Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the

PANORAMA
of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin
America and the Caribbean
Hunger in Latin America and the Caribbean:
approaching the Millennium Goals
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of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin
America and the Caribbean
Hunger in Latin America and the Caribbean:
approaching the Millennium Goals
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The designations employed and the presentation of material in this
information product
do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
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does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by
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© FAO 2013
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Cover photo: Ubirajara Machado
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Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean
KEY MESSAGES
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!ennium, with a drop in total number of 6.6 %.
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portion of people who suffer from hunger” has been achieved by sixteen countries in the region, and several
others have made significant progress, a fact that breeds the hope that the current generation could see hunger
eradicated in the region.
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population, and no country in the region lacks sufficient available calories to meet the minimum per-person
daily requirements.
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2012, but in the first half of 2013 there was greater instability, and the cumulative inflation during the first half
of 2013 (3.9% headline inflation and 5.2% food inflation) was greater than the levels recordedduring the same
period of 2012.
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coupled with other policies whose goal is to change the structures that generate exclusion and inequality.
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PRESENTATION
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that in recent years the region maintains a favourabletrajectory in terms of economic growth and social
protection,amidst a general context in which the economies of the industrialized countries have experienced
crises and low growth rates .
The regional progress made between 1990 and 2015 towards the goal of halving the proportion of people who
'9;&<Rdouble our efforts and maintain this positive trend in terms of economic and social development, it is conceivable
that the current generation could be the first in history to live completely free from hunger and malnutrition in all
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This challengenecessarily involves deepening and accelerating structural changes in terms of the redistribution
of income, while at the same time cross sector policies and short-term interventions are fine tuned to reduce
poverty and eradicate hunger in the region.
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L]Ptions, proclaiming its commitment to eradicate hunger and extreme poverty in the country in less than two years.
Countries have not only have reiterated their commitment to the fight against hunger and malnutrition individually, they have also endorsed this cause in the statements of the main supranational bodies of the region,
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FAO bases its actions on the firm belief that hunger is a problem that can and must be resolved, since countries
in the region have thenecessary resources and technical capabilities, as well as the human capital andthe politi
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ties of the countries of the region can be seen, as well as from other sectors of civil society.
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Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean
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capita, which covers with ease the food needs of the entire region. This shows that hunger in our region is not
primarily a problem of food availability or production but of access to food, and this requires strengthening the
income of the most vulnerable segments of the population.
One of the lessons learned from the successful experiences of the region is the importance of the so-called
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immediate action, combining them with policies, programs and interventionsto generate long-term structural
changes to address the underlying causes of hunger.
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positively impacted the lives of their inhabitants. These include conditional cash transfer programs, which 21
countries in the region implement, supporting more than 113million people, about 20 % of the regional popula$KG8'B8=Q9H
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An important part of this twin track approach for achieving food security are the policies and programs that
strengthen family farming in terms of their production as well as their integration into local markets. This favours and promotes the availability of healthy food also since they are deeply linkedwith local cultures.
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&ployment, as many poor households derive their income by working as salaried workers, and the weakness and
vulnerability of these jobs in large part explains the high levels of poverty and food insecurity among the working
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work and raising minimum wages, could have a huge impact on the most persistent hot spots of poverty and food
insecurity in the region.
Extreme poverty and hunger are problems that notonly affect the families living in such conditions, their com&8'
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America and the Caribbean devotes all its efforts.
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8
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Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean
HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
8
consume insufficient food to meet their minimum energy requirements. This figure, despite its appalling mag"`!&$5^^!^'
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last decade.
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(21.3%)being the most affected countries.
Figure 1. Evolution of hunger in the world and in Latin America and the Caribbean during
the 1990/92-2011/13 period (Millions of people)
1 050
66
65
1 015
61
1 000
60
957
950
55
55
900
907
50
50
850
878
47
842
800
45
1990-92
Source: FAO (2013)
2000-02
2005-07
World (left axis)
2008-10
2011-13
LAC (right axis)
9
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Table 1.Evolution of the prevalence of undernourishment in Latin America and the Caribbean
(1990/92-2011/13).
