TEORIAS DEL DESARROLLO A PRINCIPIOS DEL SIGLO XXI

! " #" $%%&" ! ' (
)" * !
(
"
Resumen
Sen, Amartya. “Las teorías del desarrollo a principios del siglo XXI”, Cuadernos
de Economía, v. XVII, n. 29, Bogotá, 1998, páginas ¿?-¿?.
Este artículo revisa el estado actual de las teorías del desarrollo teniendo
en cuenta la experiencia histórica y la evolución interna de la teoría desde
finales de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Aunque la comprensión del desarrollo ha
mejorado, se han hecho generalizaciones indebidas y extraído lecciones
infundadas. Sen rechaza la oposición entre Estado y mercado y entre
planificación y rentabilidad, y pone de relieve las diferencias entre dos
visiones ideales y extremas del desarrollo: la concepción BLAST, que lo
considera como un proceso cruel, de ‘sangre, sudor y lágrimas’, y la
concepción GALA, que lo considera amigable y cooperativo. Critica la idea de
que la supresión de los derechos humanos y otros ‘sacrificios’ son necesarios
en las primeras etapas del desarrollo. Muestra que el concepto de capital
humano es un avance teórico y práctico, pero aún insuficiente puesto que
concibe al ser humano como mero instrumento y no como fin en sí mismo. Y
propone una visión más profunda que acepte la importancia de la capacidad de
la población para valorar, elegir y actuar libremente; así, combinando la
acción del Estado, la función del mercado y el papel de las organizaciones
comunitarias, el desarrollo debe proporcionar a toda la población las
oportunidades necesarias para vivir dignamente y ejercer una plena libertad.
Abstract
Sen, Amartya. “Development Theory at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century”,
Cuadernos de Economía, v. XVII, n. 29, Bogotá, 1998, pages ¿?-¿?.
This article reviews the current state of development theory taking into
account the historical experience and internal evolution of the theory since
the end of the Second World War. Although understanding of development has
improved, undue generalizations have been made and unfounded lessons have been
extracted. Sen rejects the opposition between state and market and between
planning and profitability, and emphasizes the differences between two ideal
and extreme visions of development: the BLAST concept, which he considers to
be a cruel process of ‘blood, sweat and tears’, and the GALA concept, which he
considers friendly and cooperative. He critiques the idea that the suppression
of human rights and other ‘sacrifices’ are necessary in the first stages of
development. He demonstrates that the concept of human capital is a
theoretical and practical advance, but still insufficient since it conceives
of the human being as a mere instrument and not as an end in itself. He
proposes a more profound vision which accepts the importance of the capability
of the population to value, choose, and act freely; thus, combining the action
of the state, the functioning of the market, and the role of community
organizations, development should provide to the entire population the
opportunities necessary to live with dignity and exercise full freedom.
+
#,-./*#//01-+%
!
"#$%&'(
)
* + , -.
"
/
"
0
1 23 4
45 4
"
24
3 6
7 " 8
7 !" 5
7
2
3
7
9
4
7 4
4
" 5
1
7 :
" 9
4
7 — ; <
<
71
= 5
,
>
"$%?'
74
5
74
@> ;A
(
B
C 1
@> D E >
BC
1 4
4
.
1
.
1 5 1
4
2
.
13 1 @ 1
C
4
:
5
14
2
@
C3
4
4
1 @
C
2
#,-./*#//01-+%
@ 1
C F "4
0 9
- /
8
9
/ . @ C/ 1
@
5
C
@"
5
C < -
;5
,
1
G0H1
$%%IJ 6 5 / .
1 "
,
>5
:
F K
1
1
"
2
3
-!3
4$%5+$%%$6"
3 ! *
!
4$%&&7 * 4$%&%6
*4$%%860
94$%::6"
-( ;
4$%8& $%&$6 9 )
9
<
=
"
"23
F
23 )
> 2
30
L;,
7
7
1 L6 *
+F23
@
2
3
C/-
.6 * @C-
5
+ :" M@
"
C
L;
L; M "
5
! >-*
!
!?!3!
7"
*
4$55:6
?3!"+57!@"
"<"?3!"5&87"0 9 *
? ! ' ! A
9A(<
7!3!
