UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID ESCUELA UNIVERSITARIA DE ÓPTICA Departamento de Óptica II (Optometría y Visión) VARIACIÓN DE LA PRESIÓN INTRAOCULAR DEBIDA A MANIOBRAS QUIRÚRGICAS OCULARES: UN ESTUDIO ANIMAL. MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR José Luis Hernández Verdejo Bajo la dirección de los doctores Miguel Ángel Teus Guezela Francisco Barra Lázaro Madrid, 2011 ISBN: 978-84-694-2884-9 © José Luis Hernández Verdejo, 2011 !"#$%&'#()(*+,-./!0%"'%*(%*-)(&#(* %'+!%/)*!"#$%&'#0)&#)*(%*1.0#+)* (%.)&0)-%"0,*(%*1.0#+)*##*2,.0,-%0&3)*4*$#'#,"5* * * * $)&#)+#1"*(%*/)*.&%'#,"*#"0&),+!/)&*(%6#()*)*-)"#,6&)'* 7!#&8&9#+)'*,+!/)&%':*!"*%'0!(#,*)"#-)/* ! 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Que cada uno lo resuelva como pueda. !Frida Kahlo! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "#$"%&! 9 Indice !"#!$%& ! 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(*+!6&-2,./$0-'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''*)\8! ! (*)*+!&_UCBEHCGLJ!"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''****)\4! ! (*5*+!&_UCBEHCGLJ!""'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''**)\^! ! (*8*+!&_UCBEHCGLJ!"""''''''''''''''''''''''''''''****))4! 12 Indice )\*+!$"-%2-"@#!"#.&a6/$06/''''''''''''''''''''''''''***))(! ))*+!%0#%,2-"0#&-''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''')84! )5*+!6&,&7/#%"/!%,"#"%/!A!1&6-1&%."7/!$&!:2.260''''''''''''***)8(! )8*+!3"3,"0a6/:"/'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''***);8! );*+!/#&b0-*!123,"%/%"0#&-!%"&#.":"%/-'''''''''''''''''''**)4)! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! & ! & & & & & 13 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "#$!!%&'()*+!*,!-./%&0)0&+1,'!! 15 Listado de publicaciones !"#$%&'()*+$*,$-./%&0)0&+1,'$ ! "#$%!$&#'#!&#$(!)%#%*%!&+!,%#!#'-.'&+$&#!/.),'0%0'1+&#!0'&+$23'0%#4! &2$ '3456789:;5<$ =:8<5>:4:97$ ;?$ &97>8;@568>$ ->:<<5>:$ 39$ 7A:$ )97:>3;>$ 0A84B:>$89C$7A:$D37>:;5<$08E37F"$$ 5&6+(+*&789&6*&:1!;<=!>&.#!?@=!A1,2B%6!CD!! @0$%!E/F$F%,G1,D!HIIJ!E0$!KI=!%B%',%),&!L1+!,'+&M! N.)?&*!N?OP4!QJRSRQQHD! PEO4!AOS1751 [pii] 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01751.x ! &&2$ -;>@39:$ =;C:6$ 7;$ 0;4G8>:$ H:86#(34:$&97>8;@568>$->:<<5>:$*5>39I$ %)'&J$ K37A$8$=:@A893@86$=3@>;L:>87;4:$89C$M:47;<:@;9C$%8<:>"$$ 5&6+(+*&789&6*&:1!;<=!>&.#!?@=!T1G(+!;?=!A1,2B%6!CD!!! O+B&#$!E/F$F%,G1,!9'#!U0'D!HIIS!;%+VWRXQY4ZR8SHD!! N.)?&*!N?OP4!QSQJS[QRD! PEO4!48/1/68 [pii] 10.1167/iovs.06-0192 ! &&&2$ 0;4G8>3<;9$ ;?$ H:86#(34:$ &97>8;@568>$ ->:<<5>:$ *5>39I$ %8<:>$ 39$ '375$ J:>87;436:5<3<$89C$,G37A:6386$%8<:>$39$$'375$J:>87;436:5<3<$39$-;>@39:$,F:<"$$ 5&6+(+*&789&6*&:1!;<=!*&!A&+'$18<,1/'#!<=!>&.#!?@D!!! ;!\%$%6%0$!T&36%0$!U.6-D!HIQI!?%6VKZXKY4WSS8RHD!!! N.)?&*!N?OP4!HIHIH[WRD! PEO4!S0886-3350(09)01175-4 [pii] 10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.09.040 17 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "#$!%&'()*%+,'%-! 19 Abreviaturas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breviaturas @BN$ $ $ $ @)/0'H%$'%9)*(1.-*)$ @>E$ $ $ $ K./)*9/19(4,*$+(9())/+)*19'<*$ 6D@$ $ $ $ 61*%%'%&$D*0/)$@(-*)'4/9)P$ 6DJ$ $ $ $ 61*%%'%&$D*0/)$J(4(&)*8OP$ ?55$ $ $ $ 5(48/%0*1'H%$1()%/*-$<*)'*;-/$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 22 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "#$!%&'()*)+,+)-.!! 23 Justificación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ustificación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esumen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esumen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ipótesis !"#$%&'()*+&+$ ! ! ! ! ! "#! $%#&'()! *)+&,! +)! -%,*.! /0(&+.! 1! ,)$,%+23&'()4! *)+&.56)! *.5%*)6,7.! &5/.#&/.! ! 3%5! 3.52(.3&85! )5! 30*.,.! .56),&%,4! (%#! 3.*'&%#! +)! $,)#&85! &56,.%32(.,! &5+23&+%#! +2,.56)! (.! ,).(&9.3&85! +)! 6:35&3.#! ;2&,<,=&3.#! ;2)! 3%5(()/.5! )(! 2#%! +)! '%*'.#!+)!#233&85!.$(&3.+.#!.(!%>%!$.,.!#2!*.5&$2(.3&85?!!! $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 33 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "#$!%&'()*+%,! 35 Objetivos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ntroducción y estado actual del tema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ntroducción y estado actual del tema F,!9/)9(3./!4(!3*(016)!-+)/-8.*19+!72(!4(0+**/,,+4/!3/*B2(!9+01!./4/0!,/0! -+)6-(.*/0! -+*9+)! 9(*/! 92+)4/! (0.=)! +<1(*./0! +! ,+! +.-607(*+>! M2+)4/! 0(! ,(0! 9/)(9.+!+,!*(91)./!/!(03+91/!92;+!3*(016)!0(!4(0(+!-(41*$!*(C10.*+)!,+!417(*()91+!4(! 3*(016)!*(03(9./!+!,+!3*(016)!+.-/078*19+>!! N)!:+9A/!3(*7(9./!9/**(03/)4(*A+!+!,+!3*(016)! +<0/,2.+!9(*/$!/!,/!B2(! (0!,/! -10-/!+!2)+!3*(016)!-+)/-8.*19+!-()/*!4(,!:+,/*!4(!,+!3*(016)!+.-/078*19+>!! O+;!-29P+0!-+)(*+0!4(!9/):(*.1*!,/0!:+,/*(0!4(!3*(016)!()!/.*+!-+C)1.24! 9+-<1+).(! B2(! 32(4+! .*+)07/*-+*0(! ()!(,!-/:1-1()./!4(!2)+!+C2Q+!1)419+4/*+!/! ()!2)!)E-(*/!()!2)+!3+).+,,+!41C1.+,!3(*/!,/0!-=0!9/-2)(0!0/)R! ! !"3"<"#$2<:9;6?5=7$A6$?BC=$D+E! ! !"#$%&'()'*&+,-./%0'1.'234' ?+! !"#$%&' (! -2(0.*+! 2)! (0B2(-+! 4(,! -+)6-(.*/! 4(! .2</! N>! F0.=! 7/*-+4/! 3/*!2)!.2</!4(!:14*1/!4/<,+4/!()!7/*-+!4(!N$!,,()/!3+*91+,-().(!4(!2)!,AB214/!4(! 4()014+4! 9/)/914+>! N)/! 4(! 020! (H.*(-/0! 0(! 9/)(9.+! +! ,+! 5/)+! 4/)4(! 0(! B21(*(! -(41*!,+!3*(016)$!;!(,!/.*/!0(!4(Q+!,1<*(!+!,+!+.-607(*+>!! ?+! 3*(016)! (Q(*914+! ()! (,! ,+4/! 4(! +,.+! 3*(016)! 3*/429(! 2)! -/:1-1()./! 4(,! 42 Introducción y estado actual del tema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ntroducción y estado actual del tema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ntroducción y estado actual del tema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ntroducción y estado actual del tema ! !"#$%&'?)'@%&+>1$;/0%'1.'=%.>",+'>&+#$A+.&' ! ! !"#$%&'B)'C-=9"8";&10%'1.'>.D&9';0+.;/&10'&9'/%&+>1$;/0%' $ !"L"#$/87?6;<7$@655<A=7$A6$8:GB789:$6:$=G?<H;=H=JK<"$.M=HB@89:$N87?958@<"$ ?+!-(414+!;!9/).*/,!4(!,/0!9+-<1/0!4(!3*(016)!1).*+/92,+*!42*+).(!,+!91*2CA+! 1).*+/92,+*!P+!4(03(*.+4/!(,!1).(*80!4(!9,A)19/0!(!1):(0.1C+4/*(0!4(04(!+).1C2/>!! M/)! (,! 4(0+**/,,/! 4(! )2(:+0! .89)19+0! 4(! +</*4+Q(! +,! 1).(*1/*! 4(! /Q/! ;! 4(! 1)0.*2-().+916)!9+4+!:(5!-=0!0/710.19+4+!;!9/)!(,!71)!E,.1-/!4(!+,.(*+*!()!(,!-()/*! C*+4/! 3/01<,(! ,+! +*B21.(9.2*+! /92,+*$! ,/0! 91*2Q+)/0! P+)! 14/! 4(0+**/,,+)4/! 020! 46 Introducción y estado actual del tema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ntroducción y estado actual del tema _//*P(+4! ?M! ;! 9/,0>! "`&! ()! 2)! (0.241/! 32<,19+4/! ()! #Z[a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b20!(H3(*1-()./0!:/,:1(*/)!+!9/)71*-+*!,+! 3*(0()91+! 4(! C*+)4(0! 319/0! 4(! 3*(016)$!4(!P+0.+!-=0! 4(!##]!--OC>!b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a&! (0(! -10-/! +V/! 32<,19+)! 2)! .*+<+Q/! ()! (,! B2(! 0(! 3*(0().+! 2)! 3*/./.13/! 4(! 0()0/*! 41C1.+,! B2($! 9/)(9.+4/! +! 2)! 010.(-+! 4(! -+).()1-1()./! 4(! 9=-+*+! +).(*1/*! 4(0+**/,,+4/! 3/*! (0.(! (,,/0$! .*+.+! 4(! *(0/,:(*! ,/0! 3*/<,(-+0! 4(*1:+4/0! 4(,! 9/).*/,! 3*(910/! 4(! ,+! 3*(016)! 1).*+/92,+*! ()! .1(-3/! *(+,!42*+).(!,+!91*2CA+>!! 48 Introducción y estado actual del tema S2*+).(! ,/0! +V/0! 01C21().(0! 92(0.1/)(0! .+,(0! 9/-/$! c92=,! (0! ,+! 3*(016)! 1).*+/92,+*!*(+,! 42*+).(! ,+! 91*2CA+d!$!c(0!(0.+! 3*(016)!,+!-10-+!B2(! 0(!-14(! ()! (,! 010.(-+!4(!1)72016)d!/!c(0!3/01<,(!1)4291*!,/0!9+-<1/0!4(!GWX!4(0(+4/0!-(41+).(!,+! -+)132,+916)!4(,!010.(-+!4(!1)72016)d!P+)!014/!+,C2)+0!4(!,+0!3*(C2).+0!3+*+!,+0! B2(!,/0!1):(0.1C+4/*(0!!"e$![&!P+)!1).().+4/!()9/).*+*!*(032(0.+>!! !"O"#$,85BJK<$A6$@<?<5<?<$P$I56789:$8:?5<=@BH<5"$ S2*+).(!,/0!E,.1-/0!#^!+V/0$!P+)!02*C14/!1-3/*.+).(0!+:+)9(0!()!(,!-2)4/! 4(! ,+! /7.+,-/,/CA+! ;! (03(9A719+-().(! ()! *(,+916)! 9/)!,+! 91*2CA+! 4(! ,+! 9+.+*+.+>! f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ntroducción y estado actual del tema !! F)! (,! +V/! %]]\$! '*1)<+2-! g>! ;! 