PANORAMA of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean Hunger in Latin America and the Caribbean: approaching the Millennium Goals PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 4 04/11/2013 14:03:40 of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean Hunger in Latin America and the Caribbean: approaching the Millennium Goals PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 1 04/11/2013 14:03:40 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 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Cover photo: Ubirajara Machado PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 3 04/11/2013 14:03:40 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 4 04/11/2013 14:03:40 Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean KEY MESSAGES !"#$% &'&! *$+4 5''* !ennium, with a drop in total number of 6.6 %. %8'9;&<9;<# =& portion of people who suffer from hunger” has been achieved by sixteen countries in the region, and several others have made significant progress, a fact that breeds the hope that the current generation could see hunger eradicated in the region. % ' !& '8! ' ' > "?*?!$ % &8 B&8#$Dever, in the last three years the decline in extreme poverty rates has tended to stagnate, a worrying sign. 45''G population, and no country in the region lacks sufficient available calories to meet the minimum per-person daily requirements. ; H8 &8'& 2012, but in the first half of 2013 there was greater instability, and the cumulative inflation during the first half of 2013 (3.9% headline inflation and 5.2% food inflation) was greater than the levels recordedduring the same period of 2012. KB & 8B&8ger, it is necessary to combine growth,strong political commitment and decided public action, employing the =>L'8$$B ' coupled with other policies whose goal is to change the structures that generate exclusion and inequality. 5 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 5 04/11/2013 14:03:40 PRESENTATION %"HPQ845'' that in recent years the region maintains a favourabletrajectory in terms of economic growth and social protection,amidst a general context in which the economies of the industrialized countries have experienced crises and low growth rates . The regional progress made between 1990 and 2015 towards the goal of halving the proportion of people who '9;&<Rdouble our efforts and maintain this positive trend in terms of economic and social development, it is conceivable that the current generation could be the first in history to live completely free from hunger and malnutrition in all 45''$ This challengenecessarily involves deepening and accelerating structural changes in terms of the redistribution of income, while at the same time cross sector policies and short-term interventions are fine tuned to reduce poverty and eradicate hunger in the region. Q& &8 8$9BB=P5 D LSVW B&8=VWX98L& 8=YD H LS5 =5D84& L'' '8SZW 8 8SH'+!5 PQ8S5''58'[ H8 PQ8$ V'\=YD 5 L]Ptions, proclaiming its commitment to eradicate hunger and extreme poverty in the country in less than two years. Countries have not only have reiterated their commitment to the fight against hunger and malnutrition individually, they have also endorsed this cause in the statements of the main supranational bodies of the region, 58 4 5'' Q 5K45 Q# 5 + Q8Q+5Q#]QP]PQ][#Q5 9>9K[5Q][#5''585[+59#4HH[4%+P#$ FAO bases its actions on the firm belief that hunger is a problem that can and must be resolved, since countries in the region have thenecessary resources and technical capabilities, as well as the human capital andthe politi 8 $H8 ties of the countries of the region can be seen, as well as from other sectors of civil society. 6 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 6 04/11/2013 14:03:40 Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean 'H > '8 & \$+&'8 ^8 capita, which covers with ease the food needs of the entire region. This shows that hunger in our region is not primarily a problem of food availability or production but of access to food, and this requires strengthening the income of the most vulnerable segments of the population. One of the lessons learned from the successful experiences of the region is the importance of the so-called =!>L8$% immediate action, combining them with policies, programs and interventionsto generate long-term structural changes to address the underlying causes of hunger. <&45''&&8 & positively impacted the lives of their inhabitants. These include conditional cash transfer programs, which 21 countries in the region implement, supporting more than 113million people, about 20 % of the regional popula$KG8'B8=Q9H L$%& ^?V&^_?<?P $ An important part of this twin track approach for achieving food security are the policies and programs that strengthen family farming in terms of their production as well as their integration into local markets. This favours and promotes the availability of healthy food also since they are deeply linkedwith local cultures. +& ' &ployment, as many poor households derive their income by working as salaried workers, and the weakness and vulnerability of these jobs in large part explains the high levels of poverty and food insecurity among the working $+& '>'8 ' work and raising minimum wages, could have a huge impact on the most persistent hot spots of poverty and food insecurity in the region. Extreme poverty and hunger are problems that notonly affect the families living in such conditions, their com&8' $+8' 8$+ity that affects us all: poverty and hunger in one country has negative impacts on the whole region. This means >[ 4 America and the Caribbean devotes all its efforts. 