Carrying Capacity for dive sites - Eco

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U n iv e r sid a d T e c n o ló gic a d e P e re ira
F a c u lta d d e C ie n c ia s A m b ie n ta le s
A d m in istra c ió n d e l M e d io A m b ie n te
w w w .u tp .e d u .c o /a re a s m a r in a s
Carrying Capacity for dive sites
In San Andres Island (Colombia)
Francisco Gallo M 1 .
Alejandro M artínez C 2 .
Jorge Iván Ríos P. Ph.D (c ) 3
colom bia2@ scubadiving.c om
boyando@ hotm ail.c om
jrios @ c ol2.telec om.c om.c o
D elim ita tion of c arryin g c ap ac ity for m or e freq ue ntly
V isited d ive sp ots in S a n A ndrés Is lan d .
Resumen: L a C ap ac id ad de C ar g a T urística , u n tip o es p ecífico d e C ap ac id a d de C ar g a A m b ien ta l,
repres en ta un n ú m ero d e visita ntes p or en cim a d el cu al las con dicion es d el ecosistem a s e h a ce n
ins ostenibles. S u estim a ció n pa ra los sitios d e b u ceo m ás frecu en ta d os en S an A n drés Isla, fu e el ob jetivo d e l
pres en te estu dio, s olicita d o p or la a utoridad a m bien tal, C O R A L IN A p ara esta blecer u n Sis te m a D e Á reas
M arin as P ro te gidas en la R es erva d e la B ios fera “ Se a F lo w er” d e la U N E S C O , con p olíticas d e m an ejo
s ostenible. S e utilizó la m etod olog ía d e C ifu en tes et.al, ada pta da in clu yen d o fa ctores es ta dísticos d e
correcció n p or ries g o a m biental, ad ecu ad os a las con d icion es d el m edio su b m a rin o. L os insu m os utiliza d os
in clu yeron in form a ció n s ob re esta d o biofísico, intensida d d e us o y efe ctos d e los b u zos en los s itios d e
prá ctica , obten id a d e obs erva cion es d e ca m p o y b itá coras p rofes iona les.
A u nq u e la rela ció n en tre la ca ntida d d e visita ntes y s us efe ctos, n o es lin eal, pu d o d efinirs e en té rm in os d e
prob ab ilid ad. L os resu ltad os in dicaron un p rom ed io d e 2 9,2 b u zos p or s itio al d ía, 1 0.65 7,7 a n uales .
R ecorda nd o q u e con trola r el flujo d e visitan tes es s olo un a d e las estra tegias p ara el m a n ejo d e su im pa cto, s e
pres en ta n las cifras , n o com o el elem ento centra l d e la estra tegia d e g estió n, sin o com o referen cia pa ra fu tu ra
eva lua ción d e intens ida d d e us o y h erra m ienta p ara es tim a r el da ñ o es p erad o.
Palabras clave: C apacidad de C arga - Ec oturis m o - B uc eo R ecreativo - S an A ndrés Is la -
Abstract: C arr ying C ap ac ity , a sp ecific kind of en viron m ental ca rryin g ca pa city, rep res ents a lim it
nu m b er of visitors ov er w itch ec os ys tem con d itions b ecom es uns ustaina ble. It’s es tim ation for m ost
freq u ently us ed d iving s p ots a t S a n A n drés Is la nd , w as th e m a in ob jective o f this s tu d y, requ es ted b y
C O R A L IN A , en viron m en tal au th ority, to estab lis h a M ar ine P r otected A r ea Sys te m a nd sus taina ble
m a na g em ent p olicies a t n ew ly d ecla red B ios ph ere R eserv e “Se a F lo w er” b y U N E S C O . M eth od olog y fro m
C ifu entes ´s et.a l. has b een us ed, bu t it w as a da pted to in clu d e sta tis tical correction fa ctors ab ou t
en viron m enta l ris ks, a deq uate for u n d erw ater con d itions. U s ed item s , in clu d ed biop h ys ica l in form ation , us e
d ens ity an d diver effects on divin g sites, obtain ed from in -site obs erva tion a nd p rofess iona l log b ook s.