9/,0>! "##&! 32<,19+*/)! 2)! .*+<+Q/! ()! (,! B2(! 9/-3+*+<+)! 4(! )2(:/! ,/0! 9+-<1/0! 4(! 3*(016)! 1).*+/92,+*! ()! .1(-3/! *(+,! ;! 02! *(,+916)! 9/)! ,/0! 010.(-+0! 4(! 1)72016)! ;! -+).()1-1()./! 4(! 9=-+*+! +).(*1/*! (H.(*)/0$!()!(0.(!9+0/!+,!*(+,15+*!4/0!417(*().(0!.89)19+0!4(!91*2CA+!4(!9+.+*+.+R!,+! 7+9/(-2,01719+916)! ;! ,+! .89)19+! 4(! (H.*+9916)! 4(! 9+.+*+.+! (H.*+9+302,+*! 9/)! 1)9101/)(0! 3(B2(V+0$! ()! 2)! C*23/! 4(! 3+91().(0! 3*(:1+-().(! 0(,(991/)+4/0>! b20! 9/)9,201/)(0! 0(C2A+)! *(1.(*+)4/! ,+! )(9(014+4! 4(! 2)! -(Q/*! 9/).*/,! 4(! ,+0! 7,29.2+91/)(0! 4(! GWX! 3*/42914+0! 42*+).(! ,+! 91*2CA+! 3+*+! -+).()(*! 80.+0! +! 2)/0! )1:(,(0!7101/,6C19/0!(0.+<,(0>! F)! (0.(! 9/).(H./$! ,+0! .89)19+0! 4(! 7+9/(-2,01719+916)! 9/)! I-19*/1)91016)! <1-+)2+,J!P+)!+<1(*./!2)!P/*15/).(!3/.()91+,!4(!-(Q/*+!()!(,!9+-3/!4(!,+!91*2CA+! 4(! ,+! 9+.+*+.+! @()! .8*-1)/0! 4(! -(Q/*! (0.+<1,14+4! 4(! ,+! 9=-+*+! +).(*1/*! ;! -()/*! +0.1C-+.10-/!3/0.h/3(*+./*1/!1)42914/D>!b1)!(-<+*C/$!()!(0.+0!.89)19+0!4(!91*2CA+! -19*/1)9101/)+,! @_WMbD$! (,! P(9P/! 4(! (H.*+(*! ,+! 9+.+*+.+! +! .*+:80! 4(! %! 1)9101/)(0! -()/*(0! 4(! %! --! P+! 9/),,(:+4/! +,C2)/0! 9+-<1/0! ()! (,! 410(V/! 4(! ,+! 1)0.*2-().+916)!*(B2(*14+!3+*+!-+).()(*!2)+!<2()+!*(,+916)!()!(,!1).(*9+-<1/!4(! 7,214/0!42*+).(!,+!91*2CA+>!! F)! (0.(! 0().14/$! i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a]!--OC!@3*(016)!4(!3(*72016)! 50 Introducción y estado actual del tema 4(!,+!*(.1)+D!()!+-</0!3*/9(41-1()./0$!B2(!,/0!-+;/*(0!9+-<1/0!/92**A+)!42*+).(! ,+! P14*/410(9916)$! ,+! 1);(9916)! 4(,! :109/(,=0.19/! ;! ,+! 1)0(*916)! 4(! ,+! ,().(! 1).*+/92,+*! ;! B2(! (0./0! 72(*/)! 01-1,+*(0! ()! +-<+0! .89)19+0! 9/)! 3(B2(V+0! 417(*()91+0!+!7+:/*!4(!,+!.89)19+!<1-+)2+,!-19*/1)9101/)+,>! F)!2)!(0.241/!01-1,+*!32<,19+4/!*(91().(-().(!3/*!i*(2.5(*!;!9/,0>!"#\&!0(! (:+,E+)! ,/0! 9+-<1/0! 4(! 3*(016)! 1).*+/92,+*! 4().*/! 4(! ,+! 9+:14+4! :A.*(+! 42*+).(! 417(*().(0! (.+3+0! 4(! ,+! 91*2CA+! 4(! ,+! 9+.+*+.+! 3*+9.19+4+! +! 3+91().(0! *(+,(0! +,! (-3,(+*!4/0!.89)19+0!417(*().(0!4(!7+9/(-2,01719+916)R!,+!.89)19+!9/):()91/)+,!;!,+! -19*/9/+H1+,>! ?/0! :+,/*(0! 4(! GWX! /<.()14/0! 42*+).(! ,+0! -+)1/<*+0! 72(*/)! 01C)1719+.1:+-().(!-=0!<+Q/0!B2(!,/0!*(3/*.+4/0!3/*!/.*/0!(0.241/0$!)/!+,9+)5+)4/! ()!)1)CE)!-/-()./!:+,/*(0!3/*!()91-+!4(!a]!--OC>!gE)!+0A$!,/0!+2./*(0!:2(,:()! +!*(1.(*+*!B2(!,+!-/)1./*15+916)!!4(!,+!41)=-19+!4(!7,214/0!42*+).(!,+!91*2CA+!32(4(! 3*(:()1*! ,+! 1)429916)! 4(! (,(:+91/)(0! (H9(01:+0! 4(! GWX$! (,! 9/-3*/-10/! 4(! ,+! 3(*72016)!*(.1)1+)+!;!(,!4+V/!+92-2,+4/!()!/Q/0!9/)!3+./,/CA+!3*(:1+!4(,!0(C-()./! 3/0.(*1/*>! $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 51 Introducción y estado actual del tema !"Q"#$,85BJK<$56G5<@?8M<$10/%R$P$I56789:$8:?5<=@BH<5$ F,!?gbWi!0(!P+!9/):(*.14/!()!,+!+9.2+,14+4!()!,+!/3916)!-=0!3/32,+*!3+*+!,+! 9/**(9916)! 4(! ,+! +-(.*/3A+0! <+Q+0! ;!-/4(*+4+0>!F)!F0.+4/0!N)14/0! (,! )E-(*/!4(! 1).(*:()91/)(0!?gbWi!*(+,15+4+0!(0.=!().*(!Z]]>]]!;!#>#]]>]]]!1).(*:()91/)(0!3/*! +V/>! F)! F2*/3+! (0.(! )E-(*/! */)4+! 1C2+,-().(! (,! -1,,6)! 3/*! +V/! ;! ()! g-8*19+! ,+.1)+!(,!?gbWi!0(!*(+,15+!+3*/H1-+4+-().(!+!\]]>]]]!3+91().(0!+,!+V/$!,+!-+;/*A+! 4(!,/0!92+,(0!0/)!-1/3(0!.A319+-().(!().*(!h]>^]!S!;!h#]>]]!S! g!3*1)9131/0!4(!,+!489+4+!4(!,/0!Z]!"#`$!#^&$!,+!B2(*+./-1,(2010!,=0(*!1)!01.2! (-(*C16! ()! ,+! 9/-2)14+4! 91().A719+! 9/-/! 2)+! .89)19+! ! 3*/-(.(4/*+! 3+*+! ,+! 9/**(9916)!4(!,+!-1/3A+>! ?+!.89)19+!?gbWi!1).(C*+!2)!-19*/B2(*+./-/!;!(,!,=0(*!(H91-(*>"#`$!#a&>!F,! -19*/B2(*+./-/!-(9=)19/!0(!2.1,15+!3+*+!9*(+*!(,!9/,C+Q/!9/*)(+,!/!I7,+3J0!N)+!:(5! 9*(+4/$! 80.(! 0(! (,(:+! 9/)! 2)+! (03=.2,+! ;! 0(C214+-().(! 0(! +3,19+! (,! ,=0(*! 0/<*(! (,! ,(9P/!(0.*/-+,!(H32(0./!-!"#$%&'1/0! ! !"#$%&'E')'F09#&G0';0%+.&9'=%.H"0'&'9&'&I9&;",+'9<>.%' ! 52 Introducción y estado actual del tema G+*+!9*(+*!(0.(!9/,C+Q/!(,!/Q/!4(<(!0(*!71Q+4/!71*-(-().(!;!0/-(.14/!+!2)+! 3*(016)!4(! 029916)! .+,! B2(! 3(*-1.+!*(+,15+*!(,!9/*.(! -(41+).(! (,! -19*/B2(*+./-/! -(9=)19/! 9/)! ,+! 027191().(! 3*(91016)! -!"#$%&' 2/0! G+*+! 9/)0(C21*! (0.(! 3*/3601./! ,+! 3*(016)!1).*+/92,+*!()!(0.+!-+)1/<*+!4(<(!(H9(4(*!4(!a^!--OC>! $ !"#$%&'J)'K$;;",+'1.9'0G0'-.1"&+/.'.9'&+"990'1.9'-";%0L$.%&/0-0' F0.+!3*(016)!+!,+!B2(!(,!/Q/!0(!0/-(.($!+20().(!()!,+0!.89)19+0!3*(9(4().(0$! (0! 2)+! 9+*+9.(*A0.19+! 3+*.192,+*! 4(! ,+! 91*2CA+! ?gbWi$! +0A! 9/-/! 4(! 020! :+*1+).(0! 1).*+?gbWi!;!(31h?gbWi>!!F0.+!-+)1/<*+!B21*E*C19+!P+!014/!+0/91+4+!3/*!)2-(*/0/0! +2./*(0! 9/)! 3/01<,(0! 9/-3,19+91/)(0! 4(! 0(C-()./! 3/0.(*1/*! ()9/).*+4+0! ()! /Q/0! 0/-(.14/0!+!(0.(!3*/9(41-1()./>! ' !"#$%&'M)'NCKOP'.-=9.&+10'$+'-";%0L$.%&/0-0'-.;<+";0$ 53 Introducción y estado actual del tema !"Q"<"#$ SB65<?=;8H6B787$ 8:78?B$ <787?8A<$ I=5$ HT765$ <7=@8<A<$ <$ HT765$ A6$ G6;?=76JB:A=$U%:?5<10/%RV$ ?+! +3,19+916)! 4(! ,+! .(9)/,/CA+! ,=0(*! 4(! 7(-./0(C2)4/! ()! (,! 9/).(H./! 4(! ,+! 91*2CA+!*(7*+9.1:+!7+91,1.+!,+!9*(+916)!4(,!9/,C+Q/!9/*)(+,!4(!7/*-+!)/h-(9=)19+!"#eh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gD>! ! F0.(! 010.(-+$! 4(! 7/*-+! 01-1,+*! +! ,+! .89)19+! ?gbWi! 9/):()91/)+,!.+-<18)!*(B21(*(!4(!,+!71Q+916)!4(,!/Q/!-(41+).(!2)!+)1,,/!4(!029916)$! @()! (0.(! 9+0/! 4(! <+Q+! 3*(016)! @\^! --OCDD$! ! 3+*+! (0.+<1,15+*! ;! +,1)(+*! (,! C,/</! /92,+*>!!b(C214+-().($!2)+!,().(!2)14+!+,!010.(-+!4(,!,=0(*!+3,+)+!,+!96*)(+!4().*/! 54 Introducción y estado actual del tema 4(,! +)1,,/! 4(! 029916)! ;! 0(! 3*/9(4(! +! ,+! +3,19+916)! 4(,! ,=0(*! 3+*+! 9*(+*! (,! 9/,C+Q/>! j1)+,-().(!(,!3*/9(41-1()./!0(!9/-3,(.+!9/)!,+!+3,19+916)!4(,!,=0(*!(H91-(*!0/<*(! (,!,(9P/!(0.*/-+,>! ! ! !"#$%&'((R)'F%.&;",+'.9';09#&G0'-.1"&+/.'9<>.%'1.'8.-/0>.#$+10' $ !"Q"C"#$ SB65<?=;8H6B787$ 8:78?B$ <787?8A<$ I=5$ HT765$ @=:$ @56<@89:$ A6$ @=HJ<W=$ 6I8?6H8<H$U.I8#10/%RV! F)!%]]\$!G+,,1k+*10!;!9/,0>!"%]&!1).*/42Q(*/)!,+!.89)19+!B21*E*C19/h*(7*+9.1:+! 4(!?gbWi!(31.(,1+,!@(31h?gbWiD>!S2*+).(!(,!3*/9(41-1()./!0(!(-3,(+!2)!B2(*+./-/! -(9=)19/! (03(91+,! ,,+-+4/! I(31k(*+./-/J!3+*+!,+!9*(+916)!4(!2)! 9/,C+Q/!(31.(,1+,! 0(3+*+)4/!(,!(31.(,1/!<+0+,!4(!,+!-(-<*+)+! <+0+,!;!9/)01C21()4/!3,+)/!4(!9,1:+Q(! ().*(!,+!,=-1)+!,E914+!;!,+!,=-1)+!4()0+!4(,!-10-/! "%#$!%%&>!! S(! ,+! -10-+! -+)(*+! B2(! 42*+).(! ,+! .89)19+! ?gbWi! $! 2)! +)1,,/! 4(! 029916)! 4(<(! 0(*! +3,19+4/! 3+*+! -+).()(*! (,! /Q/! (0.+<,(! ;! 3/4(*! *(+,15+*! (,! .+,,+4/! 4(,! 9/,C+Q/! (31.(,1+,>! g0A! -10-/$! ,+! 3*(016)! 1).*+/92,+*! 42*+).(! (0.(! 3*/9(41-1()./! 4(<(!023(*+*!,/0!a^!--OC>!! 55 Introducción y estado actual del tema ! ! !"#$%&'(5R)'C=9";&;",+'1.9'.="L$.%&/0-0'.+'9&'/S;+";&'.="TNCKOP' $ !"X"#$+7=$A6$H<$;<:=;6?5K<$8:M<78M<$6:$@85BJK<$56G5<@?8M<! M/-/! P+! 014/! 4(09*1./! +).(*1/*-().($! (,! 3*/9(41-1()./! 9/)010.(! ()! ,+! +3,19+916)!4(!2)!+)1,,/!4(!029916)!0/<*(!(,!/Q/!9/)!,+!71)+,14+4!4(!-+).()(*,/!71Q/!;! (0.+<,(! 42*+).(! ,+! 7+0(! 4(! 9*(+916)! 4(,! 9/,C+Q/! 9/*)(+,>! F0.(! +)1,,/! 0(! -+).1()(! 2)14/!+,!/Q/!C*+91+0!+!,+!3*(016)!)(C+.1:+!B2(!(Q(*9(!2)!010.(-+!(H.(*)/!4(!:+9A/>!! S2*+).(! (,! .1(-3/! B2(! 42*+! ,+! 029916)! ;! 9*(+916)! 4(,! 9/,C+Q/! (,! /Q/! (0.=! 0/-(.14/!+!2)+!3*(016)!3/*!()91-+!4(!,+!3*(016)!010.6,19+!()!,+!+*.(*1+!9().*+,!4(!,+! *(.1)+$!,/!B2(!0(!.*+429(!()!B2(!(,!3+91().(!(H3(*1-().+!2)!7()6-()/!4(!I9(C2(*+! -/-().=)(+J!/!I<,+9kh/2.J!9/-/!9/)0(92()91+!4(,!9(0(!4(,!7,2Q/!0+)C2A)(/>!! F,!3(*1/4/!4(!.1(-3/!42*+).(!(,!92+,!(,!/Q/!(0.=!0/-(.14/!+,!1)9*(-()./!4(! 3*(016)! (0! :+*1+<,(! 4(3()41()4/! 4(! ,+! .89)19+! (-3,(+4+$! 4(! ,+! 2)14+4! 4(! :+9A/! 2.1,15+4+!;!4(,!91*2Q+)/>!! 56 Introducción y estado actual del tema G/*!/.*/!,+4/$!!,+!1)4().+916)!4(,!+)1,,/!4(!029916)!0/<*(!,+!5/)+!3(*1,A-<19+$! 0(! P+! 3/0.2,+4/! 9/-/! ,+! 9+20+! 4(! 9/-3,19+91/)(0! 4(! 0(C-()./! 3/0.(*1/*! ()! /Q/0! 1).(*:()14/0!4(!91*2CA+!?gbWi!>!! !F,!3*1-(*!(0.241/! B2(!()9/).