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• 8' )+ % + / )% + /-'' /&-' ∆ =− ∑ (± ) ∈ ⋅ • +* + A A A ∈ ∈ A +* =&-%- % > '%0?@'-**< ( ) + ∑ (± ) ⋅ ( ) + ∑ (m ) [ − ⋅ ( ) ]± ( ⋅ ∑ ⋅( ) + ⋅ ∑ ⋅ + ⋅ ∑ ⋅ ∈ • +* − A ∈ − ) A ∈ + / *- % )& + 9 ' + =&-%- % > '%0?@'-** % / ' +-* ' *)+& %-* % + * & ' / - * 3) +-* / )% + * /-'' /&-' * * 6 ' -' * +* @- * % ' ' 3) + " B * % + *&- * - ,' * & ,='% % * /) %- *&2 &-& + & . '& & ' ' ; *& !""#$"%& !% ,' = ' +)4 ' / +/)+ -* + ' * *& / ; %'2)+ / % / % ) - % +-* &' ' ( !""% -*< π !). '1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 E;-' ' *-+( -* + , '& ' = + + + + = + = + − + + γ 6 / % % + * *& < +* ⋅ ⋅ = + γ + ⋅ → γ = / !"#$ % & ' % "$ & () ( & ' % !* '& % +' "#$ E+ &' & '* % ) * *& /- ) F / ++ ,) % ' *-+( '* % ' /& & + /) / 8 % ++ 3) ' *)+& '2 ) /) / 8 % * 4) %- 4' %7 %- /- - /84 & + / )% + / '/)+ & ,-' + &' 0 ,+ / %- + /) / 8 % /- & ) % % +-* )%-* % + ' % * & < D? D ?D ?D ?D ?D E,+ / %- ;-' + ⋅ − ⋅( + /) / 8 % ⋅( − − ) ) − ⋅( − ++ < ⋅( − ) − − ) − ⋅( − ) = ⋅ + ⋅( − *)+& %- ) G G ? ? ? ? ? ) − − ⋅( ) − ⋅( − − ) ⋅( − − /) / 8 % * 4) %- 4' %- 3) ,) % ' *-+( '* % ' /& D D D D D D D → ) − ⋅( − !""#$"%& !% ? G G G G G ) ' ( !""% = & < D G D ? D ? D ? D ? D ? = *= = +* *= *-+)/ 8 - (2+ % +* E*1 ,) * + / )% + / '/)+ & ,-' / % ) - % +-* &' -*< +* +* +* +* +* +* *& ' % & . = ,) % ' *-+( '* / + % / )% + *< ,+ / %- + =&-%- % > '%0?@'-** B ' ++- % 6 -* ) +* +* +* ∆, +* +* +* @- * % ' %- + ; ,8& * * % / )% + * % + 6 4)' ∆ ∆ =− ! ! =− ⋅( − ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ + = ⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅ *= H + * / )% + * / '/)+ & * ,-' / % &' − + +* -< + / )% + /-'' /&-' ⋅ ⋅ − + ⋅ ⋅ − + + ,' ⋅ ⋅ ' & ' / 8 * '2< ) ; ,8& * * = +∆ A = +∆ A = = = = −∆ A = ! +* = +* = − +* = +* @- - + / )% + /-'' /&-' * *), ' -' & ' / 8 * '2< ∆ ∆ =− ! =− ! ⋅ ⋅( + ⋅ − ⋅ + − ⋅ +* ' +9 ⋅ + = +∆ = ! +∆ = ! −∆ = ! −∆ = ! −∆ = ! −∆ ! = = = = = = @ )% + * 3) +84 / + + − − ⋅ − + + / )% + /-'' /&-' ⋅ ⋅ − + ⋅ ⋅ + * 4) % ) +* = +* = +* +* = − ⋅ & ' /8 -< = − -* -&' − + ⋅ *= H + * / )% + * / '/)+ & * ,-' / % &' = !""% +* = = − ! ' ( +* = = − ! −∆ A = = − ! −∆ A + = + ! −∆ A = ! !""#$"%& !% +* = +* = +* & /- / % /- +-* / +/)+ %-* & ' -' & $ ( 9 /- -/ -* +-* / )% + * / '/)+ & * ,-' + * &). '1 * ,) % / +/)+ '* + * ,' * - * ' *)+& & * )%-* ! %- /) & 3) + /-& % &-%-* +-* ,) &-* % /- *) - * + * + * ,' * - * *- < γ γ γ γ γ γ γ = = = = = = = +-* / γ γ γ γ γ γ − ⋅ = − ⋅ = − ⋅ = − − ⋅ = − − ⋅ = − ⋅ = / − ⋅ = − ⋅ = / − ⋅ = − ⋅ = / ⋅ / = ⋅ = / / !"