Kenneth Street, Natalya Rukhkyan and Ali Ismail International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria (Cicer arietinum L.) * +,- . * & ' #( ' ,7#) 3 / 6 3 2'/ & ; < . ) $% # " 45 . % +/ 01 / "2- * = / > ) ? % 2 @A , +,7#) @ B - :7 E# ) $ .) $/ 1 + / ) 5DA K L , !# 01 / M% 7 6# 89 ) : 9 4 2 D B/ 2C$ ! 2 .7 D 8+,,7 J :7 4 ' # 8 ! 70-30 $ ! @ * =-# . B- A + / ) $% # 0 , - N O ; < " - U) Q 4 D N $ . / 15-6 P$ @ >X)-# / 41-8 @ U#) 1 E# )$ .=* S 01 .; ) 68-7.5 "),& ' B $ .9 ] = ,7 _ ., $ N Desi J ")e # N2e U 7 +/ 6 > \ `# # _ =k )% B$ Kabuli J ) $% # .") 5\ J . 7 $ 4, ? C. J + / 3 , ,O 62 % ^ ]@ # 8C. echinospermum P. H. Davis J )e +,- .,, 7 +\ # # 8= eC ")e # +D 2 =n! U = % K L J# . 3,n B , 7 +\ $ D 83/ - m, $ K - C. arietinum J x N) B: ! ) $% N ! !( w 2'/ 8reticulatum Ladiz. 6 Cicer u x S +x / )lx x%x/ N)x x J x 3kx A 9 ) x xC .(Choumane and Baum 2000) ! !( 1 _ - S/ T A #A v w K L " - = ': / 6# 8= l, @ J A Mx % •lx 'x .(Ladizinsky and Adler 1976) |) $: 2 '/ J A + X 8C. anatolicum Alef. J x x +/ +,,], + / 6# = l, =% ]7 Cicer u S + k$ .(Purseglove 1968) 3 ,@A 4 e .C. arietinum J @ = @ 100 U[# E# )$ # 8+,$ @ K - S@ ^]@ P _# ., $ N T/ 32,O QR$7 w C. judaicum Boiss. 8C. bijugum Rech. f. J ( + / B , L = - S/ ˆ) QA w Ul \$7# + / = )Q 2 % ( J ( + k$7# .(Tayyar and Waines 1996) C. pinnatifidum Jaub. & Spach# C. chorassanicum (Bunge) 8C. yamashitae Kitam. J ( + / Cicer l N) u S .C. cuneatum Hochst. ex A. Rich # Popov # B $- S/ J A 4 e7 N . =l) ˆ ] ( (C. arietinum) J# . 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".6 O # , m ' .= )$ "2 ,O = 1 =O .(pH=7.5) =l = - = )7 K - ' -!* U k "l k ˆ e-( +/ =, # ¦)' "2,O = )7 * ˆ .2,O U¥ =- [ ^S L U k =- . 4 Q N) = 2$%/ = - | A * J [ 8"2,O ¢ $ K - ' )/ v w #A +,7)/ = )$ = ]7# 2,> $ Q w = )$ ^ 0, - 4\e | ( v)@ . # =- . = $]/# ! $/0 *" 480 J [ 8= , “ ] D 8= - $/ =,w # ?A _ =,7 " %$ !“ = ,* D , D J [ 8= /2 $ .(" = , )$ - S D 8" l2 = ,w 12000 – 8000 #A # .=, , =w ) =,* D =* ]/ K - / 12 - S/ 45 7 $ .)$/ 4 > / 4D 1 (Ÿ /" ?( 3 45* “ ] =] 120) ¡ n =% A _ =, “ ] =] +/ •D 1 4Q( K -) # ' . +/ =/[ =, \ ¡ nC +, 4Q( K - ! 45 =* ]/ —)7 .^D ] +, .% ! 90 =* ]/ —)7 . ."2> = )$ * ! 5 0 - K - ")` / J [ 8"),&' ˆ S$ , n$ = '/ " ; 2C$! @ * . ! 4 4D "2@ # " J [ .=, $ = ] =- [ 4 Q # 0 A w ! 4 =* ]/ ©) ( + - "2@ 2% 7 , # TX# ) 7 ! 5 0 % 2 +/ " +/ 2DR7 A m$* 8 #2 =- . @ * .9 >$ “ 2 - 2 ( $ 67 27 =$ 5/ =,\,$! =Q n K - (IG . /) ICARDA ;2C$]7 :3 5/) = ] = > : )%$ Q) # = \] .=, 3 ¦#)< 4 $7 ; QA# =,\,$! Q 4S! Q n ;2C$! .3 ) 7 = D) J :7 B 1 4' 8 9 : ;< : # => ? « #( _ ˆ e-( # = , ,S 7 +/ C$ ") ` / = - . 