*+-/0!4(,!20/!4(!,+!-+)/-(.*A+!1):+01:+!;!02! *(,+916)! 9/)! ,/0! )1:(,(0! 4(! 3*(016)!1).*+/92,+*!+,9+)5+4/0! 42*+).(!,+0!-+)1/<*+0! 4(!029916)!;!9*(+916)!4(,!9/,C+Q/!()!(,!9/).(H./!4(!,+!91*2CA+!*(7*+9.1:+!,=0(*$!!(0!2)! (0.241/!(H3(*1-().+,!*(+,15+4/!()!/Q/0!4(!9(*4/!;!32<,19+4/!3/*!b+9P0!O'!;!9/,0>! ()! #ZZe! "%\&>! F)! (0.(! .*+<+Q/! (0.241+*/)! ,/0! 9+-<1/0! 4(! 3*(016)! 1).*+/92,+*! ()! .1(-3/!*(+,!B2(!+9/).(9A+)!+,!(-3,(+*!4/0!-19*/B2(*+./-/0!-(9=)19/0!417(*().(0>! b20! *(02,.+4/0! 4(-/0.*+*/)! 2)! 1)9*(-()./! 9/)014(*+<,(! 4(! 3*(016)! 1).*+/92,+*! 42*+).(! ./4/! (,! 3*/9(41-1()./! +0A! 9/-/! 417(*()91+0! 1-3/*.+).(0! ().*(! +-</0! (B213/0! Q20.1719+4+0$! 0(CE)! 020! +2./*(0! 3/*! ,+0! 417(*()91+0! ()! (,! 410(V/! 4(! ,/0! -19*/B2(*+./-/0>! X.*/! (0.241/! ()! (,! B2(! .+-<18)! 0(! 2.1,156! -+)/-(.*A+! 1):+01:+! 72(! (,! 32<,19+4/! 3/*! i+0(.02l+)! f$! ;! 9/,0>! "%`&>! F)!8,$! -141(*/)! ,/0! 9+-<1/0! 4(! GWX! ()! .1(-3/! *(+,! 42*+).(! (,! 3*/9(41-1()./! ?gbWi! ! 9/):()91/)+,! 9/)! ,+! /<Q(.1:/! 4(! ()9/).*+*!2)+!*(,+916)!().*(!(,!(03(0/*!4(,!9/,C+Q/!/<.()14/!42*+).(!(,!9/*.(!;!,/0! )1:(,(0!4(!3*(016)!4(!029916)!B2(!2.1,15+<+)!3+*+!71Q+*!(,!/Q/>!! U100()h_1;+Q1-+! ;! 9/,0>! "%^&! .+-<18)! (-3,(+*/)! ,+! -+)/-(.*A+! 1):+01:+! 3+*+! (0.241+*! ,/0! 9+-<1/0! 3*(016)! 1).*+/92,+*! ()! .1(-3/! *(+,! 42*+).(! ,+! 91*2CA+! ?gbWi>! F)! (0.+! /9+016)$! (,! 1).(*80! 0(! 9().*6! ()! ()9/).*+*! 417(*()91+0! ().*(! ,+0! 2)14+4(0! 4(! :+9A/! (-3,(+4+0! ()! ,+! </-<+! 4(! 029916)! ;! ,/0! )1:(,(0! 4(! GWX! +,9+)5+4/0!42*+).(!,+0!-+)1/<*+0!B21*E*C19+0>!! 57 Introducción y estado actual del tema F)! /.*/! (0.241/! 32<,19+4/! -=0! *(91().(-().(! 3/*! U*+4,(;! m?! ;! 9/,0>! "%a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h1):+01:/0! 4(! -(414+$! +,! )/! :(*0(! +7(9.+4+! 3/*! ,+0! 9+*+9.(*A0.19+0!<1/-(9=)19+0!4(!,+0!3+*(4(0!4(,!C,/</>!S(!P(9P/$!(0.+!.89)19+!0(!P+! :()14/!(-3,(+)4/!.*+4191/)+,-().(!9/-/!010.(-+!4(!:+,14+916)!4(!./)6-(.*/0!)/! 1):+01:/0!3+*+!20/!9,A)19/!"%e$!%[&>!! ?/0! -/.1:/0! 3/*! ,/0! B2(! P+<1.2+,-().(! 0(! 2.1,15+)! (0./0! -8./4/0! <+0+4/0! ()! -+)/-(.*A+! 1):+01:+! 0/)! :+*1/0R! 3/*! 2)! ,+4/! 020! :+,/*(0! )/! (0.=)! 9/)4191/)+4/0!3/*!,/0!3+*=-(.*/0!4(!*1C14(5!9/*)(+,!/!(09,(*+,!/!3/*!,+!9+,14+4!4(! ,+!023(*7191(!9/*)(+,!3+*+!/<.()(*!,/0!*(C10.*/0L!+4(-=0$!02!*(C10.*/!.+-3/9/!0(!:(! 9/)4191/)+4/! 3/*! ,+! 417192,.+4! 4(!*(+,15+*!,+!-(414+!()!4(.(*-1)+4+0! 01.2+91/)(0! ()!(,!=-<1./!B21*E*C19/>!! 58 Introducción y estado actual del tema b1)! (-<+*C/$! 2)/! 4(! ,/0! 3*1)913+,(0! 1)9/):()1().(0! 92+)4/! 0(! 2.1,15+! (0.(! -8./4/!4(! -(414+$! (03(91+,-().(!()!+B2(,,/0!410(V/0!(H3(*1-().+,(0! ()!,/0!B2(! 0(!-+)132,+!(,!0(C-()./!+).(*1/*!4(,!/Q/$!9/-/!(0!(,!9+0/0!4(!,+!91*2CA+!?gbWi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ntroducción y estado actual del tema !"Y"#$ 45=CH6;<7$ =@BH<567$ <7=@8<A=7$ <$ @<;C8=7$ A6$ 4%)$ AB5<:?6$ H<$ @85BJK<$ 56G5<@?8M<$10/%R"$ F,! 3*/9(41-1()./! B21*E*C19/! ?gbWi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ntroducción y estado actual del tema ;! (,! 3/,/! 3/0.(*1/*>! ?+! .*+9916)! :A.*(+$! 1)42914+! ()! 41*(9916)! +).(*/h3/0.(*1/*$! 32(4(! (H3,19+*! ,/0! 9+0/0! *(3/*.+4/0! 4(! +C2Q(*/0! ;! P(-/**+C1+0! -+92,+*(0>! F0! 3/01<,(! .+-<18)! B2(! P+;+! 2)+! 4(7/*-+916)! ;! .*+9916)! 9(*9+! 4(! ,+! <+0(! 4(! :A.*(/$! Q20./! 3/0.(*1/*! +,! +)1,,/! 4(! 029916)! 9/)! ,+! 9/)0(92().(! +3+*1916)! 4(! */.2*+0! *(.1)1+)+0>! ?+! -+*9+! B2(! 0(! /<0(*:+! ()! (,! /Q/! 4(<14/! +! ,+! 1-3*/).+! 4(,! +)1,,/! 4(! 029916)!0(!01.E+!+3*/H1-+4+-().(!+!2)/0!`!--!4(,!,1-</!(09,(*/9/*)(+,>!! ?+! (,(:+916)! .*+)01./*1+! 4(! GWX! ;! (,! (7(9./! 4(! ,+! 4(7/*-+916)! 4(,! C,/</! 3/4*A+! .+-<18)! Q20.1719+*! ,+! 3+./,/CA+! -+92,+*! B2(! 32(4(! (0.+*! 3*(0().(! ()! /Q/0! -1/3(0$!9/-/!3/*!(Q(-3,/!,/0!4(7(9./0!4(!,+!-(-<*+)+!4(!U*29P>!$ F,! ?gbWi! 0(! P+! +0/91+4/$! 4(04(! 02! +3+*1916)! +! ,+! 3*(0()91+! 4(! :+*1+0! 3+./,/CA+0!4(,!0(C-()./!3/0.(*1/*>!g,C2)/0!,/!P+)!+0/91+4/!+!4(03*()41-1()./0!4(! *(.1)+$!)(2*/3+.A+! 63.19+! 10B28-19+! 2)1!/!<1,+.(*+,! ;!+!,+!+3+*1916)! 4(!4(7(9./0!4(! 9+-3/0!:102+,!/!+!2)+!410-1)2916)!()!(,!(03(0/*!4(!,+!9+3+!4(!71<*+0!)(*:1/0+0!4(! ,+! *(.1)+>! K+-<18)! 0(! P+! +0/91+4/! +! ,+! +3+*1916)! 4(! P(-/**+C1+0! ;! +C2Q(*/0! -+92,+*(0$! +! ,+! +3+*1916)! 4(! 4(03*()41-1()./! 0(*/0/! -+92,+*$! +0A! 9/-/! +! /9,201/)(0!:()/0+0!;!+*.(*1+,(0>!! ?+! +3+*1916)! 4(! -(-<*+)+0! )(/:+092,+*(0! 9/*/14(+! 3/0.(*1/*-().(! +! ,+! +3,19+916)! 4(,! 3*/9(41-1()./! ?gbWi! .+-<18)! P+! 014/! 32<,19+4+! ()! ,+! ,1.(*+.2*+! 91().A719+>! S(,! -10-/! -/4/$! ,+! 3*(0()91+! 4(! 7,(<1.10! *(.1)1+)+! (! 1)9,20/! ,+! *(+9.1:+916)! 4(! 1)7(991/)(0! +).1C2+0! 3/*! ./H/3,+0-/010! /92,+*! P+)! 02091.+4/! (,! 1).(*80! 4(! 9,A)19/0! (! 1):(0.1C+4/*(0! ()! (,! 0().14/! 4(! .*+.+*! 4(! ()9/).*+*! 2)+! *(,+916)! 9+20+h(7(9./! ().*(! (0.(! .13/! 4(! ()7(*-(4+4(0! ;! (,! 3*/9(41-1()./! B21*E*C19/>! 61 Introducción y estado actual del tema g! 9/).1)2+916)! (H3/)(-/0! 2)+! *(:1016)! 4(! ,+! ,1.(*+.2*+! 91().A719+! +,! *(03(9./>! !"Y"<"#$*67I56:A8;86:?=$A6$56?8:<$U*(V$P$@85BJK<$56G5<@?8M<$10/%R! ?+! -+;/*A+! 4(! ,+0! 0(*1(0! 32<,19+4+0! P+0.+! (,! -/-()./! )/! ()92().*+)! 2)+! *(,+916)! 9+20+h(7(9./! ().*(! ,+! +3+*1916)! 4(! 4(03*()41-1()./! 4(! *(.1)+! ;! 91*2CA+! ?gbWi! 32(0! ,+! 1)914()91+! ()9/).*+4+! 4(! (0.+! 3+./,/CA+! ()! ,/0! C*23/0! (0.241+4/0! (0.=!-2;! 3/*! 4(<+Q/! 4(! ,+! B2(! )/*-+,-().(!(H10.(!()! 3/<,+916)!-1/3(!,+!92+,!0(! 01.E+!()!./*)/!+!2)!%>%n!"\%&>! !f/! /<0.+).($! (,! (7(9./! .*+2-=.19/! 0/<*(! ,+! (0.*29.2*+0! /92,+*(0! 1)42914/! 3/*! (,! +)1,,/! 4(! 029916)! ;! (,! 9+-<1/! *(3().1)/! 4(! 3*(016)!1).*+/92,+*! +0/91+4/! +,! -10-/!P+!014/!9/)014(*+4/!3/*!,+!-+;/*A+!4(!,/!+2./*(0!9/-/!2)!7+9./*!+!.()(*!()! 92().+! 9/-/! (,(-()./! 3*(92*0/*! 4(!,/0! 4(03*()41-1()./0! 4(! *(.1)+! ()9/).*+4/0! ()!,+0!0(*1(0!(0.241+4+0>!! N)/! 4(! ,/0! 3*1-(*/0! .*+<+Q/0!B2(!.*+.+!4(! ,+! +0/91+916)! 4(!9/-3,19+91/)(0! 4(! 0(C-()./! 3/0.(*1/*! ;! 91*2CA+! *(7*+9.1:+! ?gbWi! (0! (,! 32<,19+4/! 3/*! X54+-+*! ;! 9/,0>! "\\&>! F)! (0.(! .*+<+Q/$! ,/0! +2./*(0! *(3/*.+*/)! 2)! 9+0/! +10,+4/! 4(! 4(03*()41-1()./!4(!*(.1)+!<1,+.(*+,!0(92)4+*1/!+!2)!4(0C+**/!*(.1)1+)/!C1C+).(>!! N)!+V/!-=0!.+*4($!b.2,.1)C!oS!;!9/,0>!"\`&!32<,19+*/)!2)!+*.A92,/!()!(,!B2(! 4(09*1<1(*/)! ,+! 1)914()91+! 4(! 9/-3,19+91/)(0! ()9/).*+4+0! ()! 2)! (0.241/! 3*/03(9.1:/! *(+,15+4/! 3/*! #`! 91*2Q+)/0! ()! 2)+! 0(*1(! 4(! #>]a%! /Q/0! 0/-(.14/0! +! 91*2CA+! *(7*+9.1:+! ?gbWi>! F0./0! +2./*(0! ()9/).*+*/)! 2)+! 1)914()91+! 4(! 9/-3,19+91/)(0! 1).*+/3(*+./*1+0! 4(! 2)! %>#n! ;! 4(! 2)! \>#n! ()! 9/-3,19+91/)(0! 62 Introducción y estado actual del tema 3/0./3(*+./*1+0>! F).*(! (0.+0! E,.1-+0! 4(09*1<1(*/)!2)!9+0/!4(! 4(03*()41-1()./!4(! *(.1)+>!! F)! #ZZZ$! o215h_/*()/! ;! 9/,0>! "\^&! 32<,19+*/)! ,+! 3*1-(*+! 0(*1(! ()! ,+! B2(! /7*(9A+)! 4+./0! 0/<*(! ,+! 1)914()91+! ;! 9+*+9.(*A0.19+0! 4(! ,/0! 4(03*()41-1()./0! 4(! *(.1)+!/92**14/0!()!3+91().(0!0/-(.14/0!+!91*2CA+!*(7*+9.1:+!?gbWi>!F)!(0.(!.*+<+Q/! (0.241+*/)! ,/0! So! ()9/).*+4/0! 42*+).(! 2)! 3(*1/4/! 4(! 0(C21-1()./! 4(! ! \]>\`pqh #]>%e!-(0(0!()!2)+!0(*1(!4(!#>^^`!/Q/0!@[e[!3+91().(0D!9/)!2)+!-(41+!4(!(4+4!4(! \\>]Zpqh[>a!+V/0!@*+)C/$!%]ha]D>!M+<(!4(0.+9+*!B2(!(,!3*/./9/,/!4(09*1./!3/*!(0./0! +2./*(0! +0(C2*+<+! (,! .*+.+-1()./! 3*(:1/! +! ,+! 91*2CA+! ?gbWi! 4(! ,+0! ,(01/)(0! 3*(4103/)().(0>!F)!4(71)1.1:+!()9/).*+*/)!2)+!<+Q+!1)914()91+!4(!4(03*()41-1()./! 4(!*(.1)+$!(,!92+,!/92**16!()!`!/Q/0!@]>%^nD!4(!#>^^`!/Q/0!;!()!`!3+91().(0!@]>`^nD! 4(! [e[! 3+91().(0>! K/4/0! ,/0! 3+91().(0! 72(*/)! -2Q(*(0! ;! (,! 1).(*:+,/! 4(! .1(-3/! -(41/!().*(!,+!91*2CA+!*(7*+9.1:+!;!,+! +3+*1916)!4(,!So!72(!4(!##>%^pqh[>^\!-(0(0! @*+)C/$! %h#Z! -(0(0D>! F)! ./4/0! ,/0! 9+0/0! (,! 4(03*()41-1()./! 4(! *(.1)+! 72(! (03/).=)(/!;! 72(!.*+.+4/!(H1./0+-().(!()!,+!3*1-(*+!91*2CA+!4(!4(03*()41-1()./! 