#$ % & ' % ! $ & () ( & ' % !* '& % +' "#$ :),- 4 -* ;-' 3) + 23) * &) % + )%- ' 3) ' ) ,' * 8 % / 0* *& + ) (2+()+ !""#$"%& !% ' %)/&-' % ,' * 8 + 6) / (2+()+ *&2 /- ,+ & & . '& 3) ( ' 6 / ' /)2+ * + /-'' /& ' ( !""% &- % + (2+()+ )&- 2& / ,' * & &' * ,-* . + % % * % *& & *< + . + (2+()+ *&2 /&) %- 0 / + (2+()+ *&2 &-& + & / '' % > 0 :),- 4 -* 3) + (2+()+ ' %)/&-' % ,' * 8 ,' * 8 % & ' %- *&- * / *&2 /&) %- *& / *- + ,' * 8 + )%- * '2 + I / D? D ?D ?D ?D ?D E,+ / %- ;-' + & < + = γ + + γ = ⋅( + *)+& %- ) /) / 8 % C ' -)++ ⋅( + + + − ) − ⋅( ) ⋅( + − ⋅( + &' ) )%- − + − ) ) I + ⋅( ⋅( / ) − − ) 0 + )%⋅( + − * ) + /) / 8 % * 4) %- 4' %- 3) ,) % ' *-+( '* % ' /& & < ? G G G G G → D D D D D ? D G D G D G D G D G ? ? ? ? = = *= *= +* +* E*1 ,) * +- 3) ' + & *)/ % /- * 4) ' ) ,' * 8 4) . 7- % * 4) *& %- ,-' / % / @- + " B /- ,+ & & / '' % *-+)/ 8 *-+)/ 8 - (2+ % - (2+ % * 3) + (2+()+ ' %)/&-' % ,' * 8 /9 / : . '4- + (2+()+ ++ 4 / '' ' &-& + + / )% + / '/)+ & ,-' / % &' - *< / '' ' & & %& 0 + ,' * 8 !""#$"%& !% &-& + ' ( !""% & / '' % +* +* +* +* +* H + ,' * 8 γ γ γ γ γ γ = = = = = = +-* )%-*< / γ γ γ γ γ − ⋅ = − ⋅ = / − ⋅ = − ⋅ = / − ⋅ = − ⋅ = / − ⋅ = − ⋅ = / − ⋅ = − ⋅ = / 6 /& ( & *& ' %)/ ' + ,' * 8 * + *-+)/ 8 /-'' /& 5 (2+()+ ' %)/&-' % ,' * 8 / '' &-& + / + ,' * 8 + )%- *" I / & 0 - */ , 9% !""#$"%& !% ' ( D $ " $ A G (2" # ( 0 " - ! $ - $ ) HJ (:" # % " A 0 1 7J . (H% 0 D :I H 0 D : " ' C.( " % J( " A $ $ (: C( $ % % $ " C 02 @ . % " # (9 * (2 * ( " # A 0 ( A $ - . 4 $ " " " ,K5@ ! L ) L ) L # L , L %""*"" , ! 02 02 : - . ! ' $")" ' ("#$"(" ""["& ' $"("&' ("#$"" ] J (""*"" $ ( 4 ! ! L !""% ' $")" ' %"#$"%" ""["& ' $"("&' %"#$"" ] $ !""#$"%& !% K @- * % ' -* &' * ,) &-* , ' + /2+/)+- E C 0 @ E*1 ,) * +-* & '( +-* *, / + * 0 & ∆+ @- % / - * / + *< @- * % ' %- 3) % *,' / J ∆ ∆+ & ,-' + * /- * % ' %-* * '2 < + * /- % / - * & !""% * -* + * ,='% % * ,-' 6' // 8 & ' ( / + * * '2 < & @- % / - * % /- &-' -< B) &- E< & B) &- "< *-+)/ 8 4'26 / < / / 1/ / 1 / 0 / / / "C & " / 1/ 0/ 2/ 0/ 2 / * / / * 2/ L * L -. -. 0 -. / -. / -. / -. K " 3 % !&("*&!"#$< γ K 4"+ % !" '' < : &' & % ) / '' + &- ,) * , M -/ (& * & * !" • • • • • • # $ ! " # $ ' % ( & ) ! "# $ % & # ' & & ( ) * + , # ! "# # - * # & . ! ! / % 0 ' 1 2 & 3 # & ' *' * 0 45 $ / # / & & ' % 4 $ !%%" *' * ' 6 7 #8 1