PROCEDURE EvaluarNodo ( (* E *) circuito : GRAFODIR.TipoGrafo
Anuncio
.
"!$#%&')(+*,,,
-
/1024365708362:9;/ <6= <>9?0A@B/ CC
D?E1FHG1EJIKML1E1NPOK+QSRUTWVWXY[Z]\^\_\
`abdcfeeg^h+
idj
klnm o Y_p$qsrMt
udvxwzy|{}~ n
f
f|
b"
¡¢
£¤¢
$¥x§¦f¨n wzy ¦"©Hª^«¬¥ }­yx®
¯ |° w «± y ²¬
³§
]¢
´
µ¤³µz´¶f
´
lf
" £]·]|"£]
®M¸ °z« {}~
))
M]
³|
´
µ
d¶¤f·b
n
f
®
¹ y§º»}¶¼½{y|{} n«¬¦¾
¿£
À ³£¢ d
d
n´¡³¢
$
¶Áµ£z´ ¤
n¶¢ ÁÃÄb
$Å Á
$ÃÆÆÆ ®
Ç «È } ¦ }n~ ¾¤
ɬ¢ l
n
f
ÊËb¢
x¶¢ bƤ
"Å Á
$ÃÆÆÆ ®
Ì ºÍvx{¬} n«¦¾
¤
³£¢ d
d
n´¡³¢
¶Áµ£z´ ¡) ´fd¶
´¡ ®
Ï XpÐTWXÑYÓÒ_ÔY ÕXÐfY
Î
Ö¡×ÙØÚÜÛWTWVÑY_t
Ý
Þß8àá»âzàãäáÍåËæUç§èæ éá»àæHàæê_ëäá»ß½ì§àáÍæß½ì|çíî^ïäãäî¬ðäî^âzîïäâzî¬íËîßnåì|âlàæ§ßWãäßé§âì£ñæ½òðæ§ßðî_ç»æídßäæðæídíæßAïäãäî¬âåì§ílæHó£ì|ç»æ§âzî¬í
ç§èæ é§á àæníò
ôãäßì1åzì|ë½ç»ì½õPöÀæ§â]î÷îêïäç»æ½òîß4ç ì1ø½é§ãäâì8-Uì|ï½ì§âËîàîãäß4àá»âàãäáÍåËæWô:íã:âzîïäâzî¬íËîßnåì§àá§èæ ß
õPù¤ì§ðäìúßäæðæAðäîç
é§âì£ñæ1àæßåzáÍî¬ßäî_ã½ßó£ì|ç»æ§âß½ì|åËãäâì|çûðá àüäæHó£ì|ç»æ§âî¬í]àç»ìóî^ðîç»ìHåzì§ëäç ìHàã½ôìPáÍßñæâËêÙìàá§èæ ßAîídî¬çåËá»ïæúðîïäãäîâËåzìPæ1îç
ó£ì|ç»æ§âfðîMîíî]ßäæðæõ$ýlíþ è çÍæníÁßäæðæílÿò äò½ò- äò--]ôA- íËæ§ß1óì§çÍæâËîí¤ç¬èæ é§á àæí¬òxêáÍî¬ßåzâzìí nãäî]îçâzî¬íåËæÙíËæ§ß1ïäãäîâËåzìíõ
á»é§ã½âzìP-
$ÞlßúàáÍâàã½á­åzæôPíãúâzîïäâzî¬íËîßnåzìàá§èæ ß
ãäïæ§ß½áÍî¬ß½ðæn ãäîÀåËæðäìíç ì§íïäã½îâËåzì§í
íæßdëäá»ß½ì§âËá ì§í¬ò
'
âzî¬ì§çÍᬠì§âî¬ßW
æðãäç ìb
îçíËãäëäï½âËæé§âì|êÙì !#"$%!'& ()'*#)
nãäîÙðäì§ðäæPãäß8àá»âzàãäáÍåËæ½ò
ç»ìHåzì§ëäç»ì1àæßJç ì1áÍßñæâËêÙìàá§èæ ßJðîç»æíßäæðæníðäîçé§âì£ñæ1àæâËâzî¬íËïæß½ðá»îßnåËî^ôWãäß½ì1ïäãäî¬âåìPðäî+
óxãäîç»ó£ìîçâzî¬íËãäçÍåzìðæÙðî îó£ì§çÍã½ì§âðá àü½ìïäãäîâËåzì½õ-", ç
íã½ëäïäâzæ§é§âì|êÙì./!#"0$%!& ()/*#_
) ðî¬ëî¬âÙ
èì íËîâ1 §2 %1¬ '43 (JôUåËî¬ßäîâlç»ì
íËáÍéãäáÍî¬ßnåËîMàì§ëîàîâì
5 6%78 9': 6 ; !#"$%!'& ()'*#)
<
<>= =#?A@#B & @ $ BDC )FEHG 6 I/J%7 9LK 6-MON B P )'G/&!/Q/)SR
<>= =#?TP $%U'& C !