A lth ou g h rela tions hip b etw een us e lev el a n d im pa cts is n on lin ear, it ca n b e d efin ed on term s of statistica l
prob ab ility. R es ults, ind ica ted 29 ,2 daily a vera g e d ivers p er s ite, a b ou t 10 .6 57 ,7 d ivers p er yea r. T a k in g in to
1
P oB ox 1 8 7 0 P ereira, C o lom b ia, teléfon o 5 7 6 3 -3 8 8 5 6 4
T rab ajo d e G rad o
L o s C ed ro s, B q 4 Ap to 1 0 2 P ereira, C o lom b ia, teléfon o 5 7 6 3 -3 6 2 2 0 0
T rab ajo d e G rad o
3
U n . T ecn o ló g ica d e P ereira FC A . L a Ju lita P ereira, C o lo m b ia, teléfon o 5 7 6 3 -2 5 7 2 7 2 ext. 1 8 1 D irector T . d e G rad o
2
más
Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, UTP
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C a pac id ad de ca rg a de visitan tes en área s de b uceo de San A n dré s (C o lo m b ia)
Pá gina 2
a ccou nt that visitor flow con trol is on ly on e from m an y w a ys for im pa ct m a na g em ent, nu m b ers are pres ente d
n ot as core stra teg y elem en t, b ut as fu tu re referen ce for us e d ens ity ass ess m ent an d as a tool for da m ag e
lik elih ood estim ation.
Key words: C arrying C apacity - Ec otouris m – Sc uba Diving – S an Andres Is land -
In tr od u ction
A n a pproa ch to th e visitors im pa ct
m a na ge m ent , is th e T iris tic C arry in g A pro ac h, a
kind of E n viron m en tal C a rr ying C ap a city”
(C eba llos -L as cu raín, 19 9 6) that rep res ents a lim it
nu m b er over w hich th e ecos ystem can n ot h old its
prod u ctivity, a dap ta bility, an d reg en eration
capa city (B orriet, M cC ool & S tan k e y, 19 9 8 ) .
It h as b een us ed sin ce th e ea rliest 9 0' s in
terres tria l p ortions of b iolog ica l res ervations in
C osta R ica, "G a lap ag os " N a tiona l P a rk (E cua d or)
and in th e F erna n d o N oron h a M a rin e N ationa l
pa rk, in B ra zil (C ifu entes et.a l, 19 9 9). T h e
S pecial A d m inistra tive U nit of N a tiona l
Parks of C olo m b ia U A E P N ha s genera liz ed
its u se in protected area s .
T h e m ain g oal of th e p res ent s tu d y, s olicita d o
p or C O R A L IN A (J u n e M arie M ow R ob ins on ,
20 00 ) 4 com o a utorid ad a m b ien ta l en S an A nd rés ,
es la estim a ció n d e C ap acid ad de C arg a d e
V isita ntes en los s itios d e b u ceo y es d e
im p orta n cia en el p roces o d e con form a ció n d e
áreas m a rinas p rotegidas.
S tud ies ab ou t th e effe cts o f th e diving a ctivities
on differen t en viron m en ts has b een carried ou t
sin ce 19 92 h a ve s h ow n divers e resu lts; T h e y h a ve
sh ow n diverg en ces, that s ug es t us e lim its
s om ethin g b etw een 5 00 to 15 .0 00 divers for d ive
sp ot a yea r. T h e n otion o f ca rryin g capa city is
elastic instead of fixed , a nd it d ep en ds on oth er
fa ctors, s u ch as diver ed u cation , certification
level an d ba ckg rou nd (H aw k yns & R ob ers ,
19 97 ).
In 1 99 3 F a llon S cu ra , T om V a n' t H o f, (20 01 )
and J oh n D ixon et.al; b y com pa rin g five d ivin g
sp ots w ith d ifferen t us e intensity lea d th em to th e
4
C arta de Ju n e M arie M ow R ob in son , D irector a
G en eral C O R A L IN A , San A n drés Isla 2 9 D ic. 2 0 0 0 .
“tresh old h yp oth esis tha t diver im p a ct b ecom e
evid ent w h en th e us e exce eds a level of 4.00 0 to
6.0 0 0 divers in a sp ot p er yea r” .
