Franchising in European Contract Law - Toc - beck

Schriften zur Europäischen Rechtswissenschaft /European Legal Studies /Etudes juridiques européenes 8
Franchising in European Contract Law
A comparison between the main obligations of the contracting parties in the Principles of European Law on
Commercial Agency, Franchise and Distribution Contracts (PEL CAFDC), French and Spanish law
Bearbeitet von
Odavia Bueno Díaz
1. Auflage 2008. Taschenbuch. XXVIII, 292 S. Paperback
ISBN 978 3 86653 075 1
Format (B x L): 14,1 x 22,4 cm
Gewicht: 421 g
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Franchising in
European Contract Law
Academisch Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de
Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de
Rector Magnificus
Prof. dr. D. C. van den Boom
ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde
commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op
vrijdag 2 november 2007, te 14.00 uur
door
Odavia Bueno Díaz
geboren te Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spanje
Promotiecommissie
Promotor:
Prof. dr. M.W. Hesselink
Co-promotor:
Dr. J.W. Rutgers
Overige leden:
Prof. dr. F.A.W. Bannier
Prof. dr. J.M. Barendrecht
Prof. dr. J. Huet
Prof. dr. M.B.M. Loos
Prof. dr. E. Roca i Trías
Prof. dr. A. F. Salomons
Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid
Franchising in
European Contract Law
A comparison between the main obligations
of the contracting parties in the
Principles of European Law on Commercial Agency,
Franchise and Distribution Contracts (PEL CAFDC),
French and Spanish law
Odavia Bueno Díaz
Schriften zur Europäischen Rechtswissenschaft /
European Legal Studies / Etudes juridiques européennes
Band 8 / Volume 8 / Volume 8
European Legal Studies Institute, Osnabrück
Molengraaff Institute for Private Law, Utrecht
Amsterdam Institute for Private Law
Institute of European and Comparative Law, Oxford
Institut für Zivilrecht, Ausländisches und Internationales Privatrecht, Graz
Schriften zur Europäischen Rechtswissenschaft /
European Legal Studies / Etudes juridiques européennes
herausgegeben
im European Legal Studies Institute, Osnabrück
von Christian von Bar
im Molengraaff Institute for Private Law, Utrecht
von Ewoud Hondius
im Amsterdam Institute for Private Law
von Martijn W. Hesselink
im Institute of European and Comparative Law, Oxford
von Stefan Vogenauer
im Institut für Zivilrecht, Ausländisches und Internationales Privatrecht, Graz
von Brigitta Lurger
ISBN 978-3-86653-075-1
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
© 2008 by sellier. european law publishers GmbH, Munich.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher.
Design: Sandra Sellier, Munich. Production: Karina Hack, Munich. Printing
and binding: AZ Druck und Datentechnik GmbH, Kempten. Printed on acid-free,
non-ageing paper. Printed in Germany.
A mis padres
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
First I would like to express my deeply felt gratitude towards the supervisor of
my doctoral research, Professor Martijn Hesselink. Without his knowledge,
guidance and incurable optimism I would have left for Gran Canaria long
before my final conclusions were put on paper. I also have to thank Professor
Hesselink for having given me the opportunity to join the Study group on a
European civil code. I have been able to benefit greatly from the Study group
discussions, irrespective of whether they were meetings with the teamworks,
with the advisors or with the members of the Coordinating Committee. With
them, I began to understand what the law was all about. I am also most grateful to my co-supervisor Jacobien Rutgers whose editing suggestions and precise
sense of language contributed most significantly to this final result.
Thanks to Professor Marco Loos, my boss, for his invaluable assistance in
the last period of writing my doctoral research. He did all he could to help
me finish my thesis. It has often been said that pleasure and work do not go
together, but working with Marco Loos has proven the opposite.
I wish to direct many thanks to the members of my doctorate committee
for reading my manuscript with care and for providing me with valuable
comments which have helped me to develop the present work further.
I would especially like to acknowledge the patience, the encouragement,
and a great job done by Corinne van den Berg in correcting the English text
of this book. Her work has proven to be crucial. I hope she will find time to
correct these last written words as well.
