`salamuri~, `stviri

arnold Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis instituti muSaobis gegma 25 marti, marti 11 saa saaTi l. e z u g b a i a, Sesavali sitKva 1. v. S e n g e l i a, fragmentebi arnold Ciqobavaze. XXIII_XXVIII 2. i. C a n t l a Z e, Cemi moZGvarTmoZGvari 3. T. u T u r g a i Z e, qvemdebare-damatebis sakiTxebi III seriis zmniT gamoxatul SemasmenelTan (aqtivebi da medioaqtivebi) 4. g. k v a r a c x e l i a, axal disciplinaTa saerTo Teoriuli safuZveli da urTierTmimarTeba 5. S. a f r i d o n i Z e, fonetikuri faqtoris roli terminTa Seqmnisas 2008 wlis 25-28 marti 6. g. b e d o S v i l i, sitKva `kaxambalis~ Sesaxeb masalebi 7. l. s a n i k i Z e, brunebaTa ZiriTadi tipebis SedarebiTi analizi naxur da daGestnur enebSi 8. m. s u x i S v i l i, pirdapiri damatebis sakiTxi Zveli qarTulis rTul zmnebSi 9. n. m a y a v a r i a n i, anTropomorful arsebaTa saxelwodebebis warmomavlobisaTvis afxazurSi. 2. aZˆZlan // aZˆzlan àli, feria~ 10. m. r o b a q i Z e, àfxazi~ da àfxazebi~ somxur wKaroebSi 11. n. J o r b e n a Z e, àqedan / iqidan gamomdinare~ formaTa umarTebulo xmarebis gamo qarTulSi arnold Ciqobavas sakiTxavebi XIX Tbilisi 2008 mogonebidan akademikos 3 26 marti, marti 11 saa saaTi 1. 27 marti, marti 11 saa saaTi g. g o g o l a S v i l i, kidev erTxel -ia ia daboloebis Taobaze -ad ad da -am am TemisniSnian zmnaTa | TurmeobiTis formaTa Soris 1. l. n o z a Z e, zogi cnebis (mniSvnelobis) dazustebisaTvis `qegl~-Tan mimarTebiT 2. T. v a S a k i Z e, koordinaciis sistemisaTvis Tanamedrove qarTulSi 2. v. m a G r a Z e, ramdenime kalkis Sesaxeb 3. n. a r d o t e l i, gramatikuli klasebis sistema xunZuri enis zedsarTav saxelebSi 3. c. b a r b a q a Z e, samKaros enobrivi suraTebi poetur metKvelebaSi (`varskvlavebis poetika~ ana kalandaZis poeziaSi) 4. e. g i u n a S v i l i, Sedgenili zmnebis kvlevis sakiTxebisaTvis adre saSualo sparsulSi 4. l. e z u g b a i a, Tavisebur zmnaTa kompiuteruli aGwerisaTvis 5. n. s u r m a v a, xmovani Canaweris transkrifcia qarTul dialeqtur korpusSi 5. m. s a G l i a n i, qarTveluri etimologiebi 6. n. m u z a S v i l i, terminologiuri sitKvawarmoebisaTvis 6. m. J G a r k a v a, o_u u afiqsebi megrulsa da lazurSi 7. m. b e r i Z e, d. n a d a r a i a, dialeqturi teqstebis korpusis pirveladi anotireba (proeqti: saqarTvelos lingvisturi portreti) 7. n. d o l i Z e, ayarul da gurul dialeqtTa leqsikis urTierTmimarTebisaTvis (al. Glontis `qarTul kiloTqmaTa sitKvis konaSi~ warmodgenili masalebis mixedviT) 8. m. b u k i a, sinonimebisaTvis megrul mesaqonleobis leqsikaSi 8. n. c e c x l a Z e, floronimebi SavSeTis toponimiaSi 9. l. b a k u r a Z e, Tvisebisa da ricxvis eqspresiuli gamoxatvis SemTxvevebi -oba oba sufiqsian saxelebSi 9. g. v a n i l i S i, 100 wlis lazi Semoqmedi 10. n. x a r C i l a v a, saqorwilo sufra da masTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi termini samurzaKanoSi 11. T. t e t e l o S v i l i, erTpiriani vnebiTis zog formaTa umarTebulo gamoKenebis gamo 10. c. J a n J G a v a, megruli Suri Suri `suli~ derivatebsa kompozitebSi da 11. r. i o s e l i a n i, ÊÀÖÆÀÔÉÅÉÓ ×ÏÒÌÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ 12. r. l o l u a, kavkasiis albanur warweraTa korpusis dazustebisaTvis 4 5 levan 28 marti, marti 11 saa saaTi 1. n. q u T e l i a, irGveva Tu ara fonemaTa SeerTebis sintagmaturi kanonzomierebani 2. i. C a n t l a Z e, jur-/jir jur jir-/jˆr jir jˆrjˆr ZirTa urTierTmimarTebisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi 3. T. g v a n c e l a Z e, afxazuri zmnis kidev erTi morfologiur-modaluri kategoriis Sesaxeb (winaswari cnoba) 4. m. C u x u a, saerTokavkasiuri sameurneo Kofa (Senoba-nagebobebi) 5. n. y o x o n e l i Z e, futk-, futk funkfunk fuZeTa warmomavlobisaTvis 6. S. g a b e s k i r i a, metKvelebis aGmniSvneli qarTveluri zmnebis zogi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 7. r. S e r o z i a, qarTveluri saliteraturo enisa sulxan-sabas `sitKvis konis~ zogi sakiTxisaTvis 8. l. a z m a i f a r a S v i l i, maxvilTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi xunZuri enis anwuxur dialeqtSi (Kvarlis r-nis sof. Tivis metKvelebis mixedviT) 9. m. C a C a n i Z e, eqstralingvisturi informacia leqsikonebSi 10. g. g v a n c e l a Z e, -urº urº-ul urº ul sufiqsTa erTi funqcia istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT 11. k. m i T a g v a r i a, adamianis asakobriv diferenciaciasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi Cerqezul enebSi 12. q. m a r g i a n i - s u b a r i, mirTva svanurSi 6 da azmaifaraSvili maxvilTan maxvilTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi xunZuri enis anwuxur anwuxur dialeqtSi (Kvarlis r-nis sof. Tivis metKvelebis mixedviT) maxvilis moqmedebiT gamowveuli iseTi gavrcelebuli fonetikuri procesebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa xmovanTa asimilacia da reduqcia, xunZuri enis araerT mkvlevars umsJelia (S. miqailovi, arn. Ciqobava, il. cercvaZe, t. gudava, g. gogolaSvili...). xunZur dialeqtur metKvelebaze dakvirveba saKuradGebo faqtebs warmogviCens. rogorc Cans, maxvilis moqmedeba amjamadac uwKobs xels garkveuli fonetikuri procesebis warmoqmnasa da mimdinareobas. maxvilTan dakavSirebul fonetikur movlenaTa erTi wKeba axali Casaxulia da maT ganviTarebaze dakvirveba sinqroniul yrilSic aris SesaZlebeli. warmovadgen zogierT faqts, romelic SeiniSneba kaxeTSi mosaxle anwuxeli xunZebis cocxal metKvelebaSi. ganixileba, kerZod, anwuxuri dialeqtis toxur-yadaqolour kilokavTa monacemebi. sxva dialeqtTa da kilokav-TqmaTa viTareba am mxriv Sesaswavlia. sof. Tivis metKvelebaSi gvxvdeba zmnisarTi c´vex `win~. aq reduqciaa gamowveuli maxviliani e-s mier; Sdr. Crd. xunZ. cév¡ ev¡ (| kl.), cé¡ (|| kl.), céb¡ eb¡ (||| kl.), cér¡ er¡ (mr. r.) `win~ (anwuxur zmnisarTSi -xx bolosarTi mimarTulebis gamomxatveli formantia: c´veve-x). saKuradGeboa, rom Crdilouri xunZuris zmnisarTisagan gansxvavebiT anwuxuri c´vex ar ganarCevs xolme klasebs. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, erTi aseTi winadadeba: so Gedu c ´ v e x kanwbon va c ´ v e x g i ton saral ber baƒzi bat¾mola èrTi Kvavi win gamoxta da winac wavida, ra meliis Tvalis amoTxra moindoma~. sitKva Gedu (`Kvavi~) ||| klass (nivTisas) ganekuTvneba, amitom mosalodneli iKo v-s nacvlad zmnisarTSi b niSani KofiliKo warmodgenili. SeiZleba gaCndes 7 STabeydileba, rom c´vex zmnisarTSi gaqvavebulia | klasis (mamakacis) v afiqsi, magram vfiqrob, rom am movlenas fonetikur niadagze moeZebneba ufro marTebuli axsna: amosavlad am SemTxvevaSi gveqneboda ||| klasis b niSniani forma céb¡ eb¡x, xolo maxviliani e xmovnis mier fuZis SekumSvis Sedegad unda gaCeniliKo arabunebrivi bgeraTkompleqsi c´b sitKvis TavkidurSi (c´bex ← ceb¡x). amis gamo moxda bagismieri b-s Secvla aseve bagismieri v bgeriT: c´b → c´v; bgeraTkompleqsTa aseTi tipi (Tanxmovani + v) ki savsebiT Cveulebrivia xunZuris fonotaqtikisaTTvis da igi farTodaa gavrcelebuli sitKvaTa anlautSi. Tivis anwuxur metKvelebaSi umaxvilo xmovnebs SeemCneva dasustebis tendencia. aseTi xmovani advilad ganicdis xolme Zlier dinamikur maxvils, romelic odesGac moqmedebda (arn. Ciqobava). magram Cvens enaSi es movlena ukve istoriis kuTvnilebaa, xolo anwuxurSi igi amjamad cocxali procesia. SeimCneva erTgvari tendencia sitKvis anlautSi TanxmovanTkompleqsebis gaCenisa. Kovel SemTxvevaSi, TanmxovanTa sabolood SerwKma Tu ara, maT Soris zGvaris Sesusteba da erTmaneTTan miaxloeba sagrZnobi xdeba. sxvaTa Soris, TviTon Tivis mkvidrni aGniSnaven, rom sitKvebs Cven ufro mokled warmovTqvamT, vidre xunZaxelebio. roca Tivel salihaT mahomedovas (1976 w. dab., medda) vTxove Tavad daewera zogierTi anwuxuri sitKva, man ase dawe- cvlilebas, mag., sitKvaSi bab bab (`deda~) umaxvilo a-s artikulacia Sesustebulia da or bagismier Tanxmovans Soris moqceuli igi TviTonac bagismieri xdeba, anu u xmovnad gardaiqmneba: г|диг|нугу („id¢„nugu `nu Cqarob~), гьресрох|но (her¡sí rono ìlaparakes~), гьже (hij¡ àxla~.. ukve dawerili hqonda ase, magram Semdeg mainc Caumata и: гьиже). faqti sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT, Tu rogor aGiqvams TviTon metKveli mSobliur metKvelebaSi arsebul movlenas, kerZod, xmovanTa dasustebas umaxvilo poziciaSi. es aisaxeba sitKvaTa dawerilobaSi, sadac umaxvilo xmovnebi saerTodac ar aris grafikulad gamosaxuli. Girssacnobia, rom calkeul sitKvaTa anlautSi ukve saboloood CamoKalibebuli Cans orwevra TanxmovanTkompleqsebi, romlebSic meore komponentad gvevlinebian sonori Tanmxovnebi l da r; aseTi kompleqsebia sl, sl Kl, Kl Kr. Kr magaliTebi: slu `salamuri~, `stviri~. amosavali saxe am sitKvisa iKo sul¤ sul¤. kaxeTis anwuxur metKvelebaSi bevrad ufro adre il. cercvaZem gamoavlina misi yadaqolouri varianti amgvari saxiT: Solo Solo. lo mkvlevars maxvili ar aGuniSnavs sitKvaSi. sitKva Klin `sigareti~ ← Kil¢n. ← Kal¢n; Sdr. lit. ƒal¢an, qarT. Kalion-i. il. cercvaZes igive sitKva gansxvavebulad aqvs dadasturebuli: Kalihan Kalihan `papirosi~. sof. Tivis TqmaSi es ukanaskneli varianti amjamad aGar gvxvdeba. Krul `qvrivi~; Sdr. lit. Kor£l-av (| kl.), Kor£l-a (|| kl.). il. cercvaZis Canaweris Tanaxmad, es sitKva anwuxurSi sxvagvarad gamoiTqmoda: Kurula Kurula. la KuradGebas iqcevs boloki- bub bub. aGsaniSnavia, rom orive fonetikuri varianti am sitKvisa Tavisuflad SeiZleba Tanaarsebobdes erTi da imave piris metKvelebaSic. sitKvebis Tavkidur marcvalSi umaxvilo xmovanTa artikulaciis Sesusteba gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia im SemTxvevaSi, roca aseTi xmovani maxvilianis identuria, anda maxvilianTan SedarebiT ufro maGali aweulobisaa, vTqvaT, mag., sitKvebSi dab dab ìq~, sad sadƒ èrTad~, sar sarƒan `GamiT~, meT¡ meT¡r `xval~, ret¡ ret¡l `tanisamosi~, suk¤ suk¤m `saponi~, ƒij ƒijn `bavSvi~, hij¡ hij¡ àxla~. aseve anTroponimebSic: siq¢ siq¢nT, nT bit¢ bit¢nT (qalis sakuTari saxelebia) da sxv. sitKvebis sxartad warmoTqmisas umaxvilo xmovnebi TiTqos arc ismis: dba, sdaƒ, srƒan, mTer, rtel, skum, ƒjan, hje, sqinT, btinT... aseTi ram SeiZleba moxdes zmnis analizur formebSic, mag., meSvelzmniani rij¢ rij¢Tu vona vona (`Tanaxma var~) gabmul metKvelebaSi moismis ase: rj¢Tuon... aq SeiZleba gagvaxsendes tipologiurad msgavsi movlena qarTulSi: Zma ← Zam, Zlier ← Zal-¢er da sxv. rogorc garkveulia, xmovnis amoGeba fuZeSi da misi SekumSva gamouwvevia 8 ra: бт|атри (batTri `gascilda~), г|дин („id¢n `msgavsad~), 9 duri a-s gauCinarebis faqti. es bolosarTi xmovani klasis niSans warmoadgenda, miGebuls -av da -aa sufiqsTa fonetikuri gamartivebiT: av → a, a → a. Crdilour xunZurs sl, sl Kl, Kl Kr TanxmovanTkompleqsebi sitKvis TavkidurSi eucxoeba. Tu umaxvilo xmovnis dasustebis Sedegad erTmaneTs miuaxlovdeba ori identuri Tanmxovani, maSin sitKvis TavkidurSi mTeli marcvali SeiZleba moikvecos. aseTi SemTxvevebi dasturdeba, magaliTad, kompozitebSi d¡lvac´ lvac´ `biZa mamis mxridan~, blvac´ lvac´ `biZa dedis mxridan~: d¡lvac´ ← ded¡lvac´, zedmiw. `mamis Zma~, blvac´ ← bablvac´, zedmiw. `dedis Zma~. anlautSi erTmaneTTan Zlier axlos aGmoCnda ori identuri Tanxmovani, romelTa dasaSoriSoreblad Sesustebul umaxvilo xmovans ukve Gone aGar Seswevda, xolo Semdgom moxda maTi gamartiveba erT Tanmxovnad: dd → d, bb → b; umaxvilo xmovani ki sruliad Seiwira am procesma. sainteresoa, rom amosavali formebi ded¡ ded¡lvac´ lvac´, bab bablvac´ lvac´ kidev arseboben sof. Tivis metKvelebaSi d¡lvac, lvac blvac´ lvac´ kompozitTa paralelurad. calke aGsaniSnavia fonetikur cvlilebaTa SemTxvevebi maxviliani marcvlis momdevno poziciaSi. cvlilebebi SeiniSneba sxvadasxva sitKvebsa da formebSi. magaliTad: anTroponimebSi maxvili kumSavs fuZes momdevno umaxvilo marcvalSi xmovnis amoGebiT, mag., qalis sakuTar saxelebSi: sil¢ sil¢mT ← sil¢maT ← sal¢maT, siq¢ siq¢nT ← siq¢naT ← saq¢naT, bit¢ bit ¢nT ← bit¢maT ← bat¢maT (Sdr. Crd. xunZuris fat¢maT), musl¢ musl¢nT ← musl¢maT. sakmaod niSandoblivia m → n anwuxuris anTroponimebSi, roca isini SeikumSebian xolme da m moeqceva T-s win. anTroponimi ruK ruK¢ ¢T ← ruK¢aT... a difTongSi Cveulebriv qreba sruli xmovani, Tu es difTongi maxviliani i-s uSualo mezoblobaSi moeqceva xolme (amis sxva magaliTebi ix. qvemoTac). mimGeobebsa da zedsarTavebSi: ¤nTra àvadmKofi~ ← ¤nTara, b¢trab `swori~ ← b¢t¾arab, bKrab `mSieri~ ← bKarab, 10 w´lrab `wakiTxuli~ ← w´larab, b£‡rab `namKofi~ ← b£‡arab, bit¾¾rab `gaKofili~ ← b¢t¾arab (mag., mKar gamoTqmaSi tulbit tulbit¾ bit¾ra vac´ vac´ `GviZli Zma~, zedmiw. `GviZl-gaKofili Zma~), b£hrab `civi~ ← b£harab... wi wib àxali~ ← w¢ab... arsebiT saxelTa naTesaobiTi brunvis formebSi: sitKva Ci (`kaci~) naTesaobiTSi iqneba C¢súl `kacis~ ← C¢asúl. a difTongSi a xmovnis gaqrobas Cveulebriv iwvevs winamavali maxviliani i. msgavsadve: gurj¢ gurj¢zul `qarTvelebisa~ ← gurj¢azul da sxv. sof. Tivis anwuxur TqmaSi maxvilTan dakavSirebuli fonetikuri procesebi Jer ar dasrulebula. SeiniSneba am mxriv arc Tu umniSvnelo sxvaobani sxvadasxva asakis pirTa metKvelebaSi. kidev araerTi faqti gamosavleni da sakvlevi rCeba. nodar ardoteli gramatikuli klasebis sistema xunZuri enis zedsarTav saxelebSi 1. cnobilia, rom xunZurSi srul (resp. gaformebul) zedsarTav saxelebs KovelTvis daerTvis klas-kategoriis sufiqsuri niSnebi, romlebic warmomavlobiT CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis mzamzareul formebad aris miCneuli (Ciqobava 1942, 33; bokarevi 1949, 150; kikviZe 1958, 99; Ciqobava, cercvaZe 1962, 185...). dasturdeba iseTi zedsarTavebic, romlebsac, sufiqsis garda, klasis eqsponenti prefiqsadac daerTvis, mag.: b-e-w-ab `bneli~, b-a-„ar-ab `wiTeli~, b-o-rxaT-ab `maGali~, b-a-wád-ab `sufTa~, `wminda~, b-i-cáT-ab `sqeli~... 2. Cveni azriT, zemomoKvanili zedsarTavis formebi unda iKvnen odindeli mimGeobebi, romlebmac mogvianebiT zedsarTa11 vi saxelis statusi SeiZines. amas mowmoben saTanado zmnebi, romelTagan unda warmoqmniliKvnen amgvari zedsarTauli (resp. Suqia mimGeoburi) formebi , mag.: b-¡-w-ab (Sdr. b-¡-w-i-ze `Caqroba~, fonetikuri faqtoris roli terminTa Seqmnisas * `dabneleba~) `bneli~, b-a-„r-ab (Sdr. b-a-„r-i-ze `gacxeleba~, `dawva~...) `wiTeli~, b-£-rxaT-ab (Sdr.b-£-rx-i-ze àweva~, àtana~...) `maGali~, b-a-wád-ab (Sdr. b--w´-i-ne `gawmenda~, `gasufTaveba~...) `wminda~, `sufTa~, b-¢-tar-ab (Sdr. b-¢-t-i-ze `gasworeba~, `gagzavna~...) `swori~, `pirdapiri~ da misT. iSviaTad SeiZleba analogiuri zedsarTavi saxeli zmnizedisganac momdinareobdes, mag.: b-i-c´T-ab (Sdr. b-i-c´T`sqlad~) `sqeli~... sagulisxmo faqtia isic, rom saanalizo zedsarTavebsa da maT Sesabamis zmnur formebs maxvili erTsa da imave xmovanze moudis. 3. mimGeoba, rogorc zedsarTavi saxeli, semantikuri gadaazrianebiT SeiZleba viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelad iqces. am movlenas bevr enaSi eZebneba analogi, maT Soris, qarTulSic, mag.: Kar-s _ m-Kr-al-i, wiT-s _ wiT-el-i, m-wiT-ur-i, Sr-eb-a _ m-Sr-al-i... zemomoKvanili formebi (mKrali, m-wiT-ur-i...) amjamad zedsarTavebad gaigebian, Tumca istoriulad isini mimGeobebs warmoadgendnen. rac Seexeba funqciur mxares, sufiqsuri klas-niSani zedsarTav saxelsa da sazGvruls Soris atributuli kavSiris dasamKareblad gamoiKeneba, xolo prefiqsuli eqsponenti realuri subieqtis klass gamoxatavs. * 12 afridoniZe enis leqsikuri gamdidrebis, maT Soris axali terminebis Sesaqmnelad erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad, leqsemaTa sesxebasTan erTad, samarTlianad iTvleba sitKvawarmoeba. derivaciul afiqsebs mraval enaSi, SeiZleba iTTqas, gadamwKveti mniSvneloba eniyeba terminologiis erovnul niadagze gamdidrebisaTvis. saliteraturo qarTuli Tavisi ganviTarebis istoriis manZilze amgvari nimuSebis unikalur magaliTebs iZleva. magram afiqsaciasTan erTad da mis paralelurad (Tumc Seudareblad naklebi doziT) terminologiis samsaxurSi dgeba fonetikuri cvlilebebic. gamoikveTa zogi amgvari cvlileba: aq ganvixilavT bgeris bgeris dakar dakargvas kargvas da bgera bgeraTa raTa SerwKmas 1. bgeris bgeris dakar dakargva kargva a) mrglo rglova lovani vani. ni qarTuli damwerlobis erT-erTi, qronologiurad pirveli safexuris saxelwodebaa mrglova mrglovani vani, ni romlis amosavalia mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi mrgv mrgvlova lovani vani (Serqmeulia asoebis formis mixedviT). nawarmoebi adieqtivis etimologia sruliad gamyvirvalea: igi miiGeba viTarebiTi (Zireuli) mrgvalovan sufiqsis darTviT. mrgval zedsarTavisagan -ovan swored am derivaciuli warmoebis _ xmovniT dawKebuli sufiqsis darTvis procesSi xdeba a xmovnis aucilebeli kumSva, ris Sedegadac Tavs iKris 5 Tanxmovani, romelTagan Kvela sonoria (mr mrgvl mr vl), vl garda erTisa. amitom ikargvis winamavali sonori v identuri sufiqsiseuli v Tanxmovnis gavleniT (disimilaciuri dakargva), ris Sedegadac viGebT gasubstantivebul grafologiur termins _ mrglovans mrglovans. vans b) lursmu lursmuli smuli. li analogiuri semantikisaa adieqturi warmoSobis sitKva lursmu lursmuli smuli, li romlis etimologiac aseve gamyvirvalea: miGebulia lursman lursmansman saxelisagan (termini amJerad Seqmnilia weris iaraGis saxelis mixedviT). zedsarTavTa Kvelaze simartivisaTvis zedsarTavebs ||| klasis formiT vimowmebT. 13 xSiri mawarmoeblis -ur ur sufiqsis darTva da fuZiseuli a xmovnis aucilebeli sinkopireba iwvevs ramdenime (4) Tanxmovnis TavmoKras. maTgan aseve Kvela sonoria, garda erTisa (r rsmn mn). mn derivatis fonetikuri gamartiveba am SemTxvevaSic substantivaciis gavleniT iZleva saTanado grafologiur termins. g) kompoziciis gziT nawarmoebi sitKva Tana Tanamo namosag mosagre sagre, re romelic amjamad qarTulSi ixmareba kolegiuri saqmianobis, kerZod, Tanamosaqmis mniSvnelobiT, warmoSobiT sinonimuri Tana Tananamebr ebrZolis Zolis mniSvnelobidan momdinareobs da etimologiurad ukavSirdeba arsebiT saxels _ sa sangars ngars (Sdr. rus. окоп). misi morfemuli analizi aseTia: Tana Tanana-momo-sang( sang(a)r-e. Srd. momo-sangrsangr-e 1 ix. meme-sangrsangr-e . mo-_-e mo e cirkumfiqsis xmovanTa darTvam gamoiwvia fuZiseuli a xmovnis aucilebeli kumSva: Tanamosangare > Tanamosangre; Semdgom etapze daikarga n sonoric, magram es gauCinareba mxolod fonetikur doneze ar darCenila da mas sitKvis semantikuri gadaxalisebis funqcia daekisra, roca amgvarad saxecvlilma saTanado sitKvam `TanamebrZolis~ metonimiis gziT ufro `mSvidobiani~ niuansi (ko kole kolegis legis, gis Tana Tanamo namosaq mosaqmis saqmis, mis Tanam TanamnamSromlis Sromlisa a ) SeiZina _ am ukanaskneli sinonimiT ara oden ofilis cialuri statusis, aramed realuri erToblivi, amasTan, myidro Tanamosaqmeobis aGsaniSnavad Tu misaniSneblad. d) kompozitisave farglebSi uCinardeba sonori m bgera `falsifikatoris~ qarTuli ekvivalentis _ `gamKalbeblis~ terminologizaciis mizniT nawarmoeb kompozit `KalbismqnelSi~, romelic, Cveulebriv, dokumentebis an fulis damxatvels aGniSnavs. rusulSic es termini kompoziciis meSveobiT Seiqmna, oGond iq meore komponentad fuZe mone moneta neta _ specifikuri sufiqsis darTviT _ damkvidrda, qarTulSi ki misi adgili 1 sagulisxmoa, rom `TanamebrZolis~ mniSvnelobiT rusulSi ixmareba соратник, romelic nawarmoebia rusuli sitKvisagan рать (= 1. Jari, laSqari; 2. brZola, omi) со- prefiqsiTa da -ник sufiqsiT (analogiuri warmoebisaTvis Sdr. TanaTana-m-SromSrom-elel-i da misi rusuli SesatKvisi со-труд-ник). 14 2 mimGeoba mqnelma mqnelma daikava; terminologiuri kompozicia moxda m sonoris dakargvis Sedegad gamartivebis xarJze: Kalbismq Kalbismq( bismq(m)neneli. li am zmnis mimGeobis amosavali qna Cans (Sdr. xalxuri derivaciuli warmoebis `ga gaa gaaimasqn masqna qna~, romelic mix. JavaxiSvilma esoden marJved gamoiKena Tavisi cnobili romanis mTavari personajis _ kvayi kvayantiraZis aferistul-avantiuruli saqmianobis mxatvrulad daxasiaTebis mizniT). 2. bgera bgeraTa raTa SerwKma qarTulSi bgeraTSerwKmis saxeliT cnobili SemTxvevebidan, romlebic, Cveulebriv, dialeqtizmebadaa kvalificirebuli (Tvali > Toli, Svidi > Sudi...), erT-erTi masdaruli warmoebis sitKva _ gamar gamarJve marJveba Jveba _ saliteraturo enaSi damkvidrda misalmebis formulad: gamar gamarJo marJoba Joba (< gamarJveba). aGniSnulma fonetikurma cvlilebam _ viniani kompleqsis bgeraTSerwKmam _ xeli SeuwKo mis erTgvar `konversias~. am terminSi aq nagulisxmebia saxelis gazmnaveba, romlis Sedegicaa sapasuxo formulis warmoqmna fuZiseuli v-s CavardniT da pirisa Tu qcevis prefiqsebisa da zmnis dro-kilouri paradigmis nakvTis mawarmoebeli sufiqsis gamoKenebiT: gaga-g-i-marJmarJ-o-s/-T (< gagimarJvos/T), gaga-u-marJarJ-o-s/-T (< gaumarJvos/T). am zmnuri formulis analogiam Tavdapirveli gamar gamarJo marJoba Joba-c ba TandaTan zmnur paradigmebSi gadaiKvana, rasac mowmobs mravlobiTi ricxvisa Tu Tavaziani mimarTvis formebSi mravlobiTobis -T T sufiqsis gaCena (ga gamar gamarJo marJoba Jobaba-T, bavSvebo! gamar gamarJo marJoba Jobaba-T, qalbatono Tamar!), romelic msgavs situaciebSi misalmebis pasuxad saTqmeli zmnuri gagi gagimar gimarJo marJoJo-T formis analogiiT unda iKos Seqmnili. zemoaGniSnuli fonetikuri procesebis analizma gamokveTa erTi saerTo niSani: Kvela SemTxvevaSi semantikuri gadaxaliseba xdeba sono sonori nori Tanx Tanxmovne movnebis nebis an maTi Semcveli kompleqsebis 2 aq iqneb zedmeti ar iKos imis aGniSvna, rom sitKva qmari, qmari romelic dGes bunebrivadaa damkvidrebuli KofiTs sitKvaxmarebaSi, mimGeoburi warmoSobisave unda iKos, oGond am SemTxvevaSi Tavkiduri, mimGeobis mawarmoebeli m sonoris disimilaciuri dakargviT miGebuli. 15 fonetikuri modifikaciis fonze. terminebis SeqmnaSi fonetikur cvlilebaTa rolis damadasturebeli zemoganxiluli magaliTebi Tumca sixSiriTa da produqtiulobiT sitKvawarmoebas ver Seedreba, magram maTi gaTvaliswineba, damatebiTi masalis gamovlena da saTanado kvalifikacia aucilebelia faqtobrivadac da meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiTac. msgavsi masalis analizi Tavis kuTvnil adgils daiyers specialur terminTa Tu specifikuri enobrivi formulebis Seqmna-CamoKalibebis kvlevaSi. lia bakuraZe Tvise Tvisebi sebisa bisa da ricxvis ricxvis eqspre eqspresi spresiu siuli gamoxat gamoxatvis xatvis SemTxve SemTxveve mTxvevebi vebi -oba sufiq sufiqsi fiqsian sian saxe saxeleb xelebSi lebSi -oba sufiqsis erT-erTi funqciaa abstraqtuli da krebiTi saxelebis warmoeba. es sufiqsi, faqtobrivad, miuTiTebs sagnis an saganTa Tvisebaze: oficro oficroba roba, ba axalgaz axalgazrdo gazrdoba rdoba. ba am formebs erTdroulad aqvT Tvisebisa da simravlis gamoxatvis unari. -oba oba sufiqsiani krebiTi saxelebis warmoeba Kvela Ziridan ar xerxdeba. mag. mxatvro mxatvroba vroba, ba, damla damlageb mlageblo geblob loba sulac ar niSnavs mravals da mxolod Tvisebis aGmniSvnelia. -oba oba sufiqsis gverdiT gvaqvs -nar nar sufiqsiani krebiTi saxelebic. Zvel qarTulSi iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba -oba oba da -nar nar sufiqsiT nawarmoebi krebiTi saxelebic: x i l n a r n i iKvnes mSveni mSvenier nierni erni, ni, egeTni egeTni, ni, rome romeli meli Koveli Koveli feri feri xili xili mun ipove ipovebo veboda boda (amirandareJaniani). qari qarisa risagan sagan x e v n a r T a Sigan Sigan Seeq Seeqmne eqmnebis mnebis hma (visramiani). smides smides da gai gaixareb xarebdis rebdis, dis, iKo dide didebul debulTa bulTa J a l a b o b a (visramiani). Koveli Koveli m u s l i m a n o b a brZane brZaneba nebasa basa Tqvensa Tqvensa morCi morCileb rCileblebdes da mzesa mzesa Tqvensa Tqvensa ficev ficevdes cevdes (visramiani). vfiqrobT, amosavali funqcia -oba oba sufiqsisa unda iKos 16 Tvisebis da ara simravlis, ricxvis gamoxatva. gramatikuli ricxvi Tu simravle, bunebrivia, sagnebisa Tu movlenebis Tvisobriv gansazGvrasac gvaZlevs da, piriqiT, Tvisebis maxasiaTebeli gadadis ricxobriv maxasiaTebelSi, radgan orive raodenobis kategoriaa, romelic sagnebisa da maTi nawilebis garegnul, formalur urTierTmimarTebas gamoxatavs: Tvisebas, sidides _ zomas, wonas, ricxvs, aseve ama Tu im Tvisebis xarisxs. -oba sufiqsiani saxelebis saxasiaTo Tvisebis ricxobrivSi gadasvlisaTvis, is unda axasiaTebdes mxolod adamianTa klass da am maxasiaTebliT gamoarCios igi sazogadoebis sxva nawilisagan: maswav maswavleb wavleblo lebloba loba, ba, oficro oficroba roba, ba, glexo glexoba xoba (adamianTa garkveuli socialuri statusi). Tvisebis simravle paralelurad moiazreba rogorc araTvladi simravle (axalgazrdoba _Tviseba; axalgazrdoba _simravle am Tvisebis matarebeli xalxisa). mas SeuZlia meoreuli gadaazrianebis Semdeg xelaxla moirgos Tvisebis gageba da axla uve simravlis sisrule gansazGvros. mTeli mTeli axalgaz axalgazrdo gazrdoba rdoba aq iKo. iKo.. gamodis, rom ricxvi (araTvladi simravle) da Tviseba monacvleoben erTmaneTSi da amitom paralelurad gamoxataven orive kategorias. es eqspresiulobis gamoxatvis erT-erTi saSualebaa enaSi. simravlis eqspresiulobis ganviTarebis procesi ase gvesaxeba: 1. kakacebi cebi _ kaco kacoba coba wKvilis gaCena SesaZlebelia gapirobebuli iKos simravlis eqspresiulobis gamoxatvis sayiroebiT. 