2 % " k ˆ e-( 2 , / Ÿ, /2 • XA .Terbutryn T/ Propyzamide Ÿ, ICARDA ;2C$]7 5/ 8=k )% . 6)* 7 @ * 8=, ¬ =w )@ ; 2C$! +/ ")\ 4@ ) +,7)/ ¡ nC =, , =* ] v)@ .)/( ^ n7 UL ") R$ 4@ ) .¡ nC ™ =,/ * 3 #2 ^,e%$ Q 7 # = , 2 ¦ ?( #2 [A 0 . $\6/•D 100 2% diammonium phosphate :! : , /A +/ =,! !A =, D •XA @ .=* S =- . = @ * Ÿ, $ #A + / =,* D =, D K - ' U k P _# 8 n/( •% X #A U#) #A 6[( ¡ ] ` `) N) 4k: # 8=- . 2% ")` / 4 n6 ;2- @ * =- . +/ ; A ")e- 2% |) %$ “ K$@ • , ) , D # N# A , \$ N) Q |) %$7 UA ^S “ ,@ 8 # .U#) 9 $/ . ' ! / = )$ "2 . = 1) ^l S7 7A > B 6A + /# .= ! >$ * \/ «) 1# | )/( # )e = $ = ?š | : -22 $ ? $ > = ? 9 ) C 4'7 ^,'7 $ =% e | )/( # )e )e Nodule damaging fly = _- 2 % = _ Sitona weevil , $,! =! ! Cut worms =%1 " #2 Aphids l+° Leaf miners « #( " l:@ Army worms « "# Pod borers U#) =5Semi-loopers =! l, •' " #2 Bruchids (N2,D#) ) , # u* = )n: | )/( Mycosphaerella rabiei, Ascochyta rabiei, =(Didymella rabiei) $,` \!A = : Black root rot: Fusarium solani !( # S +:Thielaviopsis basicola !( nC # S +:- 4 Botrytis cinerea = /) = % = :% Peronospora sp. . N)n: +:% Macrophomina phaseolina = Rhizoctonia bataticola (=/# ( )n*) ¦ S # S +:Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium arthrosporioides, Fusarium .& # S + :avenaceum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium solani f.sp. eumartii, = Fusarium eumartii Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris l .& Myrothecium roridum ; ,],7#),/ « #( Tl 7 sp.Mystrosporium ; !#)$],/ « #( Tl 7 Neocosmospora vasinfecta ! ! D , # S +:Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora cryptogea, $* $,* # S + :Phytophthora drechsleri, Phytophthora megasperma Leveillula taurica, , Erysiphe sp. ,Q2 N)n: +:% Oidiopsis taurica [anamorph] Uromyces ciceris-arietini, Uromyces striatus A2' Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum , ,7#), \! « ] +:- =l,!#),: | )/( Chickpea bushy dwarf virus (CpBDV) (Potyvirus) •,5\ Chickpea stunt disease associated virus (CpSDaV) U) $ ;l. 7 ¤#),* ;. 7 ¤#) ,* (Luteovirus) Distortion mosaic: chickpea distortion mosaic •l e ¶Q) 7 ¤#),* :•l e ¶Q) $ virus (CpDMV) Filiform: chickpea filiform virus (CpFV) n,C ¤#),* : n,C Mosaic: alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) =': ¶Q) 7 ¤#),* :¶Q) $ : ):?( ¶Q) $ ¤#),* :« #( l7 Narrow leaf: bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) Necrosis: lettuce necrotic yellows nC =l ] ¤#) ,* 8 u C N ): ?