Thanks to my colleague and friend Chantal for helping me so much during the last phase of my thesis. She helped me find my way in finishing all
the details that were left. Furthermore, she translated my summary into
Dutch. There are not enough words of recognition and appreciation for her.
Grazie Chantal.
To my colleagues in the Study Group for a European civil code, especially to the Amsterdam team: Professor Hesselink, Jacobien Rutgers, Muriel
Veldman and Manola Scotton. Together with them, I found out about the
advantages and disadvantages of team spirit. My special thanks to Manola. I
learned from her that one should focus on the good things in life and enjoy
them as much as one can. Manola, I did it! I wish you could be here to celebrate with me.
Thanks also to my other dear colleagues at the department of the law
faculty. It is ideal to work with gezellige mensen. I have always felt welcome
and truly part of the group. Especial thanks to “the girls”. Also thanks to the
VIII
Acknowledgements
other people working in the faculty. I could not have wished for a better
working environment.
To Bas van Zelst en Muriel Veldman, my paranimfen. According to
Wikipedia (one of my scientific sources) in the past, emotions sometimes
ran high during the promotion ceremony. It therefore was well advised to
have two strong, well-built paranimfen who could also serve as bodyguards.
This explains why I chose Muriel and Bas!! Bas has been the perfect roommate and colleague. He always had the articles that I needed to read, the
books that I needed to borrow, the solutions to my computer problems. Dank
je Bas. Dank je Muriel for your patience all these years listening to my complaints about how difficult life is when writing a thesis.
Thanks to my friends Dailos, my private ICT friend. Always ready to
provide mediation in my continuous conflicts with my computer. Originally
from Gran Canaria, he moved to Amsterdam for working reasons. One must
be crazy to do that, but I am happy to have a bit of Gran Canaria so close by.
And Merci Chiraz, for helping me with the correction of the French texts of
my thesis and giving me advice on the beautiful clothes I bought for my
defence ceremony.
Gracias a mis amigos: a Noelia y Alba. Noelia porque siempre estaba lista
para llevarme en su coche a la biblioteca de la Universidad de Las Palmas de
Gran Canaria y fotocopiar en un tiempo record todos los manuales que
necesité. A mi aventurera amiga Alba, por ser para mí una fuente fidedigna
del Derecho español. A Charo y a Michel, por preocuparse tanto de mí y
cuidarme tan bien. A Juan Carlos, porque siempre me apoyó, y me dio ánimos y fuerza para que terminara mi tesis. Juan Carlos podía transmitirme la
energía positiva que necesitaba para seguir con mi trabajo. Creo que todavía
recibo esa energía aunque él ya no esté. Que sepas que te echo mucho de
menos.
Gracias a mi familia: A Aco, mi hermana favorita, porque me conoce
tanto que siempre dice las palabras que necesito oir para darme ánimo y
porque fue mi proveedora “24 horas” de material sobre derecho español. A
mis padres: Me alegro de tener esta oportunidad de mostrarles mi agradecimiento por escrito, que siempre es más fácil que de palabra. No puedo recompensar sus esfuerzos en dinero (para eso habrá que esperar a la edición
commercial de la tesis) pero sí que puedo dedicarles este libro como pequeña
muestra de todo el reconocimiento y agradecimiento por todo lo que han
hecho por mí.
A Marcel y a mis niños: Sara, Charli y Jordi. Por haber aguantado heroicamente mis altos y mis bajos, que son muy altos y muy bajos debido a mi
acusado temperamento español, tan distinto al holandés. Especialmente a mi
marido, por ser mi director de tesis casero (muchas veces lo llamé Martijn),
mi diccionario ambulante, mi cocinero, psicólogo, masajista … Siempre
dándome “ánimo, animo”. El haber terminado la tesis se lo debo sin duda a
Marcel. Muchas Gracias Corazón.