4(! *(.1)+>! ?/0! +2./*(0! ()9/).*+*/)! B2(! ,+0! 417(*()91+0! ().*(! ,+! +C24(5+! :102+,! -(Q/*!9/**(C14+!3*(!;!3/0.91*2CA+!4(,!So!)/!72(!(0.+4A0.19+-().(!01C)1719+.1:+!@G!r! ]>%#D>!! !! X.*/! (0.241/! *(.*/03(9.1:/! B2(! 1).().+! 4(.(*-1)+*! ,+! 1)914()91+! 4(! 9/)4191/)(0!3+./,6C19+0!:1.*(/**(.1)(+)+0!(0!(,!.*+<+Q/!32<,19+4/!3/*!g*(:+,/!mj!;! 9/,0>! "\a&>! F)! (0.+! 0(*1(! 4(! 9+0/0! 4(! 9+*=9.(*! *(.*/03(9.1:/! 0(! +)+,15+*/)! %Z>Z#a! /Q/0! /3(*+4/0! 9/)! ?gbWi! 3/*! 2)! ./.+,! 4(! ^! 91*2Q+)/0! 417(*().(0>! N)! [\>%n! (*+)! -1/3(0!9/)!2)+!-(41+!4(!ha>#Z!S!(07!!@*+)C/R!h]>e^$!h%Z>]]D!;!(,!#a>[n!*(0.+).(!9/)! 2)!*+)C/!4(!+-(.*/3A+!9/-3*()414/!().*(!p#>]]!+!pa>]]!S!@-(41+R!p\>%\!SD>!F0./0! 63 Introducción y estado actual del tema +2./*(0!()9/).*+*/)!2)+!1)914()91+!4(!9/-3,19+91/)(0$!+!,/0!%`!-(0(0!4(!P+<(*0(! *(+,15+4/! ,+! 91*2CA+$! 4(! .+)! 06,/! ]>]an! ! 410.*1<214+0! 4(! ,+! 01C21().(! -+)(*+R! 0(! 14().1719+*/)! %]! /Q/0! 9/)! +,.(*+91/)(0! :1.*(/**(.1)1+)+0! @#e! 3+91().(0D$! #`! /Q/0! P+<A+)! 027*14/! 4(03*()41-1()./! 4(! *(.1)+! *(C-+.6C()/0$! %! /Q/0! 027*1(*/)! 3(*7/*+916)! 9/*)(/(09,(*+,! 1)42914+! 3/*! (,! -19*/B2(*+./-/! (-3,(+4/! ()! (,! 3*/9(41-1()./$!()!`!/Q/0!0(!()9/).*+*/)!4(0C+**/0!*(.1)1+)/0!01)!4(03*()41-1()./! 4(!*(.1)+!;!()!#!/Q/!0(!()9/).*6!2)+!-(-<*+)+!)(/:+092,+*!9/*/14(+!;2H.+7/:(+,>!! gE)! .()1()4/! ()! 92().+! ,+! (09+0+! 1)914()91+! 4(! 9/-3,19+91/)(0! :1.*(/**(.1)1+)+0!()9/).*+4+!()!(0.+!0(*1(!4(!9+0/0$!,/0!+2./*(0!;+!+4:(*.A+)!4(!,+! )(9(014+4! 4(! 1)7/*-+*! 4(.()14+-().(!+,!3+91().(!0/-(.14/! +!(0.(! .13/! 4(!91*2CA+! 4(!,/0!3/01<,(0!*1(0C/0!B2(!9/),,(:+>! F0(! -10-/! +V/! "\e&! 32<,19+*/)! 2)+! 0(*1(! 4(! `! /Q/0! B2(! P+<A+! 027*14/! 4(03*()41-1()./! 4(! *(.1)+! ()! 2)! 3(*1/4/! 4(! .*(0! -(0(0! 3/0.(*1/*! +! ,+! 91*2CA+! ?gbWi>! ?/0! +2./*(0! 4(09*1<()! ()! (0.(! .*+<+Q/! 2)! .*+.+-1()./! (H1./0/! -(41+).(! *(.1)/3(H1+! ;! 9*1/.(*+31+! 9/)9,2;()4/! 2)+! 3/01<,(! +0/91+916)! ().*(! ?gbWi! ;! 4(03*()41-1()./!4(!*(.1)+!(03(91+,-().(!()!/Q/0!9/)!+,.+!-1/3A+>!! F)! 2)! 1).(*(0+).(! .*+<+Q/! 32<,19+4/! 3/*! ?2)+! mS! ;! 9/,0>! @%]]#D! "\[&! (0.241+*/)!,+!1)914()91+!4(!9+-<1/0!:1.*(/*(.1)(+)/0!3/0.(*1/*(0!+!?gbWi!!-16319/! ()!2)+!0(*1(!4(!^]!3+91().(0!@#]]!/Q/0D!9,+01719+4/0!()!4/0!C*23/0$!4(!s`>]]!S!;!4(! te>]]!S!()!72)916)!4(,!C*+4/!4(!-1/3A+!.*+.+4+>!g4(-=0!4(!*(C10.*+*!,+!3*(0()91+! 3/0./3(*+./*1+! 4(! 7()6-()/0! ().63.19/0$! .+,(0! 9/-/! -1/4(0/301+0! ;! 7/./301+0$! 4(09*1<1(*/)! ,/0! 9+-<1/0! :1.*(/**(.1)(+)/0! /<0(*:+4/0! .*+0! ,+! 91*2CA+! -(41+).(! (H+-()! 4(! 7/)4/! 4(! /Q/! 9/)! /7.+,-/09/3A+! 1)41*(9.+! 9/)! 1)4().+916)$! ,().(! 4(! pZ]S$!!,().(!4(!9/).+9./!4(!\!(03(Q/0!4(!'/,4-+)!;!2,.*+0/)/C*+7A+!91)8.19+!@NbMD>!!! 64 Introducción y estado actual del tema G+*+,(,+-().(!+!(0.(!.*+<+Q/$!;!()!+,2016)!41*(9.+!+,!(7(9./!4(!,/0!9+-<1/0!4(! 3*(016)!1).*+/92,+*!1)42914/0!3/*!(,!3*/9(41-1()./!B21*E*C19/$!,/0!1):(0.1C+4/*(0! *(+,15+*/)! 2)! (H3(*1-()./! 9/)010.().(! ()! 0/-(.(*! +! 2)+! 3*(016)! 4(! 029916)! @)/! 4(.(*-1)+4+!3/*!,/!+2./*(0D!4(!\]!0(C2)4/0!4(!42*+916)!+!2)+!0(*1(!4(!#%!/Q/0!4(! 9(*4/! 9/)! 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(! 1)-(41+.+-().(! 4(03280! 4(! ,+! +3,19+916)! 4(,! +)1,,/>! b1)! (-<+*C/$! )/! 0(! /<0(*:+*/)! 9+-<1/0! ()! ,+! 91*92,+916)! *(.1)1+)+!-(41+).(!g'j>!! ?/0! +2./*(0! 9/)9,2;(*/)! B2(! (H10.A+! 2)! 1)9*(-()./! ()! ,+! 1)914()91+! 4(! +,.(*+91/)(0! :1.*(/**(.1)1+)+0! .*+0! ,+! 91*2CA+! ?gbWi! (03(91+,-().(! ()! (,! C*23/! 4(! +,.+! -1/3A+! 02C1*1()4/$! 3/*! ,/0! *(02,.+4/0! /<.()14/0! ()! (,! 02<C*23/! 4(! /Q/0! 4(! 9(*4/$! ,+! (H10.()91+! 4(! +)/-+,A+0! .*+)01./*1+0! 9/*/14(+0! 9/)0(92()91+! 4(! ,+! +3,19+916)!4(,!+)1,,/!4(!029916)>!! 65 Introducción y estado actual del tema X.*/! .*+<+Q/$! .+-<18)! ()! ,+! ,A)(+!4(,!+).(*1/*!()!*(,+916)! 9/)!,+!1)914()91+! 4(!9/)4191/)(0!:1.*(/**(.1)1+)+0!4(03280!4(!?gbWi$!!72(!(,!32<,19+4/!3/*!?1!m!;!9/,0>! "\Z&!()!(,!B2(!0(!(0.2416!2)!./.+,!4(!#>Z[#!/Q/0!@ZZ^!3+91().(0D>!M/)!(,!71)!4(!(:1.+*! *(02,.+4/0! 9/)720/0$! ,/0! +2./*(0! +0(C2*+*/)! B2(! +).(0! 4(! ,+! 91*2CA+! *(7*+9.1:+! 0(! *(+,156!.*+.+-1()./!3*(:().1:/!*(.1)1+)/!()![!/Q/0$!a!3/*!4(C()(*+916)!,+..19(!;!%! 3/*!+C2Q(*/0!+.*6719/0>!! K*+0! 2)! 3*/-(41/! 4(! #[! -(0(0! 4(! /<0(*:+916)! (0./0! +2./*(0! ()9/).*+*/)! 2)! ]>[#n! 4(! 3+91().(0! @#a! /Q/0! 4(! #\! 3+91().(0D! B2(! 4(0+**/,,+*/)! :1.*(/**(.1)/3+.A+$! 1)9,2;()4/! ,/0! a!/Q/0!9/)!4(C()(*+916)!,+..19(!3*(:1+!@]>\]nD$!! 2)!]>#]n!9/)!SuG!@%!/Q/0D$!2)!]>#]n!9/)!P(-/**+C1+!-+92,+*!@%!/Q/0D$!2)!]>%]n! 9/)! 4(03*()41-1()./! 4(! *(.1)+! @SoD! *(C-+.6C()/! ;! 2)! ]>#]n! 9/)! 4(0C+**/0! *(.1)1+)/0!01)!So>!F)! (0.(!9+0/$! +!.()/*!4(!,+!(09+0+!1)914()91+!()9/).*+4+!()!020! /<0(*:+91/)(0! )/! 3241(*/)! Q20.1719+*! 2)+! *(,+916)! 41*(9.+! 9+20+h(7(9./! ().*(! (,! ?gbWi! ;! ,+! +3+*1916)! 4(! 3+./,/CA+! /92,+*>! f/! /<0.+).($! 0A! ()9/).*+*/)! 2)+! 417(*()91+! 01C)1719+.1:+! @3s]>]#D! ()! ,+! 1)914()91+! 4(! 9/-3,19+91/)(0! :1.*(/**(.1)1+)+0!+,!+C*23+*!3/*!C*+4/!4(!-1/3A+$!+0A!9/-/!().*(!+B2(,,/0!/Q/0!9/)! 4(C()(*+916)!,+..19(!;!+C2Q(*/0!+.*6719/0!3*(h?gbWi!;!,/0!/Q/0!01)!.+,(0!,(01/)(0>!! F0(! -10-/! +V/$! ?/(l()0.(1)! ;! 9/,0>! "`]&! 32<,19+*/)! 2)+! )2(:+! *(:1016)! 0/<*(!,+!1)914()91+!4(!9+0/0!4(!3+./,/CA+!*(.1)1+)+!B2(!/92**A+)!3/0.(*1/*-().(!+! ,+!*(+,15+916)!4(!91*2CA+!?gbWi!3+*+!,+!9/**(9916)!4(!,+!-1/3A+!/!,+!1-3,+).+916)!4(! ,().(0! 1).*+/92,+*(0>! K+-<18)! 1).().+*/)! ()9/).*+*! +,C2)+! *(,+916)! 9+20+,! ().*(! .+,(0! 3*/<,(-+0>! ?/0! 3/01<,(0! -/.1:/0! B2(! (0./0! +2./*(0! 3/0.2,+<+)! (0.+<+)! +B2(,,+0! +0/91+4+0! +,! 1)9*(-()./! 4(! 3*(016)! 1).*+/92,+*$! +0A! 9/-/! +! ,+! 4(09/-3*(016)!B2(!+9/).(9(!42*+).(!,+!91*2CA+!?gbWi>!X.*+0!9+20+0$!9/-/!(,!(7(9./! 66 Introducción y estado actual del tema )/91:/! 4(! ,+0! /)4+0! 4(! 9P/B2(! C()(*+4+0! 42*+).(! ,+! +<,+916)! ,=0(*! /! (,! 20/! 4(! 7=*-+9/0! -16.19/0! (-3,(+4/0! 3/*! +,C2)/0! 91*2Q+)/0! 42*+).(! (,! 3*/9(41-1()./$! +3+*(9A+)! .+-<18)! 9/-/! 3/01<,(0! 7+9./*(0! +0/91+4/0! +! ,+! +3+*1916)! 4(! (0.+0! 3+./,/CA+0>!F)!(0.(!.*+<+Q/!0(!(H3/)(!2)+!*(:1016)!4(!,/0!.*+<+Q/0!32<,19+4/0!P+0.+! ,+!7(9P+!4(!4(03*()41-1()./!4(!*(.1)+!@K+<,+!#D!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 67 Introducción y estado actual del tema !! $ 0B?=5Z$<[=$ ..I56$U*V$ ;6767$ ,<5<@?65K7?8@<7$ '5<?<;86:?=$ 0\2,I=7?$ X54+-+*$!ZZ! h#[$e^! %! S(0C+**/!C1C+).(! u1.*(9./-A+! )>*>! X54+-+*$!ZZ! h#a$^]! %! S(0C+**/!C1C+).(! u1.*(9./-A+! )>*>! b.2,.1)C$!ZZ! h%%$]]! a! )>*>! )>*>! %]q%]]! oh!_/*()/$ZZ! h[$^]! %! )>*>! M(*9,+Q(!(09,(*+,! %]q\%! oh_/*()/$!ZZ! h%]$]]! #Z! ?=0(*!3*/7!3*(:1/! M(*9,+Q(!(09,(*+,! %]q^]! !oh_/*()/$!ZZ! h#]$%^! a! ?=0(*!3*/7!3*(:1/! M(*9,+Q(!(09,(*+,! %]q^]! oh_/*()/$!ZZ! h#a$]]! #[! )>*>! o(.1)/3(H1+! %]q^]! g*(:+,/$!]]! h#^$]]! ]! G(*7>!9/*)(+,!;!So! u1.*(!;!<+)4+!(09,(*+,$!bja! __! g*(:+,/$!]]! h%$^]! #$^! So! o(.1)/3(H1+!)(2-=.19+! %]q%]! g*(:+,/$!]]! h#^$]]! #a! So!02<9,A)19/! o(.1)/3(H1+!,=0(*! %]q`]! g*(:+,/$!]]! h%$^]! #%! So!02<9,A)19/! o(.1)/3(H1+!,=0(*! %]q%]! g*(:+,/$!]]! h%$^]! #]! So! M(*9,+Q(!(09,(*+,! %]q#]]! g*(:+,/$!]]! ha$e^! #! So! M(*9,+Q(!(09,(*+,$!bja! %]q`]! g*(:+,/$!]]! hZ$e^! #e! So!02<9,A)19/! M*1/h*(.1)/3(H1+! %]q`]! g*(:+,/$!]]! h\$^]! \! o/.2*+!*(.1)1+)+! M*1/h*(.1)/3(H1+! %]q%]! g*(:+,/$!]]! hZ$]]! %^! So! u1.*(9./-A+! %]q%]! g*(:+,/$!]]! h#^$]]! \a! So! u1.*(9./-A+! %]q`]! g*(:+,/$!]]! )>*>! %`! So! u1.*(9./-A+! %]q^]! g*(:+,/$!]]! )>*>! #%! So!;!Guo! )+4+! __! g*(:+,/$!%]]]! h\$]]! `! So! o(.1)/3(H1+!,=0(*! %]q%]! g*(:+,/$!%]]]! h#$^]! %! So! M(*9,+Q(!(09,(*+,! %]qa]! g*(:+,/$!]]! h%a$]]! %e! o/.2*+!*(.1)1+)+! o(.1)/3(H1+!,=0(*! %]qa]! g*(:+,/$!]#! h^$]]! %`! So! M(*9,+Q(!(09,(*+,! %]q`]]! g*(:+,/$!]#! h[$]]! #%! So! u1.*(9./-A+! %]q`]! g*(:+,/$!]#! h`$^]! \a! So! )+4+! )>*>! g*(:+,/$!]#! h##$]]! #[! So! M(*9,+Q(!(09,(*+,! %]q[]! g*(:+,/$!]#! h##$]]! #[! So! M(*9,+Q(!