A lth ou g h th e n ega tive e ffects d o n ot d ep end on
th e q ua ntity b ut on th e b eha vior of th e visitors, it
is un a ccep tab le to think tha t th e n u m b er of
visitors could g row w ith ou t lim it.
A w a y to con n ect th e da m ag e w ith th e n u m b er
of vis itors is to es tim a te, bas ed on sta tis tics , th e
da m a ge likelih oo d, a con cep t sim ila r to R isk, as
fu n ction of H azar d an d V ulner ab ility to feed th e
carr ying ca pa city m od el.
A lth ou g h th e m a na g em ent p olicies w ou ld b e
cen tered in d ivers e m eth ods tha t d o n ot
n ecess arily lim it th e n u m b er of us ers , it is
p oss ib le to us e g oals of da m ag e red u ction a nd to
g en erate stim u lus to en force its a pp lication.
T h is m odification to C ifu entes m eth od olog y
and its ap plica tion to un d ers ea tou ris m a re th e
m a in con trib utions to th e pres ent cha pter.
M aterials and m ethods
T w en ty-three p la ces w ere s elected a m on g th os e
m ost us ed on es. R elative in form ation ab ou t
localization, intens ity us e, cu rren t state, form s
and com p os ition of b ottom coverin gs, effect o f
th e divers a n d op era tion p rotocols , w as gath ered
b y m ea ns o f direct obs erva tions a nd d ive
logb ook s of s ix (6 ) d ifferen t p rofess iona ls
(3 1,58 % ).
I n fras tru ctu re, equ ip m ent an d tea m s ass ess m ent
w ere us ed, w ith s even (7 ) diving op erators
(7 7,78 % ) to es tim a te th e op erative m a na ging an d
con trol ca pa city, as w ell as P a d i p rofess iona l
diving op era tion stan da rds as a referen ce to
eva lua te th e s ervice protoc ols.
T h e calcu lation for th e V is itors C a rr ying
C ap a city w as ca rried out bas ed on m eth od olog y
b y C ifu en tes (1 99 9 ) us ed b y W W F in C entra l
A m erica, ad ap ting correction fa ctors to
más
C a pac id ad de ca rg a de visitan tes en área s de b uceo de San A n dré s (C o lo m b ia)
un d erw ater con dition s, an d p rob ab ilis tic elem en ts
for ha za rd a nd vuln era bility. T h e process
consists of three levels :
•
C alculation of th e P h ys ica l C arry in g
C a pac ity ( C C F );
C alculation of th e R ea l C arr ying C ap acity
( C C R ); y
•
C alculation of th e E ffective C arry in g
C a pac ity (C C E ), ea ch on e s m aller or sim ila r to
th e p revious on e.
T h e P h ysics ca rr yin g ca pa city is th e es tim a te of
th e m a xim u m nu m b er of vis itors that p h ys ica lly
cou ld sta y in or g et to certain pla ce for a given
p eriod o f tim e. It is d efin ed as :
CCF = (
S
) * NV
SP
w h ere:
S = a vailab le surface in linea l
S P = surfa ce used b y a dive
m eters
N v = n u m b er of tim es th at cou ld rep eat th e vis it
du ring a da y w ith out consid erin g d ecom p ress ion
m od els:
Nv =
Hv
tv w h ere:
H v = S ch ed ule of visit
tv = T im e n eed ed to ea ch visit
T h e R e al C arrying C a pac ity (C C R ) a ffe cts
C C F b y C orr ectio n F ac to rs su ch as: a ccess
difficu lty, fra gility of th e ree f com m u n ity sp ecies ,
requ irem en t o f sp ecialized eq uip m en t or tech nics
(varia ble x). T h e C orre ctio n F a ctors for x are
calculated as follow :
FCx = 1 - (
Mlx
Mtx
)
w h ere:
F c x = C orrec tion F a ctors for va ria b le x ;
M L x = R estrictive M a gnitu de for va riab le x; &
M T x = T otal m a gn itud for varia ble x
T h e correction fa ctor cou ld b e u nd ers tood from
th e p oint of view of s ta tistica l p roba bility, if w e
observe tha t th e ter m ( M L x / M T x) is equa l to th e
em pirical p rob ab ility of th e va riab le x, ass ocia ted
to th e relative frequ en c y of x in th e o bs ervation ’s
field log b ook , for th e biolog ica l a nd p h ys ica l
con dition s as w ell as for us e an d its effects in
Pá gina 3
diving s p ots. T h is w a y, th e correction fa ctor,
brin g us a q uan tita tive a pp roa ch, th e prob ab ility
tha t x d oes n ot occ ur ; F C x = 1 -p (x ).