Author’s Preface
Author’s Preface
My first contact with franchising was as a regular client of a chain of restaurants painted in yellow and red in which I could promptly be served French
fries and a hamburger. I was attracted by the fast food but it also drew my
attention to the fact that all restaurants looked the same: the same colours,
the same tables and chairs, the same funny caps on the employees’ heads.
All of them full of clients who were eager to eat their fast food. Were all
these restaurant owned by the same businessman? Why else would they all
be that uniform? Why were these restaurants so successful?
Since then my culinary interest in hamburgers has diminished and has
been substituted by an interest as a legal academic in the legal aspects of
franchising relationships. Now I know that uniformity and success lie at the
heart of franchising because in franchising relationships one businessman,
called the franchisor, gives the right to other businessmen, called franchisees, to use the franchisor’s image and business method which has proven to
be successful, in exchange for payment. This explains why premises, personnel and products in a franchise business all look the same and why they are
(meant to be) successful.
My professional interest in franchising arose in 2001 when I started
working as a legal academic for the Study Group on a European Civil Code,
which is one of the European academic groups that investigate the need for
and feasibility of harmonising the national private laws in Europe. In 1999,
the Study Group initiated an academic project with the goal of drafting
European common principles concerning specific areas of private law on the
basis of comparative research among the jurisdictions of the EU. Franchising
was one of the subjects of this research.
The formulation of European principles as to the contents of franchising
relationships was left in the care of the Dutch working team within the
Study Group. To be more exact, to the Amsterdam members of the Dutch
working team, also called the Amsterdam Group, of which I am a member.
The Amsterdam Group was responsible for drafting common principles on
commercial agency, franchise and distribution agreements. The outcome of
the joint research efforts of the Amsterdam team has led to the formulation
of the “Principles of European Law on Commercial Agency, Franchise and
Distribution contracts” (PEL CAFDC). Within the Group, I was asked to
take the lead concerning the draft of Chapter 3 of PEL CAFDC, which
contains the Principles of European law which deal exclusively with franchising contracts.
X
Author’s Preface
The relevance of the PEL CAFDC as the first proposal for a panEuropean comprehensive regulation regarding the main rights and obligations of the parties involved in commercial agency, franchising and distribution contracts inspired in me the wish to deepen my analysis on PEL
CAFDC in this, my comparative law doctoral research. Due to my close ties
with the issue of franchising I chose to focus my study on the principles on
franchising in the PEL CAFDC. This means that I do not describe the Principles as an outsider to the work which has been done. I hope, however, that
I have not taken my insider information for granted, as my intention has
been to provide the reader with a description of the Principles that is as
complete and neutral as possible. In this I hope I have succeeded, but I will
let the reader judge for himself.
Amsterdam, September 29, 2007
Odavia Bueno Díaz
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Author’s Preface
Table of Contents (extended)
VII
IX
XVII
Chapter I.
General Introduction
Section 1.
The Europeanisation of private law
1.1 European private law at present:
sectoral harmonisation by the EU
1.2 The future of European private law
1
2
Section 2.
The Europeanisation of the law on franchising
2.1 The law on franchising in Europe at present
2.2 A proposal for a future European regulation on franchising
19
21
Section 3.
Aim, scope, method and structure of the research
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Aim of the research
Scope of the research
Method
Structure of the study
27
27
29
31
XII
Table of Contents
Chapter II.
Main Characteristics of the French and
Spanish Law on Franchising
Section 1.
The legal framework for franchising in France
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
French statutory law on franchising
French case-law on franchising
French literature on franchising
Non-binding regulations on franchising
Legal nature of franchising
Main obligations of the parties:
theory of the causa in French law
33
34
35
35
36
37
Section 2.
The legal framework for franchising in Spain
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Spanish statutory law on franchising
Spanish case-law on franchising
Spanish literature on franchising
Non-binding regulations
Legal nature of franchising
Main obligations in franchising:
theory of the causa in Spanish law
39
41
42
42
43
44
Chapter III.
Description and Comparison of the main
Obligations of the Parties in Franchising Contracts in
the PEL CAFDC, French and Spanish Law
Section 1.