2. Semdeg, mogvianebiT -oba oba sufiqsi iZens erTgvari qvekategoriis mawarmoeblis funqcias (kacoba, glexoba), amitom eqspresiulobis gamosaxatavad sayiro xdeba msazGvrel mTelis mTelis damatebac. qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi, Tavis mxriv, mravlobiTis gamosaxatavad monacvleobs -oba oba da -eb eb sufiqsi: mTeli mTeli xelxelmwifo ori mwifoba foba, ba, Kvela Kvela xelmwi xelmwife mwifee feebi/ bi/ mTeli mTeli xelmwi xelmwife mwifee feebi. bi. msazGvreli _ mTeli mTeli da Kvela Kvela ki ganarCevs Tvlad da araTvlad saganTa simravles. aqac mTelis mTelis darTviT eb sufiqsiani mravlobiTis formaze Cans enaSi Tvladidan araTvlad simravleSi gadasvlis tendencia. Tumca, zogJer dialeqtebSi proce17 si ise Sors aris wasuli, rom Tvisebis simravles SeiZleba msazGvrelad moevlinos ricxviTi saxeli, isev Tvladi simravlis msazGvreli: ori komlo komloba loba (fere fereid reidnu idnuli nuli). li). es ki gvafiqrebinebs, rom raodenobis kategoriebs Soris monacvleobis procesi uwKvetia da eqspresiulobis xarisxzea damokidebuli. cira barbaqaZe samKaros enobri enobrivi rivi sura suraTe raTebi Tebi poe poetur metKvele metKveleba lebaSi baSi (`varskvla varskvlave skvlavebis vebis poe poetika tika~ ka~ ana kalan kalanda landaZis daZis poe poezia ziaSi) Si) calkeul avtorTa poetur SemoqmedebaSi gamoiKofa iseTi `sitKva_nawarmoebebi~, `sitKva_konceptebi~, romelTa garSemo SeiZleba gadaewKos poetis enobrivi samKaro. imisaTvis, rom amgvari sitKva_konceptebi, semantemebi, gamovlindes, aucilebelia: a) teqtSi semantemis gamoKenebis maGali sixSire, markireba; b) aGniSnuli semantemis metaforulobis maGali xarisxi, rac gamoixateba axal mniSvnelobaTa warmoqmnaSi; g) poetis Semoqmedebis koncepti Tavisi funqcionirebiT teqstSi gamoxatavs avtoris ideas. Cveni kvlevis obieqts am mimarTulebiT warmoadgenda ana kalandaZis poezia. poetur nawarmoebSi aris iseTi simboloebi, romlebic iTxoven interpretacias Tavad avtorisaTvis (m. mamardaSvili). kvlevis Sedegad poetis SemoqmedebaSi gamoikveTa sitKva-koncepti `varskvla varskvlavi skvlavi~ vi~. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom semantema `varskvlavi~ metnaklebi sixSiriT TiTqmis Kvela poetis SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba, magram ana kalandaZis `varskvlavi~ namdvilad gansakuTrebulia. ratom maincdamainc es sitKva? kiTxvaze pasuxi martivia da poetis individualobidan momdinareobs. rogorc Cans, am sitKviT gamo18 xatuli azri Kvelaze metad enaTesaveba poetis suls. sitKvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobidan dawKebuli mis Kvelaze ufro dausazGvrav mniSvnelobamde, TiTqmis Kvelafers Tavi mouKria ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi. ana kalandaZis poeturi teqstebis mixedviT, sitKva `varskvlavis~ saboloo azri uflisken midis, varskvlavi uflis erT-erTi epiTetia, saboloo aGsaniSni GmerTia, romelic Tavad dausazGvravia da dausazGvravia is semantemac, romelic misi aGmniSvneli xdeba. feSenko wers: `Tu davuSvebT, rom semiotikas aqvs Tavisi ganviTarebis siujeti, maSin am ganviTarebis kulminacia is wertilia, romelSic semiotika xvdeba poetikas~. maS, raze gadis gza azridan sitKvisken da piriqiT, sitKvidan azrisken? amaze vigotski gvipasuxebda: `...azri ar emTxveva araTu sitKvebs, aramed arc maT mniSvnelobebs, romlebiTac is gamoiTqmeba. gza azridan sitKvisken mniSvnelobaze gadis. Cvens metKvelebaSi KovelTvis aris dafaruli qveteqsti. am winaaGmdegobis dasaZlevad iqmneba axali gza azridan sitKvisken sitKvaTa axali mniSvnelobebis gavliT~ (vigotski). swored aseT axal mniSvnelobebs gvTavazobs poeturi metKveleba. iqneb arc ise axalia dGeisTvis is azri, romelic Tavis droze kantma gamoxata agreTve metaforulad: ori ram maocebs amqveKnad _ varskvlavebiani ca Cem zemoT da moraluri kanoni CemSi! _ moraluri kanoni Tu uflismieria (da namdvilad aris uflismieri), masTan varskvlavebiani cis dakavSireba sulac ar aris SemTxveviTi da amasve adasturebs kantis am azris ana kalandaZiseuli reinterpretacia. iqneb samKaro sul ramdenime metaforis (re)interpretaciaa? 19 guram bedoSvili sitKva `kaxambalis~ kaxambalis~ Sesaxeb `kaxam kaxamba xambali bali~ li~ rogorc mexileobis termini mxolod qarTuli enis dasavluri dialeqtebisTvis (imeruli, rayuli, leCxumuri, guruli, ayaruli) aris cnobili. dokumentobriv `kaxam kaxamba xambabali~ li~ º `kaxa kaxaba xabali bali~ li~ warmodgenilia polik polik. lik. JaJa JaJani JaniZis niZis `guruli leqsikonis masalebSi~, mix. mix. alavi alaviZis viZis `qvemorayul leqsikonSi~, SuSa SuSaSana futka futkara karaZis raZis monografiaSi `Cveneburebis qarTuli~ da a. S. `kaxam kaxamba xambali bali~ li~, ramdenadac viciT, dGemde ganmartebuli ar Kofila. zogadad cnobilia, rom kaxambali hqvia msxvilmarcvlian TeTr da Sav bals. aragvis xeobis qarTlurSi amgvar TeTr bals `spanski bali~ ewodeba, rac mis Semosulobaze metKvelebs. rac Seexeba termin `kaxam kaxambals xambals~ bals~ igi qarTuli enis dasavlur kiloebze metKveli xalxis kuTvnilebaa. igi unda ganvmartoT rogorc `kvaxa kvaxaba xabali bali~ li~ (kvaxiviT msxvilnaKofa bali), kvaxkvax sitKviT xazgasmulia naKofis zoma, simsxo. saKuradGebo is aris, rom qarTuli enis aGmosavlur kiloebSi kaxam kaxamba xambalis balis, lis kaxa kaxaba xabalis balis nacvlad `gogra gograba rabali bali~ li~ gvxvdeba. kaxam kaxambal xambalbal formaSi m-ani mjGeri b-anis win ganviTarebula, umano formaSi (ka kaxa kaxaba xababali) li kvax sitKvis gamartiveba momxdara: kvaxkvax-a bali bali > kaxa kaxaxa-babali, asociaciuri dakavSirebis gamo. li Cans piris saxel kaxa kaxa-sTan xa marine beriZe, daviT nadaraia dia teqste stebis dialeqtu leqturi turi teq ste bis korpu korpusis pusis pirve pirvela veladi ladi anoti anotire tireba reba (proeqti: saqarTvelos lingvisturi portreti) meore welia mimdinareobs muSaoba proeqtze `saqarTvelos lingvisturi portreti~. am droisaTvis Sesrulebulia mniSvnelovani samuSao sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT: teqstebis 20 koleqciis eleqtronuli versiis Seqmna, axali teqstebis mopoveba, korpusis arqiteqturisa da monacemTa bazis Seqmnis principebis SemuSaveba. korpusis, `mSeneblobisas~ erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi etapia anotireba. ganasxvaveben `zedapiruli~ da `Grma~ anotirebis korpusebs. korpusis lingvistikis Tanamedrove praqtikaSi miGebuli gzaa etapobrivi anotireba. Cven viwKebT zedapiruli _ pirveladi morfologiuri da semantikuri anotirebiT, Tumca mimdinareobs Teoriuli muSaoba korpusis Grma anotirebis logikuri platformis mosamzadeblad. dGeisaTvis korpusi warmoadgenilia hiperteqstis principiT gamTlianebuli `subkorpusebis~ saxiT, romelic moicavs: gamocemul dialeqtur teqstebs, saeqspedicio masalas, dialeqtur leqsikonebs, mxatvrul da samecniero literaturaSi damowmebul dialeqtur formaTa saZieblebs da sxv. gaTvaliwinebulia korpusTan migraciuli procesebisa da toponimikuri cxrilebis integrirebac. pirvelad morfologiur da semantikur anotirebas `gaivlis~ dGemde dafiqsirebuli Kvela sitKvaforma da leqsikuri erTeuli, Tumca proeqtis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod fereidnuli, ingilouri da TuSuri masalis anotireba. mocemul etapze ukve gaaqtiurebulia korpusis erT-erTi mTavari da pirveladi (zedapiruli) anotirebisTvis aucilebeli _ konkordansis avtomaturi warmoqmnis funqcia, rac gulisxmobs anbanze gawKobili saerTo sitKvanisa da masTan dakavSirebuli konteqstebis avtomatur warmodgenas. pirveladi morfologiuri anotirebis procesi ase gamoiKureba (muSaobis procesSi is SeiZleba kidev ufro daixvewos): 1. sitKvis arCeva; 2. anotirebis velis gaaqtiureba; 3. morfologiuri statusis miniyeba (zmna, saxeli, saxelzmna, formaucvleli sitKva, rTuli morfologiuri sta21 tusis sitKva (enklitika da sxv. SemTxvevebi); 4. saleqsikono formis (masdaris an saxelobiTi brunvis) miniyeba (gansazGvra); 5. saliteraturo SesatKvisis miniyeba; 6. saliteraturo saleqsikono formis miniyeba; 7. konteqstis arCeva dialeqtis mixedviT da konkretul formasTan misi dakavSireba. Sesabamisad, Zebna korpusSi ganxorcieldeba nebismieri am maxasiaTeblis mixedviT. rogorc cnobilia, ZiriTadi enobrivi fondis sitKvebi dialeqtur leqsikonebSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aisaxeba, roca isini damatebiTi mniSvnelobiT aGiyurvebian (e. w. semantikuri dialeqtizmebi). korpusis lingvisturi anotirebis sistema SesaZleblobas iZleva, Seswavlil iqnes dialeqtis aqtiur mimoqcevaSi mKofi saerTo fondis leqsikac, ganisazGvros misi roli, variaciulobis done, variaciulobis mizezi. statistikuri, kvantitatiuri, sociolingvisturi da sxv. mimarTulebebiT kvlevis obieqtad iqces erTi mxriv, dialeqturi metKvelebis mTliani enobrivi qsovili da meore mxriv, mxolod is gansxvavebuli, specifikuri leqsika an gramatikuli saSualebebi, rac am dialeqts axasiaTebs. manana bukia sinonimebisaTvis megrul mesaqonl mesaqonleobis leqsikaSi moxsenebaSi ganixileba megruli mesaqonleobis leqsikaSi warmodgenili sinonimebis rigi, garkveulia maTi gavrcelebis areali, is morfologiuri inventari, riTac xdeba sinonimTa warmoeba. sinonimebs ZiriTadad qmnis megruli (Zireuli da warmo22 qmnili) da nasesxebi sitKvebis wKvili. rZis sawuris aGsaniSnavad gamoiKeneba owirali º owire º owireSi (zedm. `sawuravi~, `sawuri~, `sawurisi~). sintagma bjaS owira owirali rali (zedm. `rZis sawuri~), paralelurad gvxvdeba qarTulidan momdinare sawˆri (← sawuri). Sdr. sa sawu wura ravi wu ra vi `riTac unda wuron, rZis sawuri~ (qegl), imer. sawu sawuri wuri `rZis gasawuri mowKobiloba~, ayar. sawu sawuria wuria `rZis sawuri~, svan. lawŸd’r º lawŸ lawŸdr `rZis sawuri~. lazurSi (da ayarulSic) am mniSvnelobiT Turqulidan SeTvisebuli suzgi suzgi gamoiKeneba. mTian samegreloSi paralelurad gvxvdeba xara xaraza raza º xara xaraza razaka zaka º xara xaraZa raZaga Zaga º xˆraZa xˆraZaga Zagafa gafa, fa romelic momdinareobs afxazuri a-xraZa xraZaga Zaga-dan ga (aa-x `rZe~, a-raZa raZaga Zaga `wurva, gamowurva~). mwKemsis aucilebeli inventaris, rkinamocmuli Joxis aGsaniSnavad megruli iKenebs terminebs: biga biga, ga romelic Cans dasavlur mikrosistemebSi: imer. bigi bigi `saKrdeni Joxi~, gur. biga biga òrkapa Tivis asaGebi Joxi~, sintagmebi: kaGuami kaGuami keti (zedm. `kaviani Joxi~), Cxvindami Cxvindami keti keti (zedm. `cxviriani Joxi~) da afxazuridan SeTvisebuli laba labaSa baSa-s Sa (afx. a-labaSa `mwKemsis Joxi, kverTxi~). sinonimTa rigs qmnis gvaba gvabala bala `xis gobi, romelzec zelen suluguns~ (← gobela), niso nisori sori da sparsulidan SeTvisebuli barqa barqaSi qaSi º barqa barqaSia qaSia. Sia gvaba gvabala bala qarTveluridan nasesxobis saxiT gvaqvs afxazurSi a-gabalaa abalaa formiT. megrulSi SeTvisebulia daGis, seris aGmniSvneli orive sitKva: daGi da xnwra º xˆnwra º xˆnwˆra º Zinwi Zinwira wira. ra. pirveli sparsulidanaa Semosuli, meore ki afxazuridan (aa-xwara xwara `seri~). SevniSnavT, rom afxazuridan nasesxebi sitKvebi ZiriTadad mTian samegreloSia gavrcelebuli. xSirad martivi formis sinonimad gamoiKeneba warmoqmnili sitKvebi (ZiriTadad mimGeobebi). niga (`sawveluli~) paralelurad gamoiKeneba niga º nˆga-s nˆga mimGeoburi warmoSobis enaqva enaqvala valari lari (zedm. `Casawveli~). Sdr. sawve sawvele wvelel leli º sawve sawvele wvelela lela `xis an Tixis pirganieri Grma yuryeli, romelSic wvelian~ (qegl), imer. sawve sawveli wveli `qoTani, romel23 Sic Zroxas wvelian~, qiziK. sawve sawvele wveleli leli `sarZeuli, tolCa, romelSic wvelian~. sainteresoa, rom afxazurSi megrulidan nasesxebi a-nˆga mxolod abjuur dialeqtSi gvxvdeba, bzifurSi mas a-x½ar Caenacvleba. zari zari º zara zara º zare zare formas xSirad Caenacvleba nagenetivari oreke orekeSi keSi (zedm. `sarekisi~). Sdr. afxaz. a-sark½ sark½al `zari~ (← qarT.. sa sare reke keli li). re ke li warmoqmnili formebiT gadmoicema megrulSi karvis mzareulis aGmniSvneli sitKvebi. me_e cirkumfiqsiT nawarmoebi memexilxil-e-s gverdiT gvxvdeba marTuli kompoziti kareS kareSma reSmadi madia diarafa rafafali zedm. `karvis dampurebeli~ (ka kare kare `karavi~, mama-diar diarar-afaf-alal-i `mymeveli, dampurebeli~). zogJer termini sintagmiTaa warmodgenili, sadac sazGvruli erTi (saerTo) sitKvaa, sinonimebs ki msazGvreli qmnis: dida dida Cxou (zedm. `deda Zroxa~) º mayval mayval Cxou (zedm. `mewveli Zroxa~) º mebja mebjalu bjalu Cxou (zedm. `merZeve Zroxa~) zogadad `furs~ aGniSnavs. kareS kareS JoGori (zedm. `karvis ZaGli~) º meSxu meSxureS SxureS JoGori (zedm. `mwKemsis ZaGli~) zogadad mecxvaris ZaGlis, nagazis aGmniSvnelia. Salva gabeskiria metKvelebis aGmniSvneli qarTveluri zmnebis zogi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 1. metKvelebis aGmniSvneli qarTveluri zmnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi erTi nawilis xmarebidan gamosvla da mis nacvlad axali zmnuri fuZeebis damkvidreba. amisda miuxedavad zogierTi maTgani qarTvelur fuZe-enas ganekuTvneba (s.-qarTv. *Tq TqŸ Tq Ÿ-, Sum. dug- `Tqma~?). qarTvelur verbum dicendi-Si SeiniSneba mokle zmnebis na24 cvlad grZeli leqsemebis damkvidrebis tendencia. amgvar magaliTebs Sorisaa fonetikurad msgavsi da Sesabamisad nakleb gamomxatveli mokle zmnebi. Zv. qarT. Tq‚s, Tq‚s itK‚s (àmbobs~) _ ax. qarT. ambobs ambobs, bobs lapa lapara parakobs rakobs. kobs mokle zmnaTa sicocxlisunarianobas xels uwKobs enaSi maTgan nawarmoeb saxelebis arsebobac. zmna bar _ mou moubari bari, ri sasaubari bari, ri itKvis _ sitKva, laz. ot(k)u `Tqma, kiTxva~ _ zita (zi-ta) `sitKva~. zmnaTa cvlilebis erT-erTi mizezia maTi semantikuri `cveTa~, ris Sedegadac xSirad salaparako enidan saliteraturoSi Cndeba axali leqsemebi. Cans, Tavis droze qarTul saliteraturo enaSi amgvarad damkvidrda ambobs ambobs, bobs lapa lapara parakobs rakobs zmnebi, romelTa mniSvnelobiTac amjamad xSirad arasworad iZaxis iZaxis zmnac gamoiKeneba. qarTul mwerlobasTan kavSiris gawKvetis gamo zanuri enis lazur kilo-kavebSi zepirmetKvelebis gziT gaCenili metKvelebis aGmniSvneli mravali zmna dasturdeba. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi berZnul da Turqul enebTan kontaqtebis Sedegad lazurSi ucxo enebidan zepiri gziT Semosuli saxelebidan warmoqmnili zmnuri fuZeebi gaCnda: opara oparami ramiTu miTu, Tu oxapa oxaparu paru, ru olaqi olaqidu qidu. du 2. xangrZlivi istoriis mqone qarTuli saliteraturo enis verbum dicendi-Si dronakl da fuZemonacvle zmnebs Soris nakvTTa awmKos wKebaSi ixmareba ubno ubnoba noba da relatiuri eubne eubneba neba zmnebi (mK. etKvis, etKvis nam. uTxra, uTxra Turm. I uTqvams uTqvams). qvams specialur literaturaSi ubnoba, msgavsad `laparakisa~, ufro nasaxelar zmnadaa miCneuli: uban uban: uban uban-ob-a → ubn ubn-ob-a (v. Tofuria, iv. qavTaraZe, f. erTeliSvili). ubnobs qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi sxvadasxva formiTaa dadasturebuli: ubnobs ubnobs (zemoimeruli, rayuli, leCxumuri), ugugnobs (ayaruli). dialeqtebis leqsikur SemadgenlobaSi fiqsirebulia aseve ebne ebneba neba, ba ebne ebneva neva. va ubno ubnoba noba zmnis istoriisa da struqturis aGsadgenad gasaTvaliswinebelia Zveli da saSuali qarTuli enis ZeglTa mona25 cemebi. xmovanTa funqcionaluri monacvleobis maCvenebel im magaliTebs Soris, romlebSic e vnebiTs ar gamoxatavs, dasaxelebulia uban-i da euben uban euben formebic (v. Tofuria), Sdr. `vefxistKaosnis~ euben euben (ùTxari, elaparake~), agreTve meore seriis moqmedebiTis forma dada-g-i-ubnubn-e (kimeni) da sxv. gansaxilveli zmna nasaxelari unda iKos, ban-idan miGebuban li (`xma~, `sitKva~), bani da bar-is bani ƒmis SewKoba (saba). ban-isa ban bar (abar-eb-s) kvlevisTvis gasaTvaliswinebeli Cans somxur enaSi povnieri qarTveluri formebi da mniSvnelobebi: ban `sitKva~, `saqme~, bar `sitKva~. banis mniSvneloba axal qarTulSi daviwrovda. ban-s ukavSirdeba e-ban-is saxelwodebac. ban gvanca gvancelaZe -urº urº-ul sufiqsTa erTi funqcia istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT specialur samecniero literaturaSi -ur da -ul daboloebebidan amosavlad pirveli miiCneva, meore ki mis fonetikur variantad ganixileba. cnobilia, rom oden -ur sufiqss mravali funqcia aqvs da awarmoebs: a) niSan-Tvisebis gamomxatvel zedasarTavebs (kac-ur ur-i, ur Zm-ur ur-i...); ur b) warmomavlobis zedsarTavebs (qalaq-ur ur-i, Tbilis-ur ur-i, ur ur aqa-ur ur-i...); ur g) gvarsaxelebs (buCuk-ur ur-i, GuduSa-ur ur-i...); ur ur d) gaTxovil qalTa qaliSvilobis gvaris variantebs (kviniko-ur ur-i, fxako-ur ur-i...); ur ur e) masdarTa erT tips (JuJG-ur ur-i, faT-ur ur-i...) (ix.: ur ur b. JorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe, m. beriZe, qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis leqsikoni). 26 daboloeba -ul saxelebze darTvisas gamoiKeneba imave funqciebiT, oGond dasturdeba mxolod maSin, roca fuZeSi aris r Tanxmovani(ix.: dasax. naSr., gv. 390-392). am konteqstSi KuradGebas ipKrobs Sua saukuneebSi Sedgenil iuridiul dokumentebSi dadasturebuli uamravi mikrotoponimi, romelTa fuZeebSi aSkarad gamosaKofia -ur da -ul daboloebani da am daboloebebs aqvT zemoT dasaxelebulTagan gansxvavebuli funqcia _ gamoxaton miwis nakveTis, nagebobis an saflavis kuTvnileba ama Tu im pirisadmi. Kvela am mikrotoponims safuZvlad udevs piris (ZiriTadad mamakacis) sakuTari saxelebi, anda metsaxelebi, iSviaTad ki _ gvarsaxelebic. aGsaniSnavia isic, rom am Jgufis mikrotoponimTa erTi nawili orsitKviania (msazGvrel-sazGvrulis tipisa), meore nawili ki aSkarad orsitKviani mikrotoponimebisagan momdinare TiTositKviani saxelebia (gasubstantivebuli msazGvrelebi). orsitKviani m i k r o t o p o n i m e b i a: alvena-ur ur-i mamuli (1639 w., 1693 w.); antona-ur ur-i venaxi ur ur (1655 w.), arsena-ul ul-i ul-i ul saflavi (XV s.), arJevena-ul ul mamuli da sasaxle (1609 w.), barda-ul ul-i ur-i ul miwa (1659 w.), bedian-ur ur venaxi (1655 w.), bendian-ur ur-i ul-i ur saxli (1482 w.), berZena-ul ul mindori (1660 w.) burdula-ul ul-i ul-i ul mamuli (1678 w.), burnaKa-ul ul miwa (XVIIs.), buGlia-ur ur-i ur-i ur mamuli (1584 w.), gamrekela-ur ur mamuli (1654 w.), gemia-ur ur-i ur-i ur mamuli (1673 w.), sulia-ur ur venaxi (1477 w.), tabarvana-ul ul-i ur[i]miwa (1612 w.), tuul mamuli (XVII s.), toxa-ur ur ria-ul ul-i ur-i ur-i ul venaxi (1609 w.) fanqvel-ur ur miwa (XVII s.) fasa-ur ur mamuli (XVII s.), filimana-ur ur-i ul-i ur savenaxe (XVII s.), futura-ul ul mamuli (XVIIs.), Sio-ur ur-i ul-i ur mamuli (XVII s.), gogora-ul ul mamuli (XVII s.), gula-ur ur-i ur-i ur venaxi (1695 w.), gula-ur ur yala (XIV s.), TaKa-ur ur-i venaxi (1694 w.), Teodora-ul ul-i navenaxebi (daaxl. ur ul 1258 w.), ivanaZe-ul ul-i mamuli (1559 w.), miqela-ur ur-i mamuli ul ur (1661 w.), samsona-ur ur-i mamuli (1624 w.) guJaba-ur ur-i partaxi ur ur (1259 w.), msxila-ur ur-i ur partaxi (1578 w.) da mr. sxvani. 27 erTsitKviani m i k r o t o p o n i m e b i: uri-ul ul-i (1683 w.), folada-ur ur-i (XVII s.), qaCala-ur ur-i ul ur ur (1696 w.), Salva-ur ur-i ur-i ur (1398 w.), cicqi-ur ur (1628 w.), Javelur-i ur-i ul-i ur (1700 w.), abaza-ur ur (1632 w.), ambia-ul ul (1651 w.), buzaur-i ur-i ur-i ur (1659 w.), gagna-ur ur (1559 w.), grZela-ur ur (1668 w.), gugula-ur ur-i ur-i ur-i ur (1655 w.), gulia-ur ur (1568 w.), deva-ur ur (XVI-XVII ss.), diGmela-ur ur-i ul-i ur-i ur (1524 w.), Tormane-ul ul (XVII s.), gvaza-ur ur (XVII s.), islama-ur ur-i ul-i urur (1662 w.), maxara-ul ul (1467 w.), manana-ur ur i (1700 w.), maCxa--ur-i ul-i ur (XVII s.), nadira-ul ul (1614 w.), saponaur-i ur (XVII s.) da mr. sxvani. saKuradGeboa, rom -ul ul daboloeba dasturdeba zog iseT fuZesTanac, romlebic r Tanxmovans ar Seicaven. aseTebia, magaliTad, mikrotoponimebi: ivanaZe-ul ul-i ul mamuli (1559 w.), ivaneul-i ul nasasaxlevi (1684 w.)... am tipis mikrotoponimebi praqtikulad gavrcelebuli Cans TiTqmis Kvela regionSi: kaxeT-hereTSi, qarTlSi, samcxe-JavaxeTSi, mTiuleTSi, imereTSi, raya-leCxumSi, guriaSi, samegreloSi... moxsenebaSi daismis sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom -ur ur// ur////-ul daboloebiani mikrotoponimebis nawili iolad SeiZleboda gadaqceuliKo oikonimebad (daba-sofelTa saxelebad). marTlac, Tanamedrove saqarTvelo mofenilia am sufiqsebiT gaformebuli iseTi oikonimebiT, rogoricaa: Ziguri (abaSis r.), gorguli (adigenis r.), bolaJauri, namiauri (iqve), ambrolauri (raya), Zirageuli, bugeuli, barguli (ambrolauris r.), CofCauri, babaneuli, Careqauli, qistauri, osiauri (axmetis r.), foladauri (bolnisis r.), Targameuli (martvilis r.), kalauri (gurJaanis r.), ananuri, pavleuri, gognauri, manaseuri, fasanauri, bulaCauri (duSeTis r.), kuSubauri, maisauri, inaSauri (vanis r.), dilikauri, rodinauli (zestafonis r.), kurdGelauri, Salauri (Telavis r.), maCitauri, kakabouri, odilauri (TerJolis r.), Cobalauri (kaspis r.), onanuri (lagodexis r.), gvimblauri, gaguri (lanCxuTis r.), rcxmeluri, mananauri (lentexis r.), marneuli (daba), mSvidobauri, silauri, niabau28 ri, boxvauri, laiTuri (ozurgeTis r.), wmindauri (onis r.), xaragauli, cicqiuri, Jafarauli (xaragaulis r.), Toxliauri, patarZeuli, badiauri (sagareJos r.), melauri, xunJulouri (samtrediis r.), maxaTauri, Salauri, korbouli (saCxeris r.), asanauri (siGnaGis r.), bziauri, ZuKnuri, ivaneuli (tKibulis r.), berZenauli, doGlauri, badiuri(qareli r.) gudauri (Kazbegis r.), Coxatauri, guTuri, ianeuli, Cakitauri, qadagauri, Svelaur-cicibauri, gogouri, goraberejouli (Coxatauris r.), pertuli (senakis r.), palouri (walenJixis r.), gvazauri, uZlouri, dedalauri, besiauri, xarabauli (xonis r.), besiauri (wKaltubos r.), osiauri (xaSuris r.), begiauri, kalauri, bunikauri, xalifauri, Cxirauli, gezruli (yiaTuris r.), xelvaCauri, maxvilauri, Todogauri, maxinJauri, salibauri (xelvaCauris r.), kolotauri, arsenauli, gundauri, salibauri, kantauri, kokotauri (qedis r.), gogmaCauri, varJanauli, kobalauri (qobuleTis r.), wankalauri, goginauri, lomanauri, iakobauri, quTauri, oladauri, JumuSauri, buTurauli, myedluri, nigazeuli, foTelauri, varJanauli, xiyauri, gundauri, oqropilauri (Suaxevis r.), bozauri, qurduli, KinCauri, gurZauli, boZauri, danisparauli, fuSrukauli, maxalakauri, (xulos r.), yorbauli, Tormaneuli, muxauri (Kofili znauris r.), yayamuri, wifTauri, kitriuli (axalgoris r.), pantnauri, Cxarauli, lacauri, xoSuri, Sulauri, Seleuri, guJabauli, niniauri (cxinvalis r.), sinaguri (Javis r.). TiToeuli es oikonimi sagangebo kvlevas moiTxovs, rac momavlis saqmea. 29 Teimuraz gvancelaZe afxazuri afxazuri zmnis kidev erTi morfologiurmorfologiur-modaluri kategoriis Sesaxeb (winaswari cnoba) 1. afxazuri enis winamorbed mkvlevarTa, gansakuTrebiT ki akad. q. lomTaTiZis naSromebSi naCvenebia am enis zmnuri formaTwarmoebis gansakuTrebuli sirTule, rasac ganapirobebs Semdegi mizezebi: a) afxazurma enam dakarga monoklasovani uGvlilebis sistema da ganiviTara poliklasovan-polipersonaluri uGvlilebis sistema, rac gulisxmobs subieqtisa da nebismieri obieqtis srul asaxvas zmnur formaSi; b) afxazur enas ar axasiaTebs aramcTu daGestnur enaTaTvis niSandoblivi saxelTa brunebis uaGresad detalizebuli sistemis, aramed CerqezulSi warmodgenili brunebis umartivesi sistemis analogiuri warmoebac ki, rac afxazur enaSi kompensirebulia lokalur preverbTa urTulesi sistemis arsebobiT (SedarebisaTvis: daGestnur enebSi dasturdeba 50-80 Tandebuliani brunva, xolo afxazurSi warmodgenilia imave semantikis gadmomcemi 90-mde lokaluri preverbi); g) afxazuri ena Garibia TandebulebiT da ar moepoveba nacvalsaxelTa Tu zmnisarTTa, nawilakTa da kavSirTa didi Jgufi, romelTa semantika gadmoicema zmnur fuZeSi inkorporirebuli afiqsebis meSveobiT da a. S. am mizezTa gamo afxazur enas ganuviTarda sagangebo afiqsebiT gamoxatuli imgvari morfologiur-modaluri kategoriebi, romelTa semantika sxva enebSi Cveulebriv leqsikuri saSualebebiT gamoixateba. 2. miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazuri enis morfologiur-modaluri kategoriebi sakmaod detaluradaa gamokvleuli, saanalizo am dargSi Jer kidev bevri rCeba. konkretul enobriv masalaze dakvirvebam saSualeba mogvca, gamovKoT erTi specifi30 kuri warmoeba, romelic aqamde ar Kofila specialuri analizis sagani. es aris a…a… specialuri prefiqsisa da `kvlav~ zmnisarTis semantikis gadmomcemi -xx sufiqsis erToblivi gamoKenebiT nawarmoebi formebi. magaliTad: aa, u -o… o…xˆ-m, axa... (d. gulia) `diax, es yeSmao…-wabˆrgˆ-xˆ xˆ riteba gana (rogorGa) ar aris, magram...~ afSmaca, urT rTaxca uha rˆ‚xˆ ˆmjka aZˆ d-aaŸ-nrˆjx-…az (d. gulia) `maspinZlebi da maTi axloblebi udGegrZeleblad vinmes rogorGa (gana) gauSvebdnen?!~ esma usg½ˆ u auxa d-aaŸ-ca-xx-Ÿaz! (d. gulia) ìm GamiT esma mainc rogorGaa (gana) daiZinebda?!~ ayKandar akˆ dargaat, axa apap u -aaŸ-idˆr-xx-Ÿaz (d. gulia) èpiskoposi raGacam gaabraza, magram es mGvdels gana ecodineboda?!