E l cálculo d e C a pa cid ad d e C a rga R eal estaría
dad o p or la sigu ien te fó rm u la:
CCR = CCF * FCsoc * FCfg * FCda *
FCanc * FCev * FCvie * FCmc * FCpe
T h e follow ing correction fa ctors w ere
cons id ered :
•
F a ctor of s ocia l correction (F s oc). It
cons id ers th e size of th e g rou ps, a ccord ing to th e
nu m b er of vis itors p er sup ervis or, th e d uration of
th e diving a n d th e d ista n ce b etw een divers g rou ps
a void in g con g estion a nd im pro ving su p ervis ion
and con trol tas ks.
•
It dis cou n t th e p ercen ta g e of fra gile
cov erin gs, lik e p roba bility o f in tera ction of divers
w ith th e b ottom in th os e a reas.
F a ctor of D a m ag es du e to con ta cts (F C da ); It is
bas ed on th e m a th em atic al like liho o d of d am ag e
ass ociated to th e frequ en c y of con ta cts w ith th e
b ottom , a n d th e p roba bility tha t th es e con ta cts
caus e d a m ag es.
F a ctor of C orrection for a n ch ora g e (F C a nc ); b y
ana log ous w a y, it com p ensa tes th e m a th em atica l
lik elih ood o f d a m a g es for an ch orag e on cora l
form a tions .
F a ctor for E va cua tion (F C ev ); It introd u ces us e
redu ction for pla ces w ith p articu la r difficu lties for
em erg en c y eva cua tion , just su ita ble for exp erts.
F a ctor of W eath er restriction (F C v ie ); It
cons id ers th e tem p ora ry lim its of us e du e to
stron g w a ves an d/or curren ts.
M inicou rs e F a ctor (F C m c )F or a chievem en t of
introd u ctor y d ivin g exp erien ces, th e stud en ts to
instru ctor ratio dim in is h es from 8:1 to 6 :1 , a n
add itiona l correction fa cto for m in icous es F C m c
= 0,75 ;
O ver h ea d en viron m ent (F cp e) F or ca ves or
shipw recks p en etration, th e ra n g e is o f 2:1, s o th e
n ew correction fa ctor for over h ea d en viron m en t
is F C pe = 0,2 5.
más
C a pac id ad de ca rg a de visitan tes en área s de b uceo de San A n dré s (C o lo m b ia)
T h e E ffectiv e C arry in g C ap ac ity (C C E ), rela tes
(C C R ) w ith th e M an a ge m en t C ap ac ity (C M ),
d efin ed as th e b est con dition th at th e
ad m inis tration sh ou ld h a ve to p ra ctice th e
a ctivities an d m eet th e g oa ls in a sa tis fa ctor y
w a y.
T h eC M is estim ated as p ercen tag e res p ect to th e
op tim u m from ea ch varia ble an d th e ob tain ed
Pá gina 4
data w as a vera g ed. V a ria bles su ch as air tan k
refillin g, b oa t tra ns p ortation , diver su p ervision ,
m a na g em ent a n d control u nd erw a ter w ere us ed as
lim iting criteria. T h e a ttitu d e o f th e p rofess iona ls
w ere con sid ered, as w ell as read in ess a n d us e o f
equ ip m en t.
