INFORME GLIFOSATO El glifosato es un herbicida de uso agrícola
Anuncio
INFORME GLIFOSATO El glifosato es un herbicida de uso agrícola, no selectivo, para el control postemergente de las malezas anuales y perennes, que se puede utilizar en presiembra de soja, maíz, girasol; en pre-cosecha de trigo; y en cultivos perennes en aplicaciones dirigidas. Es de acción sistémica y una vez aplicado sobre las malezas, es absorbido por hojas y tallos verdes, y translocado hacia las raíces y órganos vegetativos subterráneos, ocasionando la muerte total de las malezas emergidas. Los efectos son lentos, sobre todo en especies perennes, donde después de transcurridos 4-5 días desde la aplicación comienza el amarillamiento y marchitamiento de hojas y tallos que culminan con la muerte total de las malezas. Es de uso muy difundido y esta autorizado no solo en nuestro país sino en otros países de alta vigilancia. Su aplicación, como la del resto de los agroquímicos debe ser realizada con el asesoramiento de un Ingeniero Agrónomo y respetando las indicaciones explicitas del marbete, como así también los cultivos para los que se encuentra autorizado, lo cual reduce ostensiblemente los riesgos para el medio ambiente y para el aplicador. El glifosato se encuentra inscripto en el Registro Nacional de Terapéutica Vegetal, en los términos del Manual de Procedimientos, Criterios y Alcances para el Registro de Productos Fitosanitarios en la Republica Argentina, aprobado por Resolución SAGPYA Nº 350/99. La mencionada Resolución, adopta para la Argentina la Quinta Edición del Manual sobre Elaboración y Empleo de las Especificaciones de la FAO para Productos destinados a la Protección de Plantas. El Glifosato es Clase IV -Producto que normalmente no ofrece peligro-, corresponde a una banda de color verde y la leyenda de CUIDADO en negro. La Clasificación Toxicológica responde a resultados de la evaluación de los ensayos efectuados por un Laboratorio acreditado para tal fin, en la Dirección de Laboratorio y Control Técnico de este Organismo. Dicha clasificación responde los parámetros establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud – OMS. La clasificación consta en la etiqueta de los producto, como así también las medidas precautorias generales, los riesgos ambientales, precauciones ambientales, el tratamiento de remanentes y envases vacíos, almacenamiento, acciones ante derrames, primeros auxilios, advertencias para el médico, consultas en caso de intoxicación, etc. Las mismas son: Medidas precautorias generales: Preparar el caldo al aire libre, usando los equipos de protección indicados. No pulverizar en días ventosos. El equipo de pulverización debe enjuagarse con agua luego de cada aplicación. Equipos de protección personal: Carga del Equipo: Protector facial, guantes de goma de nitrilo y botas de goma, camisa de mangas largas y pantalones largos. Aplicación: Protector facial, guantes de goma de nitrilo, camisa de mangas largas y pantalones largos. Riesgos ambientales: Aves: Prácticamente no tóxico. Peces y organismos acuáticos: Ligeramente tóxico Abejas: Virtualmente no tóxico. Se inactiva en contacto con el suelo, quedando fuertemente retenido, lo que hace improbable la contaminación de napas freáticas o cursos de agua. Los microorganismos del suelo descomponen este producto en elementos naturales, sin dejar residuos tóxicos. Debido a su baja tensión de vapor no produce vapores. No se acumula en los tejidos animales. Precauciones ambientales: No aplicar, drenar o enjuagar el equipo utilizado cerca de plantas deseables, ni en áreas donde se puedan extender sus raíces, ya que pueden resultar dañadas. Debe evitarse la contaminación directa de los cuerpos de agua ya sea durante la aplicación y uso del producto, o durante las operaciones de carga y limpieza del equipo, enjuague de envases vacíos, etc. Se debe dejar una franja sin aplicar (zona buffer) de al menos 5 metros en las riberas de cuerpos de agua permanentes naturales o artificiales que conecten con estos. Tratamientos de remanentes: Los remanentes del producto sin diluir pueden mezclarse con agua, en una concentración del 5 al 10%, y aplicarse sobre alambrados y zonas no cultivadas donde se quiera eliminar malezas. El remanente de la pulverización puede eliminarse del mismo modo, sin necesidad de dilución. Tratamiento y método de destrucción de envases vacíos: Los envases vacíos deben descontaminarse mediante triple enjuague. Para ello seguir los siguientes pasos: 1. Llenarlos envases con agua hasta 1/3 de su capacidad y taparlos firmemente. 2. Agitar enérgicamente los envases durante 30 segundos. 3. Verter el agua del enjuague en el tanque del aplicador. 