(09,(*+,! %]q%]]! g*(:+,/$!]#! h^$]]! #! So!;!uoG! u1.*(9./-A+! %]q%]]! g*(:+,/$!]#! he$]]! ^! So! u1.*(9./-A+! %]q%]]! ! ?/(l()0.(1)!;!9/,0>!"`]&! -3/45"678%9&:;'<=>?4'&#$5@A&'B":$&C'D@E6%'F6%%@#"5&;'G0%04'G6'%@76%8&56;'3H4'5@:7%@G5"D"@G86'5@'%@8"G&;'I=H4' 7%6C"!@%&F"JG'B"8%@6%%@8"G"&G&0' ! 68 Introducción y estado actual del tema F)! (,! +V/! %]]\$! o215h_/*()/! ;! 9/,0>! "`#&! 32<,19+*/)! 2)+! (H.()0+! 0(*1(! 4(! /Q/0! /3(*+4/0! -(41+).(! 417(*().(0! .89)19+0! 4(! 91*2CA+! *(7*+9.1:+R! B2(*+.(9./-A+! 7/./**(7*+9.1:+! @GoiD$! ?gbWi! (! 1-3,+).(! 4(! ,().(! 1).*+/92,+*>! F).*(! ,/0! 3+91().(0! 1).(*:()14/0!9/)!?gbWi!@\>]]Z!/Q/0!4(!,/0!Z>%\Z!4(!,+!0(*1(!9/-3,(.+D!,/0!+2./*(0! ()9/).*+*/)!2)+!1)914()91+!4(!4(03*()41-1()./!4(!*(.1)+!4(,!]>\an!@##!/Q/0D!()! 2)!3(*1/4/!4(!0(C21-1()./!4(!%`$av%]>`!-(0(0>!! gE)!9/)!(0.+!<+Q+!1)914()91+$!,/0!+2./*(0!+4:(*.A+)!4(!,+!3/01<,(!1-3,19+916)! 4(! ,/0! 9+-<1/0! <+*/-8.*19/0! 1)42914/0! 3/*! (,! +)1,,/! 4(! 029916)! (-3,(+4/! 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()! ./*)/! +,! %>%n"\%&$! ,/0! +2./*(0! ()92().*+)! 2)+! (H3,19+916)! 69 Introducción y estado actual del tema <+0+4+!()!,+!0(,(9916)!4(,!3+91().(!+0A!9/-/!(,!.*+.+-1()./!3*(:1/!4(!,+0!,(01/)(0! 4(C()(*+.1:+0!3*(4103/)().(0$!7+9./*(0!B2(!32(4()!(H3,19+*!(0.+!<+Q+!1)914()91+>!! X.*/! .*+<+Q/! 32<,19+4/! 3/*! j+CP1P1! ;! 9/,0>! "`\&! *(3/*.+! 2)+! 0(*1(! 4(! `Z! 3+91().(0! 9/)! So! *(C-+.6C()/0! 4(03280! 4(! ?gbWi! ! 4(! 2)+! 3/<,+916)! ./.+,! 4(! ^Z>`%`! /Q/0>! ?/0! +2./*(0! ()92().*+)! 2)+! 1)914()91+! 4(! .+)! 0/,/! ]>]\%n! 9/)! 2)+! +0/91+916)! 41*(9.+! 9/)! -1/3A+! (,(:+4+>! S(<14/! +! ,+! <+Q+! 1)914()91+! ()9/).*+4+$! (0./0!+2./*(0!)/!()92().*+)!(,!?gbWi!2)!7+9./*!4(!*1(0C/!3+*+!(,!4(0+**/,,/!4(!So! *(C-+.6C()/0>! F)!(,!+V/!%]]e!!w21)!;!9/,0>!"``&!1):(0.1C+*/)!,+!1)914()91+!4(!So!4(03280! 4(! ?gbWi! ()! 2)+! 0(*1(! 4(! #[>\`%! /Q/0! 4(! Z>^Z[! 3+91().(0>! K/4/0! ,/0! 3+91().(0! 72(*/)! 0(C214/0! 42*+).(! 2)! 3(*1/4/! 4(! %]! -(0(0>! ?/0! +2./*(0! ()9/).*+*/)! 2)+! 1)914()91+!4(,!]>]\\n!9/)!2)!1).(*:+,/!4(!.1(-3/!-(41/!4(04(!,+!91*2CA+!P+0.+!,+! +3+*1916)! 4(,! 4(03*()41-1()./! 4(! *(.1)+! 4(! Z>%^! -(0(0! @*+)C/$! %! h! #[! -(0(0D>! K/4/0! ,/0! So! /92**1(*/)! (03/).=)(+-().(! ;! 72(*/)! -+)(Q+4/0! -(41+).(! 91*2CA+! :1.*(/**(.1)1+)+>! f2(:+-().($! <+0=)4/0(! ()! (0.+! 1)914()91+! )/! ()9/).*+*/)! 2)+! *(,+916)!9+20+!(7(9./!().*(!?gbWi!;!4(03*()41-1()./!4(!*(.1)+>!! F,!(0.241/!-=0!*(91().(!0/<*(!,+!1)914()91+!4(!4(03*()41-1()./!4(!*(.1)+!!(0! (,!32<,19+4/!()!(,!+V/!%]]Z!3/*!_1*0P+P1!;!9/,0>!!"`^&!F)!(0.(!.*+<+Q/!,/0!+2./*(0! :2(,:()! +! *(1.(*+*! ,+! <+Q+! 1)914()91+! 4(! 4(03*()41-1()./! 4(! *(.1)+! +0/91+4/! +! 91*2CA+!?gbWi!()!,+0!0(*1(0!32<,19+4+0!P+0.+!(,!-/-()./>!!! $ $ $ 70 Introducción y estado actual del tema !"Y"C"#$2<@BH=I<?K<7$P$<H?65<@8=:67$M<7@BH<567$<7=@8<A<7$<$10/%R"$$ F,! 4(0+**/,,/! 4(! +,.(*+91/)(0! 0/<*(! ,+! 7*=C1,! :+092,+*15+916)! 02<-+92,+*$! /! 0/<*(! (,! 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K(*+31+!7/./41)=-19+! %]q%^! -3/45"678%9&:;'G0%04'G6'%@76%8&56;'<=>?4'&#$5@A&'B":$&C'D@E6%'F6%%@#"5&;'>K=?4'D@DL%&G&'G@6B&:F$C&%' F6%6"5@&0' ! ! ! ! 72 Introducción y estado actual del tema b+,+P!;!9/,0>!"^[&!*(3/*.+*/)!2)!9+0/!4(!2)!3+91().(!4(!`#!+V/0!4(!(4+4!9/)! +).(9(4().(0!4(!4(C()(*+916)!-+92,+*!-16319+!@-+)9P+!4(!j29P0D!B2(!027*16!2)+! 38*414+! 4(! +C24(5+! :102+,! 4(04(! %]q`]! ()! (,! /Q/! 4(*(9P/! ;! %]q\]! ()! (,! /Q/! 15B21(*4/!P+0.+!%]q#]]!()!+-</0!/Q/0!4(03280!4(!,+!91*2CA+!4(<14/!+!,+!3*/C*(016)! 4(!02!-+92,/3+.A+>!! F,! C*+4/! 4(! -1/3A+! 3*(/3(*+./*1/! ()! (0.(! 3+91().(! )/! (0.+<+! (03(91719+4/>! ?+!3*/C*(016)!0(!(:14()916!+!,/0!0(10!-(0(0!4(03280!4(!,+!91*2CA+!+2)B2(!(,!.1(-3/! (H+9./!4(!,+!3*/C*(016)!)/!(0.=!4(09*1./>!?/0!+2./*(0!P+9()!*(7(*()91+!()!02!.*+<+Q/! +,! 4(09/)/91-1()./! 4(! 01! ,+! 3*/C*(016)! 72(! 9/)0(92()91+! 4(,! 92*0/! )/*-+,! 4(,! 3*/9(0/!4(C()(*+.1:/!/!0(92)4+*1/!+,!(7(9./!4(!,+!91*2CA+$!(0!4(91*!9+20+4/!3/*!,+! /)4+! 4(! 9P/B2(! 4(,! ,=0(*! 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C*+4/! 4(! -1/3A+! 1).(*:()14+>!$ G*1)913(!;!9/,0>!"aa&!*(3/*.+*/)!(,!3*1-(*!9+0/!4(!P(-/**+C1+!-+92,+*!.*+0! ,+! *(+,15+916)! 4(! 2)+! 91*2CA+! ?gbWi! 3+*+! ,+! 9/**(9916)! 4(! -1/3A+! 4(! C*+4/! -/4(*+4/!()!2)+!3+91().(!4(!\a!+V/0!4(!(4+4$!2.1,15+)4/!(,!,=0(*!4(!7(-./0(C2)4/! 3+*+! ,+! 9*(+916)! 4(,! 9/,C+Q/>! g,! 4A+! 01C21().(! 4(! ,+! (H3,/*+916)! 4(.(9.+*/)! 2)+! P(-/**+C1+!-+92,+*!4(!2)+!(H.()016)!4(!#q\!4(!41=-(.*/!4(!4109/!+0/91+4+!+!2)+! 38*414+! 4(! +C24(5+! :102+,>! ! ?/0! +2./*(0! *(+,15+*/)! 2)+! g'j! 3+*+! 4(09+*.+*! 2)+! 3*(4103/01916)! +! 3+./,/CA+! -+92,+*>! S/0! -(0(0! -=0! .+*4(! ,+! P(-/**+C1+! P+<A+! 4(0+3+*(914/! ;! ,+! +C24(5+! :102+,! 0(! P+<A+! *(923(*+4/! +! 02! )1:(,! -=H1-/>! ?+! +20()91+! ()! (0.(! 3+91().(! 4(! 3+./,/CA+!3*(:1+$!(,(:+4+!-1/3A+! 2! /.*/0!7+9./*(0!4(! *1(0C/! .+,(0! 9/-/! I,+9B2(*! 9*+9k0J! /! )(/:+092,+*15+916)! 9/*/14(+! 3*(h(H10.().(! 1)42Q/! +! ,/0! +2./*(0! +! +0/91+*! (0.(! (310/41/! 9/)! (,! 3*/9(41-1()./! B21*E*C19/>! b1)! (-<+*C/$! 020! +*C2-()./0! +,! *(9P+5+*!!,+!3/01<,(!9+20+0! *(,+91/)+4+! 9/)!9+-<1/0! *(3().1)/0!4(!3*(016)!1).*+/92,+*!42*+).(!,+0!-+)1/<*+0!B21*E*C19+0!0/)!9/)720/0! +,! 9/)014(*+*! ;! +4-1.1*! 01)! 9,+*+! (:14()91+! (,! P(9P/! 4(! B2(! +,! *(+,15+*! (,! 9/*.(! -(41+).(!(,!,=0(*!4(!7(-./0(C2)4/!(,!/Q/!.+)!06,/!0(!0/-(.16!+!2)+!3*(016)!4(!\^!+! `]!--OC>!! b1)CP1:1!;!9/,0>!"ae&!*(3/*.+*/)!()!2)!.*+<+Q/!/<0(*:+91/)+,!2)!9+0/!9,A)19/! 4(! +3+*1916)! 4(! 2)! 4(03*()41-1()./! <1,+.(*+,! 0(*/0/! -+92,+*$! +0/91+4/! +! 2)+! 38*414+! *(3().1)+! 4(! +C24(5+! :102+,! ()! +-</0! /Q/0$! +! ,/0! `! 4A+0! 4(! P+<(*0(! 76 Introducción y estado actual del tema 3*+9.19+4/! 2)+! 91*2CA+! ?gbWi! 3+*+! ,+! 9/**(9916)! 4(! P13(*-(.*/3A+! 4(! p^$]]! S! ;! pe$]]!S!()!/Q/!4(*(9P/!(!15B21(*4/!*(03(9.1:+-().($!01)!9/-3,19+91/)(0!+3+*().(0>! F,! (H+-()! /92,+*! 3*(:1/! +! ,+! 91*2CA+! *(:(,+<+! ,+! 3*(0()91+! 4(! +.*/71+! 4(,! (31.(,1/! 31C-().+*1/! ()! ,+! *(C16)! -+92,+*! ()! +-</0! /Q/0>! g,! 3+91().(! 0(! ,(! 41+C)/0.196! 9/*/14/3+.A+! 9().*+,! 0(*/0+! @MMbD>! F)! (0.(! 9+0/$! ,/0! +2./*(0! +4:1*.1(*/)! 4(! ,+! 3/01<,(!*(9141:+! 4(! .+,(0! 3+./,/CA+0!.*+0!,+!+3,19+916)! 4(!2)! 3*/9(41-1()./!?gbWi!! 32(0!,+!MMb! 0(! 9/)014(*+! 3*/42914+!3/*!2)+!410*23916)!4(,! </-<(/!16)19/!4(!,+0! 98,2,+0! 4(,! ! (31.(,1/! 31C-().+*1/! /! +! 2)+! IP13(*3(*-(+<1,14+4J! 4(! ,+! :+092,+*15+916)! 9/*/14(+>! ?/0! 3/01<,(0! -(9+)10-/0! 4(0()9+4()+).(0! 4(! 2)+! MMb! 4(03280!4(!?gbWi!1)9,2;()!3/*!2)!,+4/!!,+!C()(*+916)!4(!/)4+0!4(!9P/B2(!4(<14+0! +! ,+0! 72(*5+0! -(9=)19+0! 4(! 029916)! ;! +,! +)1,,/! 4(,! -19*/B2(*+./-/$! B2(! 3/4*A+)! 4(0()9+4()+*!,+0!+,.(*+91/)(0!+).(419P+0!4(!,+!:+092,+*15+916)!02<-+92,+*!;q/!4(,! (31.(,1/!31C-().+*1/!4(!,+!*(.1)+>!F,!P(9P/!4(!,+!(H10.()91+!4(!,(01/)(0!()!(,!(31.(,1/! 31C-().+*1/!3*(:1+0!+!,+!91*2CA+!?gbWi!()! (0.(!3+91().(!(0!3/*!.+)./!1).(*3*(.+4/! 9/-/!2)!7+9./*!4(!*1(0C/!3+*+!(,!4(0+**/,,/!4(!(0.(!.13/!4(!3+./,/CA+>!! U2.,(*! ;! 9/,0>! "a[&! 32<,19+*/)! 0()4/0! 9+0/0! 4(! +3+*1916)! 4(! 0A)4*/-(! 4(! (72016)!2:(+,! .*+0! ?gbWi>! N)+! 3+91().(!4(!^]! +V/0! !4(0+**/,,6!3,1(C2(0! 9/*/14(/0! 9/)! +9E-2,/! 4(! 7,214/! 02<*(.1)1+)/! +,! 4A+! 01C21().(! 4(! P+<(*,(! *(+,15+4/! ?gbWi! P13(*-(.*6319/>!X.*/! 3+91().(! :+*6)!4(!`[!+V/0! 4(0+**/,,/! .+-<18)!2)!0A)4*/-(! 4(!(72016)!2:(+,!;!3,1(C2(0!9/*/14(/0!02<-+92,+*(0!+!,/0!3/9/0!-(0(0!4(!/3(*+*0(! 02! P13(*-(.*/3A+! -(41+).(! ?gbWi>! g-</0! 9+0/0! -/0.*+*/)! 2)+! *(923(*+916)! 9/-3,(.+!4(!,+!+C24(5+!:102+,>! gP-+41(P! ;! 9/,0>! "aZ&! *(3/*.+*/)! 2)! 9+0/! 4(! /9,2016)! 4(! +*.(*1+! 91,1/*(.1)1+)+! <1,+.(*+,! +0/91+4+! 9/)! )(2*/3+.A+! 63.19+! 10B28-19+! 4(03280! 4(! 77 Introducción y estado actual del tema ?gbWi>!S(!)2(:/$!(,!9+-<1/!<*209/!4(!3*(016)!1).*+/92,+*!42*+).(!,+!+3,19+916)!4(,! +)1,,/! 4(! 029916)! +3+*(9(! 9/-/! 3*1)913+,! 