~ da a. S. rogorc am magaliTebidanac Cans, saanalizo zmnuri formebi Seesabameba qarTulis `rogorGa~, `gana~ leqsemebTan dakavSirebul zmnebs (upiratesad kavSirebiTi kilos formebs). isini afxazur winadadebebSi Kvelaze xSirad mapirispirebeli axa `magram~ kavSiris momdevno poziciaSi gvxvdeba. aGsaniSnavia isic, rom afxazuri zmnis amgvari formebi mudam infinituria. zmnur formaSi a…a… prefiqss zmnis Tavidan meore adgili uyiravs da mudam mosdevs subieqtis an obieqtis d-s rigis prefiqsebs, xolo -xx sufiqsi KovelTvis zmnis Zirs mosdevs. saanalizo formebi ewarmoebaT rogorc statikur, ise dinamikur zmnebs, dinamikuri zmna gardauvalic SeiZleba iKos da gardamavalic. nakvTeulis formaTagan es kategoria gvxvdeba awmKos, an namKo usrulis infinitur warmoebebSi. 31 elene giunaSvili Sedge kvlevis Sedgeni dgenili nili zmnebis zmnebis kvle vis saki sakiTxe kiTxebi Txebisa bisaTvis saTvis adre re saSu ad saSua Sualo sparsul sparsulSi sulSi saSualo sparsuli, romelic parTulTan erTad ganekuTvneba saSualo iranul enaTa Jgufis dasavlur Stos, gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT Seiswavleba ukanskneli aTwleulebis manZilze. misi evoluciis sakiTxebs mieZGvna vrceli samecniero literatura (am SromaTa bibliografia ix. v. zundermanis gramatikul narkvevSi _ W.Sundermann, Mittelpersisch, Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, 1989, Wiesbaden, pp. 138-164). magram, aGsaniSnavia, rom am enis gramatikuli struqturisa da morfosintaqsis bevri mniSvnelovani sakiTxi Jer kidev ar aris saTanadod gamokvleuli. Kvelaze ufro metad es exeba zmnis kategorias. adresaSualo sparsulSi da SedarebiT gviandel teqstebSi dadasturebuli zmnuri formebi umTavresad ganixileboda istoriul-etimologiur aspeqtSi, anu ZiriTadi KuradGeba eTmoboda prezensis (awmKo drois) fuZeTa analizs da maT mimarTebebs Zvel iranul prezensis klasebTan. drois, aspeqtis, valentobisa da kilos gramatikuli kategoriebi, rogorc wesi, ganixileboda mokled da zogadad. saSualo sparsuli werilobiTi Zeglebis axali kritikuli gamocemebi realur safuZvels qmnis misi gramatikuli realiebis evoluciuri procesebis axleburi gaazrebisa da Sesabamisad, misi istoriuli ganviTarebis axleburi interpretaciisTvis. analitizmi saSualo sparsulis gramatikuli struqturis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelia. Zveli iranuli dro-aspeqturi sistemis kompleqsuri morfologiuri tipi, romelic Sedgeboda zmnur fuZeTa da saTanadod fleqsiur formaTa triqotomiisagan (prezensi-aoristi-perfeqti), Secvlili iKo awmKo da namKo drois zmnur fuZe da pirian formaTa binaruli paradigmatuli opoziciiT, romlebSic awmKos formebi fleqsiuria, xolo namKosi _ analitikuri. perifrastuli 32 zmnuri formebis saKovelTao integrireba SeiZleba ganixilebodes saSualo sparsulis (da zogadad, dasavluri saSualo iranuli enebis) inovaciad. saSualo sparsuli zmnis aGweriTi gramatikuli formebidan calke kategoriad gamoKofilia `rTuli zmnebi~ (В. С. Расторгуева, Среднеперсидский Язык, Москва, 1966, стр. 84; (В. С. Расторгуева, E. K. Moлчанова, Среднеперсидский Язык, Основы Иранского Языкознания, Москва, стр. 135-136 ; W. Sundermann, Mittelpersisch, pp.151-152) romlebic Sedgeba ori komponentisgan: arsebiTi, zedsarTavi an nazmnari saxelisa da damoukidebeli (umTavresad gardamavali tipis) zmnebisagan, rogoricaa kardan“keTeba”, dādan “micema, boZeba”, burdan“motana” da sxv. ukve adre saSualo sparsul werilobiT ZeglebSi – maniqeur teqstebiSi (III s. Cv. w.), sasanur warwerebsa da siriuli fsalmunis saSualo sparsul TargmanSi (IV s. Cv. w.) vlindeba rTuli zmnebis TvalsaCino modelebi, romlebic konteqstebis Sesabamisad an gramatikul formas gadmoscems (magaliTad, āfrīn kardan “xotbis Sesxma~, romelSic āfrīn aris pirdapiri damateba), an zmnuri frazeologizmebis Sesabamisia. moxsenebaSi warmodgenilia rTuli zmnebis semantikuri da distribuciuli analizi adre saSualo sparsulis masalis mixedviT. giorgi gogolaSvili kidev erTxel -ia daboloebis Taobaze -ad da -am TemisniSnian zmnaTa I TurmeobiTis formaTa Soris Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis mixedviT | TurmeobiTSi paralelur formaTagan _ dau dauxatavs xatavs º dadauxatia ia daboloebiani) varianti miCneulia arali xatia _ meore (ia aralilitera teratu raturu turulad rulad (ùkugdebul unda iqneso~). 33 1970-1976 wlebSi prof. z. yumburiZis mier gamoiTqva azri, rom `--av da -am Temis TemisniS misniSni niSnian nian zmnaTa zmnaTa I Tur Turmeo urmeobi meobiTis biTis oriorivegva vegvari vari warmoe warmoeba sali salite litera teratu raturo turo enaSi enaSi dasaS dasaSve saSvebad vebad unda unda iqiqnes miCne miCneu Cneuli~. li mogvianebiT am sakiTxs SevexeT ramdenime naSromSi (2000, 2001, 2007 wlebSi). Cveni azri aseTi iKo: ìa ia daboloebian formebs (daumalia, unaxia... davumalivar, vunaxivar...) unda moexsnas akrZalva da isinic miCneuli unda iqnen saliteraturo enis kuTvnilebad~. msgavsi Tvalsazrisi gamoTqves d. meliqiSvilma (2001 w.), r. saGinaZem |2007 w.), r. zeqalaSvilma (2008 w.)... warmodgenil naSromebSi aris safuZvliani cda am Tvalsazrisis dasabuTebisa. miuxedavad amisa, normis cvlilebis sakiTxs oficialuri mxardayera ar hqonia. ufro metic, axlaxan gamoqveKnda S. afridoniZis werili, romelSic am azris òponentebisa Tu kritikosebis~ mimarT sakmaod aramecnieruli, arakoreqtuli damokidebulebis gamomjGavnebiT aris survili Cveni azris uarKofisa; Tumca avtors aranairi seriozuli argumenti saamisod ar warmoudgenia. Cven kidev erTxel vsvamT sakiTxs amgvarad: aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli (da aucilebelic) arsebuli normis Secvla, Tu realuri enobrivi viTareba amis safuZvels iZleva? TiTqmis saukunis winandeli normebi SeiZleba Tu ara dGevandeli viTarebis Sesabamisad gaswordes? qarTulma saenaTmecniero sazogadoebam principuli pozicia unda daiyiros _ norma ar aris mudmivi da ucvleli fenomeni. gavixsenoT arnold Ciqobavas Segoneba: àr unda dagvaviwKdes, rom saliteraturo qarTuli ena, rogorc Koveli cocxali ena, ucvleli ver iqneba. amocana isaa, rom cvlis es procesi mizanSewonilad warvmarToT: SevinarCunoT da davicvaT Kvelaferi, rac faseuli Seuqmnia qarTuli enis mravalsaukunovan istorias, erTi mxriT. meorecaa da saliteraturo qarTul enas SevunarCunoT saTanado kavSiri cocxali xalxuri metKvelebis uSret wKarosTan~. 34 nino doliZe ayarul ayarul da gurul dialeqtTa leqsikis urTierTmimarTebisaTvis mimarTebisaTvis urTierT (al. Glontis `qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sitKvis konaSi~ warmodgenili masalebis mixedviT) Kvela qarTveluri enisTvis, Cveulebriv, leqsikis sami fenaa damaxasiaTebeli: 1. Zireuli (saerToqarTveluri) leqsika; 2. mxolod ama Tu im qarTveluri enisTvis specifikuri leqsemebi; 3. nasexsebi leqsika: a) urTierTsesxeba qarTvelur enebs Soris; b) ucxoenovani sesxeba qarTvelur enebSi. igive iTqmis dialeqtTa leqsikuri fondis Sesaxebac. amJerad Cven ganvixilavT qarTuli enis mxolod or kilos: ayarulsa da guruls, sadac erTmaneTisagan ganirCeva mTisa (zemoayaruli, zemoguruli) da baris (qvemoayaruli, qvemoguruli) metKveleba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi iZebneba analogiuri viTareba aGmosavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebTan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebTan. àyarulis Taviseburebani Seapiroba Jer kolxuri, Semdeg mesxur-klarJuli da guruli dialeqtebis garemocvam, bolos ki _ TurqTa asimilatoruli politikis gatarebis Sedegad _ Turqulis Zlierma zegavlenam. aqve SeimCneva zanuris substratis kvalic~ (v. Tofuria). prof. al. Glontis cnobil naSromSi `qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sitKvis kona~ cal-calkea ilustrirebuli mxolod ayaruli an mxolod guruli leqsemebi, saerTo masala Setanilia aGniSvniT ayar. ayar.-gur. gur an gur. gur.-ayar. ayar garda amisa, sakmao raodenobiTaa sxva dialeqtebTan saerTo monacemebi. gvrCeba STabeydileba, rom qvemoayarulisa da qvemogurulis SemTxvevaSi (anu im metKvelebisa, romlis warmomadgenelic 35 gaxldaT Tavad cnobili leqsikologi) Kvelaferi rigze ar aris leqsikonSi. magaliTad, mxolod ayaruli dialeqtis kuTvnilebadaa miCneuli iseTi leqsemebi, romlebic imave formiTa da semantikiT gvxvdeba qvemogurulSi da zogJer zemogurulSic (iSviaTad sxvaganac). afor aforva _ obis mokideba, daobeba afungva _ aSla, areva, awewva bazi bazi _ Sxamiani didi mweri blaCu blaCuni Cuni _ blacuni bloqi bloqini qini _ gaJavrebiT, xmamaGla da usiamovno xmiT laparaki gadawiw gadawiwva wiwva _ gadaweva, gadaGunva gamobur gamoburkva burkva _ xilisTvis kurkis gacla gapiw gapiwki piwkine kineba neba _ kargad Sewva, gamocxoba, dabrawva gapki gapkia a leba le ba _ gaprialeba, gawmenda, gasufTaveba pki garaw garawku rawkune kuneba neba _ gawkaruneba dabi dabina binave naveba veba _ qalis gaTxoveba, axal oJaxSi moxvedra... da sxva mravali. formalurad erTi da igive leqsema ayarulsa da gurulSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiTac SeiZleba ixmarebodes, magram zogJer arc amis Sesaxebaa miTiTebuli `qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sitKvis konaSi~ (ba bala balaga lagani gani ayarulad `saTivea~, xolo gurulad _ `yaobi~). zemoaGniSnuli viTareba, vfiqrobT, gamowveuli unda iKos imiT, rom ayaruli leqsikonebi gacilebiT metia da mravalmxrivi, xolo guruli, samwuxarod, sul oriodea (s. jGentisa da g. SaraSiZisa) da isic fragmentuli xasiaTisa. 36 lali ezugbaia Tavisebur zmnaTa kompiuteruli aGwerisaTvis qarTuli zmnis kompiuteruli damuSavebisas aGmoCnda, rom Tavisebur zmnaTa raodenoba gacilebiT metia, vidre es aGnusxulia specialur literaturaSi. sicxadisaTvis SevexebiT uGlebis paradigmebis agebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs erTi Taviseburi zmnis magaliTze. h-gavgav-s, mimi-a-gavgav-s, mimi-u-gavgav-s formebSi gamoiKofa gavgav fuZe. formebi statikuria. h-gavgav-s, mimi-a-gavgav-s neitraluri versiis orpiriani zmnebia, xolo mimi-u-gavgav-s _ sasxviso versiis orpiriani, magram samvalentiani zmna. magaliTad, `bavSvs bavSvs awiTlebuli cxviri boloks boloks miugavs~ _ winadadebaSi ori saxeli dgas micemiT brunvaSi, magram boloks boloks pirmiumarTavia, anu ubralo damatebaa. cxadia, samsave formas sakuTari paradigma aqvs awmKoSi, uwKvetelsa da awmKos kavSirebiTSi, xolo danarCen mwkrivebSi sxva fuZeebi gamoiKeneba: msgavs-, msgavs mgvan-, mgvan romelTa warmomavloba h-gav-s formis kauzatiur formebTan unda iKos dakavSirebuli (T. uTurgaiZe). kompiuteruli modelirebis dros paradigmis farglebSi sacnauria erTi fuZe, romelic fuZeTa bazebSia ganTavsebuli. rogorc ki Tavs iCens gansxvavebuli fuZe, masTan dakavSirebuli formebi damoukidebel paradigmad aGiqmeba. es niSnavs, rom mravlobiTSi dafiqsirebuli formebic h-gvangvan-an, an mimi-a-gvangvan-an, an mimi-u-gvangvan-an ver gaerTiandeba gavgav fuZis paradigmaSi, radgan S3P-Si mas enacvleba gvanan elements sxvadagvan fuZe, romelSic -an sxva kvalifikacia eniyeba: a. SaniZe Temis niSnad miiCnevda, l. kiknaZe _ mediumTa maaqtivebel elementad, xolo T. uTurgaiZis azriT, -an iseTive makauzebeli elementia, rogoricaa: -ol, -un, -en da Kvela sufiqsi, v. Tofurias mier gamoKofil fuZedrekad zmnebSi. 37 gavgav fuZesTan dakavSirebiT sxva problemac iCens Tavs. rogorc iTqva, h-gavgav-s da mimi-a-gav gav-s neitraluri versiis umaqcevro da maqcevriani formebia, anu orive manqanurad ase Caiwereba 3-1-1, sadac 3 gvaris simboloa, pirveli 1 _ qcevis simbolo, meore 1 _ mwkrivisa. magram Koveli konkretuli cifri gulisxmobs mxolod erT formas, erT morfemas. paraleluri formis cneba kompiuterisTvis ucxoa. Sesabamisad h-gavgav-s da mimi-a-gavgav-s zmnaTa paradigmebis asagebad sayiro xdeba gavgav fuZis orJer Setana fuZeTa bazaSi, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva numeraciiT. es ukanaskneli gansazGvravs, Tu romel paradigmatul maxasiaTeblebTan unda moxdes fuZis bma. rac Seexeba mimi-u-gavgav-s formas, is Caiwereba ase: 3-3-1, sadac meore samiani sasxviso qcevis simboloa. amJerad, sasxviso qcevis paradigma miebmeba orJer Setanili gavgav fuZidan erT-erTs, kerZod, maqcevriani mimi-a-gavgav-s zmnis paradigmas. pirobiTad, gavɑgav fuZe mogvcems h-gavgav-s zmnis paradigmas, xolo gavɑɑgav fuZe _ mimi-a-gavgav-s ~ mimi-ugavgav-s formaTa paradigmebs. paradigmatuli sxvaoba amiT ar amoiwureba. mimi-u-gavgav-s zmnis paradigma pirnaklia, anu dasaSvebia S3O1, S3O2, S3O3 kombinaciebi, magram ara gvaqvs S1O2, S1O3, S2O1, S2O3 kombinaciebi, rogoricaa *mi mimimirac mi-m-i-gavgav-xar, xar *mi mi-u-gavgav-xar, xar *mi mi-v-u-gavgav-{v}ar... ar Seexeba mimi-a-gavgav-s zmnas, qarTuli enis orTografiul leqsikonSi Setanilia misi formebi Kvela kombinaciaSi, Tumca mxolod wawa zmniswiniT: wawa-a-gavgav-xar, xar wawa-v-a-gavar gavar, var wawa-m-a-gavxar gavxar da a. S. mimi zmniswinianTan mxolod mesame piris formebia miTiTebuli. vfiqrobT, aqac unda davuSvaT msgavsi formebi. saKuradGeboa zmniswinTa ganawilebis sakiTxic. erTi mxriv, dasaSvebia: momo-h-gavgav-s, momo-h-gavgav-d-a, momo-h-gavav-d-es formebi, magram momomo zmniswins TiTqos ver hguobs sxva kombinaciebi: *mo mo-vgavar mogavar, var *mo mo-h-gavgav-xar... xar aseve dasaSvebia: mimi-a-gavgav-s, mimi-a-gavgav-d-a, mimi-a-gavgav-d-e-s, magram ara Cans: mimi-v-a-gavar gavar, var mimi-a-gavgav-xar formebi, Tumca Cven maT vuSvebT. TavisTavad korelacia mimi-a-gavgav-s ~ mo--h-gav gav--s, aseve mi mi--u-gav gav--s ~ mo mo--h-gav gav--s xazs usvams maqcevrisa mo da piris niSnis monacvleobis kavSirs orientaciis kategorias38 Tan da ara gezis kategoriasTan, rasac adasturebs wa- zmniswiniani formebi, sadac wawa zmniswins odna odnao naobiTo biTobis Tobis semantika Semoaqvs da aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs gezTan. amdenad, marto am erTi zmnis analizisas Cndeba mTeli rigi formobrivi da semantikuri maxasiaTeblebisa, romelTa gauTvaliswineblad SeuZlebelia zmnis srulKofili manqanuri aGwera. rac ufro Taviseburia zmna, teqnikurad miT ufro rTulia zmnuri paradigmebis ageba, amitomac zmnur fuZeTa bazebi amave dros paradigmatul tipTa bazebs warmoadgens, romelTa raodenoba Cvens SemTxvevaSi aTass aGemateba. gubaz vaniliSi 100 wlis lazi lazi Semoqme Semoqmedi qmedi mimdinare wels 100 weli Seusruldeboda mwerals, sazogado moGvawes, publicistsa da mTargmnels muxamed vaniliSs (1908-1997). igi daibada sof. sarfSi, sadac Turquli dawKebiTi skolis (maSin sarfSi da ayaris sxva zogierT sofelSi swavla Turqul enaze mimdinareobda) damTavrebis Semdeg swavla ganagrZo q. xofis saSualo skolaSi, romelic daasrula 1927 wels. 1928-1932 wlebSi swavlobda baTumis muSfakSi. 30-ian wlebSi m. vaniliSma gamoaqveKna lazuri folkloris nimuSebi, statiebi lazebis Kofa-cxovrebaze, werilebi sarfeli, oCamCireli da gudauTeli lazebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb. 1936 wlidan muxamed vaniliSi muSaobda ayaris avtonomiuri respublikis ganaTlebis saxalxo komisris moadgiled, xolo Semdeg _ xelovnebis saqmeTa sammarTvelos ufrosad da samxedro saSefo komisiis TavmJdomared, religiis saqmeTa sabyos rwmunebulad, ayaris advokatTa kolegiis prezidiumis TavmJdomared, mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis direqtorad, ayaris kulturis saministros saleqcio biuros direqtorad, baTumis 39 pedagogiuri institutis biblioTekis gamged. muxamed vaniliSi iKo Tavisi qveKnis patrioti. mkacri rejimis periodSi, roca sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, sabyoTa kavSirSi xdeboda xalxebis masiuri gasaxlebebi, gadawKda sazGvrispira sofel sarfidanac gaesaxlebinaT lazebi, muxamed vaniliSi maSinve Cavida moskovSi da Koveli Gone ixmara, raTa es sakiTxi moxsniliKo dGis wesrigidan. 60-ze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi muxamed vaniliSi eweoda aqtiur sazogadoebriv-politikur da saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas. iKo maGalkvalificiuri leqtori, mkvlevari, ganaTlebis, kulturis, xelovnebis, saqarTvelos istoriis dargSi. is kargad flobda Turqul, arabul da rusul enebs, eweoda mTargmnelobiT muSaobas. lazur enaze werda leqsebsa da piesebs, romlebic maSin didi mowonebiT sargeblobdnen laz mosaxleobaSi. niyier Semoqmeds gamoqveKnebuli aqvs piesebi `cud sizmrebs xedaven~ da `muradis loToba~, moTxroba `zeqie~ da sxva. Targmanebs Soris gansakuTrebul KuradGebas imsaxurebs mcire formis Turquli Segonebebi `mamaTa darigebani~. isini gamoirCeva aforistuli sicxadiTa da azris siGrmiT. magaliTad: `siGaribe sircxvili ar aris, sizarmacea sircxvili~, `GamiT Gvino, dGisiT nardi _ gelodeba dardi~, `saqmis gayianureba ucodinarobis Sedegia~, `saymeli ixarSeba wKliT, sitKva _ mofiqrebiT~. muxamed vaniliSma mravalwliani samecniero SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis Sedegad moiZia da daamuSava masalebi da ali TandilavasTan erTad moamzada istoriul-eTnografiuli narkvevi `lazeTi~, romelic daibeyda 1964 wels. naSromis redaqtoria prof. sergi makalaTia (recenzentebi prof. daviT xaxutaiSvili da prof. rusudan xaraZe). `wigni miznad isaxavs, mkiTxvels gaacnos lazeTis istoria da eTnografia. amdenad, narkvevi warmoadgens pirvel cdas da igi qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi udavod win gadadgmuli nabiJia. misasalmebelia is faqtic, rom avtorebi lazebi arian~ (s. makalaTia). 40 narkvevis istoriul mimoxilvaSi xazgasmulia lazebis saxelmwifoebrivi niyi da politikuri gamyriaxoba warsulSi, agreTve maTi guladoba da samSoblosaTvis Tavdadeba. eTnografiul nawilSi ganxilulia ekonomikuri mdgomareoba (miwaTmoqmedeba, mebaGeoba, lazuri sakvebi, meTevzeoba, xelosnoba), sazogadoebrivi Kofa (saoJaxo urTierToba, lazuri saxli, Cacmuloba), xalxuri wes-Cveulebani (mSobiaroba, akvnis qorwili, bavSvis aGzrda, garToba-TamaSobani, qalis daniSvna, qorwili, qalis mdgomareoba, samgloviaro rituali), rwmena-warmodgenebi (axali wlis Sexvedra, nadiroba, kabis `gamokoyva~), xalxuri sitKviereba (Sairebi, naduri simGerebi, satrfialo leqsebi, Tqmulebebi, gamocanebi). eTnografiul nawilSi saKuradGeboa lazur-megruli adaT-Cvevebis msgavseba, miuxedavad mosaxleobis saukuneobrivi gaTiSvisa. avtorTa gancxadebiT, `lazeTis istoriuli warsuli myidrod aris dakavSirebuli Zveli kolxeTis istoriasTan. Zveli kolxeTis samefoSi, ZiriTadad, mosaxleobda qarTveluri modgmis ori monaTesave tomi _ laz-yanebi da manral-megrelebi (egriselebi), romlebic metKvelebdnen zanurad wodebul erT enaze~. wignSi motanilia inglisis elCis J. palgrevis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom trapizonis mosaxleobis raodenoba, oficialuri dokumentebiT, 850 aTass aGwevda, maT Soris 56 aTasi qristiani iKo. muslimanuri mosaxleobis umravlesobas lazebi Seadgendnen. ès mSvenieri rasaa, isini arian kargi miwaTmoqmedni da gamocdili mezGvaurebi~. saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis Turqi mogzauri osman bei, romelmac 1864 wels imogzaura lazeTSi. misi gadmocemiT, trapizoni lazebis mTavari qalaqia, geografiuli TvalsazrisiT igi lazeTis sataxto qalaqs warmoadgens, romelSic mosaxleoba Sereulia _ umravlesobas Seadgenen lazebi, cxovroben berZnebic. lazebi SromismoKvareni arian. vayrobasa da zGvaosnoba41 Si isini did metoqeobas uweven sxva tomebs. maTi xomaldebi Kvela mimarTulebiT dacuraven. isini kargi gemTmSeneblebi arian, daxelovnebulni arian, agreTve, spilenZisa da TiTbris yurylis keTebaSi... dasasruls osman-bei aGwers lazebis Cacmulobas, rac, misi azriT, ar gansxvavdeba ayarul-gurulisagan. giorgi Kazbegi, romelmac lazeTSi imogzaura, wers: `zGvispira lazebis silamaze adamians TvalSi ecema. isini gonebrivi ganaTlebiTa da garegnuli sifaqiziT gamoirCevian... aqauri qalebi lamazni, tanadni arian da, Cveulebriv, cisferi Tvalebi da TeTri pirsaxe aqvT. amasTanave, lazi qalebi araCveulebrivi energiiT, guladobiTa da mtkice xasiaTiT gamoirCevian~. `lazeTis~ avtorebi warCinebuli sagvareuloebis Sesaxebac weren. magaliTad, makrialsa da limanSi zumbaiebi da maneliSvilebi Kofilan begebi, muradoGli, anu muradiSvili _ buJaGSi, orTaxofasa da sunduraSi. begebi Kofilan agreTve SalikaSvilebi da jordaniebi. `lazeTis~ Turqul enaze Targmna da misi `lazebis istoriis~ saxelwodebiT TurqeTSi gamocema 1992 wels did movlenad unda CaiTvalos. am faqtma didi gamoxmaureba hpova sazogadoebaSi. mas mravali statia da kritikuli werili uZGvnes Turqulma jurnal-gazeTebma. bevri dadebiTad gamoexmaura am movlenas, zogierTi statiis avtori ki... mTavari is aris, rom muxamed vaniliSisa da ali Tandilavas wignis Turqul enaze gamocemis Semdeg Turqma mkiTxvelma gaigo, rom lazi XI saukuneSi Sua aziidan Turq-selJukebTan erTad mosuli Turquli modgmis erT-erTi tomi ki ara, Savi zGvis aGmosavleT sanapiroze mcxovrebi sakuTari istoriis mqone qarTveluri tomi Kofila mdidari da Sinaarsiani warsuliT, ris Sesaxebac Jer kidev Cvens welTaGricxvamde werdnen berZeni da sxva ucxoeli mkvlevar-mogzaurebi. 42 Tamar vaSakiZe koor koordi ordina dinaci naciis ciis siste sistemi temisa misaTvis saTvis Tana Tanamed namedro medrove rove qarTul qarTulSi TulSi 1. martivi winadadebis sintaqsuri meqanizmis axsna koordinaciis safuZvelze (Zveli qarTulis mixedviT) warmogvidgina arn. Ciqobavam. Semdeg am sakiTxs sxva mkvlevrebic Seexnen. 2. Tanamedrove qarTulSi (iseve, rogorc ZvelSi) martivi winadadebis sami tipi gvaqvs: absolutur-gardauvalzmniani, relatiur-gardauvalzmniani da relatiur-gardamavalzmniani. sintaqsuri meqanizmis TvalsazrisiT aGsaniSnavia Semdegi: a) relatiur-gardamavalzmniani winadadebis zmna da saxelebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba koordinaciis safuZvelze. zmnuri zmnuri koor koorordina dinati nati (ZiriTadi koordinati) marTavs saxe saxelur xelur koor koordi ordina dinanatebs _ morfologiur subieqtsa da morfologiur obieqtebs _ brunvaSi. es ukanasknelni marTaven zmnur koor koordi ordinats dinats piris mixedviT da iTanxmeben mas ricxvSi (zogi gamonaklisis garda); b) relatiur-gardauvalzmniani winadadebis saxe saxelu xeluri luri koor koorordina dinate tebi bi (morfologiuri subieqti da morfologiuri obieqnate ti) aseve marTaven zmnas piris mixedviT da iTanxmeben mas ricxvSi (gamonaklisi aqac gvaqvs). saxelur koordinatTagan morfologiuri subieqti saxelobiTi brunvis formiT warmogvidgeba, xolo morfologiuri obieqti _ micemiTi brgunvis formiT dro-kiloTa samsave JgufSi; g) absolutur-gardauvalzmnian winadadebaSi morfologiuri subieqti marTavs zmnas pirSi da iTanxmebs mas ricxvis mixedviT, Tavad ki umarTavia. 3. Tanamedrove qarTulSi morfologiuri subieqtisa da morfologiuri obieqtebis piri Tu ricxvi xan niSnebiTaa warmodgenili zmnaSi (mm-xatav-s s is me, m-xatav-en en isini me, gv-xagv tav-s s is Cven, gv-xatav-en en isini Cven...), xan _ nuliT (g g-xatav-∅ ∅gv T is Tqven, g-xatav-en-∅ ∅ isini Tqven, an kidev: ∅-∅-∅-uxatav Sen mas mas...). bunebrivia, niSnian da uniSno (nulovan) formebs sintaqsurad erTi da igive Zala aqvT. 43 4. Tanamedrove qarTulSi relatiurzmniani martivi (gauvrcobeli) winadadebis wevrebi iqneba: zmnuri koordinati, morfologiuri subieqtis Sesabamisi saxeluri koordinati da brunvacvalebadi Tu brunvaucvleli morfologiuri obieqtebis Sesabamisi saxeluri koordinatebi. dama damate mateba teba gveqneba mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi _ dro-kiloTa mesame seriis nakvTebTan, roca samsaxeliani zmnis brunvaucvleli morfologiuri obieqtis Sesabamisi saxeluri koordinati Tandebulian formad moiqceva (miuweria mamas Svilis SvilisTvis lisTvis werili). terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT aGsaniSnavia, rom mas (Svi Svilis SvilisTvis lisTvis) Tvis SeiZleba ububralo ralo aGarc ewodos (aramed _ dama damate mateba teba) ba), radgan pirdapiri da iribi damatebebis adgils brunvacvalebadi da brunvaucvleli morfologiuri obieqtebis Sesabamisi saxeluri koordinatebi ikaveben. 5. moxsenebaSi ganxiluli iqneba saxeluri koordinatebi sidide-simciris mixedviT (pirTa kombinaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT). 6. Tanamedrove qarTulSi relatiurzmniani martivi (gauvrcobeli) winadadeba warmoadgens zmnur da saxelur koordinatTa SesitKvebas. rusudan ioseliani ÊÀÖÆÀÔÉÅÉÓ ×ÏÒÌÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ 1. ÓÀÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÏ ËÉÔÄÒÀÔÖÒÀÛÉ ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖËÉÀ, ÒÏÌ ÄÍÀÛÉ ÈÄÏÒÉÖËÀÃ ÃÀÓÀÛÅÄÁÉÀ ÌÄÏÒÀÃÉ ÊÀÖÆÀÔÉÅÄÁÉÓ ßÀÒÌÏÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÄÏÒÄÁÀ (ÌÀÂ: ÀßÄÒÉÍÄÁÓ → ÀßÄÒÉÍÄÁÉÍÄÁÓ). ÀÍÔÏÍÉ ÐÉÒÅÄËÉÓ `ØÀÒÈÖËÉ ÙÒÀÌÀÔÉÊÉÓÀ" ÃÀ ÈÀÍÀÌÄÃÒÏÅÄ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÄÁÉÓ ÌÏÍÀÝÄÌÈÀ ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ ÀÓÄÈ ×ÏÒÌÄÁÓ ÀÃÀÓÔÖÒÄÁÄÍ ÓÀÛÖÀË ØÀÒÈÖËÛÉ ÃÀ ÈÀÍÀÌÄÃÒÏÅÄ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÄÁÛÉ (È. ÖÈÖÒÂÀÉÞÄ). ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ÄÍÀÛÉ ÜÅÄÖËÄÁÒÉÅÉ ÌÏÅËÄÍÀÀ ÏÒÌÀÂÉ ÊÀÖÆÀÝÉÀ, ÌÄÔÉÝ, ÛÄÉÍÉÛÍÄÁÀ ×ÏÒÌÄÁÉ, ÓÀÃÀÝ ÂÅáÅÃÄÁÀ ÓÀÌÌÀÂÉ ÓÖ×ÉØÓÉÈ ÂÀÌÏáÀÔÖËÉ ÊÀÖÆÀÝÉÀ: (ÁÆ.) á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌêÒ-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌêÒ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; 44 á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä (“ÀÌÆÀÃ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÁØ.) á-ÀÌÀÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌÀÒ-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌÀÒ-ÖÍ-ð-æÍ-Ä (“ÀÌÆÀÃ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ËÛá.) á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌêÒ-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌêÒ-êËæÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ê-æÍ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä (“ÀÌÆÀÃ-ÄÁ-ÉÍÄÁ-Ó”). (ËÍÔ.) á-ÀÌÀÒ-æÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌÀÒ-ðË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌÀÒ-ÖÍ-ðË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌÀÒÖÍ-ðË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀÌÆÀÃ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÜË.) á-ÀÌêÒ-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-êË-Í-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-êË-Í-éÍÄ|á-ÀÌêÒ-ê-æÍ-éÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-êË-Í-éÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌêÒ-êË-Í-éÍ-êË-Í-Ä (“ÀÌÆÀÃÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÁÆ.) á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÓÚ-ð-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍÄ|á-ÀÓÚ-ð-æÍ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä (“ÀÊÄÈ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÁØ.) á-ðÓÚ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÓÚ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ðÓÚ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÓÚ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀÊÄÈ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ËÛá.) á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀÊÄÈÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ËÍÔ.) á-ðÓÚ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ðÓÚ-Ä-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÓÚ-Äæ æ-ðË-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÓÚ-Äæ-ðËæÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÓÚ-Äæ-ðË-Í-ÖÍ-ðË-æÍ-Ä (“ÀÊÄÈ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÜË.) á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÓÚ-ð-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-êË-Í-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÓÚÖÍ-êË-Í-Ä|á-ÀÓÚ-êË-Í-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-êË-Í-éÍ-Ä|á-ÀÓÚ-êË-Í-éÍ-êË-Í-Ä|áÀÓÚ-ð-æÍ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä (“ÀÊÄÈ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÁÆ.) á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÃÎê/ëË-Í-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä (“ÀÒÄÝá-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÁØ.) á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÃÄËÀË-Í-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀÒÄÝá-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ËÛá.) á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÃ-ÎÄË-êË-Í-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀÒÄÝá-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ËÍÔ.) á-ðÛÚæÄÃ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÃ-ÎÄË-ÀË-Í-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÃ-ÎÄË-ðËæÍ-ÖÍ-ðË-Í-Ä (“ÀÒÄÝá-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÜË.) á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÛÚÃ-êË-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä|á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-êË-ÍÄ; á-ÀÛÚæÃ-ÖÍ-êË-Í-éÍ-Ä|á-ÀÛÚæÃÎëË-êË-Í-éÍ-êË-Í-Ä (“ÀÒÄÝá-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÁÆ.) á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÊÒ-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍÄ (“ÀÙÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó ÊÀÒÓ, ×ÀÍãÀÒÀÓ”). (ÁØ.) á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀÙÄÁ-ÉÍÄÁ-Ó ÊÀÒÓ, ×ÀÍãÀÒÀÓ”). (ËÛá.) á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀÙÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó ÊÀÒÓ, ×ÀÍãÀÒÀÓ”). (ËÍÔ.) á-ÀÊÀÒ-Í-Ä|á-ÀÊÀÒ-æ æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÀÒ-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÀÒ-æÍ-ÖÍ-ðËæÍ-Ä; (“ÀÙÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó ÊÀÒÓ, ×ÀÍãÀÒÀÓ”). (ÜË.) á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÊÒ-êË-Í-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-êË-Í-éÍ-Ä 45 (“ÀÙÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó ÊÀÒÓ, ×ÀÍãÀÒÀÓ”). (ÁÆ.) á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀáÓÄÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÁØ.) á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-Ä (“ÀáÓÄÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ËÛá.) á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀáÓÄÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ËÍÔ.) á-ÀÛÚæÄÍÃ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÄÃ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÄÃ-ÎÄË-ðË-Í-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÄÃ-ÎÄË-ðË-Í-ÖÍ-ðË-Í-Ä (“ÀáÓÄÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÜË.) á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä|á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-êË-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍêË-Í-éÍ-Ä (“ÀáÓÄÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÁÆ.) á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ðÎÒ-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä (“ÀßÄÒ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÁØ.) á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä|á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-À-æÍÖÍ-Ä (“ÀßÄÒ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ËÛá.) á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ðÎÒ-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍêË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀßÄÒ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ËÍÔ.) á-ðÎÒ-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÀË-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÀË-ÖÍ-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ðËÖÍ-ðË-ÖÍ-æÍ-Ä (“ÀßÄÒ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÜË.) á-ðÎÒ-Í-Ä|á-ðÎÒ-êË-Í-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-Í-éÍ-Ä|á-ðÎÒ-ÄÍ-êË-Í-Ä|áðÎÒ-êË-Í-éÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-êË-Í-éÍ-êË-Í-Ä (“ÀßÄÒ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÁÆ.) á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ðÛá-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä|á-ðÛá-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; áðÛá-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ðÛá-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä (“ÀßÅ-ÄÅ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÁØ.) á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-Í-Ä|á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀßÅ-ÄÅ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ËÛá.) á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÛá-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä|á-ÀÛá-êË-æÍÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀßÅ-ÄÅ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ËÍÔ.) á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ðÛá-ÉÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-ðË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-ðË-æÍðË-æÍ-Ä (“ÀßÅ-ÄÅ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). (ÜË.) á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÛá-êË-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-Í-Ä|á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-êË-Í-Ä|á-ÀÛáêË-Í-éÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-êË-Í-éÍ-Ä|á-ÀÛá-êË-Í-éÍ-êË-Í-Ä (“ÀßÅ-ÄÅ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”). ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ ÊÀÖÆÀÔÉÅÓ ÀßÀÒÌÏÄÁÓ -ÖÍ ÓÖ×ÉØÓÉ. ÈÖ ÆÌÍÉÓ ×ÖÞÄ ÄÒÈÌÀÒÝÅËÉÀÍÆÄ ÌÄÔÉÀ ÃÀ ÛÄÊÖÌÛÖËÉÀ, ÌÀÛÉÍ -ÖÍ-Ä’Ó ÒÄÃÖØÝÉÀ ÌÏÓÃÉÓ ÃÀ ÉØÝÄÅÀ -æÍ-Ä’Ã (Å. ÈÏ×ÖÒÉÀ). ÏÒÌÀÂÉ ÃÀ ÓÀÌÌÀÂÉ ÊÀÖÆÀÝÉÉÓ ÌÉÆÄÆÉ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÉÚÏÓ ÊÀÖÆÀÔÉÖÒÉ ÓÖ×ÉØÓÄÁÉÓ ×ÖÍØÝÉÉÓ ÃÀÊÀÒÂÅÀ. 46 guCa kvaracxelia axal axal disciplinaTa saerTo Teoriuli safuZveli da urTierTmimarTeba meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi zedized warmoiSva enaTmecnierebis axali mimarTulebebi, romlebmac enis sistemisadmi imanenturi midgomis arasakmarisoba gamoavlina. isini Kalibdeboda struqturuli enaTmecnierebis erTgvari daZleviTa da axlo warsulSi farTod gavrcelebuli lingvistikuri koncefciebis kritikiT: a) araadekvaturia enobriv erTeulTa analizis Semofargvla enis mxolod modelebisa da struqturebis TvalsazrisiT; b) calmxrivoba axasiaTebs Teoriebs, romlebic ar iTvaliswineben imas, rom enobrivi urTierToba ormxrivi procesia, sadac monawileoben rogorc molaparake (metKvelebis warmomqmneli), ise msmeneli (metKvelebis aGmqmeli); g) komunikacia mxolod mza enobrivi formebis realizacia ar aris, aramed am formaTa warmomqmnelicaa. idea momdinareobs v. humboldtisagan, romelic enas ganixilavda rogorc ùkve Seqmnilis, ukve nawarmoebis~ (èrgonis~) da Seqmnis `procesSi mKofis~, `Semoqmedi Zalis~ (ènergeis~) dialeqtikur erTianobas. amasTanave, mTavari roli am ukanasknels (moqmedebas) eniyeboda. humboldtis Teoriis aqtualizeba enis axal gagebaSic aisaxa _ ena ganisazGvreba ara rogorc niSanTa statikuri sistema, aramed rogorc sistema realur moqmedebaSi, amasTanave, adamianTan, metKvel subieqtTan myidro kavSirSic. Tanamedrove komunikaciuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, enis Seswavla unda mimdinareobdes rogorc Sidaenobrivi, ise gareenobrivi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, vinaidan isini arsebiTad ganapirobeben verbaluri urTierTobis struqturasa da Sinaarss. cxadia, gareenobrivi faqti enobrivi faqti ar aris, magram arc am ukanasknelis ganxilvaa SesaZlebeli pirvelis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. Sesabamisad, enis analizi xdeba kompleqsuri, xolo analizis sagani _ ufro vrceli. mag., sitKvis mniS47 venlobis kvlevisas sakmarisi aGar aris sakuTriv enobrivi konteqsti, aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia pragmatikuli konteqstebi da situacia; sintaqsuri kvlevac scdeba winadadebis farglebs da inacvlebs metKvelebis aqtTa bmul Tanamimdevrobaze anu diskursze, romelic sxvadasxva aspeqtis (pragmatikuli, semantikuri, referentuli, emociur-Semfasebluri...) gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas iZleva. enis analizis sferoSi adamianis faqtoris SemoKvanam mniSvenlovnad gaafarTova lingvistikis horizonti da, amasTanave gamoiwvia enaTmecnierebis daaxloeba adamianis Semswavlel iseT disciplinebTan, rogoricaa: fsiqologia, sociologia, eTnologia, istoria, kulturologia, kognitologia, biologia, nevrologia. maT miJnasa da gadakveTaze warmoiSva interdisciplinaruli mecnierebebi, romlebic Tanamedrove humanitaruli codnis komunikaciur paradigmaSi ganixileba. axal disciplinaTa mecnierebaTaSorisi buneba da statusi gamoxatulebas poulobs TiToeuli maTganis cnebiT aparatsa da kompozitur saxelwodebaSi. maTi urTierTmimarTeba sxvadasxvagvaria: fsiqo fsiqolin qolingvis lingvisti gvistiki tikisa kisa da soci socio ciolingvis lingvisti gvistikis tikis warmoSobas safuZvlad udevs metKvelebis Semdegi ontologiuri daxasiaTeba: metKvelebis aqtis mizani am aqtis gareT Zevs. sametKvelo qmedeba arasametKvelo qmedebas emsaxureba da amiT aris Sepirobebuli; fsiqo fsiqolin qolingvis lingvisti gvistika tikasa kasa da nei neirolin rolingvis lingvisti gvistikas tikas kvlevis erTi ubani aqvT saerTo _ fonologiur, gramatikul, leqsikur da semantikur moSlilobaTa gamovlena. aq fsiqolingvistika qmnis Teoriul safuZvels, xolo neirolingvistika specialurad aris orientirebuli sxvadasxva saxis afaziaTa diagnostikasa da mkurnalobaze; gansxvavebuli kuTxiTa da aqcentebiT swavloben socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis zegavlenas enaze soci socio ciolinlingvisti gvistika tika da eTno eTnolin nolingvis lingvisti gvistika tika. ka es ukanaskneli enobrivi monacemebis meSveobiT Seiswavlis am enaze molaparake xalxis fsi48 qologias, miTologias, istoriasa da kulturas im postulatze daKrdnobiT, rom xalxebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian samKaros enobrivi suraTiT, msoflxedviT. eTno eTnolin nolingvis lingvisti gvistikis tikis wiaGSi narmoiSva lingvo lingvokul gvokultu kulturo turolo rolologia, gia romelic erovnuli diskursis specifikur erTeulebs avlens da ikvlevs, swavlobs dedaenis rols adamianis SemecnebiT moGvaweobaSi. es sfero mas saerTo aqvs kogni kogniti nitiur tiur linlingvisti gvistikas tikasTan kasTan, Tan romelsac, Tavsi mxriv, kompi kompiu piuteru teruli ruli lingvis lingvisgvistika tika ukavSirdeba: saerTo aspeqtia sxvadasxva codnis enobrivi kategorizacia da konceptualizacia. fsiqo fsiqolin qolingvis lingvisti gvistikis tikis, kis soci socio ciolingvis lingvisti gvistikis tikis, kis eTno eTnolin nolingvis lingvisti gvistitikis, kis pragma pragmalin malingvis lingvisti gvistiki tikisa kisa da diskur diskursis kursis Teo Teoriis riis urTierTgadakveTis erT-erT sferos warmoadgens para paralin ralingvis lingvisti gvistika tika. ka CamoTvlili Tanamedrove disciplinebTan saerTo problemebi da kvleviTi interesebi aqvs pragma pragmalin malingvis lingvisti gvistika tikasac kasac, sac romelic CamoKalibebis procesSia. daskvnisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axal interdisciplinarul mimarTulebebs aerTianebs anTropomorfizmze, dinamizmze, funqcionalizmsa da kognitivizmze damKarebuli Sexedulebebi da principebi. verc erT axal disciplinas ver eqvemdebareba tradiciuli lingvistika, romelic axlisa da tradiciulis dapirispirebaSi aramarkirebulad agrZelebs arsebobas, opoziciis gareT ki ganagrZobs sakuTari problemebisa da konkretuli sakiTxebis kvlevas im dargebis mixedviT, romlebic istoriul procesSi empiriulad CamoKalibda. 49 roman lolua kavkasiis albanur warweraTa korpusis dazustebisaTvis dazustebisaTvis 1948-52 wlebSi azerbaiJanis teritoriaze, mingeCauris gaTxrebis Sedegad, aGmoCnda ramdenime albanuri warwera da grafiti. maT erTobliobas dGes albanur warweraTa korpuss uwodeben; masSi Sedis: 1. Jvris postamentis warwera _ 70 grafema; 2. grafiti Tixis Sandalze # 1-50 grafema; 3. grafiti Tixis Sandalze # 16/17 grafema; 4. grafiti Tixis Sandalze # 3-8 grafema; 5. grafiti Tixis Sandalze # 4-24 grafema, 6. grafiti kramitis natexze # 1-21 grafema; 7. grafiti kramitis natexze # 2-5/6 grafema. mTlianad korpusi Sedgeba 194196 grafemisgan da masSi savaraudod albanuri anbanis 52 grafemidan dadasturebulia 31 grafema. am korpusSi tradiciulad Kvela mecniers Sehqonda e. w. derbentis warwera, rac gaugebaria. zemoxsenebuli warwera aGmoCenilia m. barxudarianis mier, romelmac gadmoxata igi (barxudariani; 1893). mis garda es warwera aravis unaxavs, Tu ar CavTvliT m. smbaTians, romelmac SesaZloa naxa igi, Tumca es saeyvoa, radgan misi cnoba da warweris naxati zustad imeorebs m. barxudarianis cnobas warweris aGmoCenis Sesaxeb (smbaTiani; 1896). miuxedavad imisa, rom derbentSi Kofnisas s. muraviovma ver aGmoaCina es warwera, igi mainc axorcielebs cdas misi wakiTxvisa. vinaidan im mdgomareobaSi, ra mdgomareobaSic igi gvxvdeba m. barxudarianis da m. smbaTianis naSromebSi misi wakiTxva SeuZlebeli iKo, amitom s. muraviovma 180°-iT Seabruna warwera, aseve Seitana ramodenime Sesworeba, ris Sedegadac igi waikiTxa rogorc karTa zGude / karis zGude _ transkrifcia goz yúle´mo {‚} (muraviovi 1981; 281-282). darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom warweris pirveli grafema ar warmoadgens g- aso-bgeras (miuxedavad imisa, rom es grafema palimfsestSi ar aris dadasturebuli). aseve eyvs iw50 vevs Kvela danarCeni grafemis identifikacia; warweris # 3 grafema (muraviovis azriT -z) ufro hgavs albanuri anbanis # 23 (h); warweris # 6 (l) ~ anbanis # 34 (J?); warweris # 8 (m) ~ anbanis # 9 (T). warweris sxva niSnebisTvis ki analogiebis povna albanur anbanSi yirs. unda iTqvas, rom saeyvoa saerTod derbentis warweris arsebobis faqti da Tu mainc davuSvebT mis arsebobas, Znelad savaraudoa igi warmoadgendes kavkasiis albanuri damwerlobis nimuSs. qeTevan margiani-subari mir mirTva svanur svanurSi nurSi mirTva srulmniSvnelovan sitKvaTa iseTi SekavSirebaa winadadebaSi, roca `wamKvani sitKva damokidebuls Sinaarsobliv ikavSirebs ise, rom amas raime gramatikuli gamoxatuleba ar axlavs~ (l. kvayaZe). xSirad rTulia zGvris dadeba marTvasa da mirTvas Soris, gansakuTrebiT Tandebuliani formisa da moqmedebiTi brunvis SemTxvevaSi; `mokla TofiT~, `wavida fexiT~ tipis wKvilebSi, Tu davuSvebT, rom mxolod es brunvaa SesaZlebeli, maSin marTvaa, magram, `radgan cnobilia, rom erTpiriani zmna marTvis unaris gareSea, mocemul magaliTebSi mirTva daiSvebao~ _ aGniSnavs v. Tofuria. Tandebuliani brunva idiomatur gamoTqmaSic `xelSi aqvs~ SeiZleba Seicvalos formiT `xelT aqvs~... maSasadame, `qarTulSi mirTulia zmnizeda da Tandebuliani saxeli Kvela SemTxvevaSi, mimrTveli ki, uwinares Kovlisa, _ zmna (Semasmeneli) da nazmnari saxeli (iqneba is gansazGvreba Tu winadadebis sxva wevri)~ (v. Tofuria). principi analogiuria svanur enaSic, magram mirTvis areali aq ufro farTo Cans Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo 51 enasTan SedarebiT, rac, ZiriTadad, mirTul sitKvaTa mravalferovnebas ukavSirdeba; 1. svanur enaSi, sxva qarTvelur enaTa msgavsad, aris pirveladi (q’m q’m `gareT~, b‰zi àmaGam~, ldi `dGes~...) da meoreuli, anu nawarmoebi zmnizedebi, sadac gaqvavebuli brunvisniSnianebis (ham hamham-s `dilas~, l’Tl’T-S… `GamiT~, J…in‰lJ…in‰l-d `Zvelad~) da TandebulianTa (eS eSeS-Te ìqiT~, eCeC-xn ìqidan~...) gverdiT gvxvdeba sakuTriv zmnizedaTa mawarmoebliani formebi: jiji-xi ùfro zeviT~ (Sdr. jib `zeviT~). 2. mdgomareobis an mimarTulebis maCvenebel martiv TandebulTa kombinaciiT miGebuli rTuli Tandebulebi -TŠsga / Tesga, Tesga, -Teqa Teqa, qa, -xnqa / -xenqa xenqa, qa, -xnji / - xenji xenji da sxv. erTdroulad asaxaven Jer moqmedebis mimarTulebas, Semdeg ki mdgomareobas, romelSic aGmoCndeba sagani moqmedebis damTavrebis Semdeg: qoris qorisga risga ri `saxlSi aris~ (SignimKofoba), Sdr. qors ri `saxlSi (Sin) aris~; qorTe qorTe esGri `saxlSi (saxlisken) midis~; qorTesga qorTesga esGri `saxlSi (SigniT) Sedis~. ji, ji, Cu, Cu, {i {i}sga/ sga/ska elementebi, romlebic `zmnasTan windebulia, saxelTan ki _ Tandebuli~ (v. Tofuria), sintagmaSi erTdrouli monawileobisas gavlenas axdenen SesitKvebis semantikaze; Sdr. lˆcTØ lˆcTØadski adskine skine `wKalSi gadaxta~; lˆcTesgØ lˆcTesgØ adski adskine skine `wKalSi Caxta~; lˆcTeis lˆcTeisga isga sgaØ sgaØdskine dskine `wKalSi (ki) Caxta~. igive nawilaki Tu damoukidebladac CaerTo, maSin aseTi SesitKveba qarTulSi paronomaziis saxeliT cnobili gamoTqmis Sinaarss iZens: lˆcTesga sga sgÀ sgÀadsk adskine, ine, mare mare qØ qØntixx `wKalSi CaxtomiT ki Caxta, magram gamoiKvanes (gamoabrunes)~. erTi da igive Tandebuli zogJer gansxvavebul semantikas aniyebs mirTul sitKvebs da qarTuladac sxvadasxva Tandebuls Seisabamebs: eJi cxekTe cxekTe iG…re…da babas babas ìs tKisken itKuebda babuas~; 52 mal… daƒˆlTØ daƒˆlTØaCd `mela TxasTan wavida~; eJi lasˆnJ…Te lˆmr meƒde ìs dasaTvaliereblad Kofila mosuli~. -Te Te Tandebuliani saxeli pirvel winadadebaSi adgilis garemoebaa, meoreSi _ ubralo damateba, mesameSi ki mKofadis mimGeobaze darTviT miznis garemoeba miviGeT. 3. miuxedavad Tandebulebis siuxvisa da maTi farTo SesaZleblobisa, axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis Tandebulian formebs svanur enaSi xSirad uTandebulo da ormagbrunviani formebi Seesabameba, romelTa analogiebi Zvel qarTulSia: al yem eser CjCj-iSiS-d xakuC xakuC ès Tiva cxenisTvis (cxen-is-ad) mindao~. 4. Tandebulebis gamoKenebis farTo SesaZlebloba, meoreuli (nawarmoebi) zmnizedebis mravalferovneba da enis konservatiuloba, gamoxatuli Zveli viTarebis amsaxveli uTandebulo formebis SemonaxviT, ganapirobebs svanur enaSi semantikuri niuansebis moqnilad gamoxatvis did potencials da afarToebs mirTvis areals, radganac igi sintagmis wevrTa Soris swored Sinaarsobliv kavSirs gulisxmobs. vaxtang maGraZe ramde ramdeni denime nime kalkis kalkis Sesa Sesaxeb saxeb sesxeba enis gamdidrebis erT-erT mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. magram `meore ukiduresobas warmoadgens ganukiTxavad Semotana ucxo sitKvebisa maSin, roca amis sayiroeba ar aris, Tu saTanado sitKva SeiZleba davZebnoT sakuTar leqsikur fondSi anda vawarmooT arsebul sitKvaTagan sesxeba gaumarTlebelia~ (arn. Ciqobava). amisda miuxedavad, xSiria sintagmuri Tu semantikuri kalkis gadmoGebisa da damkvidrebis cdebi. 53 a. xasi xasia siaTi. Ti am sitKvas qarTul enaSi sami mniSvneloba aqvs: 1. adamianis sulier TvisebaTa erToblioba, romlebic mis qcevebSi vlindeba, 2. sulieri ganwKoba, 3. risame Tviseba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi xasiaTi aris sulieri mdgomareoba, romelic mravalgvaria. arsebobs mtkice, Seupovari, kargi, axirebuli, yirveuli, ujmuri, mZime, autaneli... rusuli enis meSveobiT enaSi sintagmis _ mtkice º Seupovari xasiaTi _ erTi sitKviT gamoxatvis tendencia mkvidrdeba: `mas hqonda xasi xasia siaTi da Girsebac~, `roca pirvelad institutSi ver... Cavabare, mere ukve xasi xasia siaTi gamoviCine~, `mas hqonda fuli da xasi xasia siaTi~. Ti amgvari SemTxvevebi semantikuri kalkis nimuSebia, Tumca araiSviaTad marTebul gamoKenebasac vxvdebiT. b. axalgaz axalgazrda gazrda. rda balaxi º Geroº nargavi º kartofili º xaxvi... isev evropuli (rusuli, inglisuri, franguli) enebis gavleniT mkvidrdeba. daxvewili qarTuliT unda KofiliKo norCi balaxi º Gero º nargavi º nergi º naTesi º kartofili º xaxvi º yarxali. g. qarTul enas saSualeba aqvs Koveli sazogado saxeli or ricxvSi awarmoos. Tumca isev ucxo enebis `wKalobiT~ iKeneben erTi erTeulis gamosaxatavad mravlobiT ricxvs: `Semovida mamakaci, mzis Savi saTva saTvale Tvalee leebi ekeTa~, `lindsim Jinse Jinsesebis ukana Jibisaken waiGo xeli~, `qalma sulelur Calis qudSi, Sorteb SortebSi tebSi da sandlebSi gamowKobili brius uilisi dainaxa~. Kvela magaliTi aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom saubari exeba erT konkretul saTvales, Jinssa Tu Sorts da ara mravlobiTSi dasmul nivTebs. sxvaTa enis brmad miKola da gauazreblad mibaZva enas ki ar amdidrebs da amravalferovnebs, samwuxarod, mxolod anagvianebs da aGaribebs. 54 nana mayavariani anTro anTropo Tropomor pomorful morful arse arseba sebaTa baTa saxel saxelwo xelwode wodebe debebis bebis warmomav warmomavlo mavlobi lobisa bisaTvis saTvis afxazur afxazurSi zurSi. Si. 2. aZˆZlan // aZˆzlan àli, ali, feria feria~ ria~ afxazurSi aZˆZlan // aZˆzlan aGniSnavs àls, ferias~. moxsenebaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom aZˆZlan // aZˆzlan leqsema rTuli Sedgenilobisa unda iKos: aZˆ `wKali~, + -s (gardaqceviTobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi) + la (lokaluri preverbi, romelic raimeSi mKofobas gamoxatavs) + -n (namKo ganusazGvreli drois am SemTxvevaSi gaqvavebuli sufiqsi). *a-aZˆslan > aZˆzlan > aZˆZlan progresuli asimilaciiT: Tumca, aZˆZlan º aZˆzlan orive cocxali, paralelurad xmarebuli formaa afxazurSi. sitKvis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba unda KofiliKo `wKlad Sig mKofi~. aGniSnuli semantika àli~ leqsemisa arc qarTul-kavkasiuri folklorisTvisaa ucxo. koba miTagvaria adami adamia mianis asakob asakobriv kobriv dife diferen ferenci rencia ciacias ciasTan dakav dakavSi kavSire Sirebu rebuli buli termi termine minebi nebi Cerqe Cerqezul qezul enebSi enebSi asakobriv diferenciasTan dakavSirebuli terminebis daKofa pirobiTad or Jgufad SeiZleba. pirvel Jgufs Seadgens terminebi, romlebSic ar aris warmodgenili sqesobrivi gansxvaveba adamianebs Soris. es terminebi Tanabrad SeiZleba gamoKenebuli iqnes rogorc mamakacTa, ise qalTa mimarT. sitKvebis umravlesoba iwarmoeba adiG. y–l¶ fuZis gamoKenebiT, romelic aGniSnavda àxals, axal gaCenils~. 