Scope of franchising
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
PEL CAFDC: Article 3:101
France
Spain
Comparison
47
48
52
56
Table of Contents
XIII
Section 2.
Franchisor’s obligation to give pre-contractual information
2.1 PEL CAFDC: Article 3:102
2.2 France
58
61
2.3 Spain
2.4 Comparison
83
94
Section 3.
Franchisor’s obligation to license Intellectual Property Rights
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
PEL CAFDC: Article 3:201
France
Spain
Comparison
101
104
111
120
Section 4.
Franchisor’s obligation to communicate Know-How
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
PEL CAFDC: Article 3:202
France
Spain
Comparison
126
128
140
147
Section 5.
Franchisor’s obligation to give Assistance
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
PEL CAFDC: Article 3:203
France
Spain
Comparison
152
154
165
172
Section 6.
Franchisee’s obligation to pay
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
PEL CAFDC: Article 3:301
France
Spain
Comparison
177
180
190
193
XIV
Table of Contents
Section 7.
Franchisee’s obligation to follow Business Method and Instructions
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
PEL CAFDC: Article 3:303
France
Spain
Comparison
197
199
205
208
Chapter IV.
General Conclusions
1.
Introduction
2.
Differences and similarities between the compared systems
2.1 A general difference: the sources of the law
2.2 Differences and similarities as to
the main obligations of the parties
3.
214
215
Underpinning policies: autonomy-friendliness? Legal certainty?
3.1 Franchisors’ autonomy-friendliness
3.2 Legal certainty
4.
213
221
225
The likely reactions of the parties if the Principles were to apply
4.1 Franchisors
4.2 Franchisees
4.3 Win-win situation
226
227
228
5.
229
Final remarks
Summary
231
Chapter I. General Introduction
Chapter II. Main Characteristics of French and Spanish Law on Franchising
Chapter III. Description and Comparision
Chapter IV. General Conclusions
232
232
233
238
Table of Contents
XV
Samenvating
243
Hoofdstuk I. Allgemene Inleiding
Hoofdstuk II. De Belangrijkste Karakteristieken van het
Frans an Spaans Recht inzake Franchising
Hoofdstuk III. Beschrijvingen en Vergelijking
Hoofdstuk IV. Algemene Conclusies
244
Legislation
257
Table of Cases
265
Bibliography
273
Abbreviations
291
244
245
251
Table of Contents (extended)
Table of Contents (extended)
Acknowledgements
VII
Author’s Preface
IX
Table of Contents
XI
Chapter I.
General Introduction
Section 1.
The Europeanisation of private law
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
European private law at present:
sectoral harmonisation by the EU
The future of European private law
The academic debate
1.2.1.1 Academic projects
1.2.1.2 The Lando Commission and the SGECC
The political debate
1.2.2.1 Communication on European Contract Law
1.2.2.2 The Action Plan
1.2.2.3 The Way Forward
The CFR
1.2.3.1 Definition, aims, contents, elaboration
1.2.3.2 An academic CFR
1.2.3.3 Political developments: a CFR on consumer
contract law
The CFR as the basis for an optional Instrument
on contract law?
1.2.4.1 The political debate
1.2.4.2 The academic debate
1
2
3
5
7
9
10
11
12
14
15
16
XVIII
Table of Contents (extended)
Section 2.
The Europeanisation of the law on franchising
2.1
The law on franchising in Europe at present
2.2
A proposal for a future European regulation on franchising
2.2.1 The academic exercise: the PEL CAFDC
2.2.1.1 General
2.2.1.2 Aims and scope
2.2.1.3 Working method
2.2.1.4 Structure
2.2.1.5 The principles on franchising in the PEL CAFDC
2.2.2 The political exercise
19
21
21
22
23
24
25
26
Section 3.
Aim, scope, method and structure of the research
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Aim of the research
Scope of the research
Method
Structure of the study
27
27
29
31
Chapter II.
Main Characteristics of the French and
Spanish Law on Franchising
Section 1.