Source: FAO (2013)
1990-92
2000-02
2011-13
Latin America
and the Caribbean
14,7%
11,7%
7,9%
Caribbean
27,6%
21,3%
19,3%
Latin America
13,8%
11,0%
7,1%
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the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. The organization has created its own methodology for measuring progress towards this goal.
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Caribbean, and several other countries in the region have made significant progress. As is often, the situation between countries is very diverse, and we can distinguish between those who have already reached the goal, those
whoshow greater or lesser degrees of progress, those who have fallen behind and finally those whose efforts to
reduce hunger have stagnated during the 1990/92 - 2011/ 13 period.
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exhibits positive trends, withthis condition affecting less than 10% of children during the 2005-2012period. This
problem affects less than 5% of the total population of children in 13 of the 19 countries for which data is available
(Figure 3).
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have eradicated hunger.
10
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Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean
Figure 2. Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in relation to C1 objective
of the Millennium Development Goal 1 1990/92 - 2011/13
State of undernourishment in 1990-92 (%)
20
40
60
HTI
NIC
BOL
DOM
PER
ECU PAN
PRY
HND GUY
COL
VCA
SUR
SLV
BRA
KNA
LCA
VEN
TTO
CHL
JAM
BHS
CUB
BLZ
URY
ATG
GTM
GRA
0
CRI
Declines
No changes
MDG 1 Undernourishment <5%
Progress towards the Millennium Development Goal
Note: Only those countries that have levels of malnutrition <5% for at least one of the three year periods considered. Therefore, this excludes from the analysis
Barbados, Dominica, Argentina and Mexico, countries that both in 1990-92 and in 2010-12 presented malnutrition levels below 5% and have reached the goal
of eradicating hunger according to the FAO indicator.
Figure 3: Reduction of undernourishment
(underweight) in children under 5 years in
Latin America and the Caribbean
(19 countries)
Haiti
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Belize
Bolivia
Peru
Panama
Colombia
Dom. Republic
Paraguay
Jamaica
Venezuela
Argentina
Brazil
Costa Rica
1990-1996
Chile
0
5
10
15
2005-2012
20
25
11
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THE OTHER BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION: OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT INCREASE IN THE REGION
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cultural and socioeconomic factors.
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age increase the likelihood of their persistence in adulthood.
Figure 4: Prevalence of obesity in adults over 20 years (%) in Latin America and the Caribbean (2008).
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Belize
Bahamas
Mexico
Barbados
Venezuela
Trinidad and Tobago
Chile
Argentina
El Salvador
Surinam
Panama
Antigua and Barbuda
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Jamaica
Dominica
Costa Rica
Uruguay
Nicaragua
Grenada
LAC
Saint Lucia
Ecuador
Dom. Republic
Guatemala
Cuba
Honduras
Brazil
Paraguay
Bolivia
Colombia
Peru
Guyana
Haiti
2
41
35
35
33
33
31
30
29
29
27
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
24
24
24
23
22
22
22
21
21
20
20
19
19
18
17
17
8
0
10
20
30
40
2
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Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean
Figure 5: Evolution of overweight in children under 5 years in Latin America and the Caribbean (%).
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Peru
Dom. Republic
Surinam
Venezuela
1994
2005
1994
2008
1996
2007
1994
2008
1995
2010
1996
2009
1993
2008
1995
2009
1997
2009
1995
2006
1996
2006
1992
2004
1989
2006
1993
2007
1990
2005
1992
2008
1991
2007
2000
2006
1990
2007
9.9
11.1
7.1
8.7
6.6
7.3
10.1
9.5
4.5
4.8
9.6
8.1
3.9
5.7
6.2
4.9
1.9
6.7
4.3
3.9
2.4
5.8
4.4
7.5
9.8
7.6
5.7
6.2
6.3
7.1
9.3
9.8
4.4
2.9
8.3
4
4
6.1
0
5
10
!3
3
Available at http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/database/en. For the reference period 1990-1996, the figures correspond to the first year of available
national surveys. For the reference period 2005-2011, the figures refer to the latest data from these surveys.
