1994)! Structural Defects in Graphite: 60° negative wedge disclination 60° negative wedge disclination = heptagon Schwarzites! • • • • In general, heptagons give continuous surfaces with negative Gaussian curvature One family is the schwarzites Theoretically possible to create a closed structure – double layered fullerene TEM of spongy carbon foam may be schwarzite? S. Townsend et al, PRL 69 (6), 921 (1992) H. Terrones, M. Terrones, PRL 84 1716 (2000) E. Barborini et al, APL 81(18), 3359 (2002). Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing (dislocating) ribbon single-wall nanocone double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets coiled ribbon ultra short single-wall nanotube coiled single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotorus double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube graphene nanoscroll single-wall Nanotube spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# Herringbone nanotubes! Q"#RM81-.#B"#+%77('.#S1T"#$EM"#=:=.=@P#;<::U># BAMBOO-SHAPED CARBON TUBE (Saito et al. Carbon 1995), ‘STACKED-CUP’ LIKE STRUCTURE CARBON NANOTUBES (Okuno et al. Carbon 2004) d) BAMBOO-SHAPED CARBON TUBE (Lee et al. APL 2000) STACKED-CONES’ (Muñoz et al. CPL 2005) HERRINGBONE-BAMBOO CARBON TUBE (Monthioux et al.J.Mat.Chem. 2007) Other Nanotubes! # Bamboo Nanotubes Typically due to N-doping (deliberate or accidental)! A. A. Koos et al, Carbon 47 (1), 30-37 (2009) Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing (dislocating) ribbon single-wall nanocone double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets coiled ribbon ultra short single-wall nanotube coiled single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotorus double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube graphene nanoscroll single-wall Nanotube spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# Sumio Iijima J. Cryst. Growth 50 (3), 675-683 (1980) 8Å Sumio Iijima J. Cryst. Growth 50 (3), 675-683 (1980) J. Phys. Chem. 91, 3466 (1987) 8Å Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing single-wall nanocone (dislocating) ribbon double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets coiled ribbon ultra short single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotube double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube graphene nanoscroll single-wall coiled single-wall nanotube Nanotube C*(C1-."<1D/((3#&7/(E@"F*(G@H'*(I"J*(485/(:8(689997( single-wall nanotorus spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# Family tree of carbon nanoforms OPERATIONS Stacking Cutting Circular wrapping fullerene double-walled fullerene multi-wall fullerene screwed multi-wall fullerene Spiral wrapping Coning Coiling Screwing (dislocating) ribbon single-wall nanocone double-wall nanocone double graphene graphene multi-wall nanocone multiple stacked graphenes screwed stacked nanocones stacked nanocones stacked platelets Screwed stacked platelets coiled ribbon ultra short single-wall nanotube coiled single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotube single-wall nanotorus double-wall nanotube multi-wall nanotube graphene nanoscroll single-wall Nanotube spiral !"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=# "Every element says something to someone (something different to each) like the mountain valleys or beaches visited in youth. One must perhaps make an exception for carbon, because it says everything to everyone" Primo Levi!