55 am kategorias ganekuTvneba adiG. y–l¶– l¶–xÀ– xÀ–r, Kab. ¬¶al¶aG° y– àxali (свежий), l¶– ¬¶al¶aG°al¶– al¶– àxalgazrdebi~ (y l¶– _ sitKvawarmoebiTi afiqsi, -xÀ xÀ– xÀ– _ mravlobiTi ricxvis mawarmoebeli afiqsi). Kabardouli sitKva nawarmoebia ¬¶– ¬¶– àxali, axalgazrda~ fuZeze sitKvawarmoebiTi G°al¶– al¶– sufiqsis darTviT. adiG. zˆxÀ– zˆxÀ–xÀ° xÀ°–G° da Kabard. xˆJ– xˆJ–bz aGniSnavs `mozards~ rogorc mamrobiTi, ise mdedrobiTi sqesisa. saKuradGeboa àsakis~ aGmniSvneli sitKvebi. adiGeurSi ùfrosis~ aGmniSvneli sitKvaa nahˆz¶ (nah nah( nah(ˆ) _ SedarebiTi xarisxis morfemas daerTvis z¶( z¶(ˆ) _ sitKvawarmoebiTi sufiqsi; KabardoulSi es sitKva gansxvavebulia da aGniSnavs ùfro Zvels~. aseTive gziTaa miGebuli ùmcrosis~ aGmniSvneli termini adiG. nahˆy, nahˆy, Kabard. n–ha¬¶– ha¬¶– (adiG. nah º Kabard. n–h + sufiqsi y º ¬¶– ¬¶–). terminebis meore Jgufs warmoadgens sitKvebi, romlebSic erTdroulad aGniSnulia adamianebs Soris sqesobrivi gansxvavebac e. i. aq mamakacisa da qalis sqesis sxvadasxva asakobrivi Jgufis aGmniSvneli terminebi diferencirebuladaa warmodgenili, gamonakliss warmoadgens `Cvili bavSvis~ aGmniSvneli terminebi sakuTriv adiGeuri nanˆ… da sabˆ sabˆ; ukanaskneli, a. Sagirovis azriT, nasesxebia arabulidan: sabiy `biyi~, `Kmawvili~ (Sdr. Turq. sabi `biyi~, `mcirewlovani~) (a. Sagirovi). KabardoulSi am terminTan erTad (sabˆ sabˆ) sabˆ ixmareba sitKva bˆZa†– bˆZˆ `ZuZu). bˆZa†–, romelic niSnavs `ZuZumwovar bavSvs~ (bˆZˆ (Sdr. afx. aZKˆ da asabi asabi. bi am terminebiT aGiniSneba bavSvi dabadebidan erT wlamde. erTidan Svid wlamde bavSvs adiG. y–l–wˆk° wˆk°ˆ, skolis asakis bavSvs, romelsac ukve garkveuli socialuri funqcia gaaCnia (7-dan 18 wlamde), adiGelebi eZaxian: a) `biys~ y–l¶– l¶– (abZax. ‡½al¶a, ‡½al¶a abZaxurSi adiGeuris SiSina afrikatebs y, y´ gadadis rbil laringalur abruptiv (‡½‡½ Si); KabardoulSi ¬¶al– ¬¶al– (Sdr. afx.-abaz. ayk° ayk°ˆ¹ `vaji 7 wlidan 18 wlamde~ (T. gvancelaZe), xolo bzifur dialeqtSi ayk° ayk°ˆn aGniSnavs rogorc `biys~ aseve `gogonas (k. SaKrili). b) `gogonas~ amave asakobriv kategoriaSi adiGeurad fs¶as¶– fs¶as¶– ewodeba, xolo KabardoulSi _ xÀˆJ– xÀˆJ–bz. bz srulwlovani axalgazrda mamakacis aGsaniSnavad 18-30 wlamde) adiG y– º Kab. ¬– fuZis reduplicirebuli forma adiG. y–l¶– l¶–y– º Kab. ¬¶al¶– ¬¶al¶–s¶a s¶a ixmareba. adiGeuri «ˆ `mamakacsac~ aGniSnavs da `qmarsac~ (Sdr. Zvel afxazurSi alˆg `qmari~). amave kategoriaSi mKof qals adiGeurad bzˆlÀ†ˆG, bzˆlÀ†ˆG Kabardoulad bzˆlÀx° bzˆlÀx°ˆG– ˆG– ewodeba. Semdeg kategoriaSi ganixileba adiG.-Kab. «ˆz¶ˆ `moxuci kaci~ (zedmiw. «ˆ `kaci, mamakaci + z¶ `moxuci~). am kategoriis `moxuci qalis~ aGmniSvneli termini adiGeurSia: nˆ…az¶ `moxuci qali~ (zedmiw. `qali Zveli~), Sdr. nˆ…– nˆ…– `moxuci qali~. oTxmoc wels gadacilebul adamians adiGelebi eZaxian: `mamakacs~ adiG. ƒarˆ…ˆflÀ, ƒarˆ…ˆflÀ Kabard. ƒazÀ, ƒazÀ xolo qals~ nˆ…– nˆ…–z¶ d– d–d (zedmiw. `moxuci qali didi~). xolo KabardoulSi ¬¶al¶– ¬¶al¶–wˆk° wˆk° ewodeba (zedmiw. adiG. y–l–, Kabard. ¬¶al¶– ¬¶al¶– `biyi~ + wˆk° wˆk°ˆ `patara~). amave kategoriaSi mKofi gogonas aGmniSvneli adiGeuri terminia fs¶– fs¶–s¶– s¶–z¶ˆˆ `gogona patara, axalgazrda~, xolo KabardoulSi xÀˆJabzwˆk° xÀˆJabzwˆk° `gogona~. 56 57 naTela muzaSvili termi termino minolo nologi logiu giuri sitKvawar sitKvawarmo warmoe moebisa bisaTvis saTvis 1. axal terminTa damkvidrebas, romlebic garkveul procesTan aris dakavSirebeli, Tan sdevs axali zmnuri formebisa da maTgan warmoebuli masdarebis Seqmna. 2. teqnikur terminologiaSi xSiria zmnuri formebi, romlebSic saxeluri fuZeebi saliteraturo qarTulidanaa aGebuli, magram zmnis formebi specialuri terminebia. 3. teqnikur terminologiaSi warmodgenilia saxeluri fuZis masdarebi, romelTac Sesabamisi zmnuri formebi ar aqvT, Tumca udasturdebaT amosavali aGweriTi warmoeba. es im tradiciis gagrZelebaa, romelic Zvel qarTulSi SeiniSneboda. Zveli qarTulis zmnaTa uGvlilebaSi aGweriTi formebisa da organuli warmoebis Senacvleba sakmaod mniSvnelovani faqtia. igi istoriuli gramatikis erT-erT saintereso ubans warmoadgens. 4. saintereso suraTs gviCvenebs kompozitebisa da sufiqsoidiani terminebis gaformeba. lamara nozaZe zogi mniSv nelo lobis bis) zogi cnebis cnebis (mniS vne lo bis ) dazus dazuste zustebi tebisa bisaTvis saTvis `qegl~ qegl~-Tan Tan mimar mimarTe TebiT biT marTe Tanamedrove qarTul leqsikologiaSi, rogorc cnobilia, zmnuri saleqsikono erTeulis problemasTan dakavSirebiT, ZiriTadad, ori sapirispiro mosazreba arsebobs, rac Tavis mxriv, g a n p i r o b e b u l i a g a n s x v a v e b u l i z o g a d - T e o r i u l i T v a l s a z r i s e b i T , saxeldobr: a. SaniZis azriT qcevis, gvarisa da misT. formebi warmoqmnili erTeulebia, magram grama gramati matiku tikuli kuli da ara leqsi leqsiku sikuri kuri 58 mniSvnelobis mixedviT3. keravs, akerinebs, ikeravs, ukeravs, ikereba, ekereba... e r Tsa da imave moqmedebas gamoxatavs, erTsa da i m a v e m o v l e n a s asaxavs4 (es es arse arsebi sebiTi biTi faqto faqtoria toria maTi maTi kvakvalifi lifika fikaci kacii ciisaTvis saTvis). Tvis aGniSnul formaTa Soris sxvaobas morfologiuri elementebiT _ a. SaniZis mixedviT _ sasitKvaTSoriso mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli afiqsebiT (aa-, i-, i-/u u-, i-/e e-...) gadmocemuli grama gramati matiku tikuli kuli Sina Sinaar naarsi arsi qmnis (mxedvelobaSia subieqtur da obieqtur pirTa Soris kuTvnilebiT urTierTobaze miTiTeba, moqmedebis gadmocema moqmedi piris gamoCeniT an mis gamouCenlad, subieqturi piris moqmedeba pirdapir obieqtze uSualod an sxva piris SualobiT...). aGsaniSnavia, rom, umravles SemTxvevaSi xsenebul formaTa (vnebiTis, qcevis variantebis, SualobiTi kontaqtis da misT). mniSvneloba SeiZleba pirdapir (avtomaturad) gamoKvanili iqnas zmnis Ziris mniSvnelobidan da morfologiuri mawarmoeblebidan. a. SaniZis azriT, amgvar _ gramatikul erTeulTa _ qcevis, gvaris, kauzativis da misT. piriani formebis miCneva damoukidebel saleqsikono erTeulad umarTebuloa (leqsikoni _ leqsemaTa krebulia). igi, rogorc cnobilia, am funqciiT _ zmnuri paradigmis meTaur formad _ iKenebs masdars, romlis budeSic warmodgenilia morfologiuri elementebiT warmoqmnili Kvela SesaZlo (piriani) g r a m a t i k u l i f o r m a saTanado ilustraciebiT (Sdr. Kra: Kra Kris... aKris... iKris... uKris... iKreba... eKreba... Kria... aKria...). 3 aGniSnuli debuleba a. SaniZis `leqsikologiuri koncefciis~ qvakuTxedia. Sdr. amave zmnuri Zirisagan (martivi fuZisagan) warmoqmnili axali leqsikuri erTeulebi _ mkeravi (`vinc keravs~), sakeravi (`riTac keraven~ _ sakeravi manqana), _ {ga ga}}kerili (`rac {ga}keres~, mag. qsovili) da misT., romlebic zmnuri ZiriT gamoxatul moqmedebasTan dakavSirebul sxva saganze, saganze sxva obieqtze (adamiani, manqana, qsovili...) miuTiTeben. 4 59 a r g u m e n t i : masdari zmnis ZiriTadi leqsikuri mniSvnelobis matarebeli saxelia. igi zmnis Kvelaze ganKenebul mniSvnelobas gadmogvcems, Kvela amgvar pirian formaTa zogadi `semantikuri warmomadgenelia~, maTi ziari kategoriaa. a. SaniZis zogad, Cveni azriT, uaGresad mwKobr da Tanmimdevrul koncefcias upirispirdeba arn. Ciqobavas Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac qarTuli zmnis rigi kategoria _ qcevis, gvaris, kauzativis formebi (Slis: iSlis, uSlis, iSleba, eSleba, aSlevinebs...) g a n s x v a v e b u l i l e q s i k u r i m n i S v n e l o b i s m a t a r e b e l i a . maTi Setana leqsikonebSi damoukidebel saleqsikono erTeulad isevea gamarTlebuli, rogorc saxelis nawarmoebi fuZeebisa (guliani, ugulo, sagule... Zmuri, moZme, saZmo da misT; `gli~-i VIII, 1964, 06; 1986, 06). Cveni azriT araswori analogiaa _ guliani, ugulo, sagule... samarile, umarilo, mariliani da misT. nawarmoebi formebi Z i r e u l i s a g a n gansxvavebuli leqsikuri m n i S v n e l o b i s m a t a r e b e l i e l e m e n t e b i a . axal obieqts (sagans) aGniSnavs (Sdr. sama samari marile rile _ `mcire y u r y e l i , raSic marilia~; umari umarilo rilo _ `s a y m e l i , rasac marili ara aqvs an aklia~...), maSasadame, damoukidebel saleqsikono erTeulebs warmoadgens, rasac, rogorc aGiniSna, ver vitKviT qcevis, gvaris da misT. formebze (irecxavs, urecxavs, irecxeba...). amgvar analizs mxars uyers zogi sxva faqtoric. kerZod: arn. Ciqobavas azriT zmnaTa absolutur umetesobaSi moqmedebis saxelebi nawarmoebia gardamavali zmnis saarviso qcevis fuZisagan (Tesav-s → Tesva, mki-s → mka, aSeneb-s → Seneba...). `qce qcevebs qcevebs (iTesavs, uTesavs... iSenebs, uSenebs...), vnebi vnebiTebs biTebs (iTeseba, eTeseba... Sendeba, uSendeba...) sakuTari fuZisagan moqmedebis saxeli ar ewarmoeba: amgvar zmnebs S e s a b a m i s i nazmnari saxeli ar gaaCnia... amisda miuxedavad ara iSvi iSvia viaTad (xazi _ l. n.) _ konteqstis Sesabamisad _ gardamavali zmnis saarviso qcevis masdari SeiZleba iKos gamoKenebuli vnebiTi gvarisTvisac, sasubieqto qcevaTa Sinaarsis gadmosacemadac~ (`gl~-i, 1950, I, gv. 011-012, 075). 60 winaaGmdegobrivi debulebebia _ es ar iqneboda SesaZlebeli qcevis, gvaris da misT. nawarmoebi formebi a x a l , g a n sxvavebul leqsikur erTeulebs rom warmoadg e n d e s (Sdr. samarile, mariliani, umarilo; gaagonebs, moagonebs, STaagonebs da misT. udaod l e q s i k u r i n i S n i T warmoqmnili formebi, romelTa mniSvnelobebis ganzogadeba erT semantikur monacemad SeuZlebelia)5. zmnur formaTa masdarze ganlagebis erT-erT sawinaaGmdego argumentad saxeldeba is, rom zmnaTa mTel wKebas, upiratesad upreverbo nasaxelar zmnebs TiTqos ar ewarmoeba moqmedebis saxeli. ar iTqmis iTqmis bereba (aberebs zmnisagan), sruleba (asrulebs...), dareba (adarebs...), lamazeba (alamazebs...), mwvaneba (amwvanebs...), susteba (asustebs...), (re rea realuria luria: ria dabereba _ daaberebs zmnisagan, Sesruleba _ Seasrulebs zmnisagan...). maSasadame, m a s d a r i s u q o n l o b i s g a m o a m g v a r i z m n e b i l e q s i k o n S i v e r m o x v d e b a (`gl~-i, 1950, 011, 075). sadao argumentia TviT sanimuSod dasaxelebul àkrZalul~ (ar iTqmis _ a. C.) masdarTagan rigi Setanilia `qegl~Si: bereba, dareba. am tipis masdarebi mravlad aris warmod g e n i l i `q e g l ~-Si saTanado ilustraciebiT (I) da, rac mTavaria, ilustraciebis gareSec (II). magaliTad: I. boleba, braleba, Txeleba, leqsva, mSvideba, oxreba, pareba, rideba, rkineba, suqeba, Kalibeba, Kruveba, Kudeba... II. badeba, bedeba, bezreba, biJeba, budeba, zvaveba, TeTreba, kisreba, landeba, laJeba, neleba, fiTreba, Soreba, Stereba... masdaris aseTi formebi SeaqvT leqsikonebSi (Zv. qarTu- 5 masdari formobrivad ar ganarCevs moqmedebiTs (qcevis variantebs), vnebiTs. ara gvaqvs: *ikerva (ikeravs), *ukerva (ukeravs), *esxma (esxmis) da misT. aGniSnul kategoriaTa mawarmoeblebi: i-, u-, e-... morfologiuri funqciis saderivacio formantebia. bunebrivia, rom isini masdarSi ar Canan iseve, rogorc sxva am tipis afiqsebi (Sdr. leqsikuri derivaciis nimuSebi: Sur-ian ian-i _ Sur-ia iann-oba oba, u-gun-ur ur-i _ u-gun-ur ur-eba _ si-ug{u}n-ur-e...). ian ia oba ur ur 61 li enis leqsikonebi mxolod `masdarul princips~ emKareba)6 da es maT funqcionirebas ar abrkolebs. martivad asaxsneli faqtia _ T u f o r m a n a w a r m o e b i a e n a S i m o q m e d i m o d e l e b i s S e s a b a m i s a d , specialistisaTvis subieqturad rogoradac ar unda aGiqmebodes igi, enis matareblisTvis (misi SemoqmedisTvis) bunebrivia _ araxelovnuri (ix. zemoTdasaxelebuli nimuSebi). es aris o b i e q t u r i k r i t e r i u m i enobriv erTeulTa kvalifikaciisa. m a T i b u n e b r i o b i s (realurobis) xarisxis g a r k v e u l e t a p e b z e ganpirobebulia xmarebis sixSiriT, rac Tavis mxriv damokidebulia sxva faqtorebze. s u b i e q t u r i _ calkeul pirTa Tvalsazrisze damKarebuli kvalifikacia masdaruli formebisa da saerTod enobrivi erTeulebisa Sedegad iwvevs araTanmimdevrulobas (araerTgvarovnebas), ris araerTi magaliTi gvaqvs `qegl~-Si (ix. n o z a Z e , masdaris warmoebis zogi sakiTxi qarTulSi da `qegl~-i, ènaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi~, 1,2004; SeniSvnebi qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonze, `saenaTmecniero Ziebani~, XIII, 2002 da sxv.). merab robaqiZe àfxazi~ afxazi~ da àfxazebi~ afxazebi~ somxur wKaroebSi 1. somxuri istoriuli wKaroebi Seicaven friad mniSvnelovan cnobebs àfxazeTisa~ da àfxazTa~ Sesaxeb. VII s-is somxur `geografiaSi~ afxazTa sacxovrisi lokalizebulia mdinare bzifsa da kodors Soris. amave wKaros cnobiT, es aris àvazTa~ qveKana, romlis CrdiloeTiT cxovroben svanebi, xolo samxreTiT megrelebi. 2. VIII s-is bolodan, somxuri wKaroebis mixedviT, xdeba afxazTa samTavros Zalauflebis gavrcoba da mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo moxsenebulia afxazeTad, amasTan paralelurad es samefo wodebulia samegrelod. 3. friad sainteresoa X s-is somexi istorikosis asoGikis cnoba, romelic afxazebs moixseniebs kavkasiis iqiTa mxaris (imierkavkasiis xalxad). 4. XI-XII saukuneebis somexi istorikosebi àfxazTa~ da àfxazeTis~ saxelwodebas avrcoben mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze _ àfxazi~ maTTvis qarTvelia, àfxazeTi~ ki _ saqarTvelo. latavra 6 rogorc cnobilia, arc erTi wesi ar aris ugamonakliso (ara aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba maT ricxovnobas). bunebrivia isic, rom miGebuli principi Semdgom daxvewas da dazustebas sayiroebdes. aqve unda davZinoT: rig enaSi arsebuli wesi zmnur saleqsikono erTeulad awmKos pirveli piris mx. ricxvis formebis gamotanisa (Sdr. berZnuli enis zogi leqsikoni), an _ aoristis mesame pirisa (Sdr. arabuli enis leqsikonebi), vfiqrobT, ver moaxdens gavlenas am da Cven zog sxva statiaSi warmodgenili analizis Sedegebze (gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom zemoT xsenebul gamonaklisebs specialistebi aGniSnul enaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri viTarebiT xsnian). 62 sanikiZe brune bruneba nebaTa baTa Ziri ZiriTa riTadi Tadi tipe tipebis pebis Seda Sedare darebi rebiTi biTi anali analizi lizi naxur xur da daGestnur na daGestnur enebSi enebSi 1. daGestnur enebSi ZiriTadad dasturdeba brunebis sami tipi: I tipis (`difuzuri~) bruneba _ ergativs, naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTs saerTo forma aqvs (g. Tofuria), mag., sax. hivC `vaSli~, erg./naT. hivC-ul, mic. hivC-un); II tipis (orfuZiani) bruneba _ saxelobiTisagan gansxvavebuli meore sa63 brunebeli fuZea Zveli ergativi (mag., lezg. sax. vaw `mdinare~, erg. vawvaw-u, naT. v a w - u - n, mic. v a w - u - z) an Zveli naTesaobiTi brunva (mag., ud. sax. faSna `gogra~, naT. faSnfaSn-in, in erg. f a S n - i n -en, mic. f a S n - i n -ax). ergativsa da naTesaobiTze damKarebuli orfuZiani brunebis meore sabrunebeli fuZe formiT, Cveulebriv, Sesabamisad daGestnur enaTa axlandel ergativs an naTesaobiTs emTxveva; III tipis (agreTve orfuZiani) bruneba: meore sabrunebeli fuZe `CanarTiania~ (mag. xunZ. sax. wer `Kinuli~, erg. wer-da da-ca, naT. wer-da da-l, mic. wer-da da-e). da da da istoriulad `CanarTi~ sxvadasxva (paleoergativis afiqsi, determinanti, fuZis kuTvnileba) warmoSobisaa. 2. brunebis egeve ZiriTadi tipebi gamoiKofa naxur enebSi, sadac ramdenadme gansxvavebuli viTareba gvaqvs: `di difu difuzu fuzuri zuri~ ri bruneba SeiniSneba CaCnur-inguSurSi. aq `difuzuri~ da orfuZiani bruneba erTroulad iCens Tavs erTi paradigmis farglebSic (mag., ing. sax. isxali `maudi~, naT. isxal isxalxal-e, e mic. i s x a l - e -nna, erg. i s x a l - e, Sdr. isxale-l, gamsyv. i s x a l - e -x). ee afiqsiani forma instrumentalisis funqciiTac aris gamovlenili CaCn. enis Saroul dialeqtSi. naklebad sarwmuno Cans, ee afiqsian brunvaTa formebSi saTanado brunvis (ergativi, moqmedebiTi, naTesaobiTi) formaTa daboloebebSi fonetikuri cvlilebebis SedegTan gvqondes saqme, Tumca aseTi SesaZleblobac gamoricxuli ar aris. erga ergati gativis tivis forma (aa- sufiqsiani) romelic orfu orfuZi fuZian Zian brune bruneba nebaSi baSi meore sabrunebel fuZes warmoadgens, ucxoa Tanamedrove bacburi enisaTvis. igi CaCnur-inguSurSi gvxvdeba sakuTar arsebiT saxelebTan, sazogado arsebiT saxelebSi misi gavrcelebis are SezGudulia (mag., CaCn. sax. sTag `kaci~, erg. sTagsTag-a, mic. sTagsTag-a-na). meore sabrunebeli fuZe naTesa Tesao saobiTze biTze damKarebuli brunebidan Tanamedrove naxuri enebis naTesaobiTis formisagan gansxvavebulia (mag. bacb. sax. nan `deda~, naT. nan-e¹ < nannan-en, en erg. nan-as, mic. n a n - e - n, moqm. n a n - e -v). 64 3. daGestnur enebs erga ergativ gativsa tivsa da naTe naTesa Tesao saobiTze biTze damKarebuli orfuZiani brunebis ufro arqauli saxe SemounaxavT, `di difu difuzu fuzuri zurisa risa~, sa savaraudoa _ naxurs. 4. brunebis ZiriTadi tipebis erTgvarobac naxur da daGestnur enebSi mowmobs, rom rogorc varaudobs zogi mkvlevari, naxuri da daGestnuri enebi iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa erT Jgufs unda warmoadgendnen. medea saGliani qarTve qarTvelu Tveluri luri etimo etimolo mologi logie giebi ÌÏáÓÄÍÄÁÀÛÉ ßÀÒÌÏÃÂÄÍÉËÉ ÉØÍÄÁÀ ÒÀÌÃÄÍÉÌÄ ÀáÀËÉ ÓÀÄÒÈÏØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒÉ ÞÉÒÉÓ ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖË-ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÀÍÀËÉÆÉ: 1. ØÀÒÈ. (áÄÅÓ., ÉÌÄÒ., Æ. ÀàÀÒ.) ÓÀ-ÒÄÊ-ÄË-À `áÉÓ ÐÀÔÀÒÀ ÈÀÅÊÏÌÁËÉÓ ×ÏÒÌÉÓ ÐÀËÏ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÄÒÈÉ ÍÀÐÉÒÉÈ ÃÏËÀÁÆÄ ÃÄÅÓ, áÏËÏ ÌÄÏÒÄÈÉ ÍÀàËÉÊÀÓÈÀÍ ÀÒÉÓ ÛÄÄÒÈÄÁÖËÉ...", (ÉÌÄÒ.) ÓÀ-ÒÀÊ-ÖÍÄ/ÓÀ-ÒÄÊ-ÖË-Ä, (ÂÖÒ.) ÓÀ-ÒÀÊ-ÖÍ-À/Ä, -É; ÛÃÒ. ÞÅ. ØÀÒÈ. ä-ÒÄÊ-Ó `ÓÝÄÌÓ; ÀÊÀÊÖÍÄÁÓ", ÒÄÊ-À/ÒÄÊ-ÄÁ-À `ÝÄÌÀ; ÊÀÊÖÍÉ" : ËÀÆ. Ï-ÒÀÊ-ÀË-ÏÍÉ `ÓÀÒÄÊÄËÀ", Ï-ÒÀÊ-ÀË-Ö `ÒÄÊÀ" (Â. ÊËÉÌÏÅÉ) : ÓÅÀÍ. (ÁÆ.) ËÀ-ÒÚ-ðÍ, (ÁØ.) ËÀ-ÒÚ-ÉÍ `ÓÀÒÄÊÄËÀ"; ÛÃÒ. ÁØ. ËÉ-ÒÚ-É/ËÉ-ÒÚ-ÉÍ-Ä `ÃÀÒÔÚÌÀ", ËÀ-á-ÒÄÚ `ÌÉÀÒÔÚÀ". Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÒÄÚ- `ÝÄÌÀ, ÌÉÒÔÚÌÀ; ÊÀÊÖÍÉ"; ØÀÒÈ. ÒÄÊ- ← ÒÄÚ- : ËÀÆ. ÒÀÊ- ← *ÒÀÚ- ← *ÒÄÚ- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÒÚ-/ÒÄÚ- ← *ÒÄÚ-. ÀÖÓËÀÖÔÖÒÉ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÄÁÀ ØÀÒÈ. Ê : ÆÀÍ. (ËÀÆ.) Ê : ÓÅÀÍ. Ú ÀÉáÓÍÄÁÀ ÒÏÂÏÒÝ Ú → Ê ÂÀÃÀÁÂÄÒÄÁÀ ØÀÒÈÖËÛÉ (ÛÃÒ. ØÀÒÈ. ÒÄÊ- `ÂÀÒÄÊÅÀ" : ÆÀÍ. ÒÀè- ← ÒÀÚ- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÒÄÚ-, ØÀÒÈ. ÊÀË- `ÊÅËÀ" : ÆÀÍ. ÚæÉË- ← ÚÖË-, ØÀÒÈ. ÊÖÍÔ- ← ÚÖÍÔ- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÚÖÍÔ- (Ì. ÜÖáÖÀ)). ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒÉ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÉ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÀÃ ÉÂÉÅÄÏÁÒÉÅÉÀ. 2. ØÀÒÈ. ÊÏÌÁÀË-É `ÈÀÅÉÀÍÉ ãÏáÉ" : ÆÀÍ. (ËÀÆ.) ÊÏÐÀË-É `ÈÀÅÉÀÍÉ ãÏáÉ" (Ì. ÜÖáÖÀ) : ÓÅÀÍ. (ÁØ.) ÚæÀËðÍ{Â} `ÊÏÌÁÀËÉ", (ËáÌ.) ÚæÀÒðÍ{Â} `ÃÉÃÈÀÅÀ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉ", ÛÃÒ. (ÁØ.) ÚæÀÌÁÀË-ð `ÃÉÃÈÀÅÀ". ÛÃÒ. ÁØ. ËÉ-ÚæÄÍÂ-Ä `ãÏáÉÈ ÝÄÌÀ, ÌÉÁÄÂÅÀ", ÜÏË. ÚæêÍÂ-É `ÂÀÃÀáÒÉËÉ ÌÀÙÀËÉ áÄ". 65 Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÚÏÌÁÀË- `ÈÀÅÉÀÍÉ ãÏáÉ"; ØÀÒÈ. ÊÏÌÁÀË- : àÀÍ. ÊÏÐÀË- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÚæÀËðÍ{Â}/ÚæÀÒðÍ{Â} ← *ÚæÀËÁðË ← *ÚæÀÌÁðË ← *ÚÏÌÁðË ← *ÊÏÌÁðË ← ÊÏÌÁÀË-É. ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ×ÏÒÌÀÈÀ ÀÖÓËÀÖÔÉÓÄÖËÉ Â ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÖËÉ ÜÀÍÓ, ÀÌÀÓÈÀÍÀÅÄ ÀÖÓËÀÖÔÛÉÅÄ æ ÀËÏ×ÏÍÉ ÈÉÈØÏÓ ÉÓÌÉÓ. ÒÀÝ ÛÄÄáÄÁÀ Ú/Ê ÌÏÍÀÝÅËÄÏÁÀÓ, ÉÂÉ ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒÉ ÄÍÄÁÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÃÀÌÀáÀÓÉÀÈÄÁÄËÉ ÄÒÈÄÒÈÉ ×ÏÍÄÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉÀ. ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖË-ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÉÃÄÍÔÖÒÏÁÀ ÄàÅÓ ÀÒ ÉßÅÄÅÓ. 3. ØÀÒÈ. ßÄÒÏ : ÆÀÍ. (ÌÄÂÒ.) àÀÒÏ `×ÒÉÍÅÄËÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ØÏÒÓÀ äÂÀÅÓ, ÈÄÅÆÓ ÀÌÏÉÔÀÝÄÁÓ ßÚËÉÈ ÃÀ ÓàÀÌÓ (ÓÀÁÀ)" (Ì. ÜÖáÖÀ) : ÓÅÀÍ. (ÁÆ.) àôÒ, (ÁØ.) àæÄÒ|àÄÒ, (ËÍÔ.) àæÄÒ `ÚÅÀÅÉ". ØÀÒÈÖË-ÆÀÍÖÒÛÉ Ï-Ó ÓÖ×ÉØÓÀÃ ÂÀÌÏÚÏ×ÀÓ áÄËÓ ÖÛËÉÓ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ ÂÀÌÏÅËÄÍÉËÉ ×ÏÒÌÀ. Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ßÄÒÏ `ßÄÒÏ"; ØÀÒÈ. ßÄÒÏ : ÆÀÍ. àÀÒÏ : ÓÅÀÍ. àôÒ|àæÄÒ|àÄÒ ← *àÄÒæ. ÒÀÝ ÛÄÄáÄÁÀ ÓÅÀÍÖÒ (ÁÆ.) ßóæÒ, (ÁØ.) ßðæÒ, (ËÍÔ.) ßÄÒÏ ËÄØÓÄÌÀÓ, ÉÂÉ ØÀÒÈÖËÉÃÀÍÀÀ ÍÀÓÄÓáÄÁÉ (Ì. ØÀËÃÀÍÉ). ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÓáÅÀÏÁÀ ÀÓÀáÓÍÄËÉÀ. 4. ØÀÒÈ. (ÂÖÒ.) ÁÀÒ-ÁÀË-É `ÝÄÝáËÉÓ ÀËÉÓ ÁÒÉÀËÉ, ÐÒÉÀËÉ", À-ÁÀÒ-ÁÀË-ÄÁ-À `ÀÐÒÉÀËÄÁÀ" : ÆÀÍ. ÁÀÒ-ÁÀË-É `ÝÄÝáËÉÓ ÀËÉÓ ÌÏÞÒÀÏÁÀ ÃÀ áÌÀÖÒÉ, _ ÁÒÉÀËÉ, ÂÉÆÂÉÆÉ" : ÓÅÀÍ. ËÉ-ÁéÒ-ÁéÍ-É|ÁéÒ-ÁéÍ `ÝÄÝáËÉÓ ÀÂÖÆÂÖÆÄÁÀ, ÀÐÒÉÀËÄÁÀ; áÌÀÖÒÉ". ÛÃÒ. ÆÀÍ. (ÌÄÂÒ.) ÁÀÒÁÀÜ-É|ÁÀÒ-ÁÀÍÜ-É|ÁÏÒ-ÁÏÜ-É|ÁÏÒ-ÁÏÍÜ-É `ÁÖÒÁÖÒÉ, ÂÉÆÂÉÆÉ, ÁÒÉÀËÉ" ÃÀ ÀÂÒÄÈÅÄ Ò. ÀÁÀÛÉÀÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÂÀÌÏÅËÄÍÉËÉ ÆÀÍ. (ÌÄÂÒ.) ÁÏÒÁÏÍã-É `ÂÉÆÂÉÆÉ, ÁÒÉÀËÉ". Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÁÀÒ-ÁÀÒ- `ÝÄÝáËÉÓ ÁÒÉÀËÉ, ÐÒÉÀËÉ, áÌÀÖÒÉ"; ØÀÒÈ. ÁÀÒ-ÁÀË- ← *ÁÀÒ-ÁÀÒ- : ÆÀÍ. (ÌÄÂÒ.) ÁÀÒ-ÁÀÜ-|ÁÀÒ-ÁÀÍÜ-|ÁÏÒÁÏÜ-|ÁÏÒ-ÁÏÍÜ-|ÁÏÒ-ÁÏÍã- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÁéÒ-ÁéÍ- ← *ÁÀÒ-ÁÀÒ-. ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÜÀÍÓ, ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒÉ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÉ ÌÉÙÄÁÖËÉÀ ÒÄÃÖÐËÉÊÀÝÉÉÓ ÂÆÉÈ. ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÉÓ ÌáÒÉÅ ØÀÒÈÖËÉ ÃÀ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÉ ÉÃÄÍÔÖÒÉÀ. 5. ØÀÒÈ. ÌÄ-ÊÏÁÒ-Ä `ÆÙÅÉÓ ÚÀÜÀÙÉ" : ÓÅÀÍ. (ÁØ.) ÊæÄÌÁÒ-ð `ØÖÒÃÁÀÝÀÝÀ; ÚÀÜÀÙÉ", (ÝáÖÌ.) ÊæÄÌÁÒÎðÖ `ÂÀÃÀÔ. _ ÀÌÞÖÅÍÄÁÖËÉ ÙÏÒÄÁÉ". Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÊÏÁÒ- `ÚÀÜÀÙÉ"; ØÀÒÈ. ÌÄ-ÊÏÁÒ-Ä : ÓÅÀÍ. ÊæÄÌÁÒ- ← *ÊæÄÁÒ- ← *ÊÏÁÒ- ← ÌÄ-ÊÏÁÒ-Ä. Ì ×ÏÍÄÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÃÀÍÀÈÉÀ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ. ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖËÀÃÀÝ ÃÀ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÀÃÀÝ ØÀÒÈÖË ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ-×Ö66 ÞÄÄÁÉ ÓÒÖË ÉÃÄÍÔÖÒÏÁÀÓ ÀÌÑÙÀÅÍÄÁÄÍ. ÓÀÊÅËÄÅÉÀ ÆÀÍÖÒÉ ÛÄÓÀÔÚÅÉÓÉ. 6. ØÀÒÈ. (ÌÏá.) ÝÄÂ-ÖÀ-Î `ÁÆÒÉÀËÀ" : ÓÅÀÍ. (ÁØ.) ÝéÂ `ßÉÓØÅÉËÉÓ ÁÏÒÁËÉÓ ÒÊÉÍÉÓ ßÅÄÔÉÀÍÉ ×ÄáÉ, ÒÏÌËÉÈÀÝ ÁÏÒÁÀËÉ ÊÉÁÏÒÜáÀËÀÆÄ ÔÒÉÀËÄÁÓ". Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÝÄÂ- `ÁÆÒÉÀËÀ, ÓÀÔÒÉÀËÄÁÄËÉ" → ØÀÒÈ. ÝÄÂ-ÖÀ-Î : ÓÅÀÍ. ÝéÂ ← *ÝÄÂ-. ÀÌÏÓÀÅÀËÉ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÀ ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ÄÍÄÁÛÉ Ô Ò É À Ë É Ó À ÖÍÃÀ ÚÏ×ÉËÉÚÏ. Å. ÀÁÀÄÅÓ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ ÝéÂ ÏÓÖÒ-ÀËÀÍÖÒÉÃÀÍ ÛÄÈÅÉÓÄÁÖËÀÃ ÌÉÀÜÍÉÀ (ÛÃÒ. ÏÓ. cæg `ÒÊÀËÉ, ÒÂÏËÉ, ÌÀÒÚÖÑÉ"). 7. ØÀÒÈ. (ØÉÆÉÚ.) ßÏßÏØ-É, (Æ. ÀàÀÒ.) ßÏßÏØ-À-Î `ÔÚÄÌËÉÓ ÛÄàÀÌÀÃÉ, ÌßÅÀÍÉÈ ÛÄÆÀÅÄÁÖËÉ, àÒÉÀÍÔÄËÉ, ÝÉÅÀÃ ÉáÅÒÉÐÄÁÀ ÆÀ×áÖËÛÉ, ÂÒÉËÉÀ" : ÓÅÀÍ. (ÁØ.) àÏàÏØ-ð, (ÜÏË.) àÏàÏØ-À-Î `ÂÀÃÀÌÑÀÅÄÁÖËÉ (ÌÀßÏÍÉ, ÍÀÙÄÁÉ...)". Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ßÏßÏØ- `ÌÑÀÅÄ"; ØÀÒÈ. ßÏßÏØ-É : ÓÅÀÍ. àÏàÏØ-. ÀÌÏÓÀÅÀËÉ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÀ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÖËÀÃ ØÀÒÈÖË-ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÓßÏÒÄÃ Ó É Ì Ñ À Å É Ó À ÖÍÃÀ ÚÏ×ÉËÉÚÏ. 8. ØÀÒÈ. ÈÀÅÈÀ `ÈáÄËÉ ÍÀØÓÏÅÉÀ" (ÓÀÁÀ), (ØÉÆÉÚ.) ÈÀÅÈÀ `ÀÁÒÄÛÖÌÉÓ ÈáÄËÉ ØÓÏÅÉËÉ", ÛÃÒ. ÉÍÂ. ÈÀ×ÔÀ-Î `ÈÀÅÈÀ, ÀÁÒÄÛÖÌÉÓ ØÓÏÅÉËÉ" : ÓÅÀÍ. ÈæÀËÈ `ÌÀÒËÀ; ÈáÄËÉ ÍÀØÓÏÅÉ". Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÈÀæÈÀ; ØÀÒÈ. ÈÀÅÈÀ : ÓÅÀÍ. ÈæÀËÈ ← *ÈæÀÈ ← *ÈÀæÈ ← ÈÀÅÈÀ. ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ ×ÖÞÄ ÌÄÔÀÈÄÆÉÒÄÁÖËÉ ÓÀáÄÏÁÀÀ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÖËÉ *ÈÀæÈÀ ÀÒØÄÔÉÐÉÓÀ. Ë, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ×ÖÞÄÛÉ ÉÜÄÍÓ ÈÀÅÓ, ×ÏÍÄÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÃÀÍÀÒÈÉÀ. ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÉÓ ÌáÒÉÅÀÝ ÓÒÖË ÉÃÄÍÔÖÒÏÁÀÓÈÀÍ ÂÅÀØÅÓ ÓÀØÌÄ. 9. ØÀÒÈ. (ÂÖÒ.) ÌÏ-ÔÏË-Å-À ÞÀ×ÉÓÀ `ÞÀ×ÉÓ ÏÒ×ÀÃ ÀáÅÄÅÀ, ÓÀÍÀÌ ÛÄÉÂÒÉáÄÁÏÃÄÓ" : ÓÅÀÍ. (ÁÆ.) ËÉ-Í-Ô-É/ËÉ-Í-ÔæË-É, (ÁØ.) ËÉ-ÍÔæË-É `ÈÏÊÉÓ, ÞÀ×ÉÓ ÀÊÄÝÅÀ (ÃÀáÅÄÅÀ)". Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÔÏË- `ÀÊÄÝÅÀ, ÃÀáÅÄÅÀ"; ØÀÒÈ. ÌÏ-ÔÏË-Å-À : ÓÅÀÍ. Ô-/ÔæË- ← *ÔÏË. ÁÀËÓÆÄÌÏÖÒÛÉ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉ ÊÉÃÄÅ Ö×ÒÏ ÛÏÒÓ ßÀÓÖËÀ ÃÀ ÂÀÌÀÒÔÉÅÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÀÃ ×ÖÞÄ ÝÀË ÈÀÍáÌÏÅÍÀÌÃÄ ÃÀÓÖËÀ (-Ô-). ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ ÂÀÌÏÅËÄÍÉËÉ Í ×ÏÍÄÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÃÀÍÀÒÈÉÀ. ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÄÁÀ ÓÀÅÓÄÁÉÈ ÊÀÍÏÍÆÏÌÉÄÒÉÀ. 10. ØÀÒÈ. (ÉÌÄÒ.) àÉÊÏÒ-É `ÓÀËÀÏÁÀÛÉ ÌÒÂÅÀËÉ ÒÉÚÉÓ ØÅÀÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÓÀÝ 5-6 ÌÄÔÒÉÃÀÍ ÄÓÒÏÃÍÄÍ ÁÒÔÚÄË ÒÉÚÉÓ ØÅÀÓ, ÓÀÍÉÛÍÏ 67 ÉÚÏ" : ÓÅÀÍ. (ËáÌ.) ßÉÍÀÊÖ `ØÅÀ". Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *àÉÊÏÒ- `ØÅÀ" → ØÀÒÈ. àÉÊÏÒ-É : ÓÅÀÍ. ßÉÍÀÊÖ ← *ßÉÍÊÖ ← *ßÉÊÖÍ ← *àÉÊÖÍ ← *àÉÊÖÒ ← *àÉÊÏÒ- ← *àÉÊÏÒ-É ÀÍ ßÉÍÀÊÖ ← *ßÉÍÀÊæÄ- ← *ßÉÍÊæÄ- ← *ßÉÊæÄÍ- ← *ßÉÊæÄÒ- ← *àÉÊæÄÒ- ← *àÉÊÏÒ-É. ÚÖÒÀÃÙÄÁÀÓ ÉØÝÄÅÓ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ Ò/Í ÌÏÍÀÝÅËÄÏÁÀ ÃÀ Í-Ó ÌÄÔÀÈÄÆÉÓÉ. ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÄÌÀÈÀ ÉÃÄÍÔÖÒÏÁÀ ÍÀÈËÀÃ ÜÀÍÓ. 11. ØÀÒÈ. ßÖÒ-ßÖÒ-, ÌÏ-ßÖÒ-ßÖÒ-ÄÁ-Ó (Ï×ËÉ, ÓÉÓáËÉ...), ßÖÒ-ßÖÒ-ÉÈ ÓÃÉÓ, ßÖÒ-ßÖÒ-É : ÆÀÍ. (ÌÄÂÒ.) àÖÒ-àÖË-, àÖÒ-àÖË-É `ßÖÒ-ßÖÒÉ", Ì-À-àÖÒ-àÖË-Ö(Í)|Ì-À-àÅÀÒ-àÅÀË-Ö(Í) `ßÖÒßÖÒÉÈ ÜÀÌÏÓÃÉÓ (Ï×ËÉ, ßÚÀËÉ, ÝÒÄÌËÉ...)" : ÓÅÀÍ. ßæÒ-, á-Ï-ßæÒ-Ä `ÖÃÄÍÓ, ÀÃÄÍÓ (Ï×ËÓ, ÝÒÄÌËÓ...), ÌÄ-ßæÒ-Ä `ÌÃÄÍÉ, ÈáÄÅÀÃÉ" (Ì. ÜÖáÖÀ), ÛÃÒ. (ËÄÜá. ← ÓÅÀÍ.) àÅÄÒ-Å-À `ÑÏÍÀ, ÃÄÍÀ" : ÓÅÀÍ. ËÉ-ßæÒ-Ä `ÑÏÍÀ, ÃÄÍÀ", ÍÀ-ßÖÒ `ÂÀÍÀÑÏÍÉ, ÂÀÌÏÍÀÃÄÍÉ", ÌÖ-ßæÉÒ `ÂÀáÅÒÄÔÉËÉ, ÓÀÉÃÀÍÀÝ ÓÉÈáÄ ÑÏÍÀÅÓ...". ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ×ÖÞÄÈÀ ÂÄÍÄÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÄÒÈÉÀÍÏÁÀ ÝÍÏÁÉËÉÀ (Ì. ÜÖáÖÀ). ËÄÜáÖÌÖÒÉ àÅÄÒ-Å-À `ÑÏÍÀ, ÃÄÍÀ" ËÄØÓÄÌÀÝ ÀÃÅÉËÀÃ ÃÀÖÊÀÅÛÉÒÃÄÁÀ ÓáÅÀ ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÓ. Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ßÖÒ-`ÑÏÍÀ, ÃÄÍÀ"; ØÀÒÈ. ßÖÒ-ßÖÒ : ÆÀÍ. àÅÀÒàÅÀË-|àÖÒ-àÖË-: ÓÅÀÍ. ← ßæÒ-/àÅÄÒ-. ÓÀÄÒÈÏØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ *ßÖÒ-×ÖÞÄÓ Ã Ä Í É Ó, Ñ Ï Í É Ó ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÀ ÖÍÃÀ äØÏÍÏÃÀ. 12. ÞÅ. ØÀÒÈ. ÂÒÖÆ-É/ÂÒÏÆ-É `áÛÉÒÉ", Àá. ØÀÒÈ. ÂÒÖÆÀ `áÛÉÒÉ ÃÀ áÖàÖàÉ (ÈÌÀ)", (ÈÖÛ.) ÂÒÖÆ-Àè-É `áÖàÖàÈÌÉÀÍÉ", (ÈÖÛ.) ÂÅÒÄÆÀÎ `ÃÀáÖàÖàÄÁÀ", ÃÀ-ÂÅÒÄÆ-ÉË-É `áÛÉÒÉ ÈÌÀ"; ÛÃÒ. (ØÉÆÉÚ.) ÂÖÒã-ÀËÉ `ÂÀÃÀáÅÄÖËÉ ÌÀÔÚËÉ ÀÍ ÁÀÌÁÀ ÀÍ ÁÖÌÁÖËÉ" : ÓÅÀÍ. ÂæÉÒ{É}Æ `ÂÒÀÂÍÉËÉ, áÅÄÖËÀ", ËÉ-ÂæÒÉÆ-É `ÃÀÂÒÀÂÍÀ, ÃÀáÅÄÅÀ", ËÄ-ÂæÒÉÆ-É `ÃÀÓÀÂÒÀÂÍÉ, ÃÀÓÀáÅÄÅÉ". Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÂÒÖÆ- `ÂÒÀÂÍÀ, áÅÄÅÀ, ÃÀáÖàÖàÄÁÀ"; ØÀÒÈ. ÂÒÖÆÀ : ÓÅÀÍ. *ÂæÉÒ{É}Æ/ÂæÒÉÆ- ← *ÂÖÒÆ- ← *ÂÒÖÆ-. ØÀÒÈÖË-ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÓ ÀÄÒÈÉÀÍÄÁÓ Ã À Â Ò À Â Í É Ó, Ã À á Å Ä Å É Ó, Ã À á Ö à Ö à Ä Á É Ó ÓÀÄÒÈÏ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÀ. ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÂÀÃÀßÄÅÀ ÌÉÍÉÌÀËÖÒÉÀ. 13. ÆÀÍ. (ÌÄÂÒ). ÜÏÒÏÌÀ `ÃÉÃÉ ÌÏÝÖËÏÁÉÓ (ÅÄÄÁÄÒÈÄËÀ) ÓÀÓÌÉÓÉ" : ÓÅÀÍ. ÜÀÒðÍ-É `ÃÉÃÉ ÌÏÝÖËÏÁÉÓ àÖÒàÄËÉ", ÛÃÒ. ØÀÒÈ. ÜÀÒÀ `ÊÀÈáÀÓÀÅÉÈ ÓÀÓÌÉÓÉÀ ÚÖÒÉÀÍÉ" (ÓÀÁÀ). Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÜÀÒÀÍ- → ÌÄÂÒ. ÜÏÒÏÌ-À ← *ÜÏÒÏÍ- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÜÀÒðÍ-É 68 ← *ÜÀÒÀÍ-. ØÀÒÈÖËÛÉ ÌÏÓÀËÏÃÍÄËÉ ÉÚÏ *ÝÀÒÀÍ- ×ÏÒÌÀ. áÌÏÅÀÍÈÛÄÓÀÔÚÅÉÓÏÁÀ ÏÒÉÅÄ ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ÄÍÀÛÉ ÃÀÝÖËÉÀ, áÏËÏ ÒÀÝ ÛÄÄáÄÁÀ ÆÀÍÖÒÉ ×ÏÒÌÉÓ ÀÖÓËÀÖÔÛÉ ÂÀÌÏÅËÄÍÉË Ì-Ó, ÉÂÉ Í-Ó ×ÏÍÄÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÅÀÒÉÀÍÔÉÀ. ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖË-ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÄÁÀ ÊÀÍÏÍÆÏÌÉÄÒÉÀ. 14. ØÀÒÈ. ÓáÅÉÒÐ-Ë-|ÓáÕÕÒÐ-Ë-, ÓáÕÕÒÐ-Ë-Å-À `ÔÀÍÈ ÌÖßÖÊÈ ÓáÌÀ” (ÓÀÁÀ), ØÉÆÉÚ. ÓáÒÖÐ-ÄË-É `ÙÖÃÖÃÉ, ÐÀÔÀÒÀ ÌÖßÖÊÉ" : ÆÀÍ. ÜáÖÐ-ÖÒ-É `ÌÖßÖÊÉ", Ï-ÜáÖÐ-ÖÒ-Ö|ÜáÖÐ-ÖÒ-Ö-À `ÔÀÍÆÄ ÌÖßÖÊÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÏÚÒÀ", ÜáÖÐ-ÖÒ-ÄË-É `ÃÀßÄÒÔÉËÉ, ÂÀÌÏÚÒÉËÉ" (Ì. ÜÖáÖÀ) : ÓÅÀÍ. ÛáÀÒÐ-{À}Ë-ð|ÛáÀÒÐ-ÀÔ-ð `àÒÄËÉ ØÓÏÅÉËÉ, ÓÀØÏÍÄËÉ". Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÝáæÉ æÉÒÐ-(ÀË-)|*ÝáÖÒÐ-(ÀË-) `ÌÖßÖÊÉ, ÌÖßÖÊÈ ÂÀÌÏæÉ ÚÒÀ; àÒÄËÉ" → ØÀÒÈ. ÓáÕÕÒÐË-|ÓáÅÉÒÐ-Ë-, ÓáÒÖÐ-ÄË-É : ÆÀÍ. ÜáÖÐÖÒ-É, ÜáÖÐ-ÖÒ- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÛáÀÒÐ- ← *ÜáæÀÒÐ-. ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉÓ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÀ ÃÉÃÀÃ ÀÒ ÓáÅÀÏÁÓ ØÀÒÈÖË-ÆÀÍÖÒÉÓÀÂÀÍ. 15. ØÀÒÈ. (ØÀÒÈË.) ÚÖÒÖÈ-É `ÂÀÌáÌÀÒÉ ÃÏÓ ÂÖÍÃÀ". ÛÃÒ. (ÒÀà.) ãÖÒÔ-É `ÌÀßÅÍÉÓ ÌÓÂÀÅÓÉ ÛÄàÀÌÀÃÉ" ÃÀ ÍÀáÖÒÉ ÄÍÄÁÉÃÀÍ ÍÀÓÄÓáÄÁÉ (áÄÅÓ., ×Û., ÌÈÉÖË., ÂÖÃÀ.-ÌÀÚÒ., ÈÖÛ., ÂÀÒÄÊÀá.) ÊÀËÔ-É `áÀàÏ, áÀàÏÓ ÊÅÄÒÉ; ÍÀÃÖÙÉ" : ÓÅÀÍ. ÚÖÒðÛÃ `áÀàÏ; ÍÀÃÖÙÉ". Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÚÖÒÖÈ- `ÂÀÌáÌÀÒÉ ÃÏÓ ÂÖÍÃÀ; áÀàÏ, ÍÀÃÖÙÉ"; ØÀÒÈ. ÚÖÒÖÈ-É : ÓÅÀÍ. ÚÖÒðÛÃ ← *ÚÖÒÄÛÃ- ← *ÚÖÒæÄÛÃ- ← *ÚÖÒÖÈ-. ØÀÒÈÖË-ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÓ ÀÄÒÈÉÀÍÄÁÓ á À à Ï Ó, Í À Ã Ö Ù É Ó, Ã Ï Ó ÓÀÄÒÈÏ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÀ. nargiza surmava xmova xmovani vani Cana Canawe naweris weris transkrif transkrifcia skrifcia qarTul qarTul dia dialeqtur leqtur korpus korpusSi pusSi 1. dialeqturi korpusis momzadebis procesSi mniSvnelovan etaps warmoadgens saTanado Camweri aparaturis gamoKenebiT masalebis velze mopoveba, maTi audio da video failebad qceva da maTTvis Sesabamisi werilobiTi formis micema anu dialeqturi teqstebis krebulis eleqtronuli versiis Seqmna. 69 2. cnobilia, rom samwerlobo enisagan gansxvavebiT, dialeqturi diskursi warmoadgens kvantebis, pulsaciebisa da biZgebis erTobliobas, ris gamoc misi segmentacia, winadadebebad, teqstad gardasaxva sakmao siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. dialeqturi Canaweris gaSifrvis Sedegad viGebT teqsts, romlisTvisac Cveulebrivia: eqspresiul-emociuri konstruqciebi, elipsuri konstruqciebi, gaxleCili winadadebebi, falstartebi anu azris CamoKalibebis procesSi sastarto sitKvebze uaris Tqma, Sesabamisi sitKvis moZiebamde misi Camnacvalebeli sitKvebis (isi, imano, iseme...) gamoKeneba da a.S. martivi rodia teqstis ise miwodeba, rom advilad da sworad aGsaqmeli iKos da, imavdroulad, _ xmovani Canaweris adekvaturi, SesaZleblobis farglebSi. am mxriv mniSvnelovania teqstis sworad danawevreba abzacebad, dialogebis gamoKofa da saamisod modelis SemuSaveba, pauzebis aGniSvna. diskursebis transkrifciisas KuradGebas amaxvileben pauzis markeris SemuSavebaze, radgan zepiri metKvelebisaTvis niSandoblivia sxvadasxva grZliobis pauzebi. teqstebis unificirebisaTvis aucilebelia Cvenive SemuSavebuli wesebis Tanmimdevruli gatareba. 3. audio da video Canawerebis transkrifciis SemuSavebisas gamodian korpusis anotirebis xasiaTidan. Tu korpusi strategiulad orientirebulia morfologiursa an sintaqsur aGweraze _ anotirebaze, Grma fonetikuri transkrifciuli Cawera ar xdeba. Cvens korpusSi miGebulia gamartivebuli transkrifciuli Cawera qarTuli anbanis bazaze, tradiciuli punqtuaciuri sistemis meSveobiT. risTvisac gamoKenebuli gvaqvs 38 aso-–niSani, xmovnebi _ grZliobis, umlautis, siviwrovis, maxvilis niSnebiT. 4. teqstis xmovan CanawerTan dasaaxloeblad mivmarTavT prosodiul aGniSvnebs. klitikebs (enklitikebsa da proklitikebs), romelnic xSirad meordebian, aGvniSnavT saTanado niSniT À (mo…desØna, axlaØom, arØali, kØar...). xolo garkveul SemTxvevebSi intonaciis markirebisaTvis gamoviKenebT maxvils. ase magaliTad, maxviliT aGvniSnavT to70 nalobiT gamoKofil marcvals: a) CamoTvlisas, b) damokidebuli winadadebis (Tema-remuli dapirispireba) bolos, g) da nawilakis bolos, d) zogierTi tipis kiTxviT winadadebaSi. nimuSebi: `da Suqrim mo…da da miTxra: _ yo, venera meCxubeba, raØda vqnao? vuTxar: _ yo, blaKvi xar da imitom, kaci rom daTreb¢, qals zrugi ki arØda muuSviro, xandixan gulic muuSvire, rom Segargos Seni daTroma-meTqi.~ ìse, igi iKo... da Turme ase dad¢s da rom mivediT, dedaCemma lampa aanTo, hoda, ii qna, ra qvian... Turme iq ambavi CevidaØrume: _ kaciyamia xalxi Camodiso, mohKaveno.. da _ ra qnas axla? g¡ars _ Grr.. Grinavs, gamears _ Grr.. Grinavs!~ 5. prosodiuli aGniSvnebi zogJer asrulebs damatebiT, omonimiis moxsnis, funqcias. ase magaliTad, ayarul teqstebSi xSirad gvxvdeba da, da romelic SeiZleba iKos: a) kavSiri, b) ununda zmnis nawili, razec miTiTebas vaGwevT apostrofis niSnis meSveobiT _ mo…desØda, g) nawilaki. am dros aGniSnuli nawilakis a xmovani Cveulebriv maxvilis matarebelia da amas dawerilobiT gamovxatavT amgvarad _ mo…desØdÿ! zemoayarulSi kiTxviTi nawilaki o (<ho) SeerwKmis sitKvas, ris gamoc SeiZleba airios sxvaTa sitKvis o nawilakSi. warmoTqmaSi diferencireba miiGweva intonaciis saSualebiT _ o nawilakis winamavali xmovani damavali tonalobiT warmoiTqmis, rasac teqstebSi maxviliTa da apostrofiT gamovxatavT: mod¢sØo? mocemul SemTxvevebSi omonimiis moxsna xdeba grafemulad, dawerilobis saSualebiT. 71 murman suxiSvili pirda dama mate tebis pirdapi dapiri piri da ma te bis saki sakiTxi kiTxi Zveli Zveli qarTul Tuli qar Tulis rTul zmnebSi zmnebSi Zveli qarTuli enis gramatikis kursSi a. SaniZe CamoTvlis ramdenime erTvalentian zmnas, romelTac brunvacvalebadi qvemdebare SeewKobaT (iv ivnebs ivnebs k a c i _ ivno ivno k a c m a n , dai daiZinebs Zinebs i g i _ dai daiZina Zina m a n ; ixare ixarebs rebs m a m a _ ixara ixara m a m a m a n...) da SeniSnavs: aseT zmnebs SeiZleba pirobiT naxevrad gardamavali vuwodoTo. amgvari pirobiTobis daSvebiT irGveva gardamavlobis, rogorc sintaqsuri kategoriis, gansazGvris Tanmimdevruloba, romelic CvenSi a. SaniZem daamkvidra da rac zmnur SesitKvebaSi brunvacvalebad qvemdebaresTan erTad aucileblad gulisxmobs brunvacvalebadi pirdapiri damatebis arsebobasac. amave `naxevrad gardamaval~ zmnaTa rigSi ganixileba zogi rTuli erT- da orvalentiani zmnac: naTel naTelTel-iGo m a n , nanaTelTel-sca m a n mas, TavTav-uKo m a n mas... romlebic SesitKvebaSi pirdapir damatebas ar iCenen. a. SaniZis mier SemoTavazebuli koreqtivi, marTalia, arGvevs gardamavlobis sintaqsuri kategoriis gansazGvris erTmniSvnelovnobas, magram ufro adekvaturad aGwers enis faqts: brunvacvalebadi qvemdebaris, magram pirdapiri damatebis armqone ivnebs ivnebs i g i _ ivno ivno m a n da misT. da brunvaucvlelqvemdebariani: dascxre dascxrebis scxrebis i g i _ dascxra dascxra i g i gardmavlobis TvalsazrisiT identuri ver iqnebian. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom a. SaniZis mier dasaxelebuli `naxevrad gardamavali~ zmnebi da msgavsi sintaqsis zogi sxva zmnac Zvel qarTulSi pirdapir damatebasac igueben: vivvivnoT v n e b a igi misi (sin. 258, 32-33); dai daiZines Zines Z i l i maTi (fs. 75 a 6); ixara ixara eg‚pteman g a m o s l v a maTi (fs. 104 a 6)... rac Seexeba rTul zmnebs, am zmnaTa warmoeba, Semadgene72 li saxeluri da zmnuri komponentebi, maTi raoba da struqtura, uGleba, saTanado gramatikuli kategoriebi da a. S. Zvel qarTulSi sakmaod dawvrilebiTaa Seswavlili (e. babunaSvili, y. TevzaZe, i. imnaiSvili, e. osiZe, a. SaniZe, z. sarJvelaZe, k. danelia, T. vaSakiZe...). ordinaruli rTuli zmna SeiZleba gardamavalic iKos (SesitKvebaSi pirdapir damatebas afiqsirebdes): wminda wmindada-Ko man igi, Seu Seuracxracx-Ko man igi... da gardauvalic: sircx‚lsircx‚l-uCs mas igi, ƒelƒel-ewife ewifebis febis mas igi... _ rTuli zmnis saxelur komponentad warmodgenilia zedsarTavi saxeli, mimGeoba, zmnizeda, saTanado rTul (gardamaval da gardauval) zmnaTa pirianoba sruladaa realizebuli. gansxvavebuli viTareba gvaqvs im SemTxvevebSi, roca rTul zmnebSi gardmavali da gardauvali zmnuri komponentebis win arsebiTi saxeli an sawKisi dgas; aseT rTul zmnebs SesitKvebaSi ZiriTadad ar uCanT pirdapiri damateba (Tu zmna gardamavalia): GaGadGaGad-Ko man, TvalTval-uKo man mas, naTel naTelTel-sca man mas, lxine lxineba nebaba-Ko man... da qvemdebare (Tu zmna gardauvalia): ƒelƒel-ewife ewifebis febis mas, sircx‚l uCs mas, ZalZal-uc mas... gamonaklisebi, roca dasaxelebuli struqturis (arsebiTi sax; / sawKisi + zmna) rTul zmnebs (gardamavals Tu gardauvals) naklulTan erTad sruli SesitKvebac, an mxolod sruli SesitKveba udasturdebaT, srul da arasrul SesitKvebaTa uwinaresoba _ Semdgomadobis sakiTxs wamoyrian: ƒelƒel-vKav aGvsebad / ƒelƒel-Kves g a m o c d a misi; uvaruvarKo sara da Tqua / varsqen uvaruvar-Ko yeSmariti G m e r T i; Zie Ziebaba-Ko gulmodgined / Zie Ziebaba-vKo s i s x l i misi; ZalZal-gic mitevebad codvaTa / ZalZal-mic g a r d a s l v a sitKvasa uflisasa... am mniSvnelovani diaqroniuli sakiTxis nebismieri gadawKvetis SemTxvevaSi asaxsneli rCeba principi, romelic apirobebs sintaqsuri erTeulis, gardamavali zmnis SemTxvevaSi, pirdapiri damatebis erTgvar funqciur monacvleobas wrfelobiTSi dasmul derivaciuli funqciiT aGyurvil identur 73 fuZesTan rTul zmnaSi: Ko m a n s i t K u a / sitKua _ sitKuasitKua-Ko m a n gardamavali obieqturi intenciis zmna rTul SenaerTSi pirdapiri damatebis funqciiT warmodgenil fuZesTan odensubieqtur SesitKveebad warmogvidgeba. analogiisaTvis Sdr. gardamaval zmnasTan namKoSi moqmedebiTi gvaris `subieqturi~ mimGeobis aGweriTi warmoeba: namKo drois saobieqto (vnebiTi gvaris) mimGeobis amowvdi amowvdil wvdili (xmali) win daismis pirdapiri obieqtis gauformebelui fuZe da es rTuli warmoeba funqciurad gardamavali zmnis subieqtur mimGeobad, moqmedebiTi gvaris mimGeobad gvevlineba: xmalamowvdili `vinc xmali amoiwvada~ (arn. Ciqobava, 1950; e. osiZe, 1957). Tea teteloSvili erTpi erTpiri Tpiria riani vnebi vnebiTis biTis zog forma formaTa maTa umarTe umarTebu Tebulo bulo gamoK gamoKenebis enebis gamo Tanamedrove qarTulis zepir metKvelebaSi gaCnda tendencia erTpiriani vnebiTis zog formaTa araswori gamoKenebisa. es is erTpiriani vnebiTebia, romelTa umravlesobas unari aqvs subieqtad adamianic moiazros da nivTic. swored es aris erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom maSin, roca mosaubreebma, konteqstidan gamomdinare, nivTis gamomxatveli subieqtis SesatKvisi vnebiTi gvaris forma unda gamoiKenon, xSirad SecdomiT iseT zmnas xmaroben, romelic subieqtad adamians gulisxmobs. mniSvnelovania, rom calke aGebuli es formebi gramatikulad sworia, magram konteqstTan mimarTebiT _ semantikurad umarTebuloa mosaubre subieqtis SeuTavseblobis gamo. amgvari umarTebulo zmnuri formebia, magaliTad: vkonvkonkretde kretdebi debi (me), vmeor vmeorde ordebi debi (me), vfiqsir vfiqsirde sirdebi debi (me) da sxv., miT 74 umetes, rom mosaubreebi gulisxmoben xolme maT mier raGacis dakon dakonkre konkrete kretebas tebas, bas, game gameo meorebas rebas, bas, dafiq dafiqsi fiqsire sirebas rebas da a. a.S. maga magali galiTe liTebi Tebi: bi: ...sxva kanonsawinaaGmdego qmedebebze ar davkon davkonkret vkonkretde kretdebi debi; bi; isev gavme gavmeor vmeorde ordebi debi... bi... da a.S. zemomoKvanil magaliTebSi davkon davkonkret vkonkretde kretdebis debis nacvlad unda iKos dava davakon vakonkre konkreteb kreteb, teb gavme gavmeor vmeorde ordebis debis nacvlad _ gavi gavime vimeo meoreb da a. S. mTqmelebi pasivSi aqtivis araswor konversias axdenen: aqaqtivis tivis subi subieqts bieqts pasiv pasivSic sivSic subi subieq bieqtad eqtad tove toveben veben, ben, rac umarTe umarTebu Tebubuloa. loa. unda iKos mag., kanonsawinaaGmdego qmedebebi ar dakon dakonkonkretde pasi kretdeba deba (Cem mier) (pa pasivi sivi); vi an kanonsawinaaGmdego qmedebebs ar dava aqti davakon vakonkre konkreteb kreteb (aq aqtivi tivi). vi saKuradGeboa, rom, rogorc zemoT aGvniSneT, erTi da igive forma sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba swori an araswori iKos. maga magali galiTad liTad: Tad: axalgazrdebi, rogorc mkvlevrebi, didi xania vKalibde vKalibdedebiT batoni Tedos daxmarebiT (marTebulia). me am sakiTxze ar CamovKalibde CamovKalibdebi debi (umarTebulo). erTpiriani pasivis formaTa umarTebulo xmarebis msgavsi SemTxvevebi arcTu iSviaTad gvxvdeba presisa da televiziis enaSi. es ki maTi gavrcelebis mizezad SeiZleba iqces. amitomac, Cveni azriT, sasurvelia, am axlad gaCenili tendenciis uarKofa da KuradGebis gamaxvileba gramatikulad da semantikurad gamarTul formaTa gamoKenebaze. 75 Tedo uTurgaiZe qvemde qvemdeba debare barere-dama damate matebis tebis saki sakiTxe kiTxebi Txebi III seri seriis riis zmniT gamoxa gamoxatul xatul Semas Semasme masmenel menelTan nelTan (aqti aqtive tivebi vebi da medi medio dioaqti aqtive tivebi vebi) bi) III seriis zmnaTa formebi, miuxedavad koneqciuri kategoriebis saxeobaTa gansxvavebisa, orientirebuli arian Sedegze da xasiaTdebian perfeqtulobiT. III seriis formebi gvian CamoKalibebulad aris miCneuli. enaSi maTi roli TandaTanobiT izrdeba: Zveli qarTulis teqstebSi isini iSviaTad gvxvdebian, Tanamedrove qarTulSi ki sakmaod xSirad ixmarebian. cnobilia, rom aqtivTa formebi III seriaSi igeba statikur vnebiTTa modeliT. gansxvavebuli interpretacia eZleva am modelis dinamizacias: zogadad erTi TvalsazrisiT x d e b a p i r T a i n v e r s i a: aqtantebi maTi rolis mixedviT ver iGeben Sesabamis niSnebs, romlebic bunebrivad warmodgenilia I da II seriebSi, konkretulad: (a) statikuri vnebiTis modelSi warmodgenili subieqti da iribi obieqti ucvlelad gadadis aqtivTa III seriaSi, oGond aqtantTa statusi aqtivTa paradigmaSi ganisazGvreba maTi funqciis mixedviT, ris Sedegadac xdeba niSanTa inversia: moqmeds moqmeds g a m o x a t a v s o b i e q t i s n i S a n i da piriqiT, samoq samoqme moqmedo medo aqtan aqtant tants _ s u b i e q t i s n i S a n i . (b) inversiis meore TeoriiT dinamizaciis procesSi statikuri vnebiTis subieqti aqtivSi Canacvlebulia pirdapiri obieqtiT. es aris aqtivebSi inversiis zemoT miTiTebuli (a) Teoriis naklis gamosworebis cda _ aqtivis paradigmaSi Semovida pirdapiri damateba, romlis gareSec, ra Tqma unda, es formebi aqtivad ver CaiTvleboda. meore TvalsazrisSi, sadac isev q m e d e b a S i m o n a w i l e o b i s m i x e d v i T aqtivizaciis procesSi subieqti xdeba pirdapiri damateba, xolo iribi obieqti _ subieqti, ar aris miTiTeba am procesis gamomwvev mizezebze da arc niSanTa 76 Senacvlebis (inversiis) damokidebulebaze im viTarebasTan, romelmac gamoiwvia es Senacvleba. Tu aqtantTa subieqtad da obieqtad daJgufebis kriteriumad miviCnevT aqtantTa mier iniciativis qona-arqonas, pirvelad da meored kauzativebSi subi subieq bieqti eqti moqme moqmede qmedebis debis Semsru Semsrumsrulebe lebeli beli (pirvelad kauzativebSi _ pirdapiri obieqti, meorad kauzativebSi _ iribi obieqti) ki ar iqne iqneba neba, ba aramed _ inici inicia ciatori tori, ri v i n c q m e d e b a d a G Z r a v s p i r d a p i r i da iribi obieqtebis niSnebiT warmodgenil a q t a n t e b s. rac Seexeba, statikur vnebiTebsa da orpirian mediopasivebs, isini Tavisi bunebiT perfeqtuli formebia _ warsuli qmedebis Sedegs gviCveneben awmKoSi (mikavia is, is miyiravs is, is miweria is...), aq Sedegia iniciatoris rolSi, ris gamoc subieqis tis niSans iGebs, iribi obieqti (me me mikavia, me miyiravs, me miweria...) mxolod Semsrulebelia qmedebisa, rogorc meorad kauzativebSi, sadac subieqti SeiZleba samoqmedoc ki iKos (is is ecemina mas): mTava mTavaria varia qmede qmedebis debis inici inicia ciatoro toroba roba imisTvis imisTvis, Tvis, rom aqtant aqtantma tantma subi subieq bieqtis eqtis niSa niSani Sani miiGos. miiGos. qmede qmedebis debis Semsru Semsrule msrulebe lebeli beli ecemi ecemina mina f o r m a S i i r i b i o b i e q t i a , i n i c i a t o r i (Tumca samoqmedo) ki _ subieqti. aqtivTa III seriis formebSic s t a t i k u r v n e b i T Ta modeliT gadadis orientacia warsul i q m e d e b i s S e d e g z e da es Sedegi, romelic I da II seriebis pirdapiri obieqtiT xdeba sacnauri, subieqtis statuss iGebs aqac da, bunebrivia, saTanado niSansac is iCens. d a m i w e r i a formaSi m i w e r i a formis aqtivacia moxda gezis zmniswinTa darTviT (gad gada Segadamiweria, Camiweria...), Ca degze orientacia modelSi SenarCunebuli iqna da subieqtis niSanic aq aqtantma miiGo, Sesabamisad saxelobiT brunvaSi qvemdebarea warmodgenili, micemiTSi _ Semsrulebeli pirdapiri damateba, e. i. moxda ara inversia, aramed enaSi moqmedi saKovelTao wesis realizacia: iniciatori subieqtis niSniT aGiniSna (perfeqtul formebSi es warsuli qmedebis Sedegia), 77 qmedebis Semsrulebeli ki im obieqtis niSniT, romelic Semasmenels gadmohKva I seriidan. moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebs iribi obieqti ar gadahKveba III seriaSi, radgan es seria Sedegzea orientirebuli. medioaqtiuri zmnebi erTpirianebicaa da orpirianebic. isini aqtivTa formawarmoebis models iKeneben, ris gamoc iribi obieqti ar gadahKveba III seriaSi. formaSi mxolod Semsrulebeli aqtanti rCeba pirad (mmiKaraulia saxlisTvis, midaraJia ezosTvis, mieqimia davrdomilTaTvis...). formebSi, garda am markirebuli realuri aqtantisa (me me miKaraulia...), aris subim eqtis niSanic (miKarauliaa), romlis Sesabamisi aqtanti Semasmenels ar moepoveba pirad. aseTi Semasmenlebi uqvemdebaroa, iseve rogorc m Z i n a v s da m c i v a tipis Semasmenlebi. nentis Secvla rotacizmis wesiT megrulSi moqmedi fonotaqtikis sxva wesis wesis analogiad CavTvaloT. ar aris gamoricxuli megrulSi moqmedi rotacizmis tendenciis Careva _ fonetikuri tendenciebis moqmedeba arasamwerlo enebis sivrceSi SeuzGudavia. ra SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rodesac fonotaqtikis wesi erTi morfemis farglebSi irGveva. is, rom mocemul fonemaTa SeerTeba kanonikuri sqemis gareT darCa, Tu SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom pirveli komponentis Secvla rotaciis gziT analogiaa, romelic arakanonikuri Jgufis pirveli komponentis Secvlas gulisxmobs. ar aris gamoricxuli rotacizmis Zlieri tendenciis Careva, vinaidan fonetikuri tendenciebis moqmedeba arasamwerlo enebis sivrceSi SeuzGudavia. naTela vaja quTelia Sengelia irGveva irGveva Tu ara fone fonema nemaTa maTa Seer SeerTe erTebis Tebis sintag sintagma tagmatu maturi turi kanon kanonzo nonzomi zomie miereba rebani bani fragmen fragmente mentebi tebi mogo mogone gonebi nebidan bidan akade akademi demikos mikos arnold arnold Ciqo Ciqoba qobava bavaze vaze. ze. XXIII_ XXIII_XXVIII magaliTebi cxadKofen, rom KovelTvis ar realizdeba fonemaTa SeerTebis sintagmaturi kanonzomierebani. ismis kiTxva, ratom arGvevs fono fonotaq notaqti taqtika tika, ka romelic erTi mxriv fonemaTa Segueba-Seugueblobis garkveul wesebs emKareba, xolo meore mxriv, enis Sinagani organizaciiT aris nakarnaxevi da realurad arsebuli struqturebSi vlindeba, Tavissave gamomuSavebul wess. aseT darGvevasTan gvaqvs saqme megrulSi harmoniul kompleqsTa B sistemis labio-velarul aspirirebul JgufSi: megrulisaTvis kanonikuri fx>rx fx rx. rx ra SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rodesac fonotaqtikis wesi erTi morfemis farglebSi irGveva? is rom fonemaTa SeerTeba kanonikuri sqemis gareT darCa, Tu SesaZlebelia pirveli kompo- 23. 23. arn. Ciqobava Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi swavlobda 1918-1922 wlebSi. misi Tanakurselebi, sxvebTan erTad, Kofilan adamianebi, romlebsac umaGlesi ganaTleba ruseTsa Tu evropis qveKnebSi hqondaT miGebuli, magram qarTul enaze leqciebis mosmenis survili imdenad didi iKo, rom Cveni universitetis msmenelebi gamxdaran. erTi maTgani iKo Tamar lomouri, cnobili qarTveli mwerlis niko lomouris qaliSvili, numizmatikuri mecnierebis fuZemdebeli saqarTveloSi, SemdgomSi _ `qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis~ mTavari redaqciis wevri. qarTlSi erT-erTi mivlinebis dros T. lomours Tanakurselebi _ arn. Ciqobava da v. Tofuria, saxlSi miuwvevia. sufra niko lomouris meuGles gauSlia... 78 79 24. 24. prof. a. SaniZes gadauwKvetia: v. Tofuria qarTlSi unda wavides mivlinebiT, arn. Ciqobava _ mTiuleTSio... maSin b-ni arnoldi universitetTan axlos cxovrobda, patara naqiravebi oTaxi ekava iq, sadac axla samkurnalo kombinati mdebareobs... dilas im adgils miakiTxa (daaxloebiT axlandeli sportis sasaxlis teritoriaze), sadac Cveulebriv meurmeebi ikribebodnen, soflebidan Camosuli adamianebi, romlebmac raGac gaKides da ukan apirebdnen gamgzavrebas... pirvelad nabdisqudianebi gamoelaparaknen: sam saaTSi CagiKvanTo, uTxres, Tanac Zviri daufases... naTqvami araseriozulad eCvena. maT rom daSorda, bewvisqudiani mTiulebi gamoCndnen da TavianTi samsaxuri SemosTavazes, Tan uTxres: imaT (nabdisqudianebs) ar endoT, magaT qriste GmerTs uzangi Saayres! aseTi gamonaTqvami manamde ar gamegoo, _ GimiliT igonebda b-ni arnoldi. meurmeebma SesTavazes: dilaadrian gavalT, amitom Game CvenTan gaaTie, Torem ver mogviswrebTo. axlos vcxovrobo rom uTxra, ar dagagviandeso, daabares... meore dilas rom mivida, urmebi mariliT daetvirTaT. marilian tomaraze daJda sxvebTan erTad... maSin samxedro gzaze KaCaGoba iKo da meurmeebs eSinodaT, amitom ramdenime uremi erTad midioda... pirvel dGes mcxeTas gascdnen da Game bulaCaurSi gaaTies... mesame dGes fasanaurs miaGwies, meoTxe dGes _ qveSeTs... arn. Ciqobavam mivlinebis baraTi waradgina, romelSic ewera: esa da es piri saprofesorod mosamzadeblad aris datovebuli da xeli SeuwKveTo... profesori vegoneT da iqve, duqnis Tavze gamomiKves patara oTaxio... Semdeg, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis xelSewKobiT, mTiuleTis ramdenime sofels ewvia... 25. 25. stalins pirveli Sexvedrisas magidaze, `qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis~ pirveli tomi edo, magram ara is, romelsac misTvis specialurad amzadebdnen (tKavis KdaSi Casmuls), aramed Cveulebrivi, masobrivi tirajiT gamocemuli... stalini: Kvela asea gamocemuli? 80 Ciqobava: Kvela, amxanago stalino! stalini: rigiani gamocemaa... Tqven aq werT, rom bluza bluza, za, frangulidan aris SeTvisebuli, gana rusulidan ar aris? Ciqobava: wignSi weria, rom bluza bluza frangulidan aris rusuli enis meSveobiT. stalinma uxmod gadaSala wigni, Caxeda da daxura. saxeze araviTari emocia! ver gaigebdi, ra naxa leqsikonSi da ra moiwona, Tu ar moiwona... kidev ramdenime SekiTxva dasva, isev Seamowma da wigni uxmod daxura... isev araviTari reaqcia! Sexvedridan rom modiodnen, respublikis xelmZGvanelma k. Carkvianma b-n arnolds SeSfoTebiT hkiTxa: xom araferi SegeSalaT? b-ma arnoldma upasuxa, rom tomis redaqtoria, ramdenJerme aqvs wakiTxuli da Secdoma gamoricxuliao... 26. 