+5
" -*
'
(
'
4*
$55:6
(
4*
$5:+AB$5%C6"
:
#,-./*#//01-+%
4 4 M 4
!
L; > L; 5
L; 4 F 2 3
5
L; 4
2 3 5 " 0 L; 4 @ C
5
2 3/ "
243 1 :
L; / :
" "4 1
5
24
3
2
3
5
2
3
!E G$%INJ A G$%IIJ L
G$%IOJ 2
3@
DG$%'#J
.
;
G$%I?J
C
2
3
1
@ "C
1
2 3 ; 4
4 -
24
3 " 1 4 ;
2
3 25 3 2 3 . E
G$%OPJ F
"
1
@
C 1 ( =
(
< D *E # E94$%:%6"
4*$%:C69
(
'
'
'
"-=(!(<'
=)
!
< = F!
' G
!
H (
4$%886 (( 4$%:C6 ) (
3
)
!
'>
)(
9
'
<) ( (" ( !
' < 3
D 9 * 4$%:$ $%:560!
4$%:B
$%:B($%5:6
0
4$%:%6!0!
*4$%5+6"
"*
4$%:+$%:B$%5$$%&C6<
'(
" ." *I 4$%8:6 ( '
D
9!
= () '
?(
(
7"
( (
( )
'J <
9 = 9
' (4*$%&2$%%86"
&
#,-./*#//01-+%
@ 2
3C 1 2
3>
2
32
3
GD $%'# ;
$%I?J F 2
3 2
3
F 5 5 "
@
5C
4 M 1 5
K
@
*4$%5&6
4$%&26*4$%&26!.4$%&5$%&&6è
*4$%&%6*4$%&%6/
4$%%+6
4$%%B6!4$%%B60
94$%%:6"
;
*4$%&2$%&8$%%C$%%+6"@(
4$%&26è*4$%&%6;
4$%%C6"
@ * 4$%&$6 4$%&&6 #I 4$%&%6 ! 4$%%B6 # 4$%%26J *
H
# 4$%%26 0 H è 4$%%86" # (
( A.
!(!4$%%26"
9
1
4
2
3
4 1
" 0 .
1
45"44
" 1
@ 2 3C ) LE * + Q G$#%'J *
5+R
"
4
1 1
2
3/ 5 21
3
0 2 3/ 1
@ C 1
1 2 3 1 4 .
1 23>
5
8
D
E
@
45
E 2 3 C/5
-
23
@C
,
! ' )
<
( '"
$C
#,-./*#//01-+%
! E "
/
B
4
>;A
1
5
@ C 4
!
!
923
2 3 4
2
3 1
D
KA 4 2 3
,
2
3
4M
<
G$%?&J
, ' D
-
/
) 9 0
4$%%B6 4$%%B6 *( 4$%%B $%%B(6
K
I 4$%%26 .
E 4$%%2 $%%2(6 0H
4$%%86" *( < )
?(
7-
/
9-4$%&%64$%%C6*4$%%86"
3
-
L
4$%%B6-
.
E4$%%26
L (
4$%%26 K
I 4$%%86 4$%%:6 ! *=
4$%%:6" '9K
4$%&C6 4$%&26.EI
4$%&:6*
!
0 I4$%&:6è*4$%&%6*4$%&%64$%%C6* 4$%%C6
4$%%86"
0(!(
'
3(
)
<
( " L( 4$%&2(6
(
!
!
'=
<
(
'
"
S4 T 7 > >
7
,
>D8
4
4
>
>
LA
= "
4 1
" "
4
1 F K
5 4
; "4 9
1
4
1
! "
> >
@(4$%%B6!4$%%B6
LIE
!
4$%%26"
4$%%26;
I4$%%26
$+
#,-./*#//01-+%
5 K4
.
-
1 4
5 @ ,
,
C/
5
@ C/ -
@:
".
>
D
>/ 1
6 >
1
'NNP
$%I#U
$%?$C
-
4 5
4
1
4
" "
,
LA
VA
' ' )
9
!)
(
<
9J(
' ' ! '" !) 3
! '
)
( ! 9 <
" L = '
)#*# !
= !(
=
=
) <
)
?= ' < '7" @ è * 4$%&%6" 9
')!(
<
)
)
"
-
4$%&26
D
BC
=L!