E 8/I 6 9LKD( I#V R
E N I/[#V/I\MON BP ) N ! ]%"/!SR
W I 6 <>= %X/Y =#? !#"/)&U%Z
=#? &U%ZD$%" C !/*#)E N BP ) V )'^ B'@ ) ? R
W I 6 <>= Y
îíËãäïæ§ßä
î nãäîî¬çäó£ì|ç»æ§â$ðî P $%U'& C !]àæ§_
ß nãäîíËîfçÍç ì|êÙìMì§ï½ì|âzî¬àîÁàæ§êæ àç ìó§îÁî¬ßç ìåzì§ëäç ì`#!#"/)'&UZõa,"çåËá»ïæ_ðîfç»æí
ßäæðænífðîçéâzì|ñæôUîç
ðäîMç»ìífàç ìó§î¬íÁðîMç ìåzì§ëäç ì^îí 8/I 6 9LKD( I#V õ/b
ìá»ßñæ§âzêÙì§àá¬èæ ßPðîMç ìåzì§ëäç»ìîíðîçåËá»ïæ N BP )%KcQ#)õ
î ðá íËïæßäîMðîMçÍæní¤åËá»ïæní N BP ) 5 $%U'& C ! ô N BP ) V )'^ B/@ )õ
N d 5
N
N
N
BP e
) KcQ#)gf < c%)'&ihjc!c*hk!c*Shl)&ihHm)'&ihHnShHpo ? R
B P ) 5 $%U'& C !qfsrtc)'& M M m#)'&#uR
B P ) V )'^ B/@ )qf\rvn M/M pouR
ðæß½ðî`nôwpo]âzîï½âËîíî¬ßåì|ßPçÍæníÁóì§çÍæâËîíx^ô-§òâzî¬íËïîàåzáÍó£ì|êî¬ßåzî§õ
yì|ê_ë½áî¬è ßUíî]ðá íïæ§ß½îðîç ì ñãäßàá§èæ ßPì§#ã záÍç»á ì|\
â /!#"0$%!& 5 $%U'& C !ònãäîð½ì§ðäì_ãäß½ì^ïäãäîâËåzì_ôÙçÍæníbðäæí¤ó£ì|ç»æ§âzî¬í$ç§èæ éá»àæí
àæâËâzî¬íËïæ§ß½ðá»îßnåzî¬íÁìíã½íÁî¬ßnåËâì§ðäìíòðî¬ónã½îç»ó§î]îçâzî¬íËãäçÍåzìðæ^ï½âËæðã½àá»ðäæïæ§âðäá»àü½ìï½ãäîâËåzì½õ
5 67'8 9': 6 g #!#"0$%!'& 5 $%U'& C !
<
<>= =#?TP $%U& C !
E N B P ) 5 %
$ U'& C {
! R
<>= =#? !#"')'&po|hj#!#"/)'&}E N B P ) V ') ^ B/@ ) ? E N BP ) V )'^ B/@ ){R
"!$#%&')(+*,,,
5 %
6 78 9': 6 ; !#"$%!'& ()'*#)
<
+< = = ? @#B & @ $ BDC )
EHG 6 I J%7 9LK 6\MON BP )/G/&#!'Q#) R
<+= = ? P $U'& C !
E 8/I 6 9LK( I#V R
+
<
=
=
?
%
'
X
Y
!
/
"
'
)
&
%
U
Z
E N I/[V/I-MON BP ) N !]e"/!{R
W I/6
+
<
=
=
?
C
Y
&
U
D
Z
e
$
"
'
!
#
*
F
)
E N BP ) V )'^ B/@ ) ? R
W I/6
W I 6
Uc C &#!/*#!%Z E 8N7MON BP ) 8 )c0$ c C ) R
Uc C &#!/*#!Lo|hwUc C &!'*#! }iE 8/I 6 9LK( I#V R
&U%ZD$%" C !/*#)o|h &UZD$e" C !'*#) }iE N BP ) V )'^ B/@ ){R
B cQ#) E N BP )%KcQ#)SR
[ #GeKD(
N I/[V'I\MO6 U @ $ P U'&!& < !/"/)&#U%Zah P $%U& C !Sh B c#Q#) ? R
K J <B cQ#);fAn ? 76 <B c#Q#) f po ? N (
&U%ZD$e" C !/*#)iEOf B cQ )
V Y'
G 6 I J%7 9LK 6\MOI * !! @ Uc C UZ <+@#B & @ $ BDC )Sh P $U'& C !Sh U0c C &!/* !%Z ? R
8 N%7M m C &!/U'& < Uc C &#!'*#!Zh_Uc C &!/*#!o ? R
8 N%7M m C &!/U'& < Uc C &#!'*#!Zh_Uc C &!/*#!/} ? R
8 N%7M 9U%Z C &'$ B & < Uc C &#!/* !%Z ? R
!#"0$!'& ()/* ) <>@#B & @ $ BC ){h_Uc C &!/*#!LoLhj!#"/)&U%Zhw&UZD$e" C !'*#)Lo ? R
!#"0$!'& ()/* ) <>@#B & @ $ BC ){h_Uc C &!/*#! }{hj!#"/)&U%Zhw&UZD$e" C !'*#) } ? R
&U%ZD$e" C !/*#)iEOfq ! "0$%!'& 5 $%U'& C ! < P $%U& C ! h &#U%ZD$e" C !/*#)Lo|h_&U%ZD$%" C /! *#)/} ? R
N I/[V/I-MOI c%!/* B & < !/"/)&#U%Zah P $%U& C !Shw&UZD$e" C !'*#) ?
( 9 <>= K J =#?