CCE = CCR*CM
R esults
Tabla 1. Visitors C arry ing capacity
Dive Spot
CCF
FCso c
FCfg
FCda
Fcan c
FCev
FCvie
CC R
CM
B ajo B o nito
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,9 00 8
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
1
0,6 7
61,05
0,4 12 6
CC E
24,57
18,43
B lue D ia m o nd
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,8 87 4
0,7 68 5
1
1
0,9 34 2
83,85
0,4 12 6
34,60
25,95*
B lue W all
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,8 45 5
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
0,7 01 2
0,3 28
19,67
0,4 12 6
7,9 2
C a bles
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,8 45 5
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
0,7 01 2
0,3 28
19,67
0,4 12 6
7,9 2
C ntl. P iscinita
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,9 31 9
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
1
0,9 34 2
88,06
0,4 12 6
35,43
C nl D ia m o n d
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,4 03 7
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
1
0,9 34 2
38,15
0,4 12 6
15,35
C u ev as
41 0 2,8 3
0,0 61 9
0,7 91
0,6 48 3
1
1
0,9 34 2
12 1,6 7
0,4 12 6
50,20
D . d e M org a n
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,7 87 3
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
1
0,9 34 2
74,39
0,4 12 6
29,94
E s. d e p adi
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,7 87 3
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
1
0,9 34 2
74,39
0,4 12 6
29,94
F aro
41 0 2,8 3
0,0 61 9
0,9 79 1
0,6 48 3
1
1
0,9 34 2
15 0,6
0,4 12 6
62,14
M o nta nita
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,9 27 3
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
1
0,6 7
62,84
0,4 12 6
25,29
N irva n a
41 0 2,8 3
0,0 61 9
0,9 10 5
0,6 48 3
1
1
0,9 34 2
14 0,0 5
0,4 12 6
57,78
P . las C hern as
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,8 45 9
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
1
0,3 28
28,06
0,4 12 6
11,29
P irá mid e
27 3 5
0,0 16 0 4
0,8 94 6
0,6 48 3
0,9 75 3
1
0,6 7
17,05
0,4 12 6
6,8 6
5,1 4
P iscinita
41 0 2,8 3
0,0 61 9
0,9 41 6
0,6 48 3
1
1
0,9 34 2
14 4,8 3
0,4 12 6
59,76
control
P u nta P a di
41 0 2,8 3
0,0 61 9
0,8 29 4
0,6 48 3
0,9 75 3
1
0,9 34 2
12 7,5 7
0,4 12 6
51,34
R e g ga e N est
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,8 69 7
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
1
0,6 7
58,94
0,4 12 6
23,72
R o co sa
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,9 00 8
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
1
0,6 7
61,05
0,4 12 6
24,57
T r de T ortu g as
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,8 45 5
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
0,7 01 2
0,3 28
19,67
0,4 12 6
7,9 2
V elerito
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,4 77 3
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
1
0,9 34 2
45,1
0,4 12 6
18,15
W est P oint
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,8 43 1
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
1
0,9 34 2
79,67
0,4 12 6
32,06
24,04
W est V ie w
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,8 41 3
0,6 48 3
1
0,7 01 2
0,9 34 2
47,02
0,4 12 6
19,40
14,55
W ild Life
82 0 5,6 7
0,0 16 0 4
0,9 31 9
0,7 68 5
0,9 75 3
1
0,9 34 2
88,06
0,4 12 6
35,43
26,57
Diver/day aver age
29,20
Annual average
10.657,70
FC m c
37,65**
46,61
43,34
18,43
C arry in g C ap ac ity as A v erag e vis itan tors p er s ite a d ay . *O v er-h ead 8,6 5 b u z os / día. ** O v er-h ead 12,5 5 b u z os / día.
T h e a nn ua l m ea n ob s erved in S an A n d rés coral
reefs, con tras ts w ith th e 5 0 00 an nu al divers p er
pla ce s u gg ested as referen ce b y van ´t H o f for
B on aire 5 . T h is differen ce ca n b e exp la in ed b y th e
5
E n trev ista con T om v an ´t H of, p rim er g eren te d e
B o n a ire M a rin e P a rk con su ltor p ara N eth erla n d s
A n tilles N a tio n a l P a rk F o u n d a tio n , , con su lto r p o r
C en ter for M arin e C on serv ation C M C p ara el
estab lecim ien to d e la reserv a de la b iosfera d e la
U N E S C O S ea F lo w er, S an An d rés Isla, C o lo m b ia,
M arzo de 2 0 0 1 .
más
C a pac id ad de ca rg a de visitan tes en área s de b uceo de San A n dré s (C o lo m b ia)
low er prop ortion p res ent at S a n A n d res o f
sus ceptib le sp ecies su ch as b ra n ch ed corals ,
usua lly us ed to eva lu ate vuln era bility cora l reefs 6 .