4$%&56 D
< +B " @ (
.
E
4$%%C6" 3 ' ( =)
'
(
<9
D
!(
9
'= (
(
?9
9*4$%&267"
-9*4$%&26
è*4$%&%6.4$%%C6G*4$%%+6;.
! 4$%%+6#.0
.4$%%26"
F 4
" K
253
1
5
4 -
4
.
D
1
4 - >
3
(9
> !(
) ( (!
3"!
'
'
( ) 9
J 9 * 4$%&$6 è * 4$%&% $%%C6" @ )
-I 4$%&+6 *I 4$%&26 .9
4$%&56 4$%&& $%%86 ;
4$%&&6 4$%%C6
è4$%%C$%%C(6/
4$%%C$%%86L4$%%C6.
E
4$%%C6*9(!4$%%C$%%:7è
4$%%86;
4$%%86"
' 9 )
3 <
' =
!( <
' = ( " , ( 93
(9
<
'
?
<
' 9 =) ( 7" ' < <
' 3 ( ( D
9?
3
79
!(
? = ) !
7" <
9 ( <
.9
' # # !( 3!
!(
($CC
9
!=
)" = !(
( < 9 = ( LE) !" 0 ) 9
< ? ' !(7 <
' 3
4* $%&2 96" $%:+ = ( 0 (' ) ( <
> M*
( = 3 ) (J ' 3 (
J D
JD
3D
'=3
(=3(J
! 3 ! N 40 $%5:
+55A&6"
$2
#,-./*#//01-+%
F
4
1
237
7
"
:
1
M !
!
- . 2 3 4 G$%O?J "
54
5
21
3
7 (U07 2
3 - *
) ' " <
( 9 <
FG F
'G *
(
!<
(
<
(
(>M
<
3
!
<
9=J!
=
!<
9
9
'("
<
3
<
'<
< 3(
( '" # 3 9
=
3<
9
=
!
()
<
((N4*
$55:
+&A%6"
,
!3
)3
<
<
'
.( *I 4$%8:6 '!
= =( =
9
)9(
'
("
( 4
"
7
1 7 1 ! 2 3 -
1
2
3
( -"
5 ,
1
/ -=D
<=*
)
3
D
(
!
J9
. 4$%&56 4$%&&6 ; O! 4$%%C6 " @ (
!4$%%86"
@*4$%5B$%&2$%&86"
-9L
!4$%8+6L4$%:+6-0
4$%5B6*4$%5B$%&C
$%&26 4$%52 $%&26 ;= 4$%5:6 ; 4$%5:6 / 4$%5:7 H 4$%556 H
4$%5&6 H
<<
4$%5&6 * E
4$%5&6 # E 4$%&C6 * 4$%&$ $%&26 * 4$%&$6/
4$%&+6.
4$%&+6.I4$%&+6*I4$%&86 E4$%&&6è
* 4$%&%6 - .( 4$%%C6 H
<<
O
! 4$%%C6 ! 4$%%B6 9 H!
4$%%B6"
$:
#,-./*#//01-+%
/
"
2
3 23
4
2
3
K 5 .
523
2
3 "
F,L
5 ;!
G$%%&'N%J
'
*4$%&C$%&86(*4$%%B6"@(
*4$%&8(6
. 4$%%:6 ( 4$%&&6 - 4$%&%6 # 4$%%C6 H
<<
O
! 4$%%C6 - .9
4$%%B6-I4$%%86-E
4$%%86
4$%%86
(
"
D
! 9
= <
9
'
<
' !!9
9
<)
D
' '
! 3 ( (
'D
'9
(
J9è*4$%&%6-.9
4$%%B6"
!"##$0
(
M
(
(N
= 3
3
D
' ' (
!"
D G$%%NJ * 7 7*
4
2
3
>
-
5
5 04
!
5
-
F
4
4
5 "5
"
,
4 2
3 !
2
3
4 5
(
1
7
4 7 23 "
W
-
23 1 -
F
G$%&OJ 1 @* +'PI
).(*!3(
<
=
<= !) *
9> MP ( ( 3!<=(
N4*!$%%B6"
@
(
4$%5+6"
*(
<
'
!9!