( 9A #!#"0$%!'&/()/*#)SR
Z
"!$#%&')(+*,,,
Ô p8Y^ÒltWX¬ÒMr Vúr
WY_t
Ö¡×ÙØÚÜÛWTWVÑY_t
Ý
Þß !"$#&%')(*!!(*+%,((- î¬íÀã½ß½ìî¬íåËâzã½àåzãäâzìðîfðäì|åËæíÀïì|âìç ìdá»êïäç»îêîßnåzìàá§èæ ßðîú|èì âzëæçÍîíÀðîÁëd½èã í ã½î¬ðäì
nãäîñ)ìàá»çÍáÍåzìàá»îâËåËæní$âzî¬àæ§âzâËá ðæí .¬õ ãäïæ§ßäénì|êæí"ãäß §èì âËëæ§çëäá»ß½ì|âzá»æ_ðîëd½èã í ã½î¬ðäì^àæ§êæ^îçðîdç ìMøé§ãäâì.õöì§âzì à¬ì§ðäì
ßäæðæÙðî¬ßäæ§êá»ß½ì|âzîêæífíËã½àî¬íËæ§â # ðî¬ßnåËâzæðäîç §èì âËëæ§ç - ì|pç nãäîMóxá»îßäîMá»ßäêî¬ðá ì£åì|êîßnåzî]ðäî¬íËïäãÁîè íÁîßúãäßúâËîàæâËâzá»ðäæ_á»ßø|÷æ
õ ,$ß:ç ìúáÍêïäç»îêîßnåì§àá§èæ ß4üì|ëäáÍåËã½ì§ç"àæß4ïäãäßnåËî¬âËæní]î¬í^íî¬ß½àá»çÍç»æAìó§î¬âËá»é§ãì|â]îç"íËã½àî¬íËæ§â_ðîÙã½ß4ßäæð1
æ 0ò
# î¬ß )!(/- l
ðäìð3
æ %2 &4' 2"465Tx/& 7ã½ß1ï½ãäßnåËîâzæÙ8
ì 0íË9á 0AåzáÍî¬ßäîMüäá ÷æUðîâzî¬àüäæòxïî¬âËæßäæÙîífì§íþ è îßWàìíæàæßåzâzì§âËá»æ½õ
c
c
b
a
f
b
g
d
a
f
e
áÍéãäâzì_
g
d
e
lý è âËëæ§çðî]ëd½èã í ã½î¬ðäì
á»é§ã½âzì8
lý è âËëæ§çðîMë½èã í nãäîðäìàæßPüäá»ç»óì§ßäî¬í
,"íËîïäâËæëäç»îêÙìïäãäî¬ðäîMâËîíæçÍóîâíîlñ|§èì àá»ç»êî¬ßnåËîMìß½: ìðá»îß½ðæãäßúïäã½ßåzîâzæ ; < ìà¬ì§ðäìßäæðæòôHü½ìàá»îß½ðäæ nãäî]îíî
ßxãäîóæWïäãäßnåËî¬âËæWì§ïäãäßnåËîUüì§àá ìúîçbíã½àî¬íËæ§â ðî¬ç"ßäæðæWî¬ß4çÍæníMßäæðænínãäîÙßäæWåzáÍî¬ßäîß4üäá ÷æAðî¬âËîàüäæ # óîâ]ø½éãäâzì= - òô
nãäî íËî¬ì (LK V î¬ßWì nãäîç»ç»æí¤ßäæðæ
í nãäî]åzáÍî¬ßäîßúüäá ÷æUðî¬âËîàüäæ½õöÀæ§âfíËãäïäãäîíåzæ½òîíåzæíÁïäãäßnåzîâzæí¤åËá»îß½îßknãäîMêæxðäá­øà¬ì|âíî
ì§ðäî¬àãì§ðäì§êî¬ßäî]ì|ßnåËîMëæ§âzâzìðæíbîMá»ß½íî¬âzàáÍæßäî¬í¬{õ ,$ßúî¬íåËî]î÷î¬âzàá»àáÍ_
æ ' -?õ >dìðäìç»ìíËáÍéãäáÍî¬ßnåËîMðîøßäá»àá¬èæ ßWðîçåzáÍïæÙï½ì|âìãäß |èì âzëæçëäáÍßì|âzáÍæÙðîMëèã í nãäîðäì N/d 5 N BP ) I &/])#" [ B c!'& B ) f %
5 7 KD( N 6 N%7;N BP )'(#)/*#)SR
N BP )'()/* )gf 6 876 9
&! B<@ E N BP )'"/UALUc C )SR
B <B @C h B #* U'&\E N BP ) I &/])#" [ B c!'& B )
(/9iR
ì|ãäêîßnåì|âzç»ì_ï½ì|âì åzîßäî¬âfç»ìðîø½ßäá àá§èæ ßWðîåËá»ïæÙßäî¬àî¬ízì|âzá»ì_ï½ì|âì_á»êïäç»îêîßnåzì§âfãäß |èì âzëæçàæ§ß1üäá»çÍó£ì§ßäî¬ífàæ§êæîç
î+zïäç»á»à¬ì§ðæì|ßnåËî¬âËá»æ§âzêîßnåËîõ
D­,9EFkÀ%&/7¬(G
äõ,"ízàâzáÍëäá»â¤îß Wæðãäç ì î¬çïäâËæàî¬ðá»êáÍî¬ßåzæwKcLZU'& C !'&_ïì|âì+§èì âËëæ§ç»î¬íÁðîëd½èã í nãäî¬ðäìàæ§ßHü½áÍç»ó£ì|ßäîíã½îâzî¬íËïæ§ß½ðäì
ì^ç ìíá»é§ã½áÍî¬ßåzîMàì|ëî¬àîâì 5/6%7'8 9: 6 KcLZU'& C !'& < W I/6
<>= %X/Y =#? !'&/]%) "E N BP ) I &/] [ B c
B "R <+= =#? B cQ#)iE N BP )'%"/UHALUc C ) ? R
,$ç$!'I &/]%)#"úâzî¬íËãäç­åì|ßnåËî1ðîëîPíËîâãäß §èì âËëæ§ç¤ðîHë½èã í nãäîðäìJàæ§ß ü½áÍç»ó£ì|ßäîí_ô4íËáÍß î¬çÍî¬êîßnåËæní âzîïîåËá ðæníõKJW( & 2 H 4#£1 ')(Hîn ãäá»çÍá»ëäâì|â"î¬çl§èì âËëæ§ç½åËâì§í$ç ì á»ß½íËîâàá§èæ ßõ ãäïæ§ßðâËî¬êæíinãäîdçÍæní$î¬çÍî¬êî¬ßnåËæí"êîßäæâËîí"íËîé§ã½ì§âzð½ì|ßÙîß
îçíËãäë|èì âzëæ§çán ãäá»îâðæÙðî]ãäßúßäæðæ½òäôwã½îMî+zá»íåËî¬ßPç»æífíËá»é§ãäá»îßnåËîífíã½ëäïäâzæ§é§âì|êÙìí>
5/6%7'8 9: 6 geZ<LUc%)& < <>= =#? B cQ#)o|h
<>= =#? B cQ#) }iE N BP )'%"'UALUc C ) ? E [e7 7'V I (iR