A noth er im porta nt difference, exist in u sed
m eth odolo gy estim ating carrying ca pa city ;
C o m parison b etw een th e m ore a nd less
visited diving spots condition , bu t it did n ot
res ult con clusive for S a n A nd ré s, as th is
in form a tion w as n ot a vaila ble..
T h e d eteriora tion rep orted in th e stud y of
B on aire is rela ted to diver con cen tration arou n d
th e m o orin g bu o ys d irectly o ver th e cora ls, an d
th e p rop os ed n u m b er is just a g en era l referen ce.
T h e nu m b er prop os ed for S a n A nd rés is
differen tia l a ccord in g to th e cha ra cteristics of
ea ch on e o f th e d ivin g s p ots a n d its us e.
T h e obtain ed valu es com p ared to th e cu rrent
flow of vis itors , 0,73 divers p er divin g sp ot a
da y, in dicate a w asted offer tha t can b e
op tim ized , h om og en izin g th e s eas ona l trends o f
th e d em an d, b y m ea ns of exp loration of oth er
m a rk ets a nd offers to tra vel on low s eas on. It
w ould fa cilita te to cou nt on m ore su p ervis ion
and con trol p ers on n el.
G raph 1 . C om parison betw ee n c urre nt u se a nd effective
carrying capacity
70
60
H ow e ver th e n u m b er ob ta in ed for L a P ir a m ide
is b eing overc om e b y th e level of cu rren t us e;
A lth ou g h th e daily us e a verag e (1,7 5) is low er
tha n C C E , th e s eas ona l flow g en era tes in tens ive
us e, u p to 44 d aily visitors. E l F a ro, N ir va na ,
B ajo B o nito y la R o cos a su ffer s im ila r
ph en om en a.
It is n ecessa ry to un d erlin e that th e C M has
b een pres ented as a n a vera g e o f th e d ivin g cen ters
tha t ha ve pa rticipa ted in th e stud y. A lth ou g h th e
in dividu al ca pa city of ea ch d ivin g op era tor ca n
va ry, th e us e o f differen tial carr ying ca pa cities is
hind ered for ea ch op era tor for th e follow in g
reas ons :
•
T h e as sign m ent of op era tion sh ares w ou ld b e
evid ently d is crim ina tor y;
•
W ould b e com p lica ted th e a d m in istrative
fu n ction of th e p ark; a nd
•
W ould n ot b e com p ensa ted th e ind ivid ua l
va ria bility o f th e effect of th e visitors.
A lth ou g h a trad itiona l ap p roa ch , rela tes th e
qua ntity of da m a g e in a pla ce w ith th e n u m b er o f
visitors , a ccord in g to R ou p ha el & In glis (1 99 7),
su ch a n a p proa ch is q uite s im p listic. F irst,
b eca us e th e effects of th e d ivers a re m ore
in flu en ced b y th eir ab ility an d b eh a vior tha n
b eca us e of th eir n u m b er; an d s econ d , b eca us e o f
th e divers e ph ysical an d b iological cha ra cteristics
of th e reefs reflect differen t d egrees o f
sus ceptib ility to th e p ress u re o f th e vis itors.
C onclusions and recom m endations
F or th is rea son, th e ex ercise of estim a ting
th e V isitors C a rry in g C a pac ity is presented,
as a re fere nce line fo r assesing the u se
inte nsity for diving areas, instea d of as m ain
ele m e nt of th e m a na ge m ent strategy .
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Buzos al día
50
Pá gina 5
Sitio de buceo
Uso actual
CCEfectiva
CC Minicurso
M inic urs e m id dle lin e (B rok en ). Pis cinita , c on trol s ite w ith z ero (0)
m in ic urs es . O b s erv e Lin es clos e for La P irám ide, Blue W all, C a bles , y
T ram pa d e T ortugas .