4. Repetir dos veces más lospasos1 al3. Los envases plásticos descontaminados pueden ofrecerse para reciclado del material o pueden ser incinerados a llama viva a cielo abierto, manteniéndose alejado del humo. Almacenamiento Las soluciones de glifosato sólo deben mezclarse, almacenarse o aplicarse en recipientes de acero inoxidable, aluminio, fibra de vidrio, plástico o acero recubierto de plástico. No usar recipientes de acero galvanizado pues tanto el glifosato como sus soluciones reaccionan con esas superficies liberando gas hidrógeno que puede formar una mezcla gaseosa altamente combustible capaz de explotar en presencia de fuego. Mantener el producto en sus envases originales bien cerrados, y alejado de fuentes de calor, llamas o chispas, al resguardo de la luz solar. Mantener alejado de alimentos, otros plaguicidas, semillas, forrajes y fertilizantes. Almacenar en locales cerrados secos y ventilados, con piso impermeable; la construcción debe ser de material no combustible; de ser factible estos sitios deben estar provistos de sistemas automáticos de detección y extinción de incendios. No comer, beber ni fumar en estos lugares. Derrames Producto sin preparar o caldo de pulverización: mantener alejados a personas y animales. No fumar. Contener y absorber el derrame con un material inerte (arena, tierra) y recogerlo con pala. Enterrar en un sitio donde no haya posibilidades de contaminar cursos o napas de agua. Primeros Auxilios En cualquier caso conseguir ayuda médicaIngestión: No inducir el vómito. Dar a beber inmediatamente dos vasos de agua. No dar nada por boca si el accidentado está inconsciente. Llamar a un médico. Contacto con la piel: Quitar las ropas contaminadas; lavar inmediatamente la piel con abundante agua y jabón. Lavar las ropas contaminadas antes de reutilizarlas. Contacto con los ojos: Mantener manualmente los párpados abiertos y lavar los ojos con abundante cantidad de agua en forma constante durante por lo menos 15 minutos. Llamar a un médico. Inhalación: Retirar a un lugar ventilado y fresco. Si el accidentado no respira efectuar respiración artificial, preferiblemente boca a boca. Llamar a un médico. Advertencia para el médico (este item debe indicarse en color rojo): Producto que normalmente no ofrece peligro (Clase IV) No existe antídoto específico. Aplicar tratamiento sintomático. Es no irritante dermal y mínimo irritante ocular; es débil sensibilizante dermal. Síntomas de intoxicación aguda: El glifosato es un producto que normalmente no ofrece peligro (Clase IV) por las vías oral y dermal. Producto poco peligroso por la vía inhalatoria. Consultas en caso de intoxicaciones CENTRO NACIONAL DE INTOXICACIONES Hospital Nacional "Prof. Alejandro Posadas" Responsable: Dr. Osvaldo Curci Av. Presidente Illia y Marconi CP 1684 – El Palomar - Pcia. de Buenos Aires Tel: (011) 4658-7777 / 4654-6648 / 4469-9300 int.1102 Línea telefónica de cobro revertido: 0-800-333-0160 E-mail: [email protected] www.hospitalposadas.org.ar/toxico/cntoxico Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: todos los días 24 hs. UNIDAD DE TOXICOLOGÍA - Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez" GCBA Responsable: Dra. Elda Cargnel Sánchez de Bustamante 1399 CP 1425 - C. A. de Buenos Aires Línea telefónica de cobro revertido: 0-800– 444 TOXI (8694) Tel: (011) 4962-6666 Tel / Fax: 4962-2247 Fax: 4962-3762 E-mail: [email protected] Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: todos los días 24 hs. UNIDAD DE TOXICOLOGÍA - Hospital de Niños "Dr. Pedro de Elizalde" GCBA Responsable: Dra. María Elisa Fernández Avda. Montes de Oca 40 CP 1270 - C. A. de Buenos Aires Tel: (011) 4300-2115 / 4307-5842 / 4 Fax: 4307-7400 E-mail: [email protected] Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: todos los días 24 hs. SERVICIO DE TOXICOLOGÍA - Hospital Escuela "José de San Martín" UBA Responsable: Dr. Eduardo Scarlato Paraguay 2201 CP 1120 – C. A. de Buenos Aires Tel: (011) 5950-8804 Tel/Fax: 5950-8806 E-mail: [email protected] Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónic CENTRO DE ASESORAMIENTO Y ASISTENCIA TOXICOLOGICA Hospital Interzonal de Agudos Especializado en Pediatría "Sor María Ludovica" – Prov. de Buenos Aires Responsable: Dra. Ana María Girardelli Calle 14, Nro.1631 CP 1900 - La Plata - Pcia. de Buenos Aires Tel: (0221) 451-5555 (directo) o 453-5901(interno 1312 u opción 2) Fax: 453-5930 Línea telefónica de cobro revertido: 0-800-222-9911 E-mail: [email protected] Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: todos los días 24 hs. SERVICIO DE TOXICOLOGÍA - Sanatorio de Niños Responsable: Dr. Juan Carlos Piola Alvear 858 PB. A CP 2000 - Rosario – Pcia. de Santa Fe Tel/Fax: (0341) 448-0202 (24 hs). 420-4463 (administrativo) Tel.Cel: (0341) 155 400-0019 E-mail: [email protected] www.sertox.com.ar Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: todos los días 24 hs. TOXICOLOGÍA, ASESORAMIENTO Y SERVICIOS (T.A.S.) Responsable: Dra. Silvia Martínez Tucumán 1544 CP 2000 - Rosario – Pcia. de Santa Fe Tel / Fax: (0341) 424-2727 E-mail: [email protected] Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: todos los días 24 hs. SERVICIO DE INTOXICACIONES - Hospital de Niños Responsable: Dra. Nilda Gait Bajada Pucará s/n CP 5000 - Córdoba Tel: (0351) Conm 458-6400 / Guardia 458-6406/ Jef. de Toxicología 456-6455 E-mail: [email protected] Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: Todos los días, 24 hs. DEPARTAMENTO DE TOXICOLOGÍA, PREVENCIÓN Y LUCHA CONTRA LA DROGA – ASISTENCIA PUBLICA Y EMERGENCIA MEDICA Secretaría de Salud y Promoción - Municipalidad de San Miguel de Tucumán Responsable: Dr. Alfredo Córdoba Chacabuco 239 1er. P. CP 4000 – San Miguel de Tucumán Tel: (0381) 430-5449 int 26 Fax: 430-2499 E-mail: [email protected] Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: lunes a viernes de 8 a 14 La aplicación del producto debe hacerse con el asesoramiento de un ingeniero agrónomo y respetando las indicaciones explicitadas en el marbete, lo cual reduce ostensiblemente los riesgos para la salud humana, animal y para el medio ambiente. Asimismo, se debe dar cumplimiento a las normativas provinciales y municipales correspondientes. A continuación se detalla la información que SENASA dispone sobre el producto: - Nota de la Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), otorgando el Reregistro del ingrediente activo glifosato (16 de Febrero de 2004). Resumen de la EPA de los resultados los estudios presentados para el Reregistro del ingrediente activo glifosato (Septiembre de 1993). Estudios completos. US Environment Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs Special Review and Reregistration Division, Septiembre de 2003. Información General - Historia del Herbicida Glifosato de Monsanto.