ã½î]ðäîóxãäîç»ó§î N 6 :Uíá B cQ#)Lolîífêîßäæâã½î B cQ#) }ònô J I V Y'ÙîßWà¬ì§íËæàæ§ßnåËâì|âzáÍæò
5/6%7'8 9: 6 Y/)c|KD^/$!#"/U%Z </<>= =#? B cQ#)LoLh
<>= = ? B c#Q#) }iE N BP )'%"/UHALUc C ) ? E [%7 7'V I (iR
ã½î]ðäîóxãäîç»ó§î N 6 :Uíá B cQ#)Lolîífá»é§ã½ì§çì B cQ#) }½ònô J/I#V Y'ÙîßúàìíæÙàæßnåËâì|âzáÍæ^ô
5/6%7'8 9: 6 I Z B ^/c%!& < W I 6
<>=
>< =
Y
=#?AB c Q#)%Z0!#"E N B P ') %"/UAUc C S
) R
=#?AB c Q#) U0c C E N B P ') %"/UAUc C ) ? R
ã½î]àæ§ïäá ìç»ìá»ßñæ§âzêÙì§àá¬èæ ß1àæ§ßnåËî¬ßäá»ð½ì^î¬ß B cQ#) U0c C
îßúç ìóì§âËá ì|ë½çÍî
B cQ )%Z!#"½õ
DM9E ,lÀ%&/7¬(G
NPO
¢
Q§
)
fQR
SR¬
f
f
f
´¡ £b´³¶¤
TR
$
¤|³
À
Ê
b§´¬£
¶
¶É
®
"!$#%&')(+*,,,
ýã½êî¬ßnåzì|êæníÁç»ìðîø½ßäá àá§èæ ßWíá»êïäç»îêîßnåËî ìß½: ì§ðäáÍî¬ß½ðæãäßúàì|êïæÙï½ì|âì^îçïäã½ßåzîâzæüäáÍç»óÁ|èì ßp
N d 5 N B P ) I &/] [ B c B " qf %
5 7 KD(
N B P )()/*#)gf 6 8 706 9
&! B<@ E N
B <B @C h B
B B "#!cxE
( 9iR
N 6 N%7;N BP )'(#)/*#)SR
BP )'%"'UALUc C )SR
*#U'&\E N BP ) I /& ] [ B c B "iR
N BP ) I &/] [ B c B "0iR
åËâìWïæíËáÍë½áÍç»á»ð½ì§ð # nãäîPß½æJîâìAç ì nãäî1íî1ïî¬ðþ è ìAî¬ß îçÁî¬ßnã½ß½àá ì§ðæ - îí^âzîãäåËá»çÍá¬ì§â_îçÁïäã½ßåzîâzæì§çbüäá ÷æ:ðîâzî¬àüäæ
à æêæü½áÍç»óÁ|èì ßúôHî¬êï½çÍîì|âfãäßAà¬ì|êïæ [e7 7'V I (ï½ì|âìðá íåzáÍßäéãäá»âlíá
î¬íåËîMïäãäßnåzîâzæîífüäá ÷æUðîâzî¬àü½ææüäá»ç»ó¤§èì ßõ"ýlãäß%nãäî
î¬íåËâzá àåzì§êîßnåËî]ü½ì§ëäç»ì§ß½ðæî+zá»é§î]êîßäæníÁêîêæ§âzá»ì½òxîç
à
èæ ðá»é§æâËîíã½ç­åì|ßnåËî]î¬ífì§çÍéæê èì ífàæêï½çÍî÷æ½õ
î^ïäâËæïæßäîßAðäæílíËæ§ç»ã½àáÍæßäî¬í
bã½ß½ìUâzî¬àãäâzíËá»óìôúæ§åËâìá­åzîâì£åËá»ó£ìäõlýlê_ë½ìílìóîâzáÍéã½ì|ßWíËá
îçîç»îêî¬ßåzæHìUá»ß½íËîâËåzì§âî¬íåèì
æßäæ^î¬ßHî¬ç§èì âËëæ§çðîç ì ñæâËêÙì üì|ëäáÍåËã½ì§çõ,"ßHàìíæðî nãäîdüìôì.nãäîâzî¬ì|ç»á¬ì|âbãäß½ì^áÍßíî¬âzàá¬èæ ßUî¬í¤ßäîàî¬ízì|âzá»æ^ì£÷ãíåì|â¤îç
ïäãäßnåzîâzæ '; < ðäîçßxãäîóædß½æxðäæôò'nãäá
èì íò£î¬ç½ðîçïì§ðâzî§õùbæ§êæ]áÍç»ã½íåËâì§àá§èæ ßðîðæníêæðæníðîÁâËîíæçÍóîâîçäïäâzæ§ë½çÍî¬êì
íËîüì|ßúã½ízì§ðæãäß½ìá ðî¬ìðá íåËá»ßåìîßúàìðäìãäß½ìÙðî]îç»ç ì§í¬õ
( %2'"(2 &q1 §2 %1¬'4364
b
ì1ó£ì|âzá ì|ëäç»j
î Z B ^/$ B Uc C Uò½î¬íMíËá»îêïäâzî^æúëäá»îß (LK V æúëäá»îß8îçß½æxðäæúíËã½àî¬íËæ§âMðîçî>zïäçÍæâzìðæHî¬ß8à¬ì§ðäìPêæ§êîßnåzæ½õ ,$ç
ßäæðæúíãàî¬íËæ§âdî¬í]ìnãÁîè çîß nãäîïæ§â äèã çÍåËá»êìPó§î^üì|ç»ç»ì§êæníléáÍâì§ðäæHìHç ìUánãäá»îâðäìPîßç»ìPëd½èã í nãäî¬ðäì½õ öì|âìïæßäîâMì
(LK V îçïäãäßnåËî¬âËæ]üäá»çÍóÁ§èì ßUðîfãäßÙßäæðæ àã½ì|ß½ðäæ íîfâzî¬ì§çÍá¬ìãäß½ì]á»ß½íËîâàá§èæ ßîßÙãäßÙü½á ÷æ ðî¬âËîàüäæMíîfãíËì]ç ì]ó£ì|âzá»ì§ëäçÍî P !/*/&U½ò
nãäîMî¬íÁî¬ßWàì§ð½ì_êæ§êî¬ßåzææÙëäáÍî¬w
ß (LK V æëäá»îßúîç
ßäæðæï½ì§ðâzîMðîç>î zïäçÍæâzìðæîßWàìðäìêæêîßnåËæõ
5 6%78 9': 6 KcLZU& C !'& < W I 6
<+= %
X'Y = ? '! &']%)#"E N B P ) I &/] [ B c B "iR
+< = = ? B cQ#)iE N B P )'%"/UHALUc C ) ? R
[ #GeKD(
KcLZU& C '! &0&U @a< !&/]%) " h B cQ#)Shw(LK V hH(LK V ? R <>= P !/*'&USh Z B ^'$ B Uc C U B c B/@ B !#"/U%Z
( 9 KcLZ0U'& C '! &R
5 6%78 9': 6 KcLZU& C !'&0&U @a< W/I 6
<>= X/Y
>< = >< = >< = =#?