7 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 7 04/11/2013 14:03:40 8 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 8 04/11/2013 14:03:41 Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 8 consume insufficient food to meet their minimum energy requirements. This figure, despite its appalling mag"`!&$5^^!^' ' '8*? 8 last decade. ' 45''&'&&R _*'!!"$+ & ``*^^!^!"# $*? *$^ ? 8 $ % 8 %'D^$?#<"$_?#H 8$"?#P $*?#V& (21.3%)being the most affected countries. Figure 1. Evolution of hunger in the world and in Latin America and the Caribbean during the 1990/92-2011/13 period (Millions of people) 1 050 66 65 1 015 61 1 000 60 957 950 55 55 900 907 50 50 850 878 47 842 800 45 1990-92 Source: FAO (2013) 2000-02 2005-07 World (left axis) 2008-10 2011-13 LAC (right axis) 9 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 9 04/11/2013 14:03:42 Table 1.Evolution of the prevalence of undernourishment in Latin America and the Caribbean (1990/92-2011/13). Source: FAO (2013) 1990-92 2000-02 2011-13 Latin America and the Caribbean 14,7% 11,7% 7,9% Caribbean 27,6% 21,3% 19,3% Latin America 13,8% 11,0% 7,1% %8''8]P9;&< '8&^ ' ='\&5L'8'^^_ the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. The organization has created its own methodology for measuring progress towards this goal. + 8 `1"&8 4 Caribbean, and several other countries in the region have made significant progress. As is often, the situation between countries is very diverse, and we can distinguish between those who have already reached the goal, those whoshow greater or lesser degrees of progress, those who have fallen behind and finally those whose efforts to reduce hunger have stagnated during the 1990/92 - 2011/ 13 period. + 8 = ' L '8 X D WXD# '8 exhibits positive trends, withthis condition affecting less than 10% of children during the 2005-2012period. This problem affects less than 5% of the total population of children in 13 of the 19 countries for which data is available (Figure 3). º VW5'5<8D9BP HHZWV'5';;['Q$Z<$ 59BZWV'5';Q$Z< have eradicated hunger. 10 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 10 04/11/2013 14:03:42 Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean Figure 2. Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in relation to C1 objective of the Millennium Development Goal 1 1990/92 - 2011/13 State of undernourishment in 1990-92 (%) 20 40 60 HTI NIC BOL DOM PER ECU PAN PRY HND GUY COL VCA SUR SLV BRA KNA LCA VEN TTO CHL JAM BHS CUB BLZ URY ATG GTM GRA 0 CRI Declines No changes MDG 1 Undernourishment <5% Progress towards the Millennium Development Goal Note: Only those countries that have levels of malnutrition <5% for at least one of the three year periods considered. Therefore, this excludes from the analysis Barbados, Dominica, Argentina and Mexico, countries that both in 1990-92 and in 2010-12 presented malnutrition levels below 5% and have reached the goal of eradicating hunger according to the FAO indicator. Figure 3: Reduction of undernourishment (underweight) in children under 5 years in Latin America and the Caribbean (19 countries) Haiti Guatemala Guyana Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Belize Bolivia Peru Panama Colombia Dom. Republic Paraguay Jamaica Venezuela Argentina Brazil Costa Rica 1990-1996 Chile 0 5 10 15 2005-2012 20 25 11 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 11 04/11/2013 14:03:42 THE OTHER BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION: OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT INCREASE IN THE REGION '8 '45'' $+B8'8' '&& cultural and socioeconomic factors. + &'8 "?*? ! _#$+''8> &=!'LP5;#& age increase the likelihood of their persistence in adulthood. Figure 4: Prevalence of obesity in adults over 20 years (%) in Latin America and the Caribbean (2008). Saint Kitts and Nevis Belize Bahamas Mexico Barbados Venezuela Trinidad and Tobago Chile Argentina El Salvador Surinam Panama Antigua and Barbuda Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Jamaica Dominica Costa Rica Uruguay Nicaragua Grenada LAC Saint Lucia Ecuador Dom. Republic Guatemala Cuba Honduras Brazil Paraguay Bolivia Colombia Peru Guyana Haiti 2 41 35 35 33 33 31 30 29 29 27 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 24 24 24 23 22 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 17 17 8 0 10 20 30 40 2 K<'D'&88$[>R& {'89Q$;'R{{$${ '{'{{ 12 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 12 04/11/2013 14:03:42 Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean Figure 5: Evolution of overweight in children under 5 years in Latin America and the Caribbean (%). Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Dom. Republic Surinam Venezuela 1994 2005 1994 2008 1996 2007 1994 2008 1995 2010 1996 2009 1993 2008 1995 2009 1997 2009 1995 2006 1996 2006 1992 2004 1989 2006 1993 2007 1990 2005 1992 2008 1991 2007 2000 2006 1990 2007 9.9 11.1 7.1 8.7 6.6 7.3 10.1 9.5 4.5 4.8 9.6 8.1 3.9 5.7 6.2 4.9 1.9 6.7 4.3 3.9 2.4 5.8 4.4 7.5 9.8 7.6 5.7 6.2 6.3 7.1 9.3 9.8 4.4 2.9 8.3 4 4 6.1 0 5 10 !3 3 Available at http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/database/en. For the reference period 1990-1996, the figures correspond to the first year of available national surveys. For the reference period 2005-2011, the figures refer to the latest data from these surveys. 13 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 13 04/11/2013 14:03:42 14 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 14 04/11/2013 14:03:42 Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean ADVANCES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST EXTREME POVERTY +&'9;& > ' 8 ^^_&8#45''proved food security levels and made significant progress in the reduction of extreme poverty, measured as the ]Q|8$ ` * &' &' 8' #'KQ&#&tries who already exhibited low rates of extreme poverty in 1990 (below 5%), such asMexico, Uruguay and Argentina, have managed to virtually eradicate extreme poverty. Figure 6. Proportion of the population in Latin America and the Caribbean with incomes below US $1 dollar per day per day, around 2010 25 2010 Goal 20 15 10 5 0 HND GTM(a) PAN BRA SLV ECU PER CRI COL BOL(b) CHL MEX DOM VEN(a) PRY URY ARG Note: (a) The data for Guatemala and Venezuela are from 2006. (b) In the case of Bolivia, the data corresponds to 2008. ""#&'*&+;=> 15 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 15 04/11/2013 14:03:43 +8'$ * 4& B&8 K545'8' 1990 and 2010, going from 23% to 12%, while the population living in poverty (including extreme poverty) fell from ?"? $V& 8$* $?$?$ Figure 7. Poverty and indigence in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1980-2012 Percentages (left side) and number (right side) 50 250 48,4 43,8 225 43,9 215 204 40,5 40 200 184 176 168 167 69 66 66 2010 2011 2012 32,8 29,4 Porcentajes 30 28,8 22,6 20 18,6 18,6 19,3 Millones de personas 31,0 150 136 95 100 99 91 73 13,0 12,1 11,5 62 11,4 10 50 0 0 1980 1990 1999 2002 2009 Indigents 2010 2011 2012 1980 Poor but not indigent 1990 1999 2002 Indigents 2009 Poor but not indigent Source: FAO based on ECLAC information (2012) GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH DURING 2012 H &8' &'&& !!!^ #$% &8 resources to the most vulnerable households. 16 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 16 04/11/2013 14:03:43 Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean Figure 8. Economic growth rates in selected regions and countries. 2010-2014period (%) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 10 8 6 4 2 0 World Latin China America and the Caribbean India Developing countries Brazil Russian Federation Unite States Developed countries Japon Euro zone Note: values for 2013-2014 are estimates Source: FAO based on information from the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC) +"B} <;H#B $%45''$% ' growth rates would remain at 2.3% and 3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the region is projected to resume agrowth '&?$ FOOD PRICES Overall, the FAO food price index has shown a slight downward trend in recent months, which is due to sharp falls & _$"?$*?&8$ V8 8& 8$?$?_$"?&8$ 17 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 17 04/11/2013 14:03:43 18 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 18 04/11/2013 14:03:44 Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean Figure 9. FAO global food price index, by groups 2005-2013 400 300 200 Source: FAO. 100 2005 2006 2007 Meats 2008 Dairy 2009 Cereals 2010 2011 2012 Oils and fats 2013 Agosto Sugars =;?@H&+;;J!+;=> HKQQWX&Y Headline 15 Food 10 5 0 2007/07 2008/07 2009/07 2010/07 2011/07 2012/07 2013/07 XX 19 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 19 04/11/2013 14:03:45 + &8'" '8 compared to the same period during 2011 and 2012, with values that were very similar to those of 2010 (Figure 9). This higher regional food inflation is a product of the accumulated food inflation rates during the first half of 2013 5ZW55[<DP KQ&# $%> ZW"_?';'~"$ FOOD PRODUCTION AND AVAILABILITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 45''\8 '_^?# 8'_?# "`?#'"?#?#>?# & capacity. Figure 11. Average gap between food availability and consumption (1000 MT) 200 000 150 000 100 000 50 000 0 Source: FAO based on USDA, on-line data Rice 60s Corn 70s 80s Wheat 90s 00s 11-13 These three countries occupy 65% of the area of the region and have 59% of the total population of the region.. 20 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 20 04/11/2013 14:03:45 Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean X ' ' 8 by factors such as the endowment of productive factors and technology investment. The main producers of maize 45'' VW9B ^?? $+VW _?H? $ This excellent performance of the agricultural sector has resulted in food availability being much higher than food demand, which shows that there is no risk of food shortages. Examples of this are the corn, wheat and rice markets, whose availability shows a positive trend, amply exceedingdomestic consumption (Figure 11). Figure 12. Contribution of Latin America and the Caribbean to world exports, commodities (percentage of volume) 63 62 58 60 58 54 53 47 40 36 36 33 30 30 21 20 16 9 8 6 4 4 8 5 8 5 0 Dairy Wheat Rice 1993/1994 Meats Corn 2003/2004 Coffee Soybean Sugar 2013/2014 Source: FAO based on USDA, on-line data 21 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 21 04/11/2013 14:03:45 Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean Moreover, the totalfood trade of the region (exports plus imports) in terms of food and agriculture in 2012 totalled ]Q|^$*' 8]Q|^'8&&$"? ']Q|$_' "$_?