9+20+! 4(! <,/B2(/! 4(! ,+! +2./**(C2,+916)! :+092,+*!+!(0(!)1:(,>!! ?1)!;!9/,0>!"e]&!4(09*1<1(*/)!2)!9+0/!4(!7,(<1.10!*(.1)1+)+!+0/91+4+!+!(4(-+! -+92,+*!B2A0.19/!()!2)!3+91().(!.*+0![!0(-+)+0!4(!P+<(*0(!1).(*:()14/!4(!?gbWi>! F,!3+91().(!72(!.*+.+4/!9/)!9/*.19/14(0!/*+,(0!;!02!:1016)!*(./*)6!+!,+!)/*-+,14+4! .*+0!(,!.*+.+-1()./>!! g*(:+,/! ;! 9/,0>! "e#&! 32<,19+*/)!2)+! 0(*1(! 4(! %]! /Q/0! B2(! 4(0+**/,,+*/)! 2)! +C2Q(*/! -+92,+*! @g_D! 4(03280! 4(! ,+! *(+,15+916)! 4(! ?gbWi! <1,+.(*+,! 3+*+! ,+! 9/**(9916)! 4(! -1/3A+! ()! 2)! (0.241/! *(.*/03(9.1:/! *(+,15+4/! ()! #]! 1)0.1.291/)(0! 417(*().(0! 9/)! 2)! ./.+,! 4(! [\>Z\[! /Q/0$! *(02,.+)4/! 2)+! 1)914()91+! 4(,! ]>]%n>! F,! -/-()./!4(!+3+*1916)!4(,!g_!(0.2:/!9/-3*()414/!().*(!#!;![\!-(0(0!4(03280!4(,! ?gbWi!@-(41+!#%>#!-(0(0DL!()!(,!a]n!4(!,/0!9+0/0!(,!g_!0(!4(0+**/,,6!+).(0!4(!,/0! a! -(0(0! .*+0! (,! .*+.+-1()./! ?gbWi$! ;! ()! (,! \]n! +).(0! 4(,! +V/>! F,! Z`$en! 72(*/)! -2Q(*(0! ;! ./4/0! ,/0! /Q/0! 72(*/)!-1/3(0!@*+)C/R!h]$^]!S$!h#Z$e^! SD!9/)!2)+!-(41+! 4(!h[$Z!S>!?+!3+./C8)(010!4(,!g_!@(03(91+,-().(!+B2(,,/0!4(!/*1C()!141/3=.19/D!(0! 2)! .(-+! 9/).*/:(*.14/$! +2)B2(! 0(!9*((!B2(! ,+! .*+9916)!:A.*(/h7/:(+,!Q2)./!9/)!,/0! 9+-<1/! 4(C()(*+.1:/0! ;+! 3*(0().(0! ()! (,! /Q/! -1/3(! 32(4()! 0(*! ,/0! -(9+)10-/0! 3*(4/-1)+).(0!3+*+!02!4(0+**/,,/>!G(0(!+!,+!<+Q+!1)914()91+!4(!g_!()9/).*+4+!()! (0.+!+-3,1+!0(*1($!,/0!+2./*(0!)/!4(09+*.+)!,+!1)7,2()91+!4(!,/0!9+-<1/0!*(3().1)/0! 4(!3*(016)!;!,+!.*+9916)!-(9=)19+!0/<*(!(,!:A.*(/!1)42914/0!3/*!(,!+)1,,/!4(!029916)$! +4(-=0! 4(! ,+0! /)4+0! 4(! 9P/B2(! C()(*+4+0! 3/*! (,! ,=0(*$! 9/-/! 7+9./*(0! +! .()(*! ()! 92().+!()!(,!4(0+**/,,/!4(!(0.+!3+./,/CA+>!! 78 Introducción y estado actual del tema _/0P7(CP1! ;! 9/,0>! "e%&! 32<,19+*/)! 2)! 9+0/! 4(! 38*414+! +C24+! 4(! +C24(5+! :102+,!#^!P/*+0!4(03280!4(!,+! +3,19+916)!4(!?gbWi!P13(*-(.*6319/>!?+!+)C1/C*+7A+! 7,2/*(09(A)19+!)/!-/0.*6!+)/-+,A+0!:+092,+*(0!3(*/!0A!2)!<,/B2(/!4(!7,2/*(09(A)+! 9/**(03/)41().(!9/)!P(-/**+C1+0!02<**(.1)1+)+0$!1).*+**(.1)1+)+0!;!02<P1+,/14(+0! ()!02!/Q/! 15B21(*4/>! F,! 3+91().(! 72(! -+)(Q+4/!-(41+).(!:1.*(/,1010! 9/)!,=0(*!Yg'>! ?+! *(923(*+916)!4(! ,+! +C24(5+! :102+,!72(!9/-3,(.+! +! ,/0!%!-(0(0!4(,!.*+.+-1()./>! ?/0! +2./*(0! 14().1719+*/)! (0.+! 3+./,/CA+! 9/-/! 2)+! *(.1)/3+.A+! I.13/! :+,0+,:+J! 3/01<,(-().(!9/-/!*(02,.+4/!4(!9+-<1/!*(3().1)/!4(!3*(016)!1).*+/92,+*!1)42914/! 3/*!,+!029916)!;!(,!3+0/!4(,!-19*/B2(*+./-/!42*+).(!,+!91*2CA+!?gbWi>!! b-1.P! ;! 9/,0>! "e\&! *(3/*.+*/)! 2)! 9+0/! 4(! /9,2016)! :()/0+! P(-1**(.1)1+)+! +0/91+4+!+!91*2CA+!?gbWi!()!2)!3+91().(!Q/:()!/!9/)!+20()91+!4(!7+9./*(0!4(!*1(0C/! +0A! 9/-/! 9/)! )/*-+,14+4! ()! ./4/0! ,/0! .(0.! 4(! ,+</*+./*1/>! S(! )2(:/$! ,/0! +2./*(0! ()9/).*+*/)!2)+!+0/91+916)!9+20+,!9/)!(,!3*/9(41-1()./!B21*E*C19/!;!,/0!9+-<1/0! <+*/-8.*19/0!+0/91+4/0!+,!-10-/>!! o/4*AC2(5hM/,(-+)! ;! 9/,0>! "e`&! *(3/*.+*/)! 2)! ! 9+0/! 4(! +3+*1916)! 4(! -+92,/3+.A+!+0/91+4+!+!7/0(.+!9/)C8)1.+!4(!)(*:1/!63.19/!()!2)!3+91().(!0/-(.14/! +! 91*2CA+! ?gbWi! +! ,/0! 4/0! -(0(0! 4(! ,+! 1).(*:()916)>! F0.+! *+*+! -+,7/*-+916)! 9/)C8)1.+!4(,!4109/!63.19/!/92**(!()!-()/0!4(!2)/!4(!9+4+!#]>]]]!3(*0/)+0>!?/0! +2./*(0! +0/91+*/)! (,! 3/01<,(! -(9+)10-/! 4(! C8)(010! 4(! ,+! 3+./,/CA+! 9/)! (,! (0.*80! -(9=)19/! 3*/42914/! 3/*! (,! +)1,,/! 4(! 029916)! ;! 3/*! ,/0! 9+-<1/0! *(3().1)/0! 4(! 3*(016)!1).*+/92,+*!3*/31/0!4(!,+!91*2CA+!?gbWi>!$ $ $ 79 Introducción y estado actual del tema $ !"Y"@"#$&6B5=I<?K<$9I?8@<$P$A6G6@?=7$A6$@<;I=$<7=@8<A=7$<$@85BJK<$56G5<@?8M<"$ ?+!3*(016)!(Q(*914+!3/*!(,!-19*/B2(*+./-/!;!(,!+)1,,/!4(!029916)!(-3,(+4/0! ()! ,+! 91*2CA+! ?gbWi! .+-<18)! P+! 014/! +0/91+4+! +! ,+! +3+*1916)! 4(! (310/41/0! 4(! 10B2(-1+!-+).()14+!0/<*(!(,!)(*:1/!63.19/>! !U20P,(;! /! 9/,0>! "e^&! 32<,19+*/)! 2)! 9+0/! 4(! 4(7(9./! 4(! 9+-3/! :102+,! 4(! +3+*1916)!*(3().1)+!+0/91+4/!+!,+!91*2CA+!?gbWi!()!2)+!3+91().(!4(!%[!+V/0!4(!(4+4! 9/)! +,.+! -1/3A+! @h#]! SD! (! P10./*1+! 7+-1,1+*! 4(! C,+29/-+! 4(! .()016)! )/*-+,>! ?+! 3+91().(! -+)17(0.6! 2)! 4(7(9./! 4(! 9+-3/! :102+,! +,.1.241)+,! 023(*1/*! ()! 02! /Q/! 4(*(9P/!1)-(41+.+-().(!4(03280!4(!,+!*(+,15+916)!4(!,+!91*2CA+!?gbWi>!F,!4(7(9./! 0(!-+).2:/! (0.+<,(! 01)! 3*/C*(016)! (:14().(! P+0.+!+,!-()/0! 2)!+V/! 3/0.(*1/*!+! ,+! 91*2CA+>!?/0!+2./*(0!+0/91+*/)!(0.(!P(9P/$!+4(-=0!4(!+!,+!P10./*1+!7+-1,1+*!3/01.1:+! 4(! C,+29/-+! ;! +,! C*+4/! 4(! -1/3A+$! 9/)! (,! 1)9*(-()./! .*+)01./*1/! 4(! ,+! 3*(016)! 1).*+/92,+*! (Q(*914+! 3/*! (,! -19*/B2(*+./-/$! +02-1()4/! B2(! .+,! 3*(016)! 3241(*+! 3*(9131.+*! ,+! 10B2(-1+! 0/<*(! (,! )(*:1/! 63.19/! ;! (,! 9/)01C21().(! 4(7(9./! 4(! 9+-3/! :102+,>! ?((! ;! 9/,0>! "ea&! 32<,19+*/)! 2)! .*+<+Q/! 4(! 9+*=9.(*! *(.*/03(9.1:/! 9/)! 2)+! 0(*1(! ! 4(! `! 3+91().(0! B2(! 4(0+**/,,+*/)! )(2*/3+.A+! 63.19+! 0(92)4+*1+! +! ,+! 1).(*:()916)! ! ?gbWi! 3+*+! ,+! 9/**(9916)! 4(! 02! 4(7(9./! *(7*+9.1:/$! +0/91+4+! +! 2)+! 38*414+! 4(! +C24(5+! :102+,! 01)! *(923(*+916)! 3/0.(*1/*>! F)! %! 4(! ,/0! 9+0/0! 0(! (:14()916! ,+! 3*(0()91+! 4(! (4(-+! 4(! 4109/! -1().*+0! B2(! ()! ,/0! /.*/0! %! (,! 4109/! +3+*(916!9,+*/!;!9/)!</*4(0!4(71)14/0$!9/-3+.1<,(!9/)!2)!/*1C()!*(.*/<2,<+*>!F0./0! 80 Introducción y estado actual del tema +2./*(0!+.*1<2;(*/)!,+!+3+*1916)!4(!(0.+!3+./,/CA+!+,!(7(9./!4(!,+!3*(016)!1)42914+! 3/*!(,!+)1,,/!4(!029916)!42*+).(!,+!1).(*:()916)>!! M+-(*/)! ;! 9/,0>! "ee&! *(3/*.+*/)! 2)! 9+0/! 4(! )(2*/3+.A+! 63.19+! <1,+.(*+,! 4(03280! 4(! ?gbWi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e[&!.*+.+*/)!4(!(:+,2+*!(,!(7(9./!4(,!?gbWi!0/<*(!(,!C*/0/*!4(! ,+!9+3+!4(! 71<*+0! )(*:1/0+0! @MjfD! -(414+!-(41+).(! 3/,+*1-(.*A+!,=0(*!I09+))1)CJ! @b?GD$!./-/C*+7A+!4(!9/P(*()91+!63.19+!@XMKD!;!./-/C*+7A+!,=0(*!I09+))1)CJ!@b?KD>! b20!/<0(*:+91/)(0!0/<*(!2)!./.+,!4(!%]!3+91().(0!/<.()14+0!42*+).(!2)!3(*1/4/!4(! `!0(-+)+0!3/0.(*1/*(0!+!,+!1).(*:()916)!)/!()9/).*+*/)!2)+!*(,+916)!9+20+h(7(9./! +.*1<2;()4/!,/0!3/01<,(0!9+-<1/0!()!,+0!-(4191/)(0!+!,/0!(7(9./0!4(!<1**(7*1)C()91+! 9/*)(+,!;!02!(7(9./!0/<*(!,/0!1)0.*2-()./0!4(!-(414+!-=0!B2(!+!9+-<1/0!*(+,(0!()! ,+!(0.*29.2*+!4(,!)(*:1/!63.19/>!! f(;:+0!;!9/,0>!3/*!/.*/!,+4/!"eZ&!9/)!(,!/<Q(.1:/!4(!/<0(*:+*!,+!1)7,2()91+!4(! ,/0!9+-<1/0!1)42914/0!()!,+!63.19+!4(!,+!96*)(+!3/0.(*1/*(0!+!,+!91*2CA+!(0.241+*/)! $()!2)+!0(*1(!4(!#%]!/Q/0!/3(*+4/0$!(,!C*/0/*!4(!,+!9+3+!4(!71<*+0!)(*:1/0+0!P+0.+! 2)! 3(*1/4/! 4(! a! -(0(0! 3/0.(*1/*! +! ,+! 1).(*:()916)>! G+*+! (,,/$! ! ,/0! +2./*(0! (-3,(+*/)!(,!+)+,15+4/*!4(!71<*+0!)(*:1/0+0!'SH!9/)!(,!71)!4(!(:1.+*!(,!(7(9./!4(!,+! 81 Introducción y estado actual del tema <1**(7*1)C()91+!9/*)(+,!0/<*(!,+0!-(414+0>!b20!P+,,+5C/0!)/!()9/).*+*/)!(:14()91+! 4(!+4(,C+5+-1()./! ()! ,+! 9+3+! 4(!71<*+0!)1!4(! 4+V/!C,+29/-+./0/$!9/)71*-+)4/!(,! /*1C()! 63.19/! 4(! (0./0! 9+-<1/0! ()! ,+0! -(414+0! 4(,! (03(0/*! 4(! ,+! 9+3+! 4(! 71<*+0! )(*:1/0+0>!! G1(..(! ;! 9/,0>! "[]&! 1):(0.1C+*/)! (,! (7(9./! 4(! ,/0! 9+-<1/0! +C24/0! 4(! GWX! 3*/:/9+4/0! 9/)! /7.+,-/41)+-/-(.*A+! 0/<*(! ,+! -/*7/,/CA+! 4(,! 4109/! 63.19/! 2.1,15+)4/!2)!./-6C*+7/!4(!9/P(*()91+!63.19+!.13/!O(14(,<(*C!o(.1)+,!K/-/C*+3P! WW! @O(14(,<(*C! '-<O$! O(14(,<(*C$! '(*-+);D! *(C10.*+)4/! ,+0! -(414+0! +).(0$! 42*+).(!;!4(03280!4(!,+!(,(:+916)!4(!,+!GWX>!F,!(0.241/!0(!*(+,156!()!#e!/Q/0!4(!#a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yP1.0/)! ;! 9/,0>! "[#&! .*+.+*/)! 4(! 4(.(*-1)+*! -(41+).(! 2)! (H3(*1-()./! 01-1,+*! +,! *(+,15+4/! 3/*! G1(..(! ;! 9/,0>"[]&! 01! (,! ?gbWi! 3*/429A+! 9+-<1/0! 01C)1719+.1:/0!()!,+!./3/C*+7A+!4(!,+!9+<(5+!4(!)(*:1/!63.19/!;!(,!C*/0/*!4(!,+!9+3+! 4(! 71<*+0! )(*:1/0+0! ;! 01! (0./0! 3/4A+)! 0(*! -(414/0! 9/)! (,! O(14(,<(*C! o(.1)+! K/-/C*+3P! @OoKD>! F)! (0.(! (0.241/! 3*/03(9.1:/! 0(! 1)9,2;(*/)! \`! 3+91().(0! B2(! 72(*/)! 0/-(.14/0! +! ?gbWi>! ?/0! +2./*(0! )/! ()9/).*+*/)! 9+-<1/0! 01C)1719+.1:/0! -(41<,(0!()!,+!./3/C*+7A+!4(!,+!9+<(5+!4(,!)