<
F
(
'G9*4$%5:$%5%6"
$&
#,-./*#//01-+%
"C 4 2
3
- ! .
F5
@
C
L@
C
4
L "
" 52
3
F
5
4
-
- 2
3 7 @,0(C "
F!:0 7 4
4
-
@
5 5
1
C
1
"
5 4
0
5
@O
!
4$%256-I?$%8$7 4$%826*4$%5C$%%86
'
<
=
9
!.
L;
1 1
@
-C 4
, .
""
""
-"$%58"M9
>-.<HN%
&':8"
- " 0
#"$%5B" () *
+' *<
,
9
L*<#
<
"
-
-"L
."$%%B"M
(
L
(
9N
<
. E
!L22&:"
-
-"L
.".
E"$%%2"M
(
9L
HI N,-!
$C%"
--"$%&%"%./0(1*)2#L/D<"
-*".(*"$%%8"ML(
L
L9
>9
- 9
*
ENQ*4$%%C6J
Q4$%%86"
- *"J .( *" .9
0" $%%B" M; 9 L #
> / . <
L
9L(
*9
N-!
3
'5
9
"
-
'"$%&C" )/
))
9
'
!.4$%&C6"
-."$%&%"M=
=
</
<<N3))
*8:"
-IO"$%:B"*
)
'4
9RE!
'"
-IO"$%&+"M LH;!N/56&'!76+%"
-IO"$%%8"M-<KKD
(
N4$%%86"
+C
#,-./*#//01-+%
- "J;
."JL
-"S
."$%&2"MK
# $%8&A:$N3+'
&'$C"
-E
-"$%5C"M/ 0<=
N-!
)+"
-E
-"$%%8"M#(
D
*<HN4$%%86"
0
"$%%B" )%8
/D<,
9
L/D<"
0
"$%%8"9+'&"##$/D<,
9
L9RE"
L"$%85" )3
!()"
L"$%&2"&3'#(
,
9
L9RE"
L"$%&2(" )3
!+'EI/D<"
." " $%%B" M HI N < . E
!L2B2$"
O" $%%8" M < L9 * -
> * L
/
N Q *
4$%%C6J
Q4$%%86"
O"$%%C"%*
:'# ;I"
O"J L
E L" * ." " $%%8" )
9! +' #
L/D<"
L"$%5+"++'
<"
L"$%%$" )+';;9,
9
L#(
!0"
/" " $%&+ 9 +'1 ) *0 +' <! & *
L!9RE"
"
E-"$%%&"M; N# *
94$%&&6"
"*
9""
"$%%2=6!+'
A;
-"
*" MK HI > - @
#
TN (,(M@
#
N"
"$%%&"M
- L
HI N# *
94$%&&6"
"$%%B"M*
9
9NEL
. E
!
L$$+B"
"*(."$%%B"M@
#
>;#
HI =
-
N9
'
!<
0
!"#"
" *( ." $%%B(" < ;1 () 7 0
!"#"
#" * " $%5&" ML
9
! > /(9
N - !
+'
8"
"$%%C"9.&
+'-,I
"
0" .9
0" *=
" $%%:" M=
HI 9
! #
N E
L
. E
!L$8:B"
"$%82"M*
# K0EN-!3
:+"
#I".."#IL"$%&%" )!+)
),
9
<
L0
"
#.""$%%2"3+'1<+/
E
</99#
!"#"
#.0
.?K
'
/!
7"$%%2"9+
&#.H
("
# E9*"$%:%"+'30L#(
!0"
# ;" *
9 " " " $%&&" =6 ! +' A
;-"
# EH"$%&C"M
H(0>.
(
N%'
:"
!L"$%%B"%9>7+#L/D<"
!L"0!
*"*-"$%5+"(!3
'/,9RE"
! L" . " $%&:" M=
< 0
,> N
-%:"
++
#,-./*#//01-+%
! O" *=
" $%%:" MI < E
! / > =
HI N 9
'
!<
0
!"#"
!O"*=
"$%%8"3';
+'!- "
((0"$%:C"%
()3.!"