(Junio 2005)(1) - Antecedentes documentales de Información sobre Glifosato.(Julio 2002)(2) Roundup y Salud Humana - Análisis de Riesgo y Evaluación de Seguridad.(Mayo 2005)(3) - Estudios de Estándares Toxicológicos.(Septiembre 2002)(4) - Toxicología Reproductiva.(Septiembre 2002) (5) - Resultados Reproductivos.(Febrero 2004)(6) - Estudios de Biomonitoreo.(Febrero,2004)(7) - Glifosato: Evidencias de producto no cancerígeno.(Septiembre 2005) (8) - Respuesta a Efectos diferenciales del Glifosato a células y enzimas placentarias humanas.(Junio 2005) (9) - Respuesta a los peores efectos tóxicos del glifosato.(Abril 2006) (10) - Respuesta a los alegatos sobre la generación de linfoma de Hodgkin's.(Julio 2002) (11) - Respuesta a los alegatos sobre la generación de células de leucemia.(Agosto 2002) (12) - Reporte sobre glifosato de “California Pesticida Illnes “.(febrero 2004) (13) - IBT y Craven Laboratorios.(Junio 2005) (14) Roundup y Medio Ambiente - Glifosato y Estudios Medio Ambientales.(Abril 2005)(15) - Glifosato y Deriva (Septiembre 2002) (16) - Glifosato y Calidad de Agua.(Noviembre 2003) (17) - Degradación del glifosato a Formaldehido.(Mayo 2005) (18) - Glifosato y Vida Media en el Suelo. (Octubre 2005) (19) No restricción de uso otoñal de glifosato en Dinamarca.(Abril 2005) (20) Glifosato no es degradado a Acido Fosfórico en el medio ambiente.(julio 2005) (21) Glifosato y Microorganismos en el sistema Soja RR.(Octubre 2005) (22) Roundup y Vida Salvaje - Glifosato y Vida Salvaje.(diciembre 2002) (23) - Uso Acuático del Glifosato en Australia.(Mayo 2003) (24) - Efectos del glifosato sobre la cría de salmones.(Mayo 2003) (25) - Resumen del Análisis de Riesgo Eco toxicológico del Herbicida Roundup.(Febrero 2005) (26) - “El impacto del glifosato en la biodiversidad y productividad de las comunidades acuáticas”.(Mayo 2005) (27) Fuentes: (1)- Monsanto Company. (2)- Review by John P. Giesy, Stuart Dobson and Keith R. Solomon, published in Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, (2000) Vol. 167, pp. 35120. The publication was based on their review of more than 250 documents. Review by Gary M. Williams, Robert Kroes and Ian C. Munro, published in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, (2000) Vol. 31, pp. 117-165. The publication was based on their review of nearly 200 documents. (3)- Gary M. Williams, M.D.; Roberts Kroes, Ph.D.; Ian C.Munro, Ph.D. (Mayo, 2005). (4)- FQPA (Food Quality Protection Act). (1996) Title IV, Section 408 (a)(4)(c). http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/foodqual/fqpa4.htm U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1993) Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate. EAP-738-F-93-011, September 1993, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/old_reds/glyphosate.pdf U.S. EPA (2000) Final Rule: Glyphosate; Pesticide Tolerance. Federal Register 65(188): 57957, September 27. (5)- European Commission (2002) Report for the Active Substance Glyphosate, Directive 6511/VI/99, Jan. 21. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/ph_ps/pro/eva/existing/list1_en.htm U.S. EPA (1993) Reregistration Eligibility Decision: Glyphosate. EAP-738-F-93011, September 1993, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/old_reds/glyphosate.pdf U.S. EPA (1997) Glyphosate; Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions. Final Rule; Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register 62(154): 42921-42928. Williams GM, Kroes R, Munro IC (2000) Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 31(2):117-165. http://www.idealibrary.com/links/doi/10.1006/rtph.1999.1371 WHO (1994) Environmental Health Criteria 159: Glyphosate. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc159.htm (6)- AcquavellaJ.F, Alexander BH, Mandel JS, Gustin C, Baker B, Chapman P, Bleeke M. (2004). Arbuckle TE (2004) Ontario Farm Family Health Study: Development of Survey Instruments and pilot Study. Arbuckle TE, linZ, Mery LS (2001) An exploratoryanalisis of the effect of pesticide exposure on the risk of spontaneous abortion in an Ontario farm population. Blair A, Zahm SH. (1993) Patterns of pesticide use among farmers:implications of epidemiologic research. Epidemiology 4:55-62. Curtis KM,Savitz DA, Weinberg CR, Arbuckle TE (1999)The effects of pesticide exposture on time to pregnancy. Epidemiology 10:112-117. Mandel JS, Alexander BH, Baker B, Honeycutt R, Chapman P, Acquavella JF. (accepted for publication) Farm Family exposture Study. Savitz D, Arbuckle T, Kaczor D, Curtis KM. (1997) Male pesticide exposture and pregnancy outcome. American journal of epidemiology 146: 1025-1036. USEPA. (1993)Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyfosate. U.S. environment Protection Agency, Office of prevention, Pesticide and Toxic Substances, Washington , DC. EPA-738-R-93-014. Wilcox A. (1991) “Early Pregnancy”.Chapter 4 in Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology., Kiely M (Ed). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. WHO (World Health Organization). (1994) glyphosate. Environmental Health criteria 159.World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. (7)-Acquavella JF, Cowell JR, Culle MR, Farmer DR, Pastides H. (2001) Implications of Glyphosate Toxicology and Human Biomonitoring Data for Epidemiological Research. Journal of Agromedicine 7 (4): 7-27. Acquavella JF, Alexander BH, Mandel JS, GUstin C, Baker B, Chapman P, Bleeke M. (2004).Glyphosate Biomonitoring for Farmers and their families: Resuls from the Farm Family Exposture Study. Environmental Health Perspective 112 (3): 321326. Chester G, Hart TB. (1986) Biological monitoring of a herbicide applied through backpack and vehicle sprayers. Toxicology letters 33:137-149. Francklin CA,Muir NI, Moody RP. (1986)The use of biological monitoring in the estimation of exposture during the application of pesticides. Toxicology letters 33:127-136. Lavy T,Cowell J, Steinmetz JR, Massey JH (1992) Conifer seedling nursery exposture to glyphosate. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 22:6-13. Mandel JS, Alexander BH, Baker B, Honeycutt R, Chapman P, Acquavella JF. (accepted for publication)Farm Family expopsture Study.Scandinavian Journal of Work & Environmental Health. World Health Organization (1994) glyphosate. Environmental Health criteria 159.World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. (8)-Dolier LH.(1991) Pre-Harvest use of glyphosate herbicide [Preharverst application of glyphosate (Roundup) herbicide]. Discussion Document D91-01.98p. Durkin PR. (2003)Glyphosate-Human health and ecological Risk Assessment. Final Report. SERA Report TR 02-43-09-04a. European commission (2002) Report for the Active Substance Glyphosate, Directive 6511/VI/99, January 21. EXTOXNET (1996)Pesticide information profile:Glyphosate. U.S.EPA. (1993) EPA R:E:D Fact: Glyphosate. EPA-738-F-93-011. U.S. Environment Protection Agency, Washington, DC. U.S.EPA. (1997) Glyphosate: Pesticide tolerance. Final rule. Federal Register 62(70): 17723-17730 (April 11) Williams GM, Kroes R, Munro IC. (2000)Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 31: 117-165. WHO (World Health Organization). (1994) glyphosate. Environmental Health criteria 159.World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. WHO/FAO. (2004) Pesticide residues in food-2004.Report of the Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in food and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). Rome, Italy, 20-29 september 2004. Plant production and protection paper 178. (9)-EU (European Union) (2002) Review report for the active substance glyphosate. Giesy JP, Dobson S, Solomon KR. (2000) Ecotoxicological risk assessment for Roundup herbicide. Review of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 167:35-120. Heydens WF, Levine SL,Farmer DR, Han Z, Wall C, Papadopoulos V (2003)Non specific alteration of steroidogenesis in MA-10 leydig cells by supra-physiological concentrations of the surfactant in Roundup herbicide.Toxicological Sciences 72(S1):131 (conference abstract) Levine SL, Farmer DR, Heydens WF, Han Z, Wall C, Papadopoulos V(2003) Non specific alteration of steroidogenesis in vitro by supra-physiological levels of surfactant. Poster PH021, Society of environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22 nd Annual Meeting abstracts. Richard S, Moslemi S, Sipahutar H, Benachour N, Seralini GE. (2005)Differential effects of glyphosate and Roundup on human placental cells and aromatase. Environmental Health Perspectives 113(6):716-720.doi:10.1289/ehp.7728. Walsh LP, McCormick C, Martin C, Stocco DM. (2000) Roundup inhibits steroidogenesis by disrupting steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR)protein expression. Environmental Health Perspectives 108 (8):769-776. Williams GM, Kroes R, Munro IC. (2000) Safety evaluation and Risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Regulatory toxicology and Pharmacology 31:117-165. (10)- Acquavella JF, Doe J, Tomenson J, Chester G, Cowell J, Bloemen L. 2003. Epidemiology studies of occupational pesticide exposure and cancer:Regulatory Risk assessments and Biologic Plausibility.Annals of epidemiology 13:1-7. Acquavella JF, Alexander BH, Mandel JS, Gustin C, Baker B, Chapman P, Bleeke M. 2004.glyphosate Biomonitoring for Farmer-Application and their families:Results from the farm family exposture study.Environ health perspect 112:321-326. EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision: glyphosate (septmber 1993) European Commission 2002.Report for the active substance glyphosate, Directive 6511/VI/99, January 21. Williams GM, Kroes R, Munro IC. (2000) Safety evaluation and Risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Regulatory toxicology and Pharmacology 31:117-165. (11)-Acquavella J, Farmer D (1999) “Review of: Hardell L, Eriksson M.A Casecontrol Study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Exposure to pesticides. Cancer 1999, 85:1353-1360”Unpublished. Cullen M (1999) “Review of hardell and riksson, A case control study of nonHodgkin lymphoma and Exposure to pesticides Cancer 1999, 85:13531360”Unpublished. Adami H-O, Trichopolous D. (1999) “Review of: Hardell L, Eriksson M.A Casecontrol Study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Exposure to pesticides. Cancer 1999, 85:1353-1360”Unpublished. European commission (2002) Report for the Active Substance Glyphosate, Directive 6511/VI/99, January 21. Hardell L, Eriksson M.