(*:1/!63.19/>!! 82 Introducción y estado actual del tema F)!/.*/!(0.241/!32<,19+4/!3/*!Y(!;!9/,0>!"[%&!(0./0!+2./*(0!.*+.+*/)!4(!:(*!(,! (7(9./! 4(! ,+! (,(:+916)! *(3().1)+! 4(! ,+! GWX! 0/<*(! ,+! 9+<(5+! 4(,! )(*:1/! 63.19/! ;! ,+! *(.1)+!()!2)+!0(*1(!4(!/Q/0!4(!9/)(Q/!+!,/0!B2(!0/-(.1(*/)!+!2)!1)9*(-()./!4(!GWX! P+0.+!a^!--OC!42*+).(!417(*().(0!3(*A/4/0!4(!.1(-3/!@\]!0(C$!#!-1)!;!\!-1)D>!F,! .(Q14/! 4(! ,+! *(.1)+! ;! 4(,! )(*:1/! 63.19/! 72(! (H.1*3+4/! ;! +)+,15+4/! 3/0.(*1/-().(! -(41+).(!-19*/09/3A+>!?/0!+2./*(0!4(.(9.+*/)!9+-<1/0!2,.*+(0.*29.2*+,(0!.+)./!(,! ,+!9+3+!4(!71<*+0!)(*:1/0+0!9/-/!()!,+0!98,2,+0!*(.1)1+)+0>!?/0!+2./*(0!9/)9,2;(*/)! B2(!,/0!9+-<1/0!P+,,+4/0!()!(0.(!(H3(*1-()./!3/4A+)!P+<(*!014/!9/)0(92()91+!4(! ,/0! 9+-<1/0! +C24/0! 4(! GWX! 1)42914/0! 3/*! ,+! 029916)>! g4(-=0! ()9/).*+*/)! 2)+! *(,+916)! 41*(9.+! ().*(! (,! C*+4/!4(!9+-<1/! ;!(,!.1(-3/!()!(,! B2(!,+! 029916)!(0.2:/! 3*(0().(!0/<*(!(,!/Q/>!! MP/3,1)!;!9/,0>!"[\&!(0.241+*/)!-(41+).(!3/,+*1-(.*A+!,=0(*!@b?GD!(,!C*/0/*! 4(! ,+! 9+3+! 4(! 71<*+0! )(*:1/0+0! (-3,(+)4/! 2)! -8./4/! 4(! 9/-3()0+916)! 3+*+! (,1-1)+*! ,+! 9/)72016)! B2(! ,+0! 3*/31(4+4(0! 63.19+0! 4(! <1**(7*1)C()91+! 3241(*+)! /9+01/)+*!()!,+0!-(4191/)(0>!F,!+)=,1010!72(!*(+,15+4/!0/<*(!2)+!0(*1(!4(!^Z!/Q/0!4(! %Z! 3+91().(0! 0/-(.14/0! +! ?gbWi>! F0./0! +2./*(0! )/! ()9/).*+*/)! 417(*()91+0! 01C)1719+.1:+0! ()! ,/0! 3+*=-(.*/0! (:+,2+4/0! 2)+! :(5! 9/-3()0+4+! ,+! 1).(*7(*()91+! 1)42914+!3/*!,/0!9+-<1/0!()!,+! <1**()7*1)C()91+!9/*)(+,!! +0/91+4/0!+,!.*+.+-1()./! ,=0(*!9/)9,2;()4/!B2(!,/0!3/01<,(0!9+-<1/0!()!,+!./3/C*+7A+!4(!,+!9+<(5+!4(,!)(*:1/! 63.19/! ;! ,+! *(.1)+! (*+)! 4(<14/0! (H9,201:+-().(! +! 2)! +*.(7+9./! 1)0.*2-().+,! +0/91+4/!+!,+!3/,+*15+916)!4(!,+!96*)(+>! X.*/!(0.241/!01-1,+*!72(!(,!*(+,15+4/!3/*!S(-().:;(:!;!9/,0>!"[`&!()!(,!B2(! (-3,(+*/)! ,+! ./-/C*+7A+! 4(! 9/P(*()91+! 63.19+! XMKhb.*+.20! 3+*+! 4(.(*-1)+*! 01! (,! 1)9*(-()./! 4(! GWX! 1)42914/! 3/*! ,+! 029916)! 42*+).(! ?gbWi! 3241(*+! 1)4291*! 2)+! 83 Introducción y estado actual del tema *(429916)! ()! (,! C*/0/*! 4(! ,+! 9+3+! 4(! 71<*+0!)(*:1/0+0>! F,!(0.241/!0(! *(+,156!()!\[! /Q/0! 4(! #Z! 3+91().(0! ;! ,+0! -(414+0! 0(! *(+,15+*/)! +).(0$! +! ,+! 0(-+)+! ;! +! ,/0! .*(0! -(0(0!4(03280!4(!,+!1).(*:()916)>!F,!C*/0/*!4(!,+!9+3+!4(!71<*+0!)(*:1/0+0!3+06!4(! #]`>%pqhZ>]!-19*+0!+).(0!4(!,+!1).(*:()916)!+!#]#>Zpqha>Z!-19*+0!+!,+!0(-+)+!;!+! 2)! :+,/*! 4(! #]a>epqha>#! -19*+0! +! ,/0! ! \! -(0(0! 3/0./3(*+./*1/0! 01)! 417(*()91+0! (0.+4A0.19+-().(! 01C)1719+.1:+0! @3! t! 6! r! >]^D! 9/)9,2;()4/! B2(! (,! 1)9*(-()./! 4(! 3*(016)!42*+).(!(,!?gbWi!)/!3*/429A+!)1)CE)!(7(9./!)/91:/!0/<*(!,+!9+3+!4(!71<*+0! )(*:1/0+0>! z+)Cl1,,!;!9/,0>!"[^&!-141(*/)!(,!C*/0/*!4(!,+!9+3+!4(!71<*+0!)(*:1/0+0!()!2)! C*23/! 4(! %]! 3+91().(0! /3(*+4/0! -(41+).(! ?gbWi! +).(0! ;! \! -(0(0! 4(03280! 4(! ,+! 1).(*:()916)[email protected],15+)4/!/.*/!C*23/!9/).*/,!4(!#`!3+91().(!)/!1).(*:()14/0D>!G+*+! (,,/! 2.1,15+*/)! :+*1/0! 010.(-+! 4(! -(414+R! 3/,+*1-(.*A+! ,=0(*! @'SH! f(*:(! j1<(*! g)+,;5(*D! 9/)! 2)! 010.(-+! 4(! 9/-3()0+916)! 9/*)(+,! 71Q/! @jMMD$! ! !'SH! f(*:(! j1<(*! g)+,;5(*!9/)!2)!010.(-+!4(!9/-3()0+916)!9/*)(+,!:+*1+<,(!@uMMD!()!72)916)!4(!,+0! 9+*+9.(*A0.19+0! 71)+,(0! 4(! ,+! 96*)(+!/3(*+4+!;!71)+,-().(!-(41+).(!./-/C*+7A+!4(! 9/P(*()91+!63.19+!@XMKD>!F,!C*/0/*!1)191+,!4(!,+!9+3+!4(!71<*+0!)(*:1/0+0!*(02,.6!0(*! 4(! e[>#! -19*+0! @e%>%h[\>ZD$! ^`>\! -19*+0! @^%>eh^a>]D$! ;! Za>[! -19*+0! @Z\>%h#]]>^D! 3+*+!(,!'SH!jMM$!'SH!uMM!;!!XMK!*(03(9.1:+-().(>! f/! ()9/).*+*/)! 9+-<1/0! 01C)1719+.1:/0! ().*(! ,+0! -(414+0! <+0+,(0! ;! ,+0! /<.()14+0! 42*+).(! (,! 0(C21-1()./! )1! ()! (,! C*23/! 9/).*/,! )1! ()! (,! C*23/! ?gbWi!! @9/)014(*+)4/!2)!9+-<1/!-(41/!4(!s!^!-19*+0!3+*+!9+4+!1)0.*2-()./D>!?/0!+2./*(0! 06,/!/<0(*:+*/)!*(429916)!()!,+!9+3+!4(!71<*+0!)(*:1/0+0!()!(,!C*23/!?gbWi!92+)4/! 80.+0! 72(*/)! -(414+0! 9/)! (,! 'SH! jMM! 01()4/! (0.+! *(429916)! 4(! #%>`!-19*+0! @e>eh #e>%D$! #^>\! -19*+0! @Z>ah%]>ZD$! ;! #%>Z! -19*+0! @e>ah#[>#D! ()! -(414+0! 023(*1/*$! 84 Introducción y estado actual del tema 1)7(*1/*$! ;! C,/<+,$! *(03(9.1:+-().(!@./4+0! 3s!6!r!]>]]#D>!?/0! +2./*(0!9/)9,2;(*/)! B2(! (,! ?gbWi! )/! 3+*(9(! 1)4291*! 2)! 9+-<1/! ()! (,! C*/0/*! 4(! ,+! 9+3+! 4(! 71<*+0! )(*:1/0+0! 01()4/! ,/0! 9+-<1/0! 14().1719+4/0! ()! 02! (0.241/! 7*2./! 4(! -(414+0! +*.(7+9.2+4+0!9/-/!9/)0(92()91+!4(!2)+!9/-3()0+916)!(**6)(+!4(!,/0!9+-<1/0!()! ,+!<1**(7*1)C()91+!9/*)(+,!1)42914+!3/*!,+!91*2CA+>!! _+4()! ;! 9/,0>! "[a&! 4(09*1<1(*/)! 2)!9+0/!4(! +3+*1916)! 4(!)(2*/3+.A+!63.19+! 10B28-19+! )/! +*.(*A.19+! ()! 2)! 3+91().(! 0/-(.14/! +! 91*2CA+! ?gbWi! ()! (,! 92+,! (,! 9/,C+Q/!0(!/<.2:/!-(41+).(!,=0(*!4(!7(-./0(C2)4/>! _/).(52-+! ;! 9/,0>! "[e&! 32<,19+*/)!2)!9+0/! 4(!2)!3+91().(!4(! %`! +V/0!B2(! 4(0+**/,,6! 2)+! )(2*/3+.A+! 63.19+! 4(03280! 4(! ,+! 1).(*:()916)! 4(! ?gbWi! ! 3+*+! ,+! 9/**(9916)!4(!02!-1/3A+$!(-3,(+)4/!2)!(31k(*+./-/!3+*+!,+!*(+,15+916)!4(,!9/,C+Q/! (31.(,1+,!3*(:1/!+!,+!+<,+916)!@(31h?gbWiD>!?+!3+./,/CA+!92*06!9/)!38*414+!-/4(*+4+! 4(! :1016)! 9().*+,$! (09/./-+! 9().*+,$! 4(7(9./! 3231,+*! +7(*().(! *(,+.1:/! ,(:(>! b(! /<0(*:6!2)+!*(0/,2916)!9/-3,(.+!+!,+0!4/0!0(-+)+0!4(!,+!1).(*:()916)>!?/0!+2./*(0! *(,+91/)+*/)! 41*(9.+-().(! ,+! +3+*1916)! 4(! (0.+! 3+./,/CA+! 9/)! (,! <+*/.*+2-+! +0/91+4/!+,!+)1,,/!4(!029916)!(-3,(+4/!42*+).(!,+!-+)1/<*+!B21*E*C19+>!! $ $ $ $ $ $ 85 Introducción y estado actual del tema !"Y"A"#$*67I56:A8;86:?=$A6$MK?56=$I=7?658=5$P$10/%R"$ ! b-1.P!;!9/,0>!"[[&!*(3/*.+*/)!2)!9+0/!4(!2)+!-2Q(*!4(!`e!+V/0!+!,+!B2(!0(!,(! 3*+9.196! 2)+! 91*2CA+! ?gbWi! 3+*+! ,+! 9/**(9916)! 4(! 02! +0.1C-+.10-/! -16319/>! S/0! -(0(0!-=0!.+*4(!0(!*(1).(*:1)/!(,!4(7(9./!*(0142+,>!?+!3+91().(!0(!3*(0().6!+!,+0!%`! P/*+0!4(!(0.+!0(C2)4+!1).(*:()916)!9/)!2)!92+4*/!4(!-1/4(0/301+0!()!+-</0!/Q/0>! F,!(H+-()!4(!7/)4/!4(!/Q/!*(:(,6!2)!4(03*()41-1()./!4(!:A.*(/!3/0.(*1/*!<1,+.(*+,! ;!9/-3,(./>!?/0!+2./*(0!+.*1<2;(*/)!(0.(!P(9P/!+!,/0!9+-<1/0!4(!3*(016)!1)42914/0! 3/*!,+!-+)1/<*+0!B21*E*C19+0>!! _1*0P+P1!;!9/,0>!"[Z&!(0.241+*/)!-(41+).(!2,.*+0/)/C*+7A+!U!2)!./.+,!4(!#]\! /Q/0!-1/3(0!1).(*:()14/0!-(41+).(!?gbWi!.*+.+)4/!4(!+)+,15+*!(,!3/01<,(!(7(9./!4(! ,+!91*2CA+!0/<*(!(,!92(*3/!:A.*(/>!b(!(:+,26!,+!3*(:+,()91+$!,/9+,15+916)!;!(H.()016)! 4(! ,/0! 4(03*()41-1()./0! 4(! :A.*(/! 3/0.(*1/*! 4(.(9.+4/0>! F,! (B21:+,().(! (078*19/! -(41/!4(!,+!-2(0.*+!72(!4(!h`$[^!S!@*+)C/!h#$%^!+!h[$\[D!;!,+!,/)C1.24!+H1+,!-(41+! 72(! 4(! %^$#\! --! @*+)C/! %\$\#h%e>a^D>! F,! Z%>%n! 4(! ,/0! /Q/0! )/! 3*(0().+<+)! SuG! 3*(/3(*+./*1+-().(L!Z!/Q/0!4(!e!3+91().(0!@Z>^nD!4(0+**/,,+*/)!SuG!1)9/-3,(./!+! ,+!0(-+)+!4(!,+!91*2CA+L![!/Q/0!@e>[nD!.()A+)!2)!SuG!3+*91+,!+).(0!4(!,+!91*2CA+!;! 06,/! ()! 2)! /Q/! 0(! 4(.(9.6! 2)+! (H.()016)! 4(,! 4(03*()41-1()./! .*+0! ,+! 91*2CA+>! ?/0! +2./*(0! )/! ()9/).*+*/)! 2)+! *(,+916)! 41*(9.+! ().*(! ?gbWi! ;! SuG! ;! 3/*! .+)./! )/! 3241(*/)! 4(.(*-1)+*! B2(! ,/0! 9+-<1/0! 4(! 3*(016)! 72(*+)! ,/0! 9+20+).(0! 4(! .+,! 3+./,/CA+>!! $ $ $ 86 Introducción y estado actual del tema $ !"Y"6"#$(6<@?8M<@89:$A6$?=]=IH<7;=787$=@BH<5$P$10/%R"$ U+*<+*+! ;! 9/,0>! "Z]&! *(3/*.+*/)! 2)! 9+0/! 4(! *(+9.1:+916)! 4(! ./H/3,+0-/010! /92,+*!4(03280!4(!?gbWi!()!2)!3+91().(!4(!\`!+V/0!4(!(4+4!0/-(.14/!+!?gbWi>!F,! (H+-()!4(,!0(C-()./!3/0.(*1/*!*(:(,6!2)+!919+.*15!()!,+!*(.1)+!3(*178*19+!4(!02!/Q/! 4(*(9P/>!g!,/0!^%!4A+0!4(!,+!1).(*:()916)!(,!3+91().(!027*16!2)+!38*414+!4(!+C24(5+! :102+,!()!02!/Q/!4(*(9P/>!F,!(H+-()!*(:(,6!01C)/0!4(!2:(A.10$!:1.*(A.10!;!2)+!,(016)! 0+.8,1.(! 9/*1/**(.1)1+)+! +9.1:+! -2;! 3*6H1-+! +! ,+! 919+.*15! +).1C2+>! F,! 3+91().(! 72(! .*+.+4/!(H1./0+-().(!;!02!+C24(5+!:102+,!0(!)/*-+,156>!! j/).+1)(! "Z#&! *(3/*.+*/)! 2)! 9+0/! 4(! *(+9.1:+916)! 4(! 9/*1/**(.1)1.10! 3/*! ./H/3,+0-/010! B2(! /92**16! ^! 4A+0! 4(03280! 4(! ,+! 91*2CA+! ?gbWi>! ! ?+! (:/,2916)! 72(! <2()+!9/)!*(03(9./!4(!,+!