13
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Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean
ADVANCES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST EXTREME POVERTY
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^^_&8#45''proved food security levels and made significant progress in the reduction of extreme poverty, measured as the
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#'KQ&#&tries who already exhibited low rates of extreme poverty in 1990 (below 5%), such asMexico, Uruguay and Argentina, have managed to virtually eradicate extreme poverty.
Figure 6. Proportion of the population in Latin America and the Caribbean with incomes below US $1 dollar per
day per day, around 2010
25
2010
Goal
20
15
10
5
0
HND GTM(a) PAN
BRA
SLV
ECU
PER
CRI
COL
BOL(b)
CHL
MEX
DOM VEN(a)
PRY
URY
ARG
Note: (a) The data for Guatemala and Venezuela are from 2006. (b) In the case of Bolivia, the data corresponds to 2008.
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1990 and 2010, going from 23% to 12%, while the population living in poverty (including extreme poverty) fell from
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Figure 7. Poverty and indigence in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1980-2012
Percentages (left side) and number (right side)
50
250
48,4
43,8
225
43,9
215
204
40,5
40
200
184
176
168
167
69
66
66
2010
2011
2012
32,8
29,4
Porcentajes
30
28,8
22,6
20
18,6
18,6
19,3
Millones de personas
31,0
150
136
95
100
99
91
73
13,0
12,1
11,5
62
11,4
10
50
0
0
1980
1990
1999
2002
2009
Indigents
2010
2011
2012
1980
Poor but not indigent
1990
1999
2002
Indigents
2009
Poor but not indigent
Source: FAO based on ECLAC information (2012)
GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH DURING 2012
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resources to the most vulnerable households.
16
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Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean
Figure 8. Economic growth rates in selected regions and countries. 2010-2014period (%)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
10
8
6
4
2
0
World
Latin
China
America and
the Caribbean
India
Developing
countries
Brazil
Russian
Federation
Unite
States
Developed
countries
Japon
Euro
zone
Note: values for 2013-2014 are estimates
Source: FAO based on information from the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC)
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growth rates would remain at 2.3% and 3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the region is projected to resume agrowth
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FOOD PRICES
Overall, the FAO food price index has shown a slight downward trend in recent months, which is due to sharp falls
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Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean
Figure 9. FAO global food price index, by groups 2005-2013
400
300
200
Source: FAO.
100
2005
2006
2007
Meats
2008
Dairy
2009
Cereals
2010
2011
2012
Oils and fats
2013 Agosto
Sugars
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Headline
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Food
10
5
0
2007/07
2008/07
2009/07
2010/07
2011/07
2012/07
2013/07
XX
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compared to the same period during 2011 and 2012, with values that were very similar to those of 2010 (Figure 9).
This higher regional food inflation is a product of the accumulated food inflation rates during the first half of 2013
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FOOD PRODUCTION AND AVAILABILITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
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capacity.
Figure 11. Average gap between food availability and consumption (1000 MT)
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
0
Source: FAO based on USDA, on-line data
Rice
60s
Corn
70s
80s
Wheat
90s
00s
11-13
These three countries occupy 65% of the area of the region and have 59% of the total population of the region..
20
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Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean
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by factors such as the endowment of productive factors and technology investment. The main producers of maize
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This excellent performance of the agricultural sector has resulted in food availability being much higher than food
demand, which shows that there is no risk of food shortages. Examples of this are the corn, wheat and rice markets, whose availability shows a positive trend, amply exceedingdomestic consumption (Figure 11).