$ 45'' "?$% of intra-regional trade and the potential of the region as a supplier of food and other agricultural products. POLICIES THAT MAKE THE DIFFERENCE: BASIC NEEDS AND THE PROMOTION OF RIGHTS After the crisis of soaring food prices, food security and the fight against inequality and poverty have acquired ''8 &$Q of these seek to address complex social situations with immediate, short-term interventions, and other are focu $%=!>L8 nutrition has been promoted by FAO worldwide. This section covers some of the most important initiatives that are beingimplemented in the region in the field =L>8& social indicators of the region. Q K545\R!'8 (which is normally associated with social assistance)contributory social protection, which corresponds to benefits received by employees in return for their pension contributions (also known as social security), and the labor market regulation, that seek to ensure that jobs meet the minimum quality standards and necessary social protection of workers . %5XQ85Q#&hoods of individuals and families, something particularly applicable to vulnerable family farming households in 5 5Q9W[$$+&QH4$5& $K545$<+Y$Q 5! 6 D4HK$=Q8L$[D 4&HKBQ8P$[$ 23 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 23 04/11/2013 14:03:45 [ $& >&8 farming are also important in terms of social protection. Among the short-term and emergency measures, thenon-contributory social protection systems(i.e. fully funded '8Q#8=L 8 B& human capital. 21 countries in the region are implementing such programs, and in 2010 they covered 113 million people,almost 19 % of the regional population . Figure 14.Coverage of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs with regard to poverty and indigence in Latin America and the Caribbean (15 countries). Around 2010 (%) Uruguay 100 85 Mexico 100 63 100 100 100 Ecuador Colombia 57 Chile 100 52 Brazil 100 85 Argentina 100 46 Dom. Republic 89 46 Panama 81 40 Guatemala 71 40 Peru 61 21 Costa Rica 52 17 Bolivia 51 32 El Salvador 39 17 Paraguay 25 14 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage (%) of the indigent population covered Percentage (%) of the poor population covered Source: Cecchini and Madariaga, 2011 24 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 24 04/11/2013 14:03:45 Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean Table No. 2. Coverage of school feeding programs in Latin America and the Caribbean (8 countries) (%) Total student population and coverageof school feeding programs Countries Total students Coverage % Bolivia 2418,677 2162,921 89% Colombia 4725,270 3878,189 82% El Salvador 1342,803 1327,348 99% Guatemala 2852,769 2723,654 95% Honduras 1457,489 1404,101 96% Nicaragua 1020,447 1020,447 100% Paraguay 879,540 527,724 60% Peru 7 5106,768 3069,229 60% Total 19, 803,763 16, 113,613 81% Source: FAO/Brazil Cooperation Project (2013) KG8' 8Q H QH#& long standing in the region. Children attending public schools with school feeding programs have access to the necessary foods needed for them to achieve proper levels of physical and intellectual performance concerning their education and the demands of their childhood, influencing the emotional dimension and the values transmitted by the educational system (see their coverage in Table 2). * 8"X &*& the country. 25 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 25 04/11/2013 14:03:45 26 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 26 04/11/2013 14:03:46 Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean Among the long term policies that seek to reverse social asymmetries and deep inequalities, are those aimed at the two sector where rural poverty is highest, and whose relative importance varies between countries: family farming and salaried workers. +&8 \&&& gone from scattered and aid based policies to the institutional recognition of the important role this sector can play in food production, and how it can make an important contribution to the eradication of rural poverty. 27 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 27 04/11/2013 14:03:47 PANORAMA-ejecutivo-ENGLISHv2.indd 28 04/11/2013 14:03:47 Two years before the deadline set by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the aim of “halving the proportion of people who suffer from hunger” has been achieved by sixteen countries in the region, and several others have made significant progress. Despite this, 47 million people suffer hunger in Latin America and the Caribbean, which means that efforts must be redoubled. Achieving these goals requires political commitment and decided public action. Progress made so far gives hope that the current Latin American and Caribbean generation could see hunger eradicated in the short term.