+C24(5+!:102+,>! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 87 Introducción y estado actual del tema M/-/! *(02-()! +,! (0.+4/! +9.2+,! 4(,! .(-+! 4(,! B2(! .*+.+! ,+! 3*(0().(! .(010! 4/9./*+,! 3/4(-/0! 9/)014(*+*! B2(! ,+! +3,19+916)! 4(! ,+! 91*2CA+! *(7*+9.1:+! 9/)! ,=0(*! (H91-(*$!(03(91+,-().(!()!+B2(,,+0!-/4+,14+4(0!()!,+0!B2(!0(!(-3,(+!2)+!</-<+! 4(! 029916)! 3+*+! 71Q+*! (,! /Q/! 42*+).(! ,+! 91*2CA+$! P+! 014/! +0/91+4+! ()! )2-(*/0+0! 32<,19+91/)(0! 9/)! ,+! 3*(0()91+! 4(! 4(03*()41-1()./! 4(!*(.1)+! ;!/.*+0! +,.(*+91/)(0! -+92,+*(0>! gE)! +0A$! ! P+0.+! (,! -/-()./! )/! 0(! P+! ()9/).*+4/! 2)+! *(,+916)! 9+20+,! 41*(9.+! ;! 3/4(-/0! 9/)014(*+*! B2(! ,+0! 9/-3,19+91/)(0! 0(*1+0! 0(92)4+*1+0! +,! 3*/9(41-1()./!)/!0/)!7*(92().(0>!! K()1()4/! ()! 92().+! ,+! C*+)! 9+).14+4! 4(! 0(*1(! 32<,19+4+0! 4(! 3+91().(0! B2(! P+)! 014/! 1).(*:()14/0! (H1./0+-().(! 9/)! 91*2CA+! *(7*+9.1:+! ,=0(*! 3/4(-/0! 9/)014(*+*! B2(! ,+! .89)19+! +9.2+,-().(! ()! 20/! (0! 0(C2*+! ()! .8*-1)/0! 4(! 9/)0(*:+916)!4(!,+!1).(C*14+4!4(!,+0!(0.*29.2*+0!/92,+*(0!1).(*)+0>!f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gbWi$!3+*(9(!*+5/)+<,(!9/)9,21*!B2(!+B2(,,/!3+91().(0!9/)!C,+29/-+$! 88 Introducción y estado actual del tema P10./*1+!7+-1,1+*!4(,!-10-/$!+0A!9/-/!+B2(,,/0!3+91().(0!0/03(9P/0/0!4(!3+4(9(*,/$! 4(<1(*+)! 0(*! 9/)014(*+4/0! 9/)! 9+2.(,+! +! ,+! P/*+! 4(! 3*/3/)(*,(0! (0.(! .13/! 4(! 1).(*:()916)>!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 89 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "#$!%&'()*&+!,!%-'./.0! 91 Material y métodos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aterial y métodos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aterial y métodos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`#$)'!&)!).+)01,!)(! )*+),-.)#$%5!')!3),,6!(1!:B(:/(1!)#$,)!(1!3B#/(1!3%#)3$1&1!1!(1!3B.1,1!1#$),-%,!7!(1! 3%(/.#1!&)!1?/1!-.+-&-)#&%!)(!+1'%!&)(!1?/1!1(!-#$),-%,!&)(!)'+13-%!%3/(1,=!! "#!)')!.%.)#$%!(1!:B(:/(1!')!18,-6!7!(1!+,)'-6#!-#$,1%3/(1,!')!-#3,).)#$6! )#!(1!3B.1,1!1#$),-%,!&)8-&1!'/!3%#)*-6#!3%#!(1!3%(/.#1!&)!1?/1=!! >1'! .)&-&1'! &)! +,)'-6#! ;/),%#! %8$)#-&1'! /$-(-01#&%! /#! $,1#'&/3$%,! &)! +,)'-6#! ,)/$-(-018()! F! a>bVZ[V! ,)/$-(-018()! ^J! b,1#'&/3),5! J%H),! >185! `W! 95 Material y métodos K#'$,/.)#$5! Y13-#)! cKI=! R)#&%'! $/8%'! &)! '-(-3%#1! (()#%'! &)! '%(/3-6#! '1(-#1!! 3%#)3$1&%'! 1! (1'! 3B#/(1'! ')! /#-),%#! 1! (%'! $,1#'&/3$%,)'! &)! 13/),&%! 3%#! (1'! -#'$,/33-%#)'!&)(!;18,-31#$)!3%#!)(!;-#!&)!1')?/,1,!/#!12/'$)!+,)3-'%!7!(1!)*+(/'-6#! &)(!1-,)!M/)!+/&-),1!)'$1,!1$,1+1&%!&)#$,%!&)(!'-'$).1=!! "(! $,1#'&/3$%,! ')! 3%#)3$6! 1! /#! 1.+(-;-31&%,! &)! ')91(! Fa>UUV! ^,-&?)! `.+(-;-),5! `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aterial y métodos "(! 1#B(-'-'! )'$1&<'$-3%! ')! ,)1(-06! /$-(-01#&%! )(! $)'$! &)! c-(3%*%#! &)! d,1#?%'! ')91(1&%'P=!]1(%,)'!&)!+!e!V=V@!;/),%#!3%#'-&),1&%'!'-?#-;-31$-:%'=!! ! $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 97 Material y métodos !"H"#$(82()*%(5'.$**$ 39::;<=9>?@;>A;$BC$B:ADEFC9G$ AA+! ,8&0#2-! D86-7! 38! H8C9'&-! Z-'7M?#C-! A23&'80%7'&! ,&-..%&-! W%&#2$! PGBA[! \#3F!'!D-0F'2#0'7!D#0&8]-&'38C-!'26!"-C38.-0826!P'.-&*!L-&2:26-/MJ-&6-N8! OPQ! ?-%.! DGQ! Z8C:2! ODQ! R87S4'&! =*! ! A24-.3! T9F3F'7C87! J#.! B0#*! ;UU<! O'2^>X_(`+aXM<;*!! ,%ID-6!,DAW+!(<(V<Y(X*! W/,1#$)!)(!)*+),-.)#$%!')!/$-(-01,%#!%2%'!&)!3),&%!M/)!;/),%#!')+1,1&%'!)#! &%'!?,/+%'f!!?,%/+!a%,-1!7!?,/+%!K#$,1>1')=!! "#! )'$)! )*+),-.)#$%! ')! .-&-),%#! +,%'+)3$-:1.)#$)! (%'! 31.8-%'! &)! JKL! -#&/3-&%'! &)'&)! (1! 1+(-313-6#! &)(! 1#-((%! &)! '/33-6#! X1'$1! )(! ;-#1(! &)(! +1'%! &)(! .-3,%M/),1$%.%!.)3B#-3%!FaC!a%,-15!`#$%#75!g,1#3)I!%!(1!3,)13-6#!&)(!3%(?12%!#%! .)3B#-3%!$1((1&%!3%#!(1'),!&)!;).$%')?/#&%!FK#$,1>1')!Q%,+=5!K,:-#)5!Q`I=! ! J1,1! )(! ,)?-'$,%! &)! (1! +,)'-6#! -#$,1%3/(1,! )#! (1! 3B.1,1! 1#$),-%,! /$-(-01.%'! /#1! 3B#/(1! &)! CDE! FR)$! ,);f! Z[D\UC! ^W! ]1(/R)$baI! M/)! ;/)! -#'),$1&1! -#$,1)'3(),1(.)#$)!3%#!)(!;-#!&)!#%!-#$),;),-,!3%#!(1!1+(-313-6#!&)(!1#-((%!&)!'/33-6#5! 1')?/,1#&%!)#!$%&%!.%.)#$%!M/)!&/,6!)(!)*+),-.)#$%!M/)!)(!;-#1(!&)(!31$4$),!#%! X-3-),1!3%#$13$%!3%#!#-#?/#1!)'$,/3$/,1!%3/(1,=!!! ! !>1'! .)&-&1'! &)! +,)'-6#! -#$,1%3/(1,!')!%8$/:-),%#! .)&-1#$)!/#!$,1#'&/3$%,! &)!+,)'-6#!'1#?/<#)1!,)/$-(-018()!Fa>bVZ[V!Y)/'18()!^J!b,1#'&/3),5!J%H),!>185! `W! K#'$,/.)#$'! Y13-#)! cKI=! "'$)! )'! /#! ')#'%,! )*$),#%! &)! +,)'-6#! :1'3/(1,! 3%#)3$1&%! F)#! #/)'$,%! )*+),-.)#$%! 1! (1! 3B.1,1! 1#$),-%,I! 1! $,1:4'! &)! /#! 31$4$),! 98 Material y métodos (()#%!&)!'%(/3-6#!'1(-#1=!_#!$/8%!&)!'-(-3%#1!(()#%!&)!'%(/3-6#!'1(-#15!)(!3/1(!)'$181! /#-&%!1(!31$4$),5!')!3%#)3$6!1(!$,1#'&/3$%,=! ! "(! $,1#'&/3$%,! ')! +,)+1,6! &)! 13/),&%! 3%#! (1'! -#'$,/33-%#)'! &)(! ;18,-31#$)! +1,1!1')?/,1,!/#!12/'$)!+,)3-'%!7!+1,1!)*+/('1,!$%&%!)(!1-,)!&)(!'-'$).1=!`#$)'!&)! ).+)01,! )(! )*+),-.)#$%5! )(! $,1#'&/3$%,! ;/)! 3X)M/)1&%! +1,1! :),-;-31,! M/)! (1! +,)'-6#! ),1! ,)?-'$,1&1! 3%,,)3$1.)#$)=! J1,1! '/! 31(-8,13-6#5! 3%#)3$1.%'! )(! $,1#'&/3$%,! 1! /#1! 3%(/.#1! 31(-8,1&1! &)! .),3/,-%! 7! ')! 3X)M/)6! M/)! (1! +,)'-6#! +,)')#$)!)#!(1!3%(/.#1!3%-#3-&<1!3%#!(1!,)?-'$,1&1!)#!(1!P+1#$1((1P=! ! "(! $,1#'&/3$%,! ')! 3%#)3$6! 1! /#! 1.+(-;-31&%,! &)! ')91(! Fa>UUV! ^,-&?)! `.+(-;-),5! `W! K#$,/.)#$I! M/)! .%'$,181! -#'$1#$B#)1.)#$)! (1! +,)'-6#! -#$,1%3/(1,! )*-'$)#$)=!! $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 99 Material y métodos !"I"#$(82()*%(5'.$***$ 39::;<=9>?@;>A;$BC$B:ADEFC9G$ AAA+! H8C9'&#.82! 8E! Z-'7M?#C-! A23&'80%7'&! ,&-..%&-! W%&#2$! P'.-&! #2! B#3%! [-&'38C#7-%.#.! '26! b9#3F-7#'7! P'.-&! #2! ! B#3%! [-&'38C#7-%.#.! #2! ,8&0#2-! bK-.*! L-&2:26-/MJ-&6-N8! OPQ! 6-! R-2#38MP789#.! PQ! ?-%.! DG*! ! O! H'3'&'03! Z-E&'03! B%&$*! ;U(U!D'&^)a_)`+><<MX;*!!! ,%ID-6!,DAW+!;U;U;Y>X*! ! "#!)'$)!)*+),-.)#$%!(%'!%2%'!;/),%#!&-:-&-&%'!)#!&%'!?,/+%'=!"#!)(!?,/+%!&)! )+-h>`RKG5! )(! 3%(?12%! ;/)! 3,)1&%! 3%#! /#! )+-hG! )+-M/),1$%.%! Fa%,-15! `#$%#75! g,1#3)I=! ! 7! )#! )(! ?,/+%! &)! >`RKG! 3%#! /#! .-3,%M/),1$%.%! .)3B#-3%! aC! 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H! *(! $0&$(! +,0'('! '#! :(18%! #,! ($3%&! 6)+/%&I! /%)! .(,.%! *(&! 132 Discusión integradora '09#)#,10(&! '#! C>D! /+#'#,! &#)! &2*%! (.)03+0'(&! (! *(&! '09#)#,10(&! #,! *%&! (,0**%&! '#! &+1102,!H!*(&!1(3#B(&!'#!*%&!$01)%4+#)(.%$%&@!! A,!#*!6)+/%!'#!#/0N;<=>?I!'0&$0,+0$%&!#*!(E+&.#!'#!/)#&02,!'#!:(18%!'#!Zaa! $$"6!L(*.%!:(18%M!(!QWa!$$"6!L3(E%!:(18%M!'+)(,.#!#*!$%:0$0#,.%!'#!)#.)%1#&%! '#!*(!1(3#B(!'#*!$01)%4+#)(.%$%@!;(!$#'0(!'#!'0&$0,+102,!'#!C>D!/(&2!'#!_Q@aP!h! Qa!$$"6! .%! ZU@Q_! h! bT@VP!$$"6d! &0,!'09#)#,10(&!#&.('8&.01($#,.#! &06,0901(.0:(&@!! l%! 7+3%! '09#)#,10(! &06,0901(.0:(! #,! *%&! 1($30%&! '#! C>D! 7(&.(! 4+#! *(! 1(3#B(! '#*! #/04+#)(.%$%I!#,!#*!$%:0$0#,.%!'#!)#.)%1#&%I!'#E%!'#!0,'#,.()!*(!1%),#(@!A,!%.)(&! /(*(3)(&I! *(! '0&$0,+102,! '#! *(! /)#&02,! '#! :(18%! &%*(! ,%! 9+#! &+9010#,.#! 1%$%! /()(! '0&$0,+0)!*(!C>D!'#!9%)$(!&06,0901(.0:(@!! ]%$%! #,! .%'%&! *%&! #&.+'0%&! (,0$(*#&I!*%&! )#&+*.('%&!4+#! 7#$%&! %3.#,0'%&! $#'0(,.#! ,+#&.)%! $%'#*%! ,%! /+#'#,! 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""#$!%&'%()*+&',*! 135 Conclusiones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onclusiones ! S#$! C0! '(&)9):7! .,! 0@4&5,! .,! +0! *(-*0! .,! &499):7! ++0-0.0! G+(T$*09UK! ,-'+,0.0! .4/075,! ,+! '/(9,.)-),75(! G,')$CHI2JK! 7(! 5),7,! 47! ,?,95(! &)>7)?)905)E(! &(*/,! ,+! )79/,-,75(!.,!+0!123!&),-'/,!<4,!+0!90*,60!.,+!-)9/(<4,/05(-(!,&5P!)7.,7507.(! +0!9:/7,0#!! ! ! $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ! 138 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "#$%!&'(')*+,-*!,(.+-,*!/! 0'&10',2-)*!3'!4525&6! 139 Relevancia clínica y perspectivas de futuro ! "#$%!&'(')*+,-*!,(.+-,*!/! 0'&10',2-)*1!3'!4525&6! ! !! "#$%! &'(%)'! 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