“ ) C ¤#) ,* :)C virus (LNYV), pea streak virus (PeSV) Proliferation: cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) ,C ¶Q) 7 ¤#),* :¦ š Stunt: bean (pea) leaf roll virus (BLRV) (=l] ) : « #A ¦ :$ ¤#),* :;l. $ Yellowing: pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV-2): =l] ¶Q) 7 ¤#),* : ):?“ , ,:n 8=l,n )e U 2 2 > ]7 $ | )/( Rotylenchulus reniformis (= \ =l,n )e " #2 ) =wl #S Pearly root (cyst nematode): Hetetodera ciceri, (= l, 5 =l,n ) e " #2 ) = - - # S Heterodera rossi Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne artiellia, (=l,n ) e # S 2 - " # ) # S 2 Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus thornei (N 7 , # S )k7) # S )k7 Pythium ultimum, Pythium debaryanum, Pythium irregulare . - . * .|) 5 ! ¢ % 5 / 8P$ n / * T ` ¼ e$ T 6[š # = @)/ $ /C $ > /2 !#),: # | )/( 9 ) C = # =, @ [ 0l] ." #)k 2 - = ! =, , ,\ º) Q |)/ — 6 U D UL Q# 9 )O»D =, , ,\ º) Q T, !A =w w 4D Ascochyta blight 2X ICARDA ; D9 ): ? ), e # 8 U#) l. 6 2 - = eCe ?J ! + / •. ,, 7 + \ .3k A 6# U#) •S7 /2 - 2'@ ¢k K L >1 !# =, :] « #( .ˆ S$ ^D ] = l '/ = ¬ ; 2C$! #A l#2 .u,\ =l,O C =>S K - ©) A =Q n £ w# = \] =Q n T/ ` Q u,D * " ' 2' Q 8 >$/ $! ;2- #A =$ )'Q ^ ] " ' = >] . >! 7 ' TX = ¬ •l< '@ +\ “ /2 - $, " ' * ")` / ;9 3 ) XA ^ ]7 “ = )n ") ` / ' $ # .= ! l4D '@ 2% = % T X# l#2 = \ ] ' 7 7E $ " 2 % ( ¬ 4 C /) ˆ @ • ,< 7 = ¬ ; 2C$ ! ^ e +/ # . l #2 •,< $ +\ •l< D .= ,l% .= ! l4D 2% = % 4C . l #2 =, $ B m ' “ 6 + \ # .^ ! 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P _# l, ,O =-l $/ =,7 =- S * - S/ “ ! + .C7 2 - =/ > ?( Jl $ K - ' # + / =,* D =, D =- [ +/ 2 “ P .(" .(N2,> $ 4': )< A) = ] 4 6 9 )Oš +/ # ! 6 )" I J +/ =,* D =, D K - =<* ) $% 1000 4Q( K -) = ,% J 7 ,O ¦ )S 4' “ K$@ “ ] • 6 45/ 2 2S7 2 - E0 := ] +- JK $L $ - M ! = #2 =, $ =l,:? L , T/ = ! 4D U Q = )1 ")6. U “ >$ 6 £ D UL = ] 2% $! .=l,7 = e% * > ¼ C ™_ T/ >$ # U # 4\` > / 0 7 8= ] = 6 * Pe 2 -# .=l, ?( = ] = 6 4w 7 @ N :(2 4\e ) =, $ 9 )Oš 3% $/ O O. £, 4 = Q )/ =, / ¦#)½ * 1:3 = ] 4/) # = )$ +/ %/ Ÿ, C ( ! 30 > -# ! 30 6)nQ 8=,\,$! .(3 4\e ) š T )]7# 9 ˆl)e7 4,>]$ " ?A * “ ] J [ #A =,*. ) "),&? ?A ¾ - .1 ")eQ * ),&? E)O v 2@» ˆ º2 A .2 .= )e@# = )n* . ! 5-3 0 - K - 4Q( K - +,7 ,?A 4D k .)lC $ =O :=, $ :' , "2- Q * = S] , 2, # 8= ! 4D +/ 4Q( K - " 50 J [ .4 ^]@ ; A =w w 4D w =- . 2% ")` / , K- 4/ - .3 ?( N# A .5 $-“ = ! 4D +/ 0 7 8 6[š 92 2 - .6 ")6. 0 - 1 0, % 1 =D e 1 U#) ¢k _( 4\` ¢k 2 - > # # £ D UL 62% $ ! # = l,7 = e% * > ¼ C ™_ T/ >$ 4\` > / 0 7 8= ] = 6 * Pe @ * .7 .=l, ?( = ] = 6 0* 7 “ >$ 6 ) l]\$ ^ ] ˆ J , X N :$ = $ 4: !A * •2 - # • ,: \ ` u, \ = $ 4D ¿Ÿ 8 # ¢k = 2 * .8 .(4 4\e ) . ` u,\ 4 > DR 62'@ 8 / 7 =$ .=* S =$ .= ] u: = ): 7 .= ! 4\ # = 2$%/ =*) +/ # J.