'! &/]%)#"SE
#= ?
B cQ#)E
#= ?
P !//* &UE
#= ? Z B ^/$ B U0c C UiE
N BP
N BP
N BP
N BP
) I &'] [ B c B "iR
') %"'UALUc C )SR
) I &'] [ B c B "iR
) I &'] [ B c B " ? R
=#?
[ #GeKD(
K J '! &/]%)#"gf (LK V N /(
( < !&/]%)#" ? R
I Z B ^/c!'& < !'&']%)#" M &#! B<@ h B cQ#) ? R
!'&/]%)#
" M B <B @C EfA(LK V R
!'&/]%)#
" M B *#U& EfA(LK V R
!'&/]%)#
" M B B "0!cFEf Z B ^/$ B U0c C USR <>= V ) Q B !AL)%Z P )'& C $%U U Z /$ c c%)'*#)gc $%U') =#?
K J <P !/*/&
U A(LK V ? I ( 9 LUc%)'& < P !/*/&#U M &! B<@ h B cQ ) ? N (
P !/*/&
U M B B "#!c EOf (LK V
( 9
V YeK J L#Uc%)'& <>B cQ#)Shj!'&/]%) " M &! B<@? N (
KcLZU'& C !'
& &U @a< !'&/]#)#" M B B<@"C h B cQ#){h !'&/]%)#" hl!&/]%)#" ? R
V YeK J L#Uc%)'& < !'&/]%)#
" M &! HB @ h B cQ#) ? N (
KcLZU'& C !'
& &U @a< !'&/]#)#
" M B *#U0&ih B cQ#){h !'&/]%)#" h Z B ^/$ B U0c C U ? R
( 9
( 9 KcLZ0U'& C !'& &U @ R
"!$#%&')(+*,,,
( %2'"(2 & ' 7/1<4'7¬'4364
b
ìPá ðî¬ìHåËâì§íç ìPíËæ§ç»ã½àá§èæ ßî¬íç»áÍéîâì|êîßnåËîðá íåzáÍßnåzì½òïîâzæPá»é§ã½ì§çÍêî¬ßåzî^óÁ§èì çÍá ðäì
dï½ì|âËåËîðîç»ìPæ§ëíî¬âËó£ì§àá¬èæ ßJðî_nãäîì|ç
á»ß½íî¬âåì|âbãäßUßxãäîóæ ßäæðæ î¬ßUãäß½ì_âzì§êÙì]á ã½áÍî¬âzðäì.ã½îlîâì (LK V òíËãHíãàî¬íËæ§â"î¬í¤íãUïì§ðâzî§õÀöÀæ§â$æ§åËâzæ ç ì§ðæòì|çá»ß½íî¬âåì|â
îßúç ìâzì§êìðî¬âËîàü½ìäòäíËã1íËã½àî¬íËæ§âíËîâ_èì î¬ç
íãàî¬íËæ§ânãäîåËî¬ß
þ è ìíã1ï½ì§ðäâËîòôHî¬íÁß½î¬àîíËì§âËá»æðî÷ì§âfîçüäá»ç»ó¤§èì ß1ðäî íã1ï½ì§ðäâËî
ì (K V õ æü½ìôÙßäá»ßäéÁäèã ßPïäâzæ§ëäç»îêÙì î¬ßPî¬êïäçÍîì|â¤ç»ì^î¬íåËâì£åzîéá»ì ã½îdî¬êï½çÍîì|êæíbîß1îçàìíæ^âËîàãäâíËáÍóæ îßPî¬íåzì^ó§îâíËáÍæß
áÍåËîâì£åzáÍó£ì½õ
<+= %
X'Y = ? '! &']%)#"E N B P ) I &/] [ B c B "iR
+< = = ? B cQ#)iE N B P )'%"/UHALUc C ) ? R
P !/*/&UShw&#U/Q/!'&']%)#"E N BP ) I &'] [ B c B "iR
5 6%78 9': 6 KcLZU& C !'& < W I 6
W I 6
[ # GeKD(
&U/Q'!'&/]%)#" Ef !&/]%)#"{R
P !/*/&#U EOfA(K V R
< &U/Q /!&/]%)#" (LK V ? I ( 9 (
K V P !/*/&UEf;&U/Q '!'&/]%)#" R
K J L#Uc%)'& <>B cQ#)Sh_&U/Q'!'&/]%)#" M
&#U/Q /!'&']%)#" Ef &U'Q /!'&/])#
" V Y'
&#U/Q /!'&']%)#" Ef &U'Q /!'&/])#
" ( 9
( 9iR
K J
< &U/Q/!&/]%)#"qfA(LK V
(/ < &U'Q/!'&/])#" ? R
I Z B ^/c%!& < &U/Q /!'&/]%)
&#U/Q /!'&']%)#
" M B <B @C
&#U/Q /!'&']%)#
" M B *#U'&
? N (
7N KD^/$%! "/U%Z < &#U/Q/!'&']%) " M &! B<@ h B cQ#) ? 9 7
&! B@? N (
M B B<@C R
M B #* U'&iR
<>= /c ) C &#) @ !%Z) ! ! U%Z C !]! Uc U " !'I &']%)#" =#?