26. stalins Tavis did misaGeb oTaxSi ramdenime taxti edga, romlebzec muTaqebi elaga... omis dros Turme cota xniT Tu waiZinebda, isic ZiriTadad dGisiT... arn. Ciqobava: dGe eZina, Game fxizlobda, mTeli qveKana fxizlad iKo... 27. 27. b-n arnolds ar uKvarda mravalsitKvaoba, lakoniuroba misi stilis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi Tviseba iKo. amis damadasturebelia nawKveti rekomendaciidan, romelic 1968 wlis 29 maiss aris dawerili da saTanado piris pirad saqmeSi inaxeba: `...vaja Sengelias, rogorc axalgazrda specialists, aqvs dakvirvebis niyi da enobrivi analizis unari; sistemuri muSaobis Cvevac moepoveba. mTis iberiu-kavkasiur enaTa ganKofilebaSi misi Caricxva saqmis interesebs Seefereba...~ 28. 28. b-n arnoldTan TaTbirze viKaviT: q. lomTaTiZe, g. rogava, al. mahometovi da me. rogorGac sitKva Cemze Camoagdes da ramdenime Tbili sitKva iTqva. q-ma qeTevanma, sxvaTa Soris, aGniSna: vaja Kvelas uKvars... arn. Ciqobava: ara mgonia, ase iKos... magram, Tu Kvelas uKvars, ar Kofila kargi kaci. 81 revaz Serozia qarTv qarTve Tveluri luri sali salite litera teratu raturo turo enisa enisa da sulxan sulxanxan-sabas sabas `sitKvis kon konis~ is~ zogi zogi saki sakiTxi kiTxisa TxisaTvis saTvis 1. qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis ZiriTadi varinti, _ qarTveluri saliteraturo ena _ qristianobis gavrcelebamde bevrad adre rom aris Seqmnili, dGes eyvs ar unda iwvevdes. amasTan, xazgasmulia is unikaluri faqtic, rom istoriulad mis `ganviTarebaSi wKveta ar momxdara, axali enobrivi sistema, anu àxali ena~, ZvelTan mimarTebiT, ar CamoKalibebula~ (avT. arabuli). qarTvelurma enobrivma sistemam Tavisi ganviTarebis gzaze _ garda saliteraturo variantisa _ warmoSva mravalferovani dialeqturi saxesxvaobani, _ sistemis `SesaZleblobaTa~ (b. foCxua) nairgvari variantuli Jgufebi. maTSi àm `SesaZleblobaTa~ realizaciis Sedegebi saukuneebis manZilze saliteraturo enaSi akumulirdeboda. es procesi kargad Cans `vefxistKaosanSi~, ufro naTlad _ sulxan-sabas `sitKvis konaSi~. 2. KuradGebas iqcevs sulxan-sabas mier aramarto Setanili formebi, aramed maTi ganmartebebic, romlebic saliteraturo variantisa da dialeqtebis urTierTmimarTebisadmi avtoris pozicias naTlad warmoaCens. sitKva-niSanTa ganmartebebisas sulxan-saba xSirad iKenebs winadadeba-terminebs: `sxvaTa enaa~ (zogJer miTiTebulia, Tu romeli enidan aris nasesxebi: `berZnuli~,...), `glexurad...~ (`glexuri~ ganmartebulia rogorc `mdabiuri~), `glexni... uwodeben~, `msoflioni... uwodeben~. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, cxadia,ucxo ena igulisxmeba: àqi aqimi aqimi sxvaTa enaa,. qarTulad m k u r n a l i hqvian~. `kuti sxvaTa enaa, qarTulad s a p K a r i hqvian~. sxva redaqciaSi zogJer wKaro saxeldeba: ès kuti kuti TaTarTa enaa, jamTa viTarebiT SemouGiaT, qarTulad s a p K a r i a~. qarTveluri enobrivi samKarodan moxmobili formebi, 82 romlebic sulxan-sabas azriT literaturuli ar aris, ganmartebulia rogorc `glexuri~ an `msoflioni~: `ma maTe maTe mcire foso glexurad~. `be bebia bebia glexni KrmaT amqmels uwodeben~. `ku kudu kuduri duri kudiani, amas msoflioni grZneuls uwodeben...~ iSviaTad, magram zog SemTxvevaSi dakonkretebulia, Tu romeli kuTxis (dialeqtis) `glexuria~ sitKva: `das dasti dasti yanni k o k a s uƒmoben; saGvinea didi~. `ko koxu koxun koxuJi xuJi (ko koxunJi xunJi) Ji imeruli qalamani~. `ki ki, ki, eseni ki, mi, mi, Ke, Ke, que (ki ki, mi, mi, Ke, Ke, qve, qve, qe, qe, wen, wen, ken...) ken sitKvaTa gemoTa arTronni arian, xolo romelnime imerelni amaTda nacvlad sitKvaTa Sina atanen: qe, qe, wen; wen cudi ars da amao...~ òJi oJiJi oJiJi bade megrulad. mgrgvali badea qorT Tav(s) dasacmeli~. `ja jare jare iare mesxurad. Tumca sulxan-saba asaxelebs mxolod yanebs, megrelebs, imerlebsa da mesxebs, magram leqsikonSi Setanili aqvs mravali dialeqturi sitKva-forma. cxadia, rom avtori, marTalia, upirvelesad saliteraturo enis siwmindes icavda, magram qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis variantTa masaliT ZiriTadi, saliteraturo variantis gamdidreba rom aucilebeli iKo, kargad esmoda. iza CantlaZe jurjˆr-- ZirTa jur-/ jirjir-/ jˆr ZirTa urTi urTier TierTmi erTmimar TmimarTe marTebi Tebisa bisaTvis saTvis qarTve Tvelur qar Tvelur enebSi enebSi specialur literaturaSi (Cuxua 2000-2003, gv. 183) `sisvelisa~ da `wKalobis~ aGmniSvneli svanuri -jir jir/-jˆr jir jˆrjˆr Ziri dakavSirebulia qarTuli enis fSauri dialeqtis leqsemasTan zala zala (`Kvelis Sesanaxi mariliani, mlaSe wKali; waTxi~), magram 83 is ar dasturdeba Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi, rac arTulebs mis CaTvlas saerToqarTveluri donis monacemad. sulxan-saba orbelianisTvis zala zala igive walaa walaa (`Saravi, viTa wKali~), romelic gvxvdeba rogorc Zvel qarTulSi, ise Tanamedrove qarTul dialeqtebsa da svanurSi `gawKalebuli Cirqis~ mniSvnelobiT. aqve SeiZleboda gagvxseneboda leqsema mo-wal wal-vac (`dasaZmaravi mxaleulis cxel wKalSi moTuTqva~). wal am Ziris ugulebelKofa, vfiqrobT, uxerxulia maSin, roca `sisvelis, siTxis~ aGmniSvnel sitKvaTa etimologiaze vmsJelobT. wal nasesxebi unda iKos svanur enaSi Zveli qarTulidanve (gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisisaTvis ix. Fähnrich 1991, 17) da gamoiKeneba mxolod lentexur dialeqtSi. aqac da svanuris danarCen kiloebSic ufro gavrcelebulia imave mniSvnelobis T’r. T’r Cveni azriT, saanalizo ZirTa Sepirispirebisas aucilebeli ar aris, amovideT Tanxmovnis maincadamainc sisina variantidan, radganac Kvela qarTvelur enaSi `sisvelisa~ Tu raime `siTxis~ aGmniSvnel leqsemebSi swored j fonema figurirebs, ZiriTadad, sonor bgeraTa da uZveles sufiqsTa garemocvaSi: qarTuli nij-i niji nij (Zv. q.) `cvari, sisvele~; `ni niji aris cvaris umciresi nawili~ (saba); Sdr. jin-jl jon-v-a, m-jon jon-av-i, ga-jon jon-il-i, jin jl-v-a, jl jon jon jon na-jon jon-i, na-jur jur-i, jvan-i (Zv. q.). jon jur jvan (qarTl.) `najuri~, jGm-ut-i jGm `wvimis saxeoba~, jGv-ik-i (gur.) `wvimiani amindi~, jin-jGl jGv jin jGl-i jGl (saba) `wvrili Tqori~, jvan-q-i (gur.) `cvari, wveTi~, joq-o jvan joq (gur.) `wKalwKala Gvino~, jan-t-i (saba) `mcire ram sisuele~, jan ja-tK-i (saba) `wKliani Tovli~, jal-t-am-i (gur.) `TovlyKapi~, ja jal jaj-un-i (qiziK.) `sxma wvimisa, sma Gvinisa~, jgleT-i (imer., jaj jgleT gur.), jeT-q-i (leCx.) `kokispiruli wvima~, jv-av-i (gur.) `nami, jeT jv cvari~, jv-ip-in-i -leCx.) `sisvele~, Sdr. imer. jv-ep-o `siTxis jv jv qafi; ofli~, jvrin-t-i jvrin (TuS.), jrin-t-i jrin (mTiul., qiziK.) `wveTi~, jiT-q-i `wvrili wvima~, jm-or-i (ray.) `Tqori~, mo-jr jr-ob-a jiT jm jr (gur.) `Kvelis amoKvanis Semdeg darCenili siTxis _ svelis wamoduGeba da Tavze moKenebuli xayosebri masis gawurva~, jon-t-or-o (gur.) `sveli SeSa~, jrin-v-a (fS.) `CuxCuxi, rakrajon jrin 84 ki~, j‘n-t-a- (ingil.) `surdo~, jujG-o (qiziK.) `wKlulis naj‘n jujG deni~, jujG-n-a (imer.) ùxeirod recxva~... jujG megruli jver-i º jvar-jval jver `sveli, wKliani~, jvar-u-a jvar jvar jval-i jval `wveTeba, wKlis sxma~, i-jvar jvar-jval `sveldeba~... jvar jval-u-{n} jval vfiqrobT, rom saerToqarTveluri enis doneze unda aGvadginoT *jur jur`wveTi~, na-jur jur-i jur Ziri (Sdr. qiziK. jur-i jur jur `nawveTi, wveT-wveTad gamodenili~; gur. jur-i jur `saaraKe masala _ roca wKals daamateben, itKvian: juri jur-i juri mivecio~; ayar-jur jur `mkvaxe KurZnis wveni~), saidanac svanur enaSi umlautis Sedegad warmoqmnili delabializaciis procesiTa da reduqciis (Tofuria, 1931, gv. 155-156; 1979, gv. 167) gziT (*jur jur+i > jur *j‘r j‘r > *j…ir j…ir > jir > jˆr) jˆr miviGebdiT Tanamedrove metKvelebaSi dadasturebul leqsemebs: mˆ-jir jir `sveli~, li-jr jr-e jr (< lnt. lˆ-jir jir-e) `sveleba~, na-m-jir jir-i `sisvele~, lˆ-jr jr-e jir jir jr (< lnt. lˆjir-e) `dasvelebuli~, bz. l-n-jir jir, jir `notio adgijir jir bq. l-m-jir li; sawvimari Gari~, na-jr jr-e jir-e) òdnav sdis~, ma-jˆr jˆr jr (Col. na-jir jir `mowKaleba~, li-j j'r-e `wKalobis qmna~, na-l-jˆr jˆr `nawKalobevi~, Secodebuli~, le-jr jr-i jˆr-i) `sawKalobeli, sacodavi; jr (< lnt. le-jˆr jˆr mˆ-jir jir `SemwKalebeli, Semcodebeli~, mˆ-jr jr-i (< lnt. mˆ-jˆr jˆr-i) jr jˆr `mowKale~,... _ rogorc vxedavT, sxvadasxva fonetikuri procesi (-jir jir-, jˆr-, jir erTi mxriv, da -jˆr jˆr meore mxriv) safuZvelia erTi da imave -j jurur Ziris semantikuri diferencirebisa. qarTvelur enebSi gamovlenili regularuli fonemaTSesatKvisobebis sistemidan amosvliT zanur-svanurSi mosalodneli iKo -jG jGjG kompleqsi, miTumetes, Tu SevudarebT erTmaneTs qarTuli enis aGmosavlur da dasavlur dialeqtTa zog monacems: TuSur-fSaur-qiziKuri jin-jl erTi mxriv, da guruli jin jl-i, jl jin-jGl meore mxriv (`wvrili wvima~); TuSuri jvrin-t-i, jin jGl-i, jGl jvrin mTiul-qiziKuri jrin-t-i, erTi mxriv, da qarTluri jGin-t-i, jrin jGin meore mxriv (`wKlis wveTi~). sagulisxmoa, rom svanuri enis erT-erT dialeqtSi swored mTiulur-qiziKuri formaa Sesuli (Sdr. lSx. jrint `wveTi, Klupi~). iqve gvaqvs -jG jGjG kompleqsis Semcveli monacemic (lSx. jGer `TqeSi~). es ukanaskneli leCxu85 mur dialeqtSic gamoiKeneba `Zlieri wvimis~ aGsaniSnavad, rac svanuris (laSxuris) anareklia. logikurad sulac ar iqneba gasakviri, rom saanalizo formebisaTvis (-jir jir-, jˆr-, jGer-) jir -j ˆr -jGer jGer sakuTriv svanurSi amosavlad vivaraudoT *-jGur jGur-, jGur romelSic TandaTanobiT daiSala bgeraTkompleqsi. leqsemebi, romlebic gadmogvcemen `sisvelisa~ da `wKaloba > Secodebis~ semantikas, SeiZleboda migveGo rogorc -jur jur-, jerjur ise -jer jer Ziridan, Tu megrul masalasac gaviTvaliswinebT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom saerToqarTveluri enis donezeve am ZirSi unda davuSvaT -u u/e exmovanTmonacvleoba. qarTvelur enebSi dGesac SeiniSneba bgeraTkompleqsebis gamartivebis procesi: guruli: jGvep-i jGvep i > Gvep-i Gvep i > Gvip-i Gvip i > Kvip-i Kvip i (òdnav wvimiani, nisliani amindi~); svanuri: li-jGam li jGam-ur li-jam li j…m-ur …m ur-’l jGam ur-’l ur ’l > *li li jam-ur jam ur-’ ur ’l > li-j ur ’l (`jGavili > aSliloba, areuloba~); svanuri (bq., lnt.): bjGer (`Cvili, Krma~), imer.-gur.leCx. bjGarti bjGarti > bGarti bGarti, ti ay. bGaSti bGaSti (`bartKi, bavSvi, Svili, ususuri~). imerul-guruli: jgleT-i (`kokispijgleT > leCxumuri jeT-q-i jeT ruli wvima~); bjGil (Col.) _ mCute, unaKofo TavTavi, Sdr. bjir-i bjir _ ùgulo fetvi da misTanani~ (saba); saba: jatK-i atK > jant-i jant `wKliani Tovli~... xom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom somxuri Jur (`wKali~) saerToqarTveluri *-jur jurjur Ziris gaafrikatebuli variantia? 86 iza CantlaZe Cemi Cemi moZGvarTmoZGva moZGvarTmoZGvari TmoZGvari Tuki sadme akademikos arnold Ciqobavaze miwevs msJeloba, me mas Kvelgan `moZGvarTmoZGvars~ vuwodeb, radganac Kvela, vinc ki maswavlida universitetSi, asistentidan dawKebuli akademikosiT damTavrebuli, misi namowafari Tu mowafe iKo; asobiT specialisti hKavda gawvrTnili _ `me meo meores vera veravis ravis dava davasa vasaxe saxelebT xelebT, lebT, romel romelsac melsac amde amdeni deni Zvirfa Zvirfasi fasi dro gaeGos Tao TaobabaTa aGzrdisa aGzrdisaTvis saTvis~ Tvis (akad. qeTevan lomTaTiZe). ra didebulad Tqva misma usaKvarlesma mowafem, SesaniSnavma momGeralma da aranaklebma enaTmecnierma profesorma nodar andGulaZem! _ brZeni brZeni osta ostatis tatis gakve gakveTi kveTileb Tilebze lebze Segird SegirdgirdmwvrTnelis vrTnelis para paradig radigma digma icvle icvlebo vleboda boda maZi maZie Ziebelbel-moZGvris para pararadigma digmado mado. do odesGac misTvis da givi mayavarianisTvis, roca isini batoni arnoldis aspirantebi iKvnen, albaT sevdanarevi tkiviliT maswavlebels isic ki uTqvams: ra Zneli iqneboda uTqvenod sicocxleo. zGaprad dagvrCa mis mowafeebs saTaKvanebel moZGvarTan urTierTobis wlebi... dGemde gvesizmreba es saocrad keTilSobili adamiani, tanmorCili qaTqaTa kaci, magram imavdroulad bumberazi pirovneba da mecnieri-filosofosi, vinc KovelTvis ise Girseulad gelaparakeboda urTules problemebze, rogorc Tanatols... aseT kacs memkvidre ar darCenia _ sul mgonia, rom misi mravalricxovani mowafeebi mTel kavkasiaSi misi GviZli Svilebi viKaviT... aseTi kaci ratomGac mkacri egonaT viGac-viGaceebs, anu imaT, vinc mas axlos ar icnobda, Cven ki KovelTvis vaGmerTebdiT baton arnolds! roca didi mecnieris 100 wlisTavze `xsovnis wigni~ momzadda, samwuxarod, me TbilisSi ar viKavi da, bunebrivia, aranairi monawileoba ar mimiGia mis SeqmnaSi (aravin izruna Cem87 Tvis SeetKobinebina es ambavi); vaiTu veGar moveswro moZGvris 120 wlis iubiles da amitomac axla gadavwKvite, mogiTxroT ramdenime epizodi misi `simkacris~ Sesaxeb: mexuTe kursze rom gadavedi, zafxulSi kubaSi imarTeboda axalgazrdobis saerTaSoriso festivali, romelSic Cveni delegaciac monawileobda. sakmaod Zviri Girda es siamovneba, magram mSoblebi Sempirdnen, rom `welebze fexs daidgamdnen~ da guls ar damwKvetdnen. sayiro iKo dokumentaciis Sekreba. bunebrivia, rom kavkasiur enaTa ganKofilebis studenti veaxeli kavkasiur enaTa kaTedris gamges. wina wels, saxelobiTi stipendiis moniyebis dros, ukve mqonda amis gamocdileba (batoni arnoldis xeliT daweril daxasiaTebas dGemde mowiwebiTa da siamaKiT vinaxav). roca gaigo saqmis viTareba, ise, rom erTi SekiTxvac ki ar dausvams, saocrad Gimilnarevi sidinJiT miTxra: `pativcemulo iza, kubaSi KovelTvis waxvalT momavalSi (xom gaxsovT, ra dro iKo maSin? TiTqmis naxevari saukunis win axalgazrda ki ara, buzic ver Sefrindeboda amerikis kontinentze!), axla ki svaneTSi unda wabrZandeT, radganac Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi sruliad daumuSavebel sakiTxs exebao~. marTlac ase iKo da, rasakvirvelia, xmac ar gamiGia. dGemde damcinis Kvela, visac es faqti axsovs, Tumca sulac ar vnanob, rom maSin kubis nacvlad svaneTSi wavedi, saidanac or kviraSi erTxel samecniero xelmZGvanels werilebs vwerdi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras vsaqmianobdi _ es batoni arnoldis davaleba iKo. martis TveSi damacvevina sadiplomo naSromi kaTedris sxdomaze _ gagigoniaT sadme amgvari ram?! maSinac da axlac msgavsi sxdomebi imarTeba xolme ivnisSi. rogorc mogvianebiT SevitKve, fakultetis samecniero sabyos aprilis TveSi unda ganexila im studentebis sakiTxi, visac rekomendacias aZlevdnen aspiranturaSi. davamTavreT universiteti da moxda saocari ram _ mecnierebis sakavSiro ministrma gamosca brZaneba imis Sesaxeb, rom apiranturaSi Cabarebis ufleba eZleodaT mxolod im pirebs, visac universitetisa Tu institutis damTavrebis Semdeg 88 hqonda ori wlis muSaobis staji. Zalian vinerviuleT _ gauqmda samecniero sabyos rekomendaciebi, magram liana sturuas, damana meliqiSvilsa da me es wesi ratomGac ar Segvexo. CavTvaleT, rom maSin sakmaod vCandiT universitetSi da albaT amitom gamogvarCies. mxolod xuTi wlis Semdeg (roca sakandidato disertacias vicavdi) miTxra enaTmecnierebis institutis maSindelma direqtorma, rom Turme ministr i. eliutinisTvis miuweria baton arnolds Cem Sesaxeb axsna-ganmartebiTi baraTi da dausabuTebia, rom aucilebeli iKo kadrebis momzadeba svanur enaSi samuSaod (mavanni ki dGemde abraleben mas, rom svanurSi arc Tavad muSaobda da arc sxvas amuSavebda _ enadac ki ar miaCnda, qarTul-megrulis konglomerats eZaxdao; netar arian morwmuneni!..). CemTvis arc ukiTxavs, ise Seuvsia aspirantis samuSao gegma, romelSic aGniSnuli iKo sadisertacio Temis saTauri `saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi qarTvelur enebSi~ da adlerSi gamgzavrebula. kinaGam guli gamiskda _ maSin moskovSi sul axali gamosuli iKo prof. giorgi klimovis wigni `Склонение имён в картвельских языках в сравнительно-историческом аспекте~ da me, 22 wlis gogonas, raGa unda mekvlia?! mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi mamuSavebinebda aTasgvar referats (gansakuTrebiT akad. n. maris moGvaweobidan) sadisertacio problemasTan dakavSirebiT. bolos, rogorc iqna, Sevkadre _ sakandidatosTvis Zalian rTuli Temaa da Tu SeiZleba, amas momavalSi gavakeTeb, axla ki rame martivi SemirCieT-meTqi. axlac Tvalwin midgas batoni arnoldis momnusxveli mzera _ mivxvdi, ar moewona, rom SevSindi, magram ukan ar dauxevia. `kargiTo, _ miTxra, Tavis droze sagangebod vmuSaobdi svanuri orfuZiani brunebis Seswavlaze (am mizniT svaneTSic araerTxel vKofilvar), magram Semdeg aucilebeli gaxda xunZur enaze muSaoba da daGestanSi gadavinacvle. miuxedavad imisa, rom araerTi naSromi Seiqmna, bevri ram mainc gaurkvevelia, radganac sakiTxia Zalian rTuli, Tanac mTis kavkasiur enaTa orfuZiani brunebis sistemasTan konteqstSi gansaxilveli. ami89 tom mindoda dainteresebuliKaviT misi kvleviT, magram ra gaewKoba? davelaparakebi varlam Tofurias (batoni varlami Cemi disertaciis konsultanti iKo) da mere gadavwKvitoT, rogor moviqceTo~. erT kviraSi SemTxveviT Semxvda batoni varlami universitetis foieSi. mivxvdi, rom ukve Kvelaferi icoda, radganac Soridanve iGimeboda (albaT, gaocebuli iKo, batoni arnoldis SerCeul Temaze uari rom vTqvi). vTxove, Tu SeiZleba Zveli svanuri xalxuri sagaloblebis enas Seviswavli-meTqi. Zalian gaukvirda _ ki, magram, es ufro rTuli araa, vidre saxelTa brunebao? ise gavTavxeddi, rom arc erT genioss ar davuJere da mainc Cemi arCeuli Tema warmovadgine dasacavad _ sxvaTaSoris vadaze adre, ris gamoc premia davimsaxure. rogorc Kvela disertanti, Zalian vnerviulobdi dacvis dGes da samecniero sabyos sxdomaze damagvianda. batoni arnoldi Semosula Cvens ganKofilebaSi, albaT SeeSinda, kidev rame ucnauri ar Camedina. erTianad SeZrulni damxvdnen TanamSromlebi _ sxdomaTa darbazSi Sesvlamde xelmZGvaneli aucileblad naxeo. vifiqre, tKavs gamaZrobs-meTqi, magram iciT, ra miTxra? _ Sesavali sitKva gind waikiTxeT, gind zepirad TqviT, oGond oponentebs pasuxi sadme Cauxedavad gaeciT. saerTod ki imaze nu ifiqrebT, rom disertanti xarTo. TiTqos arc araferi icoda Cemi dagvianebis Sesaxeb _ am mxriv araferi uTqvams. rogorc Cans, dacvis procesma normalurad Caiara, rac SeetKo kidec samecniero xelmZGvanelis gamosvlas: _ pativcemul izas Cven saxelTa brunebis damuSaveba davavaleT, magram amJerad man ratomGac sxva Tema irCia. es sakiTxi Zalze rTulia _ sadoqtoro disertaciis Tema SeiZleba iKos da aucileblad unda gakeTdes. Tu Cveni disentanti poeziis tKveobaSi ar moeqceva, misi mecnieruli keTilsindisiereba da dGevandeli naSromi safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom 90 misgan rigiani enaTmecnieri dadgebao. maSin samecniero sabyos swavluli mdivani iKo prof. guram Tofuria da, bunebrivia, mas unda gaegzavna Sesabamisi oqmi umaGles saatestacio komisiaSi. xumrobda: `xelmZGvanelis sitKvebs cotaTi Sevamokleb; aba rusebs rogor mivwero amdeni ram qalis sindis-namusis Sesaxebo~. aspiranturaSi swavlis dros SemeZina qaliSvili. JanmrTelobis mxriv mZime mdgomareoba mqonda (erTi Tve viweqi saavadmKofoSi) da batoni arnoldis seminarebze didxans ar mivsulvar. roca bolosdabolos gamovcxaddi enaTmecnierebis institutSi, saSinlad Sewuxda, iseTi gaKviTlebuli da gamxdari viKavi. samkurnalod `fitini~ daminiSna, romelic dGesac ki farTo satelevizio reklamiT gamoirCeva. samecadinodac Sin damibara. mkiTxa, ra SualedSi aymevT Tqvens pawia moqalaqeso, da im periodSi vmuSaobdiT xolme erTad Zvel qarTulSi, palimfsestur teqstebze. KovelTvis saaTi hqonda daniSnuli. ise gaverTobodi saseminaro saqmianobiT, rom erTaderTi Svili zogJer aGarc maxsovda, baton arnolds ki Cemi Tamriko arasdros daviwKebia _ axla Cqara gaiqeciT Sin, Torem Tqveni patara moqalaqe tirils daiwKebso. sul mekiTxeboda bavSvis ambebs. erTxel mamamiszec mkiTxa, Tumca Zalze delikaturad, magram ise Sevwuxdi, rom veraferi vupasuxe (Cemi Svilis mamasTan seriozuli problemebi mqonda) da saSinlad avqviTindi. uceb momesma magidaze muStis dartKmis xma. _ Tqven Jer Zalian axalgazrda xarT da arc ki iciT, Tu ra rTulia cxovreba! cremlebiT verafers gaxdebiT! mTavaria far-xmali ar daKaroT! saubris Tema sruliad Secvala da miambo imis Sesaxeb, Tu 1941 wlis 22 ivniss rogor iJda dalaqTan daGestnis erTerT miuval aulSi da araferi icoda omis dawKebaze. ukanaskneli groSebic iq datova da ris vai-vaglaxiT (fexiT, cxeniT, urmiT...), baqodan SemovliT, ramdenime dGis mSier-mwKurvalma Zlivs CamoaGwia TbilisSi. bolos ikiTxa: 91 _ rame materialuri gayirveba xom ar gqoniaT odesme? _ ara-meTqi _ vupasuxe. _ hoda, nu geSiniaT, arc momavalSi gagiyirdebaTo. Zalze merideba, amden adgils rom vikaveb àrnold Ciqobavas XIX sakiTxavebSi~, magram ar SemiZlia ar gavixseno Cveni bolo Sexvedra: batoni arnoldi Zalian avad gaxda _ im mitklisferi edo, romelSic iwva _ hemoglobini daeca. ratomGac maSin gawKda C vitamini da `ferumleki~. me da Cemma dam _ prof. greta CantlaZem mTeli Tbilisi SemovirbineT da raGac saswaulad viSoveT wamlebi. prof. vaja Sengelias uTqvams misTvis Kvelaferi. SewuxebulxarTo _ Zlivs miTxra saTaKvanebelma maswavlebelma. vgrZnobdi, rom veGar vnaxavdi baton arnolds da gadavwKvite, sikvdilis win mainc meTqva madloba im amagisTvis, rac man Kvela Tavis mowafeze gaswia. _ Tqven rom wuxdebodiT xolme CvenTvis-meTqi? _ es vali iKo, didi vali maswavleblisao... eh, kidev ramdeni sikeTis gaxseneba SeiZleba am TiTqosda mkacri adamianis Sesaxeb, magram amaze sxva dros... manana CaCaniZe eqstra eqstralin stralingvis lingvistu gvisturi turi infor informa formacia macia leqsi leqsikon sikoneb konebSi ebSi eqstralingvisturi informacia leqsikonSi SeiZleba warmodgenili iKos orgvarad: I. sitKva-statiis gansakuTrebul zonaSi, II. TviT sitKva-statiis korpusSi. es informacia SeiZleba mocemuli iKos (1) frCilebSi, an (2) SeiZleba warmoadgendes gansazGvrebis nawils mniSvneloba92 Ta ganmartebisas, an (3) SeiZleba sailustracio masalaSi gvxvdebodes. eqstralingvisturi (enciklopediuri) informaciis mimarTeba lingvisturTan mravalmxriv sainteresoa. erTi mxriv, amgvari informacia gamoiKeneba sitKvis mniSvnelobis ukeTesad axsnisaTvis, meore mxriv, igi afarToebs adresatis enciklopediur codnas obieqtur garesamKaroze. eqstralingvisturi informaciis moculoba da xasiaTi ganisazGvreba leqsikonis tipiT. amgvari informaciis CarTvas ganmartebiT, TargmniT Tu ideografiul leqsikonebSi ganapirobebs Semdegi faqtorebi: a) nacionaluri da socialuri realiebi: b) `samKaros danawevreba~ sxvadasxvagvarad sxvadasxva enis matarebelTa mier; g) naklebadcnobili cnebebi (samecn., ist., egzot. da misT.), romlebic sayiroebs axsnas. eqstralingvistur informaciaSi gansakuTrebiT yarbobs denotatiuri tipis sitKvebi (obieqtTa saxelebi), romelTa semantikuri komponentebi asaxaven aGsaniSni obieqtis Taviseburebebs, Tumca aseve xSiria leqsika, romelic miiswrafvis signifikaturi mniSvnelobisken (zmnebi, zedsarTavi da abstraqtuli saxelebi da sxv.). TiTqmis Kovelgvari obieqti SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc diaqroniul, ise sinqroniul planSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT eqstralingvisturi informacia leqsikonSi SeiZleba asaxavdes obieqtis Semdeg aspeqtebs: istorias, saxesxvaobebs, agebulebasa da Tvisebebs, daniSnulebasa da funqcionirebas. am niSnebis mixedviT sitKvebis `Semowmeba~ leqsikografs ubiZgebs moiZios da leqsikonSi CarTos Sesabamisi SesitKvebebi, axsnebi, citatebi. cxadia, amgvari samuSaoebis Casatareblad didi mniSvneloba aqvs im masalebs, rac SeiZleba gamodges leqsikografiul wKarod. 93 merab Cuxua ◊ s.-daG. *w w(… …)ar arwara axv. yari yari-qo `saxar `saxli~ (xunZ. wara-qi, ri li; oJaxi (Sinaurebi)~; lak. wa `saxli~; xin. w…a `saxli~); saer saerTo erTokav Tokavka kavkasi kasiu siuri same sameur meurneo urneo Kofa (Seno Senoba nobaba-nage nagebo gebobe bobebi bebi) bi) ◊ s.-sind. *c…ˆ c…ˆcʾu `soc…ˆ `saxli; sofeli~ (afx. (bzif.) -c feli~, ubix. c…â c…ˆ `saxli, oTaxi~). ◊ s.-qarTv. *beG beG-o/beG `beGeli~ (qarT. beG-o, beG-el-i, beG beG-elbeG beG beG zan. baG baG-u `beGeli~, svan. bGbG-… bG ←*bG bG `beGeli; pureulis Sesanaxi didi kidobani~); ◊ s.-qarTv. *w…ed w…ed-en`sveti; kedeli~ (qarT. wvd-en-i `svew…ed wvd tis gverdis mTliani qva~, zan. (megr.) yid-a yud-a yid º yˆd-a yˆd ←*yud yud `tixari~, svan. y… y…d `kedeli~); ◊ s.-nax. *b„ b„-o… `sabrZolo koSki~ (iCq. b„-ou, ing. v„-o… b„ b„ v„ ←*b„ b„-o…, bacb. {b„ b„-ov}); b„ b„ ◊ s.-daG. *bet bet¾ bet¾-o `farduli~ (xunZ. bot¾ bot¾, and. bet¾ bet¾i, axv. bet¾ bet¾o, yam. bet¾ bet¾, tind. bet¾ bet¾i, kar. bet¾ bet¾e, boTl. bet¾ bet¾i, bagv. bet¾ bet¾, God. bet¾ bet¾i; hin. bul¶ bul¶e, xvarS. bul¶ bul¶u, inx. bul¶ bul¶u, bej. bul¶ bul¶o; lak. fál, al darg. biG); biG ◊ s.-sind. *ba„ ba„-a baa ba„a, ba„ `cixe-simagre, farduli~ (afx. a-ba ba ←*a-ba ba abaz. ba„a ba„ `cixe-simagre~, Kab. baƒ `farduli~); ◊ hur.-urart. *burG burG`koSki~); burG `koSki~ (urart. burG-ana burG ◊ s.-qarTv. *cx…en cx…encx…en `sxveni; yeri~ (qarT. sx…en-i sx…en º sxven-i, sxven zan. cxvin-i cxvin º cxven-i cxven º cxon-i cxon `sxveni, yeri~, svan. cx…en `sxveni~); ◊ s.-nax. *cxar cxarcxar `farduli (Senobisa)~ (iCq. cxar, cxar ing. cx– cx–r, bacb. {cxar cxar}); cxar ◊ s.-daG. *c caƒ…iraƒ…ir `beGeli; farduli~ (xunZ. caG…r `beGeli~, xin. cuƒa `farduli (saqonlis)~, ƒ-sTvis Sdr. Zv. qarT. sƒ ƒuen-i); ◊ hur.