Figure 12. Contribution of Latin America and the Caribbean to world exports, commodities
(percentage of volume)
63
62
58
60
58
54
53
47
40
36
36
33
30
30
21
20
16
9
8
6
4
4
8
5
8
5
0
Dairy
Wheat
Rice
1993/1994
Meats
Corn
2003/2004
Coffee
Soybean
Sugar
2013/2014
Source: FAO based on USDA, on-line data
21
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Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean
Moreover, the totalfood trade of the region (exports plus imports) in terms of food and agriculture in 2012 totalled
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of intra-regional trade and the potential of the region as a supplier of food and other agricultural products.
POLICIES THAT MAKE THE DIFFERENCE: BASIC NEEDS AND THE PROMOTION OF RIGHTS
After the crisis of soaring food prices, food security and the fight against inequality and poverty have acquired
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of these seek to address complex social situations with immediate, short-term interventions, and other are focu
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nutrition has been promoted by FAO worldwide.
This section covers some of the most important initiatives that are beingimplemented in the region in the field
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social indicators of the region.
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(which is normally associated with social assistance)contributory social protection, which corresponds to benefits
received by employees in return for their pension contributions (also known as social security), and the labor market regulation, that seek to ensure that jobs meet the minimum quality standards and necessary social protection
of workers .
%5XQ85Q#&hoods of individuals and families, something particularly applicable to vulnerable family farming households in
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farming are also important in terms of social protection.
Among the short-term and emergency measures, thenon-contributory social protection systems(i.e. fully funded
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human capital. 21 countries in the region are implementing such programs, and in 2010 they covered 113 million
people,almost 19 % of the regional population .
Figure 14.Coverage of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs with regard to poverty and indigence in Latin America
and the Caribbean (15 countries). Around 2010 (%)
Uruguay
100
85
Mexico
100
63
100
100
100
Ecuador
Colombia
57
Chile
100
52
Brazil
100
85
Argentina
100
46
Dom. Republic
89
46
Panama
81
40
Guatemala
71
40
Peru
61
21
Costa Rica
52
17
Bolivia
51
32
El Salvador
39
17
Paraguay
25
14
0
20
40
60
80
100
Percentage (%) of the indigent population covered
Percentage (%) of the poor population covered
Source: Cecchini and Madariaga, 2011
24
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Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean
Table No. 2. Coverage of school feeding programs in Latin America and the Caribbean (8 countries) (%)
Total student population and coverageof school feeding programs
Countries
Total students
Coverage
%
Bolivia
2418,677
2162,921
89%
Colombia
4725,270
3878,189
82%
El Salvador
1342,803
1327,348
99%
Guatemala
2852,769
2723,654
95%
Honduras
1457,489
1404,101
96%
Nicaragua
1020,447
1020,447
100%
Paraguay
879,540
527,724
60%
Peru 7
5106,768
3069,229
60%
Total
19, 803,763
16, 113,613
81%
Source: FAO/Brazil Cooperation Project (2013)
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long standing in the region. Children attending public schools with school feeding programs have access to the
necessary foods needed for them to achieve proper levels of physical and intellectual performance concerning
their education and the demands of their childhood, influencing the emotional dimension and the values transmitted by the educational system (see their coverage in Table 2).
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the country.
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Panorama of Food and Nutritional Security in Latin America and the Caribbean
Among the long term policies that seek to reverse social asymmetries and deep inequalities, are those aimed at
the two sector where rural poverty is highest, and whose relative importance varies between countries: family
farming and salaried
workers.
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gone from scattered and aid based policies to the institutional recognition of the important role this sector can
play in food production, and how it can make an important contribution to the eradication of rural poverty.
27
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Two years before the deadline set by
the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), the aim of “halving the proportion of people who suffer from hunger”
has been achieved by sixteen countries
in the region, and several others have
made significant progress. Despite this,
47 million people suffer hunger in Latin America and the Caribbean, which
means that efforts must be redoubled.
Achieving these goals requires political
commitment and decided public action.
Progress made so far gives hope that
the current Latin American and Caribbean generation could see hunger
eradicated in the short term.