6
E n trev ista con U sseg lio P ao lo , b ió lo g o m arin o
co rp o ració n C O R A L IN A . S a n A nd ré s Isla , M a rz o 2 0 0 1.
It m us t b e rem em b ered th at th e lim it of visitors
d oes n ot con stitute a g oa l in its elf, b ut a w a y (an d
n ot th e on ly on e) to p rotect th e res ources of th e
area , an d it sh ou ld b e revis ed p eriod ica lly
a ccording to th e varia tions o f th e en viron m en ta l
con dition s; T h e d ecreas e of th e freq u en c y o f
tou ch es or th e in creas e in th e divin g op erators
and divers m a na g em ent capa city, in creas e th e
más
C a pac id ad de ca rg a de visitan tes en área s de b uceo de San A n dré s (C o lo m b ia)
carr ying cap a city, com ing clos er to th e C C F in
th e m eas u re tha t th e effects aim to zero.
T h e s ug g es ted ca rryin g capa city, is a n a vera g e
of 2 9,2 divers p er diving sp ot a da y, d im inis h ed
Pá gina 6
for m ini- cou rs es to 7 5 % a nd 25 % for ov er h ea d
en viron m ents.
A ck n ow le d ges
To P A D I P ro ject A W A R E F ou nd atio n, C a. U S A a nd S a n A nd res Is la nd D ive s h ops w h o pa rtially
fina n ced th e p res ent s tu d y. It w as d evelop ed insid e th e fra m e o f S ea F lo w er B iosp here R eser ve M arin e
P r ote cte d A rea pr oject w ith th e com m itm en t a n d su p p ort of th e en viron m ental au th ority, C ora lina.
R efere n ce s :
B O R R IE T . W illia m , M cC O O L S tep h en F . & S T A N K E Y G eorg e H . 1 99 8, P r ote cte d A re a P lan nin g,
P r inc ip les a nd Stra teg ies, E n : L IN D B E R G K reg , W O O D M ag an E p ler & E N D E L D R U M D a vid
E c oto uris m , A G uide for P la nn ers an d M a n ager s V ol. 2, T h e E cotou ris m S ociety, N orth B en ning ton ,
U S A , p. 13 3 -1 51 .
C E B A L L O S - L A S C U R A ÍN , H é ctor. 1 99 6 T our is m , E co to uris m an d P ro tec ted A re as, C ita d o p or :
C IF U E N T E S A . M igu el et.a l; 1 9 99 C a pa cida d de C arg a T ur ístic a de las A r eas d e U s o P úb lico d e
M on u m e nto N ac io na l el G uay a bo, C osta R ic a. W W F C en troa m é rica, T u rria lba, C os ta R ica p.8.
C IF U E N T E S A . M igu el et.a l;1 99 9 C a pac id a d de C arg a T urís tic a de las A re as de U s o P ú blic o d e
M on u m e nto N ac io na l el G uay a bo, C osta R ic a. W W F C en troa m é rica, T u rria lba, C os ta R ica 75 p.
H A W K IN S , J.P . y. R O B E R T S , C .M . 19 97 . E s tim a ting the c arryin g c ap ac ity of c or al r eefs for re cre atio na l
scub a diving. E n : P roc. 8 th In t. C ora l R eef S ym p. 2 :1 92 3 -26. C ita d o p or: va n’t H O F , T om ; T our is m
Im p acts O n C or al R eefs : Incr eas in g A w ar en ess In T he T o uris m Sec tor , O p.cit.
R O U P H A E L ; A n th on y & IN G L IS ; G ra em e J . Im pa cts of R e crea tion al Sc ub a D iv ing at Sites w ith differen t
T o p ogr ap hies, E ls evier S cien ce, A u stralia 1 99 7, 8p .
van ’t H O F , T om ; 20 01 T o uris m Im p acts O n C or al R eefs: Incre asing A w are ness In T he T o uris m Sec tor A
U N E P C on trib ution to th e Interna tion al C ora l R ee f In form a tion N etw ork (IC R IN ), F ren ch M in istr y o f
th e E n viron m en t (M A T E ), S ab a, N eth erlan ds A ntilles.