" M & ! B @ h B cQ#) ? R
EfA(LK V R
EfA(LK V R
< P /! */&UA(LK V ? N (
<>= %" !'I &/])#";*#U U0c C &!/* ! c%) U'&!;! @ I )
#= ?
K J LUc)'& <B c#Q#)Sh P !/*/&U M &! B<@e? N /(
P !/*'&U M B B<@C EOf &U'Q/!'&/])#"{R
&U/Q /!'&/]%) " M B B "!0c Ef P !/*'&USR
V Y'
P !/*'&
U M B *#U'& EOf &U'Q/!'&/])#"{R
&U/Q /!'&/]%) " M B B "!0c Ef P !/*'&U M B B "!ciR
P !/*'&
<>= J B /!AL)%Z #!#"/)'&UZ P !'& ! #= ?
U M B B "!cFEfA(LK V R
(/9
V Y'
<>= L)/* B Q B/@ !HAL)%ZTU "!I &/]%)#";*#U Uc C &#!/*#!
#= ?
!'&']%)#" Ef &U/Q '!'&/]%)#" R
!'&']%)#
" M B B "!0c EfA(LK V R
/( 9
/ ( 9iR
( 9 KcLZ0U'& C !'&R
K J
ö$ã½î¬ðî âzîî¬êïäç»ì ¬ì§âzíËîMç»ì äèã çÍåËá»êìHçÍç ì|êÙìðäìH
ì n&e( 1ïæ§âãäß½ìPàæß½íã½ç­åìUìUãäßìUó£ì|âzá»ì§ëäç»î ëæxæçÍîì|ßlnãäî_âzî¬àæ|÷ìUíËá
ç ì äèã çÍåËá»êìUâzì§êìåzæ§êÙì§ð½ìÙü½ìUíËá»ðäæUç»ìUá ã½áÍî¬âzðäìæHç»ìUðäîâzî¬àü½ì½ûäîßAîíåzî_àìíæÙç»æUüäî¬êæíü½î¬àüäæUìí¬þ è ïæâlëäâzîóî¬ðäìð1ðäîç
ànèæ ðá»é§æ½õ
×
"!$#%&')(+*,,,
pSÕ^TWVÑrMt ] rMp$XrMt
Ö¡×ÙØË\ÓÛWTWVÑY_t
Ý
JW(5 1 õõõõõ¬õõõõ¬õõõõõõõõõ¬õõõõ¬õõõõõõ¬õõõ¬õõõõ¬õõõõõõ¬õõõõ¬õõõ¬õõõõõõ¬õõõõ¬õõõõõõ¬õõõ¬õõõõ¬õõõõõõ¬õõõõ¬õõõ¬õõõõõõ¬õõõõ¬õ
w1£%a"( 7õõõ¬õõõõõõ¬õõõõ¬õõõõõõ¬õõõ¬õõõõ¬õõõõõ
7H4(
H4 i/1S24 1D 4x& 41 2§(& )(; 467¬( 4)% 5 &( 5 4#12!4ä& ( 7¬(p 4 4%;1D % 7H4
2§(& ¬'/1<4 4 2§(5 ( 2(%1D1 27 4% x&/7>1 41j2§(5 (l 4#17k i
9
465Tx& EÁù¤ìðäì^ì§ï½ì|âËåzìðæMåzáÍî¬ßäîMàîâzæ½òxãäßì_æ
J % 2 5T/1£( 15 4'71 2 2§% 4 õõ¬õõõõ¬õõõõõõ¬õõõ¬õõõõ¬õõõõõõ¬õõõõ¬õõ
ó£ì|âzá»ìíâËîíïäã½î¬íåzì§íÀàæ§âzâËîàåzìíõ §èæ ç»æ]íîàæ§ß½íËá»ðäîâì|â|èì ß_àæ§êæMàæ§âzâzî¬àåzæíìnãäî¬çÍç»æíÀì|ïì|âËåzì§ðäæíîß_nãäîfíîÁü½ìônì|ß^êì§âzà¬ì§ðæ
åËæðäìíÙç ì§íÙâzî¬íËïäãäîíåì§íUàæ§âzâËîàåzìíô ßäæ íËîWü½ìônìêÙì§âzà¬ì§ðæ:ßäá»ßäé§ã½ß½ì4á»ß½àæâËâzî¬àåzìäõ ù¤ì§ðäì4ì§ï½ì|âËåzìðæ4àæ§âzâzî¬àåì|êîßnåzî
âzî¬íËïæß½ðá ðæ4àãäî¬ßåì:àæ§êæ49, E M ïäãäßnåËæníò¤ô+à¬ì§ðäì:ì|ïì|âËåzì§ðäæJá»ß½àæâËâzî¬àåzì|êî¬ßåzîPâzî¬íËïæ§ß½ðá ðæ4àæêæ4, ï½ãäßnåËæí¬õ ,"íåËî
î÷î¬âzàá»àáÍæÙíËî]âËîàæ§éîâèì MK
, 5 ')&% 7¬( ]ðî¬íËïäãÁîè íÁðîçï½âËá»ß½àá»ïäá»æÙðîç>î zäì|êîßõ
-õ,$ß1çÍæní¤øàüäîâzæíÁíËî¬àãäîß½àá»ì§çÍîí>
D GíËîMïî¬âËêáÍåËî]îç
ìààî¬íËæíËî¬àãäîß½àá»ì§çôPíËî¬àãäîß½àá»ì§çáÍßðî+zäì§ðäæ½õ
D Gç ì^îíåzâËãàåËã½âzìðî ðäì|åËæníÁîß1êî¬êæ§âzá»ìïäâzáÍßàá»ï½ì|çî ã½áÍó£ì|ç»îßnåzîîífîçóî¬àåËæ§âõ
D$Gç ìì§ïî¬âåzãäâì^î¬ßúêæðæÙì§êï½çÍá ì§àá¬èæ ß1ì ß½: ì§ðîâzîé§á íåËâzæíÁì|çø½ßì|ç