The legal framework for franchising in France
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
French statutory law on franchising
French case-law on franchising
French literature on franchising
Non-binding regulations on franchising
Legal nature of franchising
Main obligations of the parties:
theory of the causa in French law
33
34
35
35
36
37
Section 2.
The legal framework for franchising in Spain
2.1
2.2
2.3
Spanish statutory law on franchising
Spanish case-law on franchising
Spanish literature on franchising
39
41
42
Table of Contents (extended)
2.4
2.5
2.6
Non-binding regulations
Legal nature of franchising
Main obligations in franchising:
theory of the causa in Spanish law
XIX
42
43
44
Chapter III.
Description and Comparison of the main
Obligations of the Parties in Franchising Contracts in
the PEL CAFDC, French and Spanish Law
Section 1.
Scope of franchising
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
PEL CAFDC: Article 3:101
France
Introduction
Case-law
Literature
ECEF and AFNOR rules
Spain
Introduction
Private law statutory definitions
Case-law
Literature
Comparison
Obligations under the provisions on scope
Conclusion
47
48
48
49
51
52
52
54
55
56
57
Section 2.
Franchisor’s obligation to give pre-contractual information
2.1
PEL CAFDC: Article 3:102
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Contents and aim
2.1.2.1 Contents
2.1.2.2 Aim
2.1.3 Remedies
2.1.3.1 Remedies for mistake: annulability or adaptation
2.1.3.2 Strict liability in damages
2.2
France
2.2.1 Introduction
58
59
60
60
61
61
XX
Table of Contents (extended)
2.2.2 Contents and aim of Article L. 330-3 of the
Commercial Code
2.2.2.1 Contents
2.2.2.2 Aim
2.2.3 Application of Article L. 330-3 of the Commercial Code
2.2.3.1 Interpretation in conformity with
general contract rules on defective consent
2.2.3.2 Particularities of Article L. 330-3 of
the Commercial Code
2.2.3.3 Obligation of means
2.2.4 Sales forecasts
2.2.5 Remedies
2.2.5.1 Nullity for non-compliance with a mandatory rule
2.2.5.2 Annulability for defective consent
2.2.5.3 Defences for the franchisor
2.3
Spain
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Contents and aim of rules on pre-contractual disclosure
2.3.2.1 Contents
2.3.2.2 Aim
2.3.3 Application of the rules on disclosure
2.3.3.1 Case-law
2.3.3.2 Literature
2.3.3.3 Interpretation of the position of
courts and scholars
2.3.4 Sales forecasts
2.3.5 Remedies
2.3.5.1 Nullity for non-compliance with a mandatory rule
2.3.5.2 Annulability for defective consent
2.3.5.3 Defences for the franchisor
2.4
Comparison
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Contents and aim of the obligations
2.4.2.1 Contents
2.4.2.2 Aim
2.4.3 Application of the rules
2.4.4 Remedies
2.4.5 Conclusion
64
65
67
71
75
76
79
80
81
83
85
86
86
88
88
90
91
92
93
93
94
94
96
97
98
99
Table of Contents (extended)
XXI
Section 3.
Franchisor’s obligation to license Intellectual Property Rights
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
PEL CAFDC: Article 3:201
Introduction
Necessary intellectual property rights
Undisturbed and continuous use of the rights
Remedies
France
Introduction
Title to license the intellectual property rights
Intellectual property rights as signs to attract clientele
Well-known intellectual property rights
Protection against third-party infringements or claims
Remedies
3.2.6.1 Nullity
3.2.6.2 Remedies for non-performance
Spain
Introduction
Contents of the obligation regarding
intellectual property rights
3.3.2.1 Distinctive signs
3.3.2.2 Title to license the intellectual property rights
3.3.2.3 Adequate for the agreed use
3.3.2.4 Undisturbed use of the intellectual
property rights
Remedies
3.3.3.1 Nullity
3.3.3.2 Remedies for non-performance
3.3.3.3 Specific remedies
Comparison
Introduction
Contents and form of the obligation to
license intellectual property rights
3.4.2.1 Requirements as to contents
3.4.2.2 Form requirements
3.4.2.3 Pragmatic approach
Remedies
Conclusion
101
102
102
103
104
106
107
107
108
109
110
111
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
120
121
122
123
123
124
125
XXII
Table of Contents (extended)
Section 4.