-urart. *cxar cxar-ˆ cxarˆ cxar ˆ `damxmare Senoba~ (hurit. i-cxarˆ `damxmare Senoba, samzareulo~). ◊ s.-qarTv. *wal walwal-o `ganJina~; wal `walo, ganJina~ (qarT. wal `mTxreblis saxeoba~ (saba), zan. yaya `ya~, svan. ya sitKvaSi in-ya yar-r `yebi~); yar ◊ s.-nax. *wan wanwa mr. wen-oS, wen ing. w– _ wan `saxli, oTaxi~ (iCq. wa, wen-–S, bacb. wa _ wen-bu); wen wen 94 ◊ s.daG. *w…e w…e(r d- `koSki; qvis figura~ (did. cili w…e r)d cili `koSki~; lak. yu´ yu´ "id"; darg. weld-a ld `saflavis qva~; Tab. yurd, yurd aG. wud, wud ruT. wud, wud arC. wuT `koSki; qvis figura; qvis anZa/sveti~). ◊ s.-qarTv. *agur aguragur zan. (megr.) agur àguri~ (qarT. agur-i, ogur-i, sitKvaSi ogur-xinJ-i àgur-xidi~ (top.), laz. engur gur ogur engur-i gur ←*on ongur gur-i àguri~); on gur ◊ s.-nax. *ang ang(… ar-i `faifuri~ (iCq. anga ang …)ar ar angali gali, li ing. angal‹ angal‹ `sarke, faifuri~, bacb. ankr-a‡o ←*an angar "id"); ankr angar-a‡o gar ◊ s.-daG. *amg…a amg…aamg…a `faifuri~ (lezg. hamga hamga `broli~, Tab. hamg, aG. „agu-g hamg „agu `faifuri, sarke~); ◊ s.-sind. *am amga fq Kab. abJ ←*aabg amgaga `sarke~ (ad. afC ←*aafq, `sarke, mina~). ◊ s.-qarTv. *qal qal-a `mcire nageboba; karavi~ (qarT. qala qal qala `kar-fanJris CarCo~, zan. (megr.) qolo qolo `kasri~, svan. (z. sv.) qel `karavi~); ◊ s.-daG. *qol qol-a qol `kar-midamo nagebobebiT~ (xunZ. quli quli º qolo qolo, lo and. quli quli, li axv. qila qila, la tind. q½ila, ila kar. qile qile, le bagv. q½ila `kar-midamo nagebobebiT~); ◊ s.-sind. *qq½al-a la abaz. q½ala, ala ad. C–l½ al `qoxi~ (afx. a-qq½la, ←*qq½alˆ, alˆ Kab. Cˆl½ Cˆl½ ←*qq½ˆlˆ `qoxi~). 95 ◊ s.-qarTv. *xal xalxl-i xal `cxovreba, saxloba~ (qarT. sa-xl xl º saxel-i xor-i xor- xel `saxli~, zan. o-xor xor `saxli~, xorxor `saxloba~, ma-xor xor `mosaxle~); ◊ s.-nax. *-lx lxlx `saxloba~ (iCq. `gadasaxleba~, bacb. ƒa-lx lx-ar "id"); lx ƒa-lx lx-ar, ing. lx ƒa-lx lx-ar lx ◊ s.-daG. *xal xalxal `saxli; farduli~ (xunZ. hor `farduli~, yam. xal `saxli~; lezg. xal, xal Tab. xal `saxli~, aG. xal, xal ruT. xal, xal, xal wax. xa… ←*xal xal kriw. xal, xal bud. xal `saxuravi, sxveni~, arC. xal `bude~, xali xali òJaxi~). ◊ s.-qarTv. *Kasr KasrKasr `cixe-simagre; samefo saxli~ (Zv. qarT. kasr-i, zan. (megr.) ‡orS-i kasr ‡orS º KorS-i KorS `cixe-simagre, koSki~, svan. KarS (top.)); ◊ s.-daG. *Kas Kas-i Kas `sawoli, Taro~ (darg. Kasi `sawoli~, aG. Kas, wax. Kas, Kas Kas arC. Kas `Taro~); ◊ s.-sind. *K…aS K…aSK…aS `mcire nageboba (karviseburi)~ (ad. ƒ…aS, …aS, Kab. K…aS). K…aS ◊ s.-qarTv. *buZ buZbuZ `Taro; adgili Zirdadgmuli saxlis karebTan~ (qarT. buZ-o º buZ-u º buZ-e, zan. (laz.) buJ-eJ-i, svan. buZ buZ buZ buJ buJ-er º bˆJ-er `Taro~); buJ bˆJ ◊ s.-nax. *boJ boJ-al`saJinibo, gomi~ (iCq. buo boJ buojal º buo buoJal `Tavla~, ing. bej– b÷Jal `saJinibo~, bacb. {bo boJal bej–l º beJ– beJ–l ←*b÷Jal boJal}); Jal ◊ s.-daG. *boJ boJ-en`beGeli~ (xunZ. bejen boJ bejen `beGeli~; hin. bej, bej bej. bej, bej hunz. bej `Semokavebuli adgil-nageboba cxvarTaTvis~). ◊ s.-qarTv. *lanZ… lanZ…lanZ… `fanJara, urduli~ (Zv. qarT. lanZ…-i lanZ… `fanJara~, svan. leJ…r ←*l lerJ…-n-i ùrduli~); leJ…r-n-i …r J… ◊ s.-daG. *naZ… naZ…naZ… `kari; fanJara~ (xunZ. nuw´ nuwá, and. hinw´ hinwú, axv. i¹wó, yam. hi¹ hi¹¬…, tind. hinc´ hincú, kar. hinw´ hinwú, boTl. hinw´ hinwú, bagv. hu¹ hu¹w´, God. hinc´ hincú; did. ac, ac hin. ac, ac xvarS. ac, ac bej. a¹c, hunz. ˆ¹cu; cu lak. nuz, nuz darg. unc uncá º unZa unZa `kari~; Tab. uny… `fanJara~). 96 ◊ s.-qarTv. *Sen Sen-/*Sin Sen Sen-i, Sen Sen SinSin `Seneba; Senoba~ (qarT. Sen-eb-a, Sin-a Sin `xevsuruli saxlis qvemo sarTuli~, svan. sgir-i sgir º skir-i skir `svanuri saxlis qveda sarTuli~); ◊ s.-daG. *sin sinsin `miwebeba, dadeba, daxurva, daketva~ (xunZ. sede kar. sin-, sede-, de axv. Sin-, Sin yam. sin-, sin tind. sin-ih-, sin sin bagv. sin…-, sin… God. sini sn-i; wax. ga-s sán, sn-, sini; ni lak. sina sina, na darg. da-sn sn an kriw. ƒí-sn sn arC. s´ús´ us´ˆ-bos). nugzar cecxlaZe floro floroni ronime nimebi mebi SavSe SavSeTis SeTis topo poni to ponimi nimia miaSi SavSeTis toponimiaSi TvalsaCino adgili uyiravs mcenareTa saxelebisagan momdinare toponimebs. SavSeTi tKeebiTa da mcenareuli safariT mdidari regionia. Jer kidev XIX saukunis bolos z. yiyinaZe aGniSnavda, rom `SavSeTSi izrdeba mravalnairi xe, balaxi, Kvavilebi, xexili. aq xili kargi icis, nametur joli (bjoli) ... modis puri, simindi, qeri, Gomi, lobio (metad kargi scodnia), kartofili, yarxali, mwvanileuloba, erTi sitKviT, aqeT kaci rasac dargavs da daTesavs, Kvelaferi xeirobs, garda brinJisa~. (z. yiyinaZe, musulmani qarTveloba da maTi soflebi saqarTveloSi, tf., 1993, 265, 267). ufro adre, 1874 wels, g. Kazbegi werda: `SavSeTis buneba gacilebiT mdidaria. mesaqonleoba da mexorbleoba aq SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad ganviTardes. SavSeTi awarmoebs xorbals, romelic baTumis bazarze Karsisas sJobnis. miwis zGapruli naKofierebis pirobebSi SavSeTi SesaZloa gaxdes xorblis warmoebis centri~ (g. Kazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1995, 97). regionis mravalsaxeobiani mcenareuli saxelebi aisaxa 97 toponimebSi. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac toponimad warmodgenilia pirdapir mcenaris saxeli. e. i. adgilis saxeldeba moxda metonimiis gziT mag; murKani tKe (kuyeni), lerwa lerwami wami saTibi (miqeleTi)... toponimis fuZed aGebulia xe-mcenareuli, kulturuli da balax-mcenareuli saxelebi: arKieTi, Ti sofl. ubani (zeda sulisi), arKnali arKnali tKe arKi : arKieTi (weTileTi)...; as aski kili bali askilu kilua luani saTibi (manatba)...; ba ki li : aski li : balva balvana na (← balovana) sofeli (SavSeTi)...; balsu bal suka kana na saTibi va suka (maCxateTi), balTa balTaxevGele TaxevGele Gele (Cixori), didbli didblizi bliziri ziri (← didi blis Ziri) saTesi (xevwruli)...; bza : bzaTa bzaTa sofl. ubani (wKalsimeri); Sdr. zvani _ sofeli vanis raionSi. vaS vaSli li : vaSlaT vena na-vaSlaT saTibi (yuarebi), vaSlTaKana vaSlTaKana saTesi (axaldaba)...; ve na venaxe naxebi xebi saTesi (svirevani)... amjamad vazi gaSenebulia Savxi : vena SeT-imerxevis dablob adgilebSi, umetesad mdinareTa gaswriv mdebare soflebSi. muslimanuri religiis gavrcelebamde es kultura erT-erTi wamKvani dargi iKo. amas adasturebs sxvadasxva soflebSi (tbeTi, wiTveTi, ifxreveli...) dGesac SemorCenili qvis sawnaxlebi. ver verxvi verxvina xvinali nali sof. (SavSeTi), xvi: verxvi verxvna Tela verxvnal xvnala tKe (xevwruli)...; Te TelawKaro wKaro (ube)...; la : TelawKaro TuTa Tu Ta, igive bjoli º bjola (SavSeTis soflebi cnobilia am kulturiT `kulturuli mcenareulobidan aq kargad xarobs TuTis xe~ _ werda g. Kazbegi) : TuTiGele TuTiGele Gele (CixvTa)...; kata tari katarT saTibi (Jinali), katruani tKe (wKalsimeri), ka ta ri : katarT kate lekis katero terova rovani vani tKe (svirevani)...; le leknarTi narTi saTibi (zakis xe : leknar msxali qieTi), lekTu lekTuka Tukana kana tKe (ube)...; msxa msxlobani bani sofeli li : msxloba (SavSeTi), sxalfi sxalfila fila sof. ubani (svirevani), msxalna msxalnari nari saTibi (xevwruli), msxalna msxalnariGele nariGele Gele (xevwruli), sxalTnam sxalTnamw Tnamwuri saTibi (ifxevli)...; adgilobriv msxlis mravali JiSi xarobs, maTgan erT-erTi kutala msxalia, romelic fuZed udevs ramdenime geografiul saxels: kuta kutale taleTi leTi sof. ubani (svirevani), kuta tali lizi ziri ku ta li zi ri (← kutaliZiri, kutalis Ziri) saTesi (manatba), kuta kutale talebi lebi saTesi (xevwruli). velur anu tKis msxals aq, rogorc saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, panta hqvia. dasturdeba 98 toponimi pantis muxa pantis seri seri mTa (iveTi)...; mu muxner (← muxnari) xa : muxner tKe (z. sulisi), muxo nigo gozi nigogomuxoba xobani bani sofeli (SavSeTi)...; ni go zi : nigo zira zira (← nigozizira ← nigozis Zira ← nigozis Ziri) saTibi (wKalsimeri)...; tKema tKemali tKimli lizi ziri li zi ri (← tKimliZiri ← li : tKim tKimlis Ziri ← tKemlis Ziri) saTibi (xevwruli)...; as asli li _ àrc erT sxva enaSi xorbleulis am JiSs aseTi saxeli ar ewodeba da amis gamo es termini namdvil qarTul sitKvad unda vcnaT~ _ wers iv. JavaxiSvili (saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria, I, tf., 1930, 338). naas naasle aslevi levi saTi saTibi Tibi (diobani)...; ifqli ifqli: qli `SavSeTis friad momcem barSi uxvad modis simindi da xorbali (ifqli)~ _ werda gazeTi ìveria~ 1877 wels, #18, gv. 8 (avtori petre umikaSvili). SavSeTSi, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos sxva danarCen kuTxeebSi naTes xorbleuls (purs, qers, yvavs) ZvalTeslurs eZaxian, xolo Semodgomaze naTess _ ifqls, romelic aseTive mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda Zvel qarTulSi da aGniSnavda Semodgomis xorbleuls, an saerTod pureuls. sakvlev regionSi ifql-i Zirisgan ramdenime geografiuli saxeli aris nawarmoebi, rac migvaniSnebs imas, rom pureulis es JiSi aq sakmaod gavrcelebuli iKo. ifxra ifxrana na (← ifxriana) saTibi (maCxateTi), ifxrevli ifxreveli erT-erTi didi ifxrevli...; li sofelia imerxevSi. ìfxreuli~ º ìfxreveli~ ìmerxeulis~ (iqiTa mxaris) saxenacval formad miaCnia i. sixaruliZes (i. sixaruliZe, SavSeT-imerxevi, baTumi, 1988# 51). vfiqrobT, toponimis amosavali fuZe aris igive ifqli. analogiuri Zirisaa toponimi ifxrevani saZovari (sinkoTi)...; se seli selavri lavri saTili : selav svili bi (ifxrevli), nasel naselva selvari vari saTesi (bazgireTi), svi svireva revavali : svire ni (← svilevani) sofeli (imerxevi)...; qe qeri qerevla revla saTibi ri : qerev yili (weTileTi), qeriKana qeriKana tKe (morGeli)...; yi yilie lieTi sazamli : yili Tro sadgomi (tbeTi), yila yilau lauri saZovari (sxlobani)... floronimebia sakvlevi regionis geografiuli saxelebi: barde bardeTi deTi saTibi (yinali), brinJva brinJvali Jvali saTesi (weTileTi), bazgi bazgigireTi reTi (← baZgireTi) sofeli (imerxevi), naos naospa pari ri saTesi (xevospa wruli) da a. S. rogorc vxedavT, mcenareuli saxelebi farTod aris 99 warmodgenili regionis geografiul nomenklaturaSi. gvxvdeba rogorc xe-mcenareuli, aseve kulturuli da balaxeuli mcenareebisagan momdinare toponimebi. nineli yoxoneliZe futkfutk-, funkfunk- fuZe fuZeTa ZeTa warmomav warmomavlo mavlobi lobisa bisaTvis saTvis 1. `dawvis~ mniSvnelobiT Zvel qarTulsa da qarTulis enis rig dialeqtSi dasturdeba sxvadasxvafuZiani sitKvebi: futK-: futK ganfutKva `dawva~ nuukue mexistexaman gangkafos, anu elvaman g a n g f u t K o s [A=92 222r, 21-22). funtkl-: funtkl gadafuntklavs `gadabugavs, gadawvavs, cecxls waukidebs~ (rayuli). futkr-: futkr gadafutkravs `gadawvavs~ (imeruli). zemoaGniSnuli fuZeebis amosavlad migvaCnia futk-, futk romelic, Cveni azriT, saerToqarTveluri warmomavlobisaa da Seesabameba svanuris futkº fuTkfuZes. fuTk…‹rd, futk fuTk fuTk…‹rd futk…‹rd liCed liCed _ gadabugva, ferflad qceva. eJ Jor f u t k … ‹ r d a C a d (lSx.) _ is saxli daiferfla). Zveli qarTulis futK-, futK dialeqturi funtkl-, funtkl futkrfutkr variantebi ki futkfutk fuZis fonetikuri cvlilebis Sedegad unda migveGo. 2. qarTuli enis rig dialeqtSi (qiziKuri, ingilouri, ayaruli, imerx.) funkfunk º fung-fuZiani fung sitKvebi niSnavs `daSlas, gafuyebas, arev-darevas~. CvenebianT xuroi urem xan agebs da xana f u n k a v s (qiziKuri). vin a f u n g a aqa…roba ra giqnian es, sul tarmataGini gigixdian! (ayaruli). vfiqrobT, rom fungfung (← funk-) funk k-s gamjGerebis Sedegia. funk-s ki SeesatKviseba u → i palataluri umlautis Sedegad funk 100 miGebuli svanuris Semdeg gamoTqmaSi dadasturebuli finkfink fink{ fink{…}ild ligne ligne _ nangrevebad qceva; daqucmaceba, damsxvreva. f i n k … i l d i l ˆ g n d a icxrSi (poez. 224) _ mtveri idga msxlis fqvilisa (namcecebad eKara msxlis fqvilisagan gakeTebuli namcxvari). nino xarCilava saqor saqorwi qorwil wilo sufra sufra da masTan masTan dakav dakavSi kavSire Sirebu rebuli buli zogi gier zo gierTi erTi termi termini mini samur samurzaKano murzaKanoSi zaKanoSi samurzaKanoSi erTdGiani qorwili icodnen. GamiT imarTeboda nadimi, romelic gamTeniisas unda dasrulebuliKo. saqorwilo sufras emsaxureboda dudko dudkoCi koCi (Tavkaci), romelsac oJaxi irCevda. mis movaleobas sufrisTvis Tvalis devneba warmoadgenda. igi pasuxs agebda Kovelgvar wvrilmanze (sufris gawKoba-galamazebiT dawKebuli stumar-maspinZlebis mier sufrasTan adgilis dakavebiT damTavrebuli). mas emorCileboda sufris Kvela mosamsaxure, mimtani da meriqife. nadimis dawKebamde stumar-maspinZels igi iaraGs CamoarTmevda da oJaxis ufross Caabarebda. warsulSi sufrasTan iaraGiT Jdoma miuGeblad iTvleboda. es wesi XX saukunis II naxevramde moqmedebda. Kvela stumari da maspinZeli valdebuli iKo Tavisi iaraGi oJaxis ufrosisTvis Caebarebina, rasac igi sufris dasasrulamde inaxavda. iaraGis CamorTmeva stumarmaspinZlobis uZveles tradicias warmoadgenda, romelic saqarTvelos TiTqmis Kvela kuTxeSi fiqsirdeba (mowerelia 1984, gv. 26). samurzaKanoSi sufrasTan daculi iKo sqesobriv-asakobrivi diferenciaciis principi. sufris erT mxares, marcxniv, isxdnen qalebi, meore mxares ki, marJvniv, _ mamakacebi. sufrasTan Jdomis msgavsi principebi saqarTveloSi arsebobda V saukuneSic, roca dedakacs ar hqonda mamakacTan `puris yamis~ 101 ufleba (curtaveli 1964, gv. 37). arqanJelo lambertis cnobiT, `qalebi da kacebi sufrasTan cal-calke sxedan~ (lamberti 1938, gv. 48). rogorc Cans, saqme gvaqvs patriarqaluri oJaxisaTvis damaxasiaTebel wesTan, romelmac droTa ganmavlobaSi transformacia ganicada. sufraze lxinis dawKebisas or-sam sadGegrZelos arKiT dalevdnen. amas gilax gilaxva laxvama vama (urTierTgacnobis sadGegrZelo) ewodeboda. gilax gilaxva laxvama vama ori sitKvisagan Semdgari zmnaa. gila gila rTuli zmniswinia da aGniSnavs mimarTulebas (`mimo~), xolo xvama xvama aris locva (qaJaia 2001, gv. 329). amdenad, gilax gilaxva laxvama vama niSnavs `mimolocvas~. am dros maspinZeli stumarTan alaverds gadadioda. Tamadad irCevdnen sufris wesrigis kargad mcodnes da nadimis xelmZGvanelobis unaris mqone gamocdil adamians, romelsac sasmelis garkveuli raodenobis miGeba da atana SeeZlo. Tamada airCevda qalis mSoblebisa da maKrebis ufrosis mier SerCeul moadgiles, romelic aucileblad qalis maKrebidan unda KofiliKo. Tamadis mier arCeul pirovnebas saqorwilo sufraze mopa mopasu pasuxe suxe || bilba bilbaSi baSi ewodeboda. termini Tama Tamada mada qarTul KofaSi dGes saKovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli da niSnavs sufris ufross, sadGegrZeloebis mTqmels. s. JanaSias azriT, es sitKva kavkasiur enebSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba da niSnavs mamasaxliss, amorCeuls, sufris ufross (JanaSia 1968, gv. 136). T. ivelaSvilis dakvirvebiT, Tamada sufris ufrosi iKo. am sitKvis damkvidrebis drod saqarTveloSi mas XIX saukune miaCnia (ivelaSvili 1995, gv. 13). n. abakelia wers: `Tamada, cnobili qarTvelologis k. Smidtis azriT, Cerqezuli sitKvaa da niSnavs `mama ufals~ (abakelia 1997, gv. 146). termin `Tamadis~ sadaurobisa da qarTul KofaSi misi damkvidrebis Sesaxeb saintereso Sexedulebas aviTarebs g. gociriZe, romelic am sitKvas sparsulidan Semosulad miiCnevs. Tamadobis instituti Zvelia da warsulidan modis (gociriZe 1999, gv. 65). Tamadis paralelurad samurzaKanoSi gamoiKeneba termini 102 tolba tolbaSi baSi, Si romelsac igive azrobrivi da funqcionaluri datvirTva aqvs. `tolumbaSi Turquli sitKvaa da tikis ufross niSnavs. igi imave mniSvnelobisaa, rac Tamada~ (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 1960, gv. 316). Tamadisa da tolumbaSis Sesaxeb Tavisi mosazreba hqonda z. yiyinaZes. `Tamada da tolumbaSi erekle II-is dros damkvidrebulia. masTan xSirad modiodnen stumrebi _ Kaenis Svilebi da maT sapativcemulod imarTeboda sufra. Sekrebili warCinebulni amoirCevdnen sufraze Kvelaze karg msmels, dasvamdnen muTaqaze. pirvelad mas unda daelia azarfeSa da saymlis gemoc mas unda gaesinJa. aqedan aris warmomdgari Tavi Tavi-ma vi mada mada. da tolumbaSic imitom daerqva, rom aseve zemoxsenebuli piri iKo tole tolebis lebis Tavi Tavi, vi anu sparsulad `baSi~. (mTawmindeli 1878, #19). termini tolum tolumba lumbaSi baSi mTel saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli, Tumca igi ufro metad dominirebs megrulSi. bilba bilbaSi baSi mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos KofaSi dasturdeba. igi Turquli sitKvaa da niSnavs Tamadis moadgiles, Semwes (Магазаник 1945:76). samegreloSi tolum tolumba lumbaSis baSisa Sisa da bilba bilbabaSis gavrcelebis mizezi TurqeTis gavleniT aixsneba. tolumbaSsa da bilbaSs erTi kviriT adre afrTxilebda oJaxis ufrosi. Tamada mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi marilian myads yamda, rom mowKureboda da bevri Gvino daelia. tolumbaSs sufraze naxva naxvawa xvawa-s wa (`Gomis qerqs~) daudebdnen, romelic, respodentTa gadmocemiT, xels uwKobda msmels Gvinis dalevaSi. Tu vinme droze adre, lxinis damTavrebamde, adgeboda sufridan, mas aJarimebdnen da erTi sasmisiT mets asmevdnen, rasac ontKolaSur ontKolaSur-s Sur (`natalaxars~) uwodebdnen. tolumbaSisa da bilbaSis lxinidan adre wasvla darCenilis gamarJvebas niSnavda. rogorc vxedavT, megrul sufraze Gvinis smaSi namdvili paeqroba imarTeboda. Kvelaze meti Gvinis daleva gmirobis tolfasi iKo. tolumbaSi, qarTuli sufris tradiciisamebr, or-sam sadGegrZelos warmoTqvamda, romlis Semdeg nefe-patarZali unda edGegrZelebina. am dros igi moiTxovda sefaSi SemoeKvanaT axaldaqorwinebulebi, raTa TavianTi kuTvnili ad103 gili _ saxa saxaTe xaTeco Teco kunTxu kunTxu daekavebinaT. sufraze sadGegrZeloebis sami wKeba icodnen. erT wKebaSi ramdenime yiqa Sedioda, xolo meore da mesame wKebas sadGegrZeloebis raodenoba emateboda. tolumbaSi Tu ver SemorCeboda lxins, maSin sufras bilbaSi gauZGveboda, magram es iSviaTad xdeboda. tradiciulad tolumbaSi misTvis gankuTvnil Kvela sadGegrZelos warmoTqvamda da dalevda. Semdeg bilbaSic ramdenime sadGegrZelos itKoda da bolo yiqiT pativiscemisa da sufris kargad gaZGolisaTvis Tamadas adGegrZelebda. Tu Tamada da bilbaSi funqciebs Tavs kargad gaarTmevdnen, maSin Tamadas, saqorwilo sufris tradiciisamebr, qorwilSi dakluli saqonlis Tavi, xolo bilbaSs _ beyi ekuTvnoda. erT-erTis damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi gamarJvebuls rCeboda saqonlis Tavic da beyic. dasavleT saqarTveloSi wesad iKo sufraze saqonlis moxarSuli beyis mitana, rasac Tan axlda Sesabamisi sawebelic, romelic sufris xelmZGvanelebisaTvis sagangebod mzaddeboda (caiSeli 1884, gv. 156). lamazad morTuli saqonlis moxarSuli Tavi da beyi Tamadisa da bilbaSis win ido. sufra sruldeboda olur-ku anu `wasasvleli Taolur kula kula-Ti, la siT~. olu zanurSi niSnavs gzas (Кипшидзе 1914:429). ku kula la xis patara Tasi iKo, cotaTi gansxvavebuli im sasmisisagan, romliTac Gvinos miirTmevdnen. òlur kulas~ simGeras qalis maKrebi wamoiwKebdnen. am dros sadGegrZelos Seusmeloba sircxvilad iTvleboda. samurzaKanoSi saqorwilo sufra gamTeniisas unda dasrulebuliKo. bilba bilbaSi baSi sadGegrZeloebs dilamde daamTavrebda, radgan mas Jer kidev xis totze mJdari dedali Tofis erTi gasroliT unda Camoegdo da oJaxis diasaxlisisaTvis mierTmia. 104 cira JanJGava megru megruli gruli Suri Suri `suli suli~ li~ deri deriva rivateb vatebsa tebsa da kompo kompozi poziteb zitebSi tebSi Suri Suri `suli~ megrulSi farTod aris gamoKenebuli derivatebsa da kompozitebSi. aGniSnuli sitKvisagan gvaqvs rogorc prefiqsuli, ise sufiqsuri da prefiqsul-sufiqsuri warmoebis nimuSebi. prefiqsad nono º nana gamoiKeneba: no-Suri º na-Suri `dasunTquli (gvelis pirSexebuli)~ no na sufiqsur warmoebaSi gvxvdeba -am am, eT, el, o sufiqsiaam -eT eT -el el -o ni devrivatebi. -am am: am-i `suniani~ (aqedan -ia ia sufiqsiT: Suram-ia ia am Sur-am am `xemKrali~) -eT eT: eT-i eT Sur-eT eT `saiqio~ -el el: el-i el Sur-el el `dasunTquli~ -o o Sur-o o `sula(c)ar...~ sakmaod xSiria SurSur fuZisagan prefiqsul-sufiqsuri warmoeba. o _ e º o _ eT: e º o-Sur-eT eT-i eT o-Sur-e eT `saiqio~ ma _ al : ma-Sur-al al-i ma al `damsunTqveli~ na _ a º na _ e: na-Sur-a º na-Sur-e `dasunTquli~ na u _ e: u-Sur-e e ùsulo; usuno~ KuradGebas iqcevs SurSur fuZisagan sxvadasxva afiqsebiT nawarmoebi erTi mniSvnelobis mqone sitKvebi (sinonimebi): noSuri º naSuri º Sureli º naSura º naSure `dasunTquli~ da SureTi º oSure º oSureTi `saiqio~. roca SurSur fuZe kompozitis pirveli komponentia, meore komponenti SeiZleba iKos arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelebi, ufro xSirad _ nazmnari saxelebi: Sur-guri `suli da guli~ (Sur Sur-guriT `suliT da guSur Sur liT~); u _ e cirkumfiqsiT: uSurgur uSurgure gure ùsulgulo~). Sur-kunta `sulmokle~ Sur 105 Sur-gotebuli `sulwasuli~ Sur Sur-malafu `momakvlavi~ Sur Sur-sanTxo `sunamo~ Sur Sur-ubumu `sulgakmedili~ da sxva. Sur sainteresoa, rom megrul dialeqtSi, sakuTriv megruli Sur-is gverdiT, qarTuli dialeqturi wridan SeTvisebuli Sur sun-ic gvxvdeba sitKvaSi sunTo sun sunToba Toba º sunTa sunTao Taoba `micvalebulis moxseniebis dGe~: Sdr. dial. sulTa sulTao Taoba imave mniSvnelobiT (megrulSi l → n arabunebrivi lT kompleqsis superaciis Sedegad). Cvenc unda gavCerdeT? (unda iKos: amitom amitom da sxva); • Cven bevri ram unda CagvetvirTa, iqidan iqidan gamomdi gamomdina mdinare nare, re rom manqana mxolod ori saaTiT gvaTxoves; (unda iKos: vina vinai naidan da sxva); • iqidan iqidan gamomdi gamomdina mdinare nare, re rom anabeydebi ver aGmovaCineT... (unda iKos: radga radganac ganac da sxva); moxsenebaSi warmodgenilia rekomendaciebi aGniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. marina nino JorbenaZe àqedan aqedan/ dan/ iqidan iqidan gamomdi gamomdina mdinare nare~ re~ forma formaTa maTa umarTe umarTebu Tebulo bulo xmare xmarebis rebis gamo qarTul qarTulSi TulSi Tanamedrove qarTul zepir metKvelebasa (kerZo saubari, tele da radiogadacemebi) Tu beydviT mediaSi xSirad gvxvdeba àqe aqedan aqedan/ dan/ iqidan iqidan gamomdi gamomdina mdinare nare~ re formebi, romlebmac xmarebidan gamodevna: 1. amis/imis gamo; 2. ase rom; 3. amitom/imitom, (rom); 4. radgan, radganac; 5. vinaidan; 6. maSasadame da sxva; magaliTebi: 106 • es sakiTxi iqi iqidan dan gamomdi gamomdina mdinare nare aris mniSvnelovani... (unda iKos: imis gamo; gamo; imitom imitom da sxva); • mas moZGvars veZaxdiT, iqidan iqidan gamomdi gamomdina mdinare nare, re rom... (unda iKos: imitom imitom, tom, rom da sxva ); • mas rom amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, aqedan aqedan gamomdi gamomdina mdinare nare JGarkava o_u afiqse afiqsebi sebi megrul megrulsa grulsa da lazur lazurSi zurSi megrulSic da lazurSic o_u u afiqsebiT gaformebuli zmnuri Zirebi gvxvdeba. megrulSi o_u u vnebiTis mawarmoeblebia, sadac o- sakuTriv vnebiTi gvaris niSania (qarTuli e-s SesatKvisi), -u u ki _ Temis niSani. o-Cqar Cqar-u _ e-Cqar-eb-a Cqar u o-natr natr-u _ e-natr-eb-a natr o-nd nd-u _ e-nd-ob-a nd u aseTi warmoebis vnebiTi lazurSic aris (mag., o-xvew-u-n _ exveweba), Tumca o- prefiqsiani pasivis formebi aq Zalze cotaa. o_u u afiqsebi lazurSi masdars awarmoebs: o-tkoC tkoC-u _ srola tkoC u o-qaC qaC-u _ dayera qaC u o-GarGal GarGal-u GarGal u _ laparaki, saubari o_u u-Ti nawarmoebi masdarebi megrulSic gvxvdeba. arn. Ciqobava aGniSnavs, rom yanurisebur masdarebs megruli iKenebs garkveul gamoTqmebSi: voxvaruq TeSi oyarus oyarus, rus oqimi oqiminus minus, nus oyki oykikirus _ vSveli amis wera weraSi raSi, Si qmnaSi qmnaSi, Si yraSi yraSi... Si midarTu ogoruSa _ wavida saZebrad (`Zebnad~). 107 megrulSi o- qarTuli sasa prefiqsis SesatKvisia: awarmoebs daniSnulebis saxelebs (o o-qoTom-e _ sa-qaTm-e, o-rz-ol-i sa _ sa-gz-al-i) da momavali drois mimGeobas (o o-yar-al-i _ dasa sa-wer-i º sa-wer-i, o-Zir-af-al-i _ sa-nax-av-i...). sa sa o- prefiqsis igive funqcia lazurSic dasturdeba: o-nJie _ sa-wol-i sa o-nciru _ sa-cer-i sa o-nCinamu _ sacexveli iseve, rogorc qarTulSi s-, si-, sa-, megrulsa da lazurSi o- awarmoebs saxelzmnebs. rac Seexeba -u u sufiqss, is Temis niSania (Sdr., keT-eb-a, tkb-ob-a, Tr-ev-a...), romelic megrulSi masdaris mawarmoebel a-s dairTavs, lazurSi ki _ ara. Sdr.: megr. laz. qarT. qos-u-a o-qos-u cocxv-a Gar-u-a o-Gar-u Gar-v-a (da-Gar-v-a) ‡in-u-a o-Kin-u Kin-v-a masdaris mawarmoebeli -aa sufiqsi, _ aGniSnavs arn. Ciqobava, _ megruls qarTulidan aqvs SeTvisebuli da aqa-iq yanurSic gvxvdeba (Tqual-aa _ Tqma, Surin-aa _ SiSi, Tanaf-aa _ Teneba). megrulSic da lazurSic o_u u afiqsebs warmoSoba erTnairi aqvT, miuxedavad imisa, rom dGes ZiriTadad sxvadasxva morfologiur erTeulebs awarmoeben (megrulSi _ vnebiTs, lazurSi _ masdars). 108

`salamuri~, `stviri

Documentos relacionados

Productos

Apoyo

`salamuri~, `stviri

Documentos relacionados

Añadir este documento a la recogida (s)

Añadir a este documento guardado

Sugiéranos cómo mejorar StudyLib