ðî¬çøàüäî¬âËæõ
ä
õ ,$ß1ç»ìíÁë½ì§íËî¬ífðîMðäì|åËæníÁâËî¬ç»ìàá»æ§ß½ì§çÍîí¤íËîMðîëîßúâzî¬íËïîåzì§âfç»ìífíá»é§ãäá»îßnåzî¬í¤âËîíåzâËá ààáÍæßäî¬í
D Gç ì_àç ìó§îfï½âËá»êÙì|âzá»ìMðîdãäßUâzîéá»íåËâzæMïäãäîðîåzîßäî¬âbãäßHóì§çÍæâ$ßxãäç»æ_îßPì|ç»é¤äèã ßUà¬ì|êïæ^íáçÍæní"à¬ì|êïæní$âzî¬íåzì§ßåzî¬í
àæß½íåËáÍåËãäôîßúìbäèã ßúãäß½ìàç»ìóîï½âËá»êÙì|âzá»ì½õ
D GíËá
ðæíÁâzîéá»íåËâzæí"åËá»îß½îßúç»ìêá íêÙìàç ìó§îïäâzáÍêÙì§âËá ìäòíËî ðîëîßWðá íåzáÍß½é§ãäá»âfïæâfãäß½ìÙàç»ìóîì|÷îß½ì½õ
D GíËáÍî¬êï½âËî íËîMðîëî ïæxðäîâfîç»á»êá»ß½ì§âãäßWì£åzâËá»ëäãåzæðäîMç»ìÙàç»ìóîdïäâzá»êì§âËá ìðîMãäß½ìåì|ëäç ìw
ô nãäîMç»æíÁâzî¬íåzì§ßåzî¬í
àì§êïænífðîMî¬ízì^àç»ìóîíËá»éì|ßúíËáÍî¬ß½ðæÙàç ìó§îïäâzáÍêÙì|âzá ìäòxï½ì|âì^éì|âì|ßnåzá ì|â¤ç»ìâzæ§ëäã½íåËî ðäîMç»ìë½ìíîMðîMðäì|åËæí¬õ
½õb
ì§íÁàæ§ç ì§ífàæßPï½âËá»æ§âzá»ð½ì§ð # íã½ïæßäáÍî¬ß½ðæÙïäâzá»æ§âzá»ðäìðî¬í¤ßäæâzîïîåzá»ðäìí - àãäêïäçÍî¬l
ß nãäî D Gîç$ìààî¬íËæPìPãäßî¬çÍî¬êîßnåËæ1î¬íïæ§â]ãäß½ì1àç ìó§î nãäî^á ðî¬ßåzá­øàìPãäß
þ è ó§æàì§êîßnåËîì|çÀîç»îêîßnåzæ½òôAî¬ßàìíæúðî
ü½ì§ëî¬âàç ìó§î¬í¤âzîïîåzá»ðäìíò½ïæâfæ§âðîßúðî]ïäâzáÍæâËá ðäì§ðHîßnåËâzîMç»æíÁîç»îêî¬ßåzæífàæ§ß1î¬ízìàç»ìóî§õ
D GíËîMáÍêïäç»îêîßnåì|ßúíá»îêïäâzîMàæ§ßúóî¬àåzæ§âzî¬íÁðîåzì§êÙì ßä: æø|÷æõ
D$GíËîMïäãäî¬ðäîß1áÍêïäç»îêîßnåì|âlàæ§ß1çÍá íåì§íÁî¬ßäç»ì ¬ìðäì§í¬õ
D$GíËîWïäãäî¬ðäîß áÍêïäç»îêîßnåì|âHàæ§ßB|èì âzëæçÍîíý b"ò$ô+î¬ß îíîAà¬ì§íËæç ì8æ§âðîßì§àá§èæ ß î¬íïæ§âUï½âËá»æ§âzá»ð½ì§ðîí_ô íî
éì§âzì§ßnåËá ¬ìWàæêïäçÍî÷á»ð½ì§
ð # ç»æ§é 0 - î¬ß îç¤ïî¬æ§âàì§íËæAï½ì§âzìAîç"ëæ§âzâì§ðæAðîPãäß î¬çÍî¬êî¬ßnåËæ½ò$ðäæ§ß½ðî 0 î¬í^îç
ßäèã êî¬âËæÙðîMî¬çÍî¬êî¬ßnåËæífì§çÍêÙìàîßì§ðæníõ
õbæí¤êæ§ßnåþ è àãäç»æí¤ëäá»ß½ì|âzáÍæn>í D$GíËæ§ß |èì âzëæçÍîífàæ§ß1ãäß½ìïäâzæ§ï½áÍîðäì§ð1ðîMæ§âðî¬ßHîßnåzâËî íËã½íÁßäæðæníõ
D GíËæ§ß |èì âzëæçÍîíÁëäáÍßì|âzáÍæní¤ðäîMëd½èã í ã½î¬ðäìàæêïäçÍîåËæníõ
D$GïîâzêáÍåËî¬ßáÍêïäç»îêîßnåì|â"àæ§ç ì§íÀàæß^ïäâzá»æ§âzá»ðäìð_énì|âì|ßnåËá ¬ì§ß½ðæàæ§êïäç»î÷á ðäì
ð # çÍæé 0 - îßî¬çäïî¬æ§â$à¬ì§íËædï½ì§âzì
á»ß½íî¬âzàáÍæßäî¬í¤ôPëæâËâì§ðæníõ
äõÞß |èì âzëæç ðîMæâzðî¬
ß D Gî¬íãäß½ìàç ìó§î]ðîMãäß1øàüäî¬âËæðî ìààîíæíËî¬àã½îß½àá»ì§çáÍß½ðä+î zäì§ðæõ
D Gî¬íã½ß½ì:î¬íåËâzã½àåzãäâìðîWðäì|åËæn_
í ã½îúíËá»îêïäâzî1âzî¬íËá ðîúîß7êîêæ§âzá»ìïäâzáÍßàá»ï½ì|çfô nãäîAì§é§á»çÍá ¬ìîçìààî¬íËæ8ì
øàüäî¬âËæní¤áÍß½ðä+î zäì§ðæníõ