Franchisor’s obligation to communicate Know-How
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.4
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
PEL CAFDC: Article 3:202
Introduction
Necessary know-how
Relation to Assistance
Remedies
France
Introduction
Pertinence of the know-how
4.2.2.1 Requirements as to contents
4.2.2.2 Form requirements
4.2.2.3 L’avantage concurrentiel
Remedies
4.2.3.1 Nullity
4.2.3.2 Remedies for non-performance
4.2.3.3 Defences for the franchisor
Spain
Introduction
Contents of the obligation regarding know-how
4.3.2.1 Requirements as to the contents
4.3.2.2 Requirements as to form
4.3.2.3 Differentiation from competitors
Remedies
4.3.4.1 Nullity
4.3.4.2 Remedies for non-performance
4.3.4.3 Defences for the franchisor
Comparison
Introduction
Contents and form of the obligation to
communicate know-how
4.4.2.1 Requirements as to contents
4.4.2.2 Form requirements
4.4.2.3 Pragmatic approach
Remedies
Conclusion
126
127
128
128
128
131
135
136
136
137
138
140
142
144
145
145
146
147
147
148
149
149
149
150
151
Section 5.
Franchisor’s obligation to give Assistance
5.1
PEL CAFDC: Article 3:203
5.1.1 Introduction
152
Table of Contents (extended)
5.1.2 Necessary assistance
5.1.2.1 Requirements as to contents
5.1.2.2 No form requirements
5.1.2.3 Costs included
5.1.3 Additional assistance at reasonable cost
5.1.4 Remedies
5.2
France
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Assistance as agreed in the contract
5.2.3 Judicial interpretation as to the contents
of the obligation to assist
5.2.3.1 Restrictive interpretation
5.2.3.2 Extensive interpretation: implied obligations
5.2.4 Scholars’ interpretation of the contents
of the obligation to assist
5.2.5 Remedies
5.2.5.1 Nullity
5.2.5.2 Remedies for non-performance
5.2.5.3 Defences for the franchisor
5.3
Spain
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Assistance as agreed
5.3.3 The courts´ interpretation of the contents
of the obligation to assist
5.3.4 Scholars’ interpretation of the contents
of the obligation to assist
5.3.5 Remedies
5.3.5.1 Nullity
5.3.5.2 Remedies for non-performance
5.3.5.3 Specific remedies
5.3.5.4 Defences for the franchisor
5.4
Comparison
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Contents of the obligation to assist
5.4.2.1 Requirements as to contents
5.4.2.2 No form requirements
5.4.2.3 Franchisee’s independence as a limitation
5.4.3 Additional costs for assistance
5.4.4 Remedies
5.4.5 Conclusion
XXIII
153
153
153
154
154
154
156
159
161
162
163
163
164
165
167
168
169
170
170
171
172
172
173
174
174
174
175
176
XXIV
Table of Contents (extended)
Section 6.
Franchisee’s obligation to pay
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.4
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
PEL CAFDC: Article 3:301
Introduction
Payment as agreed in the contract
Unilateral determination of the price
Additional costs
Remedies
France
Introduction
Form and contents of the obligation to pay
Determined price
6.2.3.1 Indirect remuneration
6.2.3.2 Direct remuneration
Control of abusive pricing
Remedies
Spain
Introduction
Form and contents of the obligation to pay
Determined price
Remedies
Comparison
Introduction
Contents
Unilateral determination of the price by the franchisor
Remedies
Conclusion
177
177
178
179
180
180
181
182
187
188
189
190
190
192
192
193
194
194
195
196
Section 7.