Q " $%%8" MK
L9
-<
> * D
N Q * 4$%%C6J
Q4$%%86"
Q"$%%8"MK
L9
NQ*4$%%C6J
Q4$%%86"
Q"*-"$%&%"=3
%
#L/D<"
Q"*-"
"$%%C" )3
!=#L/D<"
Q"*-"$%%8"1
+'*
<#L/D<"
Q " * -" ;
-" $%%8" ) 3
! =1 *
#
L/D<"
U*K"J-"
'
"$%%C"*'*
1%&;
)
## "
!K"$&%+" )!)96"?@@-,I
"
K
H"$%&C"3'+'#(
!,
9
L#(
!"
K
I-"JHI
#"J;!!*"J.
E"."$%%28
+1!)
%0
/99#
!"
K
I-"M=
L9HI > *TN
#<
-('
0
$%%8"
H " (
;" $%88" M9 #
L
9
9N
,-!
:%"
H ". -""-< "$%%5" )7
/%
)+'/H
("
H
<<
."$%5&"/3'00
"
H
<<
."O
! "
"$%%C"=+')+'*
!)"##A00
"
;=0"$%5:" )3'#(
,
9
L9RE"
;
H"
"$%&&";#L/D<"
;
"$%%C"M <
(
<;!
* -
NQ*4$%&%6J
Q4$%%86"
;
I " $%%2" M
E! I HI N <
. E
!L2C::"
;"O!L"$%%C"86*
; 0L#(
!0"
;-""$%5:")/*
B%%
98.#/I"
;
-"$%8&" )*!
+'R,
9
LI;9#"
;
-"$%&$" #(
!,
9
L#(
!"
;.
! "$%%+"'=&)1 )&)3
'&)
*''*
3'9RE"
;
-"$%%8"M
NQ4$%%86"
!"$%%8"3
'0L#(
!0"
@"
""$%%:.
&!"##">CAA"#L/D<"
OEI
"$%&:"%&'3
#(
!,
9
L#(
!"
O
(!# "$%8&"
+'9RE"
O
! K"$%25";&!1
*
3));9RE"
(
;"$%85"
7
6
()9RE"
I
"$%88" ) )!
()I
;I"
AO
! ." (! ;" " $%%2" 3 +' )
'/D<,
9
L/D<"
0"9H!"$%%B"
)30
!"#"
"0
"$%:&"8!3
%+'/#L)"
+2
#,-./*#//01-+%
."$%&&"M/ 0 <
9N-!8
++"
0
9 "J 0
"J * -"J *! -"J * "J *
!
" * ." $%%:"
+'*8!)86
'D
(
'#L
/D<"
0 A! ?S!7" $%5:" 8> >1 :) 6 1 "#$D>E" * L!
E"
0!
*"$%:B"M *
.<
/
.<9N,-!
"
0!
*"$%:B("M /
#<9N,-!
55"
0!
*"$%5:"43
)>*
#L/D<"
0H
"$%%8"M9L
-
-
N-!
3
3
"
0 0"J H -" Q " M0
K
H > - A9 -
N
3+'+$"
0H"$%:2"%+1%)3'!/L
"
" (
" $%5+" M HI /(TN < . 9
RE"
E."$%8B"3!;:'EI/D<"
(0"$%&&"MK
#(
>-
L
(
N<0!*
%
3))?9
7"
(0"*-"
"$%%B" ),!!#L/D<"
/"#ED()7
/1%<>93H
("
/
*"
"$%%+"/3'#L/D<"
/
*"
"$%%8"M - K
>--N4$%%86"
LL""$%:+3
'!+'"#D">"#ED1
!3!8'
!'L
!#
<
9 "
L
"*I."
"$%%2
())*
!> +'
00
"
L!V"$%&5"M! #=< HKI
# GL9
N3
+'&'$B"
L"(
H"$%%2"M=
;<<HI TN%
&'&2"
L
!-"$%8+" )
!9!
'00
"
L " $%%8" M K #
-<
> - #
9 * -
N Q * 4$%%C6J
Q4$%%86"
L,"$%%C"=+'&"##AL,9RE"
L,"$%%8"=+'&"##$L,9RE"
LIE
-" !
K" $%%2" M 9N (,(M@
#
N"
."$%%8"M-L-
A;!*!