D$Gî¬íãäß+åËá»ïæ8ï½ì§âåzá»àãäç»ì§âðäî §èì âËëæ§ç¤ê_ãäçÍåËá àì§êáÍßäæ8ðî1ëd½èã í ã½î¬ðäìðîPæâzðäî
ß >T
ô nãäî1ïî¬âËêáÍåËî1ãäß ìààîíæ
îøàá»îßnåËî ìðá íËàæ½õ
ô üäá ÷æí¬õ
D Gàã½êï½çÍ
î nãäîMç»æíÁßäæðæníÁßäæüäæ|÷ì^åzáÍî¬ßäîßúîßnåzâËî !+"
D$Gàã½êï½çÍ
î nãäîMï½ì§âzì^ãäßúßäèã êî¬âËæÙðî àç»ìóî¬íÁðîåzîâzêáÍß½ìðæÙíã1ïäâzæ|ñãäßðá»ð½ì§ðúðîïîßðî ð#
î õ
D$Gàã½êï½çÍî nãäî]îß1îçïîæ§âfà¬ì§íËæ½òxãäß½ì^áÍßíî¬âzàá¬èæ ßHæëæâËâì§ðæ^âËî nãäáÍî¬âË$
î # ç»æ§é 0 - ìààî¬íËæí¤ì^ç»æí¤ßäæðæníòðæß½ðî
08î¬íÁîç
ßdäèã êîâzæÙðîMàç ìó§î¬í¤î¬ß1î¬ç |èì âzëæ§çõ
"!$#%&')(+*,,,
ÿ
½õÞß |èì âzëæçýb4àãäêïäç»înãäî
D$Gî¬íãäßHåzáÍïæÙï½ì§âåzá»àãäç»ì§âðî:|èì âzëæçëäá»ß½ì|âzáÍæÙðî]ëèã í nãäîðäìäõ
D Gî¬íãäß §èì âËëæ§ç ðî]æ§âðîß õ
D$G^åËæðæUíËãäë§èì âËëæ§çðî¬çêá»íËêæî¬ífãäß §èì âËëæ§çý b$õ
D GíËá
ãäß½ìUáÍß½íËîâàá§èæ ß1âzî nãäá»îâzîMâËî¬î nãäá»çÍá»ëäâì|âfîç^|èì âzëæçò½ç»ìUàæ§êïäç»î÷á ðäì§ð # îßWîçïî¬æ§âàì§íËæ - îí # 0 - òðäæ§ß½ðî+0
î¬íîçßäèã êî¬âËæÙðîMßäæðæníõ
ÿõ b
ì§íbåì|ëäç ì§íÁóîâzá­øà¬ì|ß nãäî D Gïäãäîðîßì§íËáÍêá»ç»ì§âzíËî ìUç»æíøàüäîâzæílíîàãäî¬ß½àá ì|ç»î¬íláÍß½ðä+î zäì§ðæníòî¬ídðî¬àáÍâò½åzáÍî¬ßäîßJæ§ïîâì§àá»æ§ß½î¬ífîã½áÍó£ì|ç»îßnåzî¬í
ã½ízì|ß½ðäæ nãäá èì ãäßWðá íåËá»ßåzæUíæïæâåzîlñËþ è íËá»àæ½õ
D GíËáÍî¬êï½âËîåËá»îß½îßúãäß1åzì§êì ßä: æê7èì záÍêæø|÷ìðæîß1åËá»îêïæUðî àæêï½áÍç ì§àá¬èæ ßõ
D$Gç ìàæ§êïäç»î÷á ðäì§ð1ðî¬çëæâËâì§ðæîß1ãäß½ì^åì|ëäç ìáÍêïäç»îêîßnåì§ðäìàæêæãäß1ó§îàåzæ§âÁæ§âðîßì§ðæî¬í # 0 - òðæß½ðî
08î¬íÁîç
ßdäèã êîâzæÙðîMàç ìó§î¬í¤î¬ß1ç ì^åzì§ëäç»ì½õ
½õb
ì§íbåì|ëäç ì§í ) D$Gó£ì|ßWðî¬é§âì§ðäì§ß½ðæ^íËãúîøàáÍî¬ß½àá ìì|çì§ãäêîßnåzì§âfç»ìæàãäïì§àá§èæ ßúðî]ç ìåzì|ë½ç»ì½õ
D GßäæÙâzî nãäá»îâzîß1àæ§êï½ì§âzìàá»æ§ßäîí"î¬ßnåËâzî]àç»ìóî¬í¤îßúç ì§íÁëèã í nãäîðäì§í¬õ
D Gí§èæ ç»æíËî]ïäãäîðîßúãåzáÍç»á ì|âíËáîçã½ßäáÍóîâíæðîMç ì§ífàç»ìóî¬í¤î¬í¤ø½ß½á­åzæÙôHßxãäêîâì|ëäç»î§õ
½
õ Aì|âàì§âfîçÀì|âzëæç âËîíãäçÍåzì§ßnåËî àæâËâzî¬àåËæUðî_î÷î¬àãåzì§âlî¬çëæ§âzâzìðæUðî ç»æílîç»îêîßnåzæ
í Fúô FF # îßAîíî æâzðäîß íæëäâËîîç_|èì âzëæç
ðîMæ§âðî¬ß
70
60
55
80 95
65
75
90
98
80
D G
D$G
95
65
60
70
90
70 95
60 65
98
98
80 90
70
D G
95
60
80 95
D G
60
65
80 90
90
65 70
98
98
-½õðîßnåËáÍøà¬ì|âfàã½ì§ç
ðî]ç ì§ífíËáÍéãäáÍî¬ßnåËî¬íÁîíåzâËãàåËã½âzìífðîMðäì£åzæíÁïæxðäâþ è ì^âËî¬ïäâËîíî¬ßnåzì|âÁãäßúêæ§ßnåþ è àãäç»æ^ëäá»ß½ì§âËá»æ%
100
100
D G
40
10
2
20
35
1
30
50
20
40
100
D$G
40
20
50
90
40
20
10
30
1
30
no. de elementos