$ .10 +/ # T O .11 ' / U[# 2@ .12 .= ! 4\ " .T, !A 3 [# S$7 “ "2 " ) 100 U[# l2@ .13 * 8=k:C / = 1 =O 2 >%X .( > .C7 4OA +/ %6-3 # •:O .14 @ U \7 UA ^S ) 8= 1) © $]/ l2@ .15 .=l , * $ “ =l,-)* = ,l- 4! A .16 .+ .C$ 7 ¢k 7 /2 - .9 # 4! A .17 ! :=l,w * )&S ' P " 86 $ / %/ "2- Q * > S!# 2 2S$ "7 =, $ OP * / % TO / % ; < #A =n )C ; 2C$! TO) # 2 2S$ TQ / ! 2 2S$ =, - * D ` + 9 ) C ! O O. £, /4$e /= \] /4 : )%$ Q) =,w =- S # = ] : )%$ Q) # 2'/ = ] 2 2S$ # 5Dš , - TO)/ (=S % 4 Q /) =-# . = ),k $ 9 )Oš =,7 =* 5\ # =- . À 7 ;2C$] 4 ŸnC/ ( 6), # ")w- 4/ % 8 *¥ # | )/( # ˆ e-( = * \/ 82, ]$ 8N) ) =, " š +- / %/ ( / % +/ 6), # 8= )$ J 8 n/( n6 =, D 8J :7 “ ) 2 2S$ TQ =,”, ¦#)< (= [ 7 2-) O O. £, #A 4 * š 2%/ =,/ 7 26[š K$@ =- . +/ ; ( 2' = )1# À 7 " ' 7 2( ) $ U[ ) # =, D = S] = )6 < -=,- . :' 8 - . ,, $ =,:, '$ = > 2 2 7 (J SnX =, 8¢k u S7) ' 2% / , / Q' $ % M& Choumane W, Baum M. 2000. The use of RAPD markers for characterization of annual species of the genus Cicer. Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) Vol 2:809–820. Coyne CJ, Sharp-Vincent T, Cashman MJ, Watt CA, Chen W, Muehlbauer FJ, Mallikarjuna N. 2005. A method for germinating perennial Cicer species. SAT ejournal Vol 1, Issue 1. Available from: http://www.icrisat.org/Journal/cropimprovement/v1i1/icpn12/v1i1amethod.pdf. Date accessed: 29 August 2008. Ladinsky G, Adler A. 1976. The origin of chickpea Cicer arietinum L. Euphytica 25(1):211–217. Purseglove 1968. Cicer arietinum L. In: Tropical Crops. Dicotyledons. Longman Group Limited, London. pp. 246-250. Tayyar R, Federici CV, Waines GJ. 1996. Natural Outcrossing In Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Crop Science 36:203–205. Wellving AHA. 1984. Grain legumes. Seed Production Handbook of Zambia. Department of Agriculture. Lusaka. SIDA. pp. 226–254. 8 * :4 Q +/ 4, 2 2S 6 =%O )/# 0,Q27 Ä 7 S. S. Yadav, formerly of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India N.K. Rao, International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), Dubai, United Arab Emirates. T HF Street K., Rukhkyan N. and Ismail A. 2008. * = ,w - S 2 2S7 4 , Dulloo M.E., Thormann I., Jorge M.A. and Hanson J., editors. Crop specific regeneration guidelines [CD-ROM]. CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resource Programme, Rome, Italy. 11 pp. 9 -1 ICARDA Q) 4,S ]7# O O. £ , ,?( K - £ 5/ ¼ * N) 2 2S7 -2 0' / K - = ] : )%$ ICARDA ˆ) e7 + / " +, \ $ N) @¦ 6 º2 -3 4,>]7# 9 ICARDA "2 4 2 - B n # \ ` u, \ ; $ ¢k 2% =$ 2' 7 w 8 # = $ = ,n&7 -4 ¢ k 92 = @)/ u,\ ICARDA 10 $ U6 11