Franchisee’s obligation to follow Business Method and Instructions
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
PEL CAFDC: Article 3:303
Introduction
Following the business method and instructions
Reasonable care not to harm the franchise network
Remedies
France
Introduction
Obligation to follow the business method
as agreed in the contract
7.2.3 Obligation not to damage the reputation of the network
7.2.4 Limits to the obligation to follow the business method
7.2.5 Remedies
197
198
199
199
199
200
201
202
204
Table of Contents (extended)
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
Spain
Introduction
Contents of the obligation to follow the business method
Obligations not to damage the reputation of the network
Limits to the obligation to follow the business method
Remedies
Comparison
Introduction
Contents of the obligation to follow the business method
Limits to the obligation
Remedies
Conclusion
XXV
205
205
206
207
207
208
208
209
210
210
Chapter IV.
General Conclusions
1.
Introduction
2.
Differences and similarities between the compared systems
2.1
2.2
A general difference: the sources of the law
Differences and similarities as to the main
obligations of the parties
2.2.1 Scope rule
2.2.2 Obligations of the franchisor
2.2.3 Obligations of the franchisee
3.
213
214
215
216
219
Underpinning policies: autonomy-friendliness? Legal certainty?
3.1
Franchisors’ autonomy-friendliness
3.1.1 Characteristic obligations in franchising
3.1.2 Requirements as to the form and contents
of the obligations
3.1.3 Remedies
3.1.4 Legal outcome in case-law after balancing
the interests of the parties
3.2
Legal certainty
221
221
222
223
224
225
XXVI
Table of Contents (extended)
4.
The likely reactions of the parties if the Principles were to apply
4.1
4.2
4.3
Franchisors
Franchisees
Win-win situation
226
227
228
5.
Final remarks
229
Summary
Chapter I. General Introduction
232
Chapter II. Main Characteristics of
French and Spanish Law on Franchising
232
Chapter III. Description and Comparision
Scope rule
Obligation of the franchisor to provide pre-contractual information
Obligation of the franchisor to license intellectual property rights
Obligation of the franchisor to communicate his know-how
Obligation of the franchisor to assist
Obligation of the franchisee to pay
Obligation of the franchisee to follow the
business method of the franchisor
233
233
235
235
236
237
238
Chapter IV. General Conclusions
Differences and similarities as to scope of application, contents
and form of the obligations, remedies for non-performance and
outcome of judicial decisions
Underpinning policies: autonomy-friendliness? Legal certainty?
The likely reactions of franchisors and franchisees
if the Principles were to apply
238
240
241
Table of Contents (extended)
XXVII
Samenvating
243
Hoofdstuk I. Allgemene Inleiding
244
Hoofdstuk II. De Belangrijkste Karakteristieken van het Frans
an Spaans Recht inzake Franchising
244
Hoofdstuk III. Beschrijvingen en Vergelijking
245
Reikwijdte
Precontractuele informatieplicht van de franchisegever
Verplichting van de franchisegever om een licentie op intellectuele
eigendomsrechten te verlenen
Verplichting van de franchisegever om zijn know-how door te geven
Verplichting van de franchisegever om begeleiding te geven
Betalingsverplichting van de franchisenemer
Verplichting van de franchisenemer om de bedrijfsformule van de
franchisegever te volgen
245
246
Hoofdstuk IV. Algemene Conclusies
251
Verschillen en overeenkomsten met betrekking tot toepassingsbereik,
inhoud en vorm van de verplichtingen van partijen, rechtsmiddelen
tegen niet-nakoming en de uitkomst van rechterlijke uitspraken
Onderliggende beleidsdoeleinden: nadruk op autonomie?
Rechtszekerheid?
De te verwachten reacties van franchisegevers en
franchisenemers in geval de Principles van toepassing zouden zijn
247
248
249
250
251
251
253
255
Legislation
a)
Principles of European Law on Commercial Agency, Franchise and
Distribution Contracts (PEL CAFDC)
257
b)
French Law
260
c)
Spanish law
262
XXVIII
Table of Contents (extended)
Table of Cases
European Court of Justice
265
French case-law
Cour de Cassation
Cours d’appel
Tribunal de Grand Instance
Tribunal de Commerce
265
267
268
269
Spanish case-law
Tribunal Supremo
Audiencias Provinciales
269
270
Bibliography
273
Abbreviations
291