(1999) A case control study of non- Hodgkin lymphoma and Exposure to pesticides Cancer 1999, 85:1353-1360. Jackson JR, Sorahan T, Van Hermmen, J (1999) “Rained Out”.New Scientist. May 29. 162(2188):53 Lavy T, owell J, Steinmetz JR, Massey JH. 1999. Conifer seedling nursery exposure to glyphosate . Arch Environt Contam Toxicol 22:6-13. Pearce F, Makenzie D. 1999. “It´s raining pesticides: the water falling from our skies is unfit to drink”.New Scientist 161(2180):23. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency 1993. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED):glyphosate.EAP-738-F-93-011, September 1993, Washingto, DC. WHO (World Health Organization). (1994) glyphosate. Environmental Health criteria 159.World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. (12)- Acquavella JR, Cowell JE, Cullen MR, Farmer DR, Pastides H. (2001) Implications of Glyphosate Toxicology and Human Biomonitoring Data for Epidemiologic Research. Journal of Agromedicine 7(4): 7-27. Cullen MR. (1999) Review of Nordstrom et al., Occupational Exposures, animal exposure and smoking as risk factors for hairy cell leukemia evaluated in casecontrol study. Brit. J Cancer 1998; 77: 2048-2052. Unpublished review.1 European Commission. (2002) Report for the Active Substance Glyphosate, Directive 6511/VI/99, Jan. 21, 2002. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/ph_ps/pro/eva/existing/list1_en.htm . Nordstrom M, Hardell L, Magnuson A, Hagberg H, Rask-Andersen A. (1998) Occupational exposures, animal exposure and smoking as risk factors for hairy cell leukaemia evaluated in a case-control study. Brit. J Cancer 77(11): 2048-2052. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1993) Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate. EAP-738-F-93-011, September 1993, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/0178fact.pdf World Health Organization. (1994) Glyphosate. Environmental Health Criteria No. 159. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc159.htm (13)- California EPA (1996) California Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program Report 1994. Report HS-1733. Worker health & Safety Branch, CAliformnia environmental Protection Agency, Department of Pestiide Regulation. Sacramento, California. Goldstein DA, Acquavella JF, Mannion RM, Farmer DR (2002) An analysis of glyphosate data from the California Environmental Protection Agency Pesticide illness Surveillance program.Journal of toxicology:clinical toxicology 40(7):885892. (14)- Monsanto Company. (15)-Edward WM, Triplett Jr GB, Kramer RM (1980). A watershed study of glyphosate transport in runoff. Jounal of environment quality 9(4):661-665. Giesy JP, Dobson S, Solomon KR. (2000) Ecotological Risk assessment for Roundup herbicide.Review of Enviromental Contamination & Toxicology 167:35120. Seeling B. (1994) An assessment System for potential Groundwater contamination from agricultural pesticide use in North Dakota- Technical Guideline. Extension Report N° 18, North Dakota State University Extension Service. Simenstad CA, Cordell JR, TearL, Weitkamp LA, Paveglio FL,kilbride KM, Fresh KL, Grue CE. (1996)Use of Rodeo and X-77 Spreader to control smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in a Southwestern Washington estuary:2 Effects on benthic microflora and invertebrates. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry 15(6). 969978. U.S. EPA. (1993) Reregistration eligibility decision (RED):glyphosate.Enviromental protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and toxic Substances, Washington, DC. Wauchope RD, Butler TM, Hornsby AG, Augustijn-Beckers PWM, Burt JP.(1992)The SCS/ARS/CES pesticide properties database:select values for environmental decision making.Revies of nviromental contamination & toxicology 123: 1-164. As cited by seeling 1994. Williams GM, Kroes R, Munro IC. (2000) Safety evaluation and Risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Regulatory toxicology and Pharmacology 31:117-165. (16)- Ganzelmeier H, Rautmann D, Spangenberg R, Streloke M, Herrmann M, Wenzelburger H-J, Walter H-F (1995) Studies on the spray drift of plant protection products; results of a test program carried out throughout the Federal Republic of Germany. Blackwell Wissenschafts – Verlag BmbH, Berlin. Ganzelmeier H, Rautmann D (2000) Drift, drift reducing sprayers and sprayer testing. Aspects of Applied Biology 57: 1-10. Payne NJ, Thompson DG (1992) Off-target glyphosate deposits from Aerial silvicultural applications under various meteorological conditions. Pestic Science 34: 53-59. Payne NJ, Feng JC, Reynolds PE (1990) Off-target deposits and buffer zones required around water for aerial glyphosate applications. Pestic Science 30: 183198. Riley CM, Wisener CJ, Sexsmith, WA (1991) Estimating off-target spray deposition on the ground following the aerial application of glyphosate for conifer release in New Brunswick. J Environ Sci Health B26(2): 185-208. Spray Drift Task Force. URL: http://www.agdrift.com Teske ME, Bird SL, Esterly DM, Curbishley TB, Ray SL, Perry SG (2002) AgDRIFT®: a model for estimating near-field spray drift from aerial applications. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21(3): 659–671. Yates WE, Akesson NB, Bayer DE (1978) Drift of Glyphosate Sprays Applied with Aerial and Ground Equipment. Weed Science 26(6): 597-604. (17)- American Soybean Association. ( 2001) Conservation Tillage Study. http://www.soygrowers.com/ctstudy/Default.htm California EPA. (1997) Public Health Goal for Glyphosate in Drinking Water. Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/pdf/glypho_c.pdf Edwards WM, Norton LD, Redmond CE. (1988) Characterizing macropores that affect infiltration into notilled soil. Soil Science Society of American Journal 52:483-487. Fawcett RS. (1995) Impact of conservation tillage on the environment. Proc. North Cent. Weed Sci. Soc. 50:161-166. Giesy JP, Dobson S, Solomon KR. (2000) Ecotoxicological risk assessment for Roundup® herbicide. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 167: 35-120. Hebblethwaite JF. (1995) The Contribution of No-Till to Sustainable and Environmentally Beneficial Crop Production: A Global Perspective. Conservation Technology Information Center. West Lafayette, Indiana. Perkins MJ. (1997) Effects of two formulations of glyphosate and triclopyr on four non-target aquatic species: Xenopus laevis, Myriophyllum sibiricum, Lemna gibba, and Tubifex tubifex. M.Sc. thesis. University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Scribner EA, Battaglin WA, Dietze JE, Thurman EM. (2003) Reconnaissance Data for Glyphosate, Other Selected Herbicides, Their Degradation Products, and Antibiotics in 51 Streams in Nine Midwestern States, 2002. USGS Open File Report 03-217, US Geological Survey, US Department of the Interior. http://ks.water.usgs.gov/Kansas/pubs/reports/ofr.03-217.pdf Speth TF. (1994) Glyphosate removal from drinking water. Journal of Environmental Engineering 119: 1139-1157. U.S. EPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water. (2002) Technical Fact Sheet on Glyphosate. http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/dwh/t-soc/glyphosa.html. May 22, 2002 update. U.S.EPA (1993) Reregistration Eligibility Decision: Glyphosate. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/old_reds/glyphosate.pdf Wauchope RD, Estes TL, Allen R, Baker JL, Hornsby AG, Jones RL, Richard RP, Gustafson DI. (2001) Predicted impact of transgenic, herbicide-tolerant corn on drinking water quality in vulnerable watersheds of the mid-western USA. Pest Management Science 58: 146-160. DOI: 10.1002/ps.433. World Health Organization (WHO). (1997) Rolling Revisions of WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Report of Working Group Meeting on Chemical Substances for the Updating of WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 22-26 April. (18)- 1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1993) Reregistration eligibility decision (RED): Glyphosate. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/old_reds/glyphosate.pdf. 2 Monroe D. (1988) Ecological and public health implications associated with the use of glyphosate herbicides. Environmental Consultants Northwest, Stanwood, WA. 3 Rueppel, ML, Brightwell, BB, Schaefer, J, Marvel JT. (1977) Metabolism and degradation of glyphosate in soil and water. J Agric Food Chem 25 (3): 517-528. 4 Franz JE, Mao MK, Sikorski JA. (1997) Glyphosate: a unique global herbicide. ACS Monograph 189. American Chemical Society, Washington DC. pp 163-175. 5 Mehrsheikh A, Bleeke M, Brosillon S, Laplanche A, Roche P. Investigation of the chlorination of glyphosate and glycine in water. Water Research (submitted; publication expected in 2006). 6 Aguer J, Richard C. (1996) Transformation of fenuron induced by photochemical excitation of humic acids. Pesticide Science 46: 151-155. 7 Owen BA, Dudney CS, Tan E, Easterly CE. (1990) Formaldehyde in drinking water: comparative hazard evaluation and an approach to regulation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 11(3):220-36; Can ZS, Gurol M. (2003) Formaldehyde formation during ozonation of drinking water. Ozone: Science & Engineering 25(1): 41-51. (19)- European Commission. (2002) Report for the Active Substance Glyphosate, Directive 6511/VI/99, January 21. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/ph_ps/pro/eva/existing/list1_glyphosate_en.pdf (accessed 30-Sep-2005) Giesy JP, Dobson S, Solomon KR. (2000) Ecotoxicological risk assessment for Roundup herbicide. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 167: 35120. Oppenhuizen ME. (1993) The terrestrial field dissipation of glyphosate: final report. Unpublished report MSL-12651. Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO. As cited inGiesy et al, 2000. Torstensson NTL, Lundgren LN, Stenstrom J. (1989) Influence of climatic and edaphic factors on the persistence of glyphosate and 2,4-D in forest soils. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 18: 230-239. U.S. EPA. (1993) Reregistration eligibility decision (RED): Glyphosate. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/old_reds/glyphosate.pdf (accessed 30-Sep-2005) (20)- Monsanto Company. (21)- Adams F, Conrad JP. (1953) Transition of phosphite to phosphate in soils. Soil Science 75: 361- 371. Forlani G, Mangiagalli A, Nielsen E, Suardi CM. (1999) Degradation of the phosphonate herbicide glyphosate in soil: Evidence for a possible involvement of unculturable microorganisms. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31: 991-997. Kononova SV, Nesmeyanova MA. (2002) Phosphonates and their degradation by microorganisms. Biochemistry (Moscow). 67(2): 184-195. Translated from Biokhimiya 67(2): 220-233 (2002). McDonald AE, Grant BR, Plaxton WC. (2001) Phosphite (phosphorous acid): Its relevance in the environment and agriculture and influence on plant phosphate starvation response. Journal of Plant Nutrition 24(10): 1505-1519. Mitchell C, Adams J. (2004) Phosphites as fertilizer. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, No. S-04-04. Dept. of Agronomy & Siols, Auburn University, AL. http://www.aces.edu/timelyinfo/Ag Soil/2004/May/s-04-04-phosphite.pdf Pipke R, Amrhein N. (1988) Isolation and characterization of a mutant of Arthrobacter sp. Strain GLP-1 which utilizes the herbicide glyphosate as its sole source of phosphorus and nitrogen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54(11): 2868-2870. Plaxton WC. (1999) Metabolic aspects of phosphate starvation in plants. In Phosphorus in Plant Biology: Regulatory Roles in Molecular, Cellular, Organismic, and Ecosystem Processes. Lynch JP, Deikman J, Eds.; American Society of Plant Physiologists. Rockville, MD. Pp. 229241. Whiley AW, Hargreaves AP, Pegg KG, Doogan VJ, Ruddle LJ, Saranah JB, Langdon PW. (1995) Changing sink strengths influence translocation of phosphonate in avocado (Persea americana mill.) trees. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46: 1079-1090. Related Documents: • Backgrounder: Glyphosate and Environmental Fate Studies • Backgrounder: Glyphosate Half-Life in Soil (22)- Araujo ASF, Monteiro RTR, Abarkeli RB. (2003) Effect of glyphosate on the microbial activity of two Brazilian soils. Chemosphere 52: 799-804. Baley GJ, Kidwell KK, Paulitz TC. (2005) Suppression of foliar and soilborne pathogens in glyphosateresistant crops by applying glyphosate. PCT Int. Appl., 33 pp. International Publication WO 2005/041669 A1; Application PCT/US2004/035807. Biederbeck VO, Campbell CA, Hunter HJ. (1997) Tillage effects on soil microbial and biochemical characteristics in a fallow-wheat rotation in a dark brown soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 77: 309-316. Busse MD, Ratcliff AW, Shestak CJ, Powers RF. (2001) Glyphosate toxicity and the effects of long-term vegetation control on soil microbial communities. Soil Biol. Biochem. 33: 1777-1789. CaJacob C, Feng P, Heck G, Alibhai M, Sammons R, Padgette S. (2004) Chapter 19: Engineering resistance to herbicides. In: Handbook of Plant Biotechnology, P. Christou, H. Klee (eds), John Wiley and Sons Ltd, New York, New York. Pp. 353-273. Estok D, Freedman B, Boyle D. (1989) Effects of the herbicides 2,4-D, glyphosate, hexazinone, and triclopyr on the growth of three species of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42:835- 839. Felsot AS. (2001) Herbicide tolerant genes, Part 4: Withering wildlife? Agric. & Environ News, No. 178. http://www.aenews.wsu.edu/Feb01AENews/FebAENews01.pdf (accessed 30-Sep2005) Feng PCC, Baley GJ, Clinton WP, Bunkers GJ, Alibhai MF, Paulitz TC, Kidwell KK. Glyphosate inhibits rust diseases in glyphosate-resistant wheat and soybean. (manuscript in preparation). Franz JE, Mao MK, Sikorski JA. (1997) Glyphosate: A Unique Global Herbicide. ACS Monograph 189. American Chemical Society, Washington D.C. Giesy JP, Dobson S, Solomon KR. (2000) Ecotoxicological risk assessment for Roundup herbicide. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 167: 35-120. Haney RL, Senseman SA, Hons FM, Zuberer DA. (2000) Effect of glyphosate on soil microbial activity and biomass. Weed Science. 48:89-93. Haney RL, Senseman SA, Hons FM. (2002) Effect of Roundup Ultra on microbial activity and biomass from selected soils. J. Environ. Qual. 31(3): 730-735. Hansen JM, Stack RW, Elias E, Mergoum M. (2004) Effect of application of a sublethal dosage of glyphosate on FHB severity in spring wheat and durum. Proceedings of the 2ndIinternational Symposium on Fusarium Head Blight, Vol. 2. Poster no. 132.; p 311314. URL: http://www.scabusa.org/pdfs/isfhb2_vol2_web.pdf (accessed 30-Sep-2005) Hart MR, Brookes PC. (1996) Soil microbial biomass and mineralization of soil organic matter after 19 years of cumulative field applications of pesticides. Soil Biol. Biochem. 28: 1641-1649. Henriksen B, Elen O. (2005) Natural Fusarium grain infection level in wheat, barley, and oat after early application of fungicides and herbicides. J. Phytopathol. 153: 214220. Moorman TB, Becerril JM, Lydon J, Duke SO. (1992) Production of hydroxybenzoic acids by Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains after treatment with glyphosate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40: 289-293. Olson BM, Lindwall CW. (1991) Soil microbial activity under chemical fallow conditions: effects of 2,4-D and glyphosate. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 23(11): 1071-1075. Santos A, Flores M. (1995) Effects of glyphosate on nitrogen fixation of free-living heterotrophic bacteria. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 20:349-352. Sullivan DS, Sullivan TP. (2000) Non-target impacts of the herbicide glyphosate: A compendium of references and abstracts. 5th Edition. Applied Mammal Research Institute, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada. Wan MT, Rahe JE, Watts RG. (1998) A new technique for determining the sublethal toxicity of pesticides to the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17(7):14-21. Wardle DA, Parkinson D. (1990a) Effects of three herbicides on soil microbial biomass and activity. Plant & Soil 122: 21-28. Wardle DA, Parkinson D. (1990b) Influence of the herbicide glyphosate on soil microbial community structure. Plant & Soil 122: 29-37. (23)- Birge WJ, Westerman AG, Spromberg JA. (2000) Comparative toxicity and risk assessment of amphibians. Chapter 14A in Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Sparling DW, Linder G, Bishop CA (Eds). Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), Pensacola, FL. p. 727-791. Cole EC, McComb WC, Newton M, Leeming JP, Chambers CL (1998) Response of small mammals to clearcutting, burning, and glyphosate application in the Oregon coast range. J Wildl Manage 62(4): 1207-1216. Cumming HG, Lautenschlager RA, Kelly CP, Thapa S (1996) Effects of conifer release with Vision® (glyphosate) herbicide on moose forage quality (digestible protein). Ontario Forest Research Institute. Forest Research Report 139. Cited In: Sullivan and Sullivan 2000. Edwards CA, Bohlen PJ (1996) Biology and ecology of earthworms. Ed. 3. Chapman & Hall Ltd. London. Giesy JP, Dobson S, Solomon KR (2000) Ecotoxicological risk assessment for Roundup herbicide. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 167: 35120. Grossbard E, Atkinson D (eds) (1985) The herbicide glyphosate. Butterworths, London. Hassan SA, Bigler F, Bogenschütz H, Boller E, Brun J, Chiverton P, Edwards P, Mansour F, Naton E, Oomen PA, Overmeer PJ, Polgar L, Rieckmann W, SamsøePetersen L, Stäubli A, Sterk G, Tavares K, Tuset JJ, Viggiani G, Vivas AG (1988) Results of the fourth joint pesticide testing programme carried out by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organsisms”. J Appl Entomol 105: 321-329. Hjeljord O, Sahlgaard V, Enge VE, Eggestad E, Gronvold S. (1988) Glyphosate application in forest -- ecological aspects. VII. The effect on mountain hare (Lepus timidus) use of a forest plantation. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 3: 123-27. Hjeljord O (1994) Moose (Alces alces) and mountain hare (Lepus timidus) use of conifer plantations following glyphosate application. Nor J Agric Sci 8(3-4): 181-88 . Mayer FL, Ellersieck MR. (1986) Manual of acute toxicity: interpretation and data base for 410 chemicals and 66 species of freshwater animals. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 160. Washington, DC. Rueppel ML, Brightwell BB, Schaefer J, Marvel JT (1977) Metabolism and degradation of glyphosate in soil and water. J Agric Food Chem 25(3): 517-528. Santillo DJ, Leslie DM, Brown PW (1989) Response of small mammals to glyphosate application on clearcuts. J Wildl Manage 53: 164-172. Sullivan TP (1990) Demographic responses of small mammal populations to a herbicide application in coastal coniferous forest: population density and resiliency. Can J Zool 68: 874-83. Sullivan DS, Sullivan TP (2000) Non-target impacts of the herbicide glyphosate: A compendium of references and abstracts. 5th Edition. Applied Mammal Research Institute, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada. U.S. EPA (1993) Reregistration Eligibility Decision: Glyphosate. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/old_reds/glyphosate.pdf WHO (1994) Environmental Health Criteria 159: Glyphosate. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc159.htm Williams GM, Kroes R, Munro IC (2000) Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 31(2):117-165. (24)- National Registration Authority (NRA). (1996) Community Brief: Special Review of Glyphosate (June). National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals. Australia. http://www.apvma.gov.au/chemrev/glyphosate.shtml Tyler MJ. (1997) Herbicides Kill Frogs. In: Newsletter of the Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force of the World Conservation Union’s Species Survival Commission. Number 21 (March). http://www2.open.ac.uk/biology/froglog/FROGLOG-21.html. (25)- Mitchell DG, Chapman PM, Long TJ. (1987) Seawater Challenge Testing of Coho Salmon Smolts following Exposure to Roundup Herbicide. Environmental Toxicolology & Chemistry 6: 875-878. Newton M, Howard KM, Kelpsas BR, Danhaus R, Lottman CM, Dubelman S. (1984) Fate of glyphosate in an Oregon forest ecosystem. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 32(5): 1144-1151. (26)-John P. Gipsy, Ph.D; Stuart Dobson,Ph.D; Keith R. Solomon Ph.D. (27)- Folmar LC, Sanders HO, Julin AM. (1979) Toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate and several of its formulations to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 8: 269-278. Giesy JP, Dobson S, Solomon KR. (2000) Ecotoxicological risk assessment for Roundup® herbicide. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 167: 35-120. Relyea RA. (2005) The impact of insecticides and herbicides on the biodiversity and productivity of aquatic communities. Ecological Applications 15 (2): 618-627. Thompson DG, Wojtaszek BF, Staznik B, Chartrand DT, Stephenson GR. (2004) Chemical and biomonitoring to assess potential acute effects of Vision® herbicide on native amphibian larvae in forest wetlands. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(4): 843-849. U.S. EPA. (1993) Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate. United States Environmental Protection Agency. p. 5. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/old_reds/glyphosate.pdf van Ginkel CG, Stroo CA, Kroon AG. (1993) Biodegradability of ethoxylated fatty amines: detoxification through a central fission of these surfactants. Science of the Total Environment Suppl 1: 689-697. Wang N, Besser JM, Buckler DR, Honegger JL, Ingersoll CG, Johnson BT, Kurtzweil ML, MacGregor J, McKee MJ. (2005) Influence of sediment on the fate and toxicity of a polyethoxylated tallowamine surfactant system (MON 0818) in aquatic microcosms. Chemosphere 59: 545–551. f Some Roundup brand formulations also contain other active ingredients in addition to glyphosate.
