universidad complutense de madrid variación - E

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UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID
ESCUELA UNIVERSITARIA DE ÓPTICA
Departamento de Óptica II (Optometría y Visión)
VARIACIÓN DE LA PRESIÓN INTRAOCULAR
DEBIDA A MANIOBRAS QUIRÚRGICAS
OCULARES: UN ESTUDIO ANIMAL.
MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR
PRESENTADA POR
José Luis Hernández Verdejo
Bajo la dirección de los doctores
Miguel Ángel Teus Guezela
Francisco Barra Lázaro
Madrid, 2011
ISBN: 978-84-694-2884-9
© José Luis Hernández Verdejo, 2011
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46
Introducción y estado actual del tema
.89)19+0! B21*E*C19+0! +! .*+:80! 4(! 1)9101/)(0! 9+4+! :(5! -=0! 3(B2(V+0>! S(,! -10-/!
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47
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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48
Introducción y estado actual del tema
S2*+).(! ,/0! +V/0! 01C21().(0! 92(0.1/)(0! .+,(0! 9/-/$! c92=,! (0! ,+! 3*(016)!
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49
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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50
Introducción y estado actual del tema
4(!,+!*(.1)+D!()!+-</0!3*/9(41-1()./0$!B2(!,/0!-+;/*(0!9+-<1/0!/92**A+)!42*+).(!
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51
Introducción y estado actual del tema
!"Q"#$,85BJK<$56G5<@?8M<$10/%R$P$I56789:$8:?5<=@BH<5$
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52
Introducción y estado actual del tema
G+*+!9*(+*!(0.(!9/,C+Q/!(,!/Q/!4(<(!0(*!71Q+4/!71*-(-().(!;!0/-(.14/!+!2)+!
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53
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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54
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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55
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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56
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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57
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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58
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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59
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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60
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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61
Introducción y estado actual del tema
g! 9/).1)2+916)! (H3/)(-/0! 2)+! *(:1016)! 4(! ,+! ,1.(*+.2*+! 91().A719+! +,!
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62
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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63
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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64
Introducción y estado actual del tema
G+*+,(,+-().(!+!(0.(!.*+<+Q/$!;!()!+,2016)!41*(9.+!+,!(7(9./!4(!,/0!9+-<1/0!4(!
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65
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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66
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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67
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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68
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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69
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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70
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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Introducción y estado actual del tema
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72
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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73
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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74
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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75
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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76
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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77
Introducción y estado actual del tema
?gbWi>!S(!)2(:/$!(,!9+-<1/!<*209/!4(!3*(016)!1).*+/92,+*!42*+).(!,+!+3,19+916)!4(,!
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78
Introducción y estado actual del tema
_/0P7(CP1! ;! 9/,0>! "e%&! 32<,19+*/)! 2)! 9+0/! 4(! 38*414+! +C24+! 4(! +C24(5+!
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79
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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80
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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Introducción y estado actual del tema
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82
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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83
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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84
Introducción y estado actual del tema
1)7(*1/*$! ;! C,/<+,$! *(03(9.1:+-().(!@./4+0! 3s!6!r!]>]]#D>!?/0! +2./*(0!9/)9,2;(*/)!
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85
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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86
Introducción y estado actual del tema
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87
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123
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Discusión integradora
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Discusión integradora
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130
Discusión integradora
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Discusión integradora
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Discusión integradora
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133
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135
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137
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139
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143
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,&)(0$#/%#%,<$,:(93,#%"08:'$*$#,5$%&>!.!C)&)%)L&!;'V%)L&!9M%(*!8="=#!"3N"P?!
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145
Bibliografía
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146
Bibliografía
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147
Bibliografía
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148
Bibliografía
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149
Bibliografía
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