> D
NQ*
4$%%C6J
Q4$%%86"
.K"$%+&"M-0 <*9
!N
-B&"
.
H"$%&+"M
(
HI > !
!<KIEN *
)%
-
L9RE"
.9
0"$%&5"86;#L/D<"
.I"$%5$"% )!-
;9,
9
L#(
!0 "
.I"$%&+"M*
,
L
HN*-"
"
:7
#(
!,
9
L#(
!"
.
E
#"$%%8"MK
!# > D
$%2%NQ*4$%%C6J
Q
4$%%86"
.
E " $%%2" MO
! O! 0 H
> E -
0
N !
3
&
)
L%22"
.
E " $%%2(" M L
.< 9
! #
> - .9
I < .
9
N *
94$%%26"
+:
#,-./*#//01-+%
. " $%&+" % ( ) ! 0 ;9 ,
9
L #(
!
0"
."$%%:" )!+'-
;9,
9
L#(
!0"
.L"$%&5"MHI !.*
N%
&'55"
."
"$%&C"%1 )/
))
/D<,
9
L/D<"
* "$%%C"MHI L9>*<
NQ*4$%&%6"
*L"$%25";!
%;9,
9
L#(
!0"
* "$%:+"M.<
9
0N-!3
5C
* "$%:B" )
4!
#(
,
9
L9RE"
* "$%5$"'=KL9RE"
* "$%&C"'3,
9
<#
<
L*K
"
* "$%&$"
!3-
A9RE"
*-"$%:C")
! )EI/D<"
*-"$%:$"M//
! .<*9
!N
-5$J
*4$%&26"
*-"$%:5"M
- *
.<
N,-!
&$
*4$%&26"
* -" $%5C" ' )
*
9! ;A * K
J A
;-$%5%"
*-"$%5B"M/ 9<
* HL0N:
/
7!%);+2"
*-"$%5:"M.
N&'!
*2B"
*-"$%5%"M <
<.#
N-!
$5"
*-"$%&C"M=
< TN*"00
=4#(
!
,
9
L#(
!"
*-"$%&$"3';1%+'#L/D<"
* -" $%&2" &
4 +' EI /D<J ;9 ,
9
L
#(
!0"
*-"$%&8"MA
!-!K> I$%&2N-!3))&+"
*-"$%&8(" A;-"
*-"$%%C"MH#
9#<
N
E4$%%C6"
*-"$%%+"M0
!N7)8
-BC2"
*-"$%%8"M.
*
# N%
&'&8"
*H"JH
-"# "
"$%%2"33
&
1=)
&);9,
9
L#(
!0"
*
-" $%58" ) ) ! 8 * ?
' 9
7J $52C (
. "0<
-"/D<
#L"
*
-" $%5:" % ) / ! ) 9) ! / $55: (
#(."*E
-"
#L/D<"
*
-" $%5&" -
$5:+A:B (
" 0E ."
. "*
L"
#L/D<"
*I."$%8:"M-#
(
<
HI N,-!
5C"
*I."$%&2"M.
9
9
TN3&'8$"
*
9""$%%2"M;9>-IL
!.
9
< TN%
&'&2"
*"$%&%"W <9>-*9W
-%%"
*IK"$%&8"7
/+' ;E
"
*
!
"$%&&"W
/!
<
9W# *
94$%&&6"
*
!
" 0 I K" $%&:" / +' ) % ! 86 *
00
"
*L"$%&$"+'3
'00
"
+&
#,-./*#//01-+%
*L"$%5&"W
>*,P
W9+':"
*L"9*"$%5&"W
>*W9+':"
*L"9*";=0";
E"*IK"$%&$"; );187
/
+'/D<,
9
L9RE"
*!."$%%B"W<.#(
>-.9
I<=
.D
(-
*W-!
B$"
* O" $%&B" & )
' +
*
9! #(
! ,
9
L#(
!"
*O"$%%8"9!#L/D<"
*9(!L"$%%C"W,
*(A* -<
>-#
-< 9
WQ
*4$%&%6"
(!"$%8:"W /
.<*9
!W
-::"
(!"$%8&" )+!+' ;E
L
0"
E"
"$%%C"3/D<,
9
L9RE"
."$%%C"(')861
))&!)('%
L
,
9
LL
"