El Universo en expansión (2): materia oscura y energía

!
" # $%&
'
"(!
)
$**'
+
(
)
,
-!
).
+
/
# 012!!
)
#+
3
3
(
2!!
0# 4
55
#
3
0
6 (
$
'
5)
7
6 )
# 8
0
# 0
# 9
;,;6<=07=>0?6;
7
)
$):(
'
;,;6<=07=>0?6;
7
)
$):(
'
5
@
9
)
!!
5
@AB$
/')
)
# ;,;6<=07=>0?6;
7
)
$):(
'
-!
)
#
/
-C.
/
-6
/
D7
# 9
.
D6
!
)
9
, !
( ! !
D,
-).(
)
$'5/
, )
( =
1
(EF%FGH6
6 -!
)
(
/
7
(
!3
3
9
5
!
)
!3
6=
1
7 9
5 )
6 -!
)
(
/
7
(
09
5 4 3
4
5
9
6=
1
7 9
5 9
5
9
5
G
mM
r
2
mv
r
2
6 -!
)
(
/
7
(
09
5 4 3
4
5
9
5
6=
1
7 9
( M
v G
r
6 -!
)
(
/
7
(
09
5 4 3
4
>
6=
1
7 9
( M
v G
r
6 -!
)
(
/
7
(
09
5 4 3
4
>
6=
1
,
!3
!
!3
!
r 2
M v
G
#4 . $
!3
('
M
v G
r
+4 # + II
J2( $2' $' )
8 !"
#$!
D
9#(!
!(99
D6
!
)
9
, !
( ! !
D, (
=
1
$(
'
#
7 !
5 # K
!3
#
(EF%FGH6
7 # +
)
$!
4
LMN'
$*LMO4LO%'
0 !
# ( !
$ 3
4
'
$!4*4*
4
6LOP'
(EF%FGH6
7#
+
AB
9.
7 !
*'
#
2(
+
)
$'
%
&''()
()
0
8
0S
#
J7
# !
)
8
5Q1:(R
%N&&
J2( $2' $' )
8 !"
#$!
6)
S
+4 7
?
)
5
9
75
!3
(
A
B
#7
3
S
#
A
B
!
0
5
0
+ #!," $"+#
7
?
)
5
9
0
$9
'S +
!3
5
0
#(
!
%TON$26'
7
!.
A
B
A
B
0
+
#
3 9
)
55
$
, !
$'
/
.
7
!.
A
B
A
B
0
+
#
3 9
)
55
,
!
9
#
!"#$!
0 2!!
4
9 A9
B
,
5(U$%NTV'
!
#
..
EMW
69
$5' ABPFFFFF
.
**
$J0
**8'
4
9 A9
B
7 .
;*0
$%NON' )
0# 9
3
4
9 A9
B
0 .
U, 9 J0
8
>
.
8
$$
D
99
9
9#
!
99
(
2$
'!
!(
$
'
:
$9
'
$012&
2''3
(EF%FGH6
4
9 A9
B
0 .
U, 9 J0
8
>
.
8
0A
B
(
!
9)
)
$):(
'9
PX
4+
/5.006
)
7
-C.
/
;$
!!
5'
0!
$
'
$
'
=
$'
)
-C.
/
)
-C.
!
/
;$
!!
5'
0!
$
'
$
'
=
$'
-,
)
$ )
5'/
,
4
49(9
# 6
!
**4)
!
$2
474
'
-,
/
7
9
6
$ !
9
'
J08
-C.
/
=
!!
5$
ABG '
=
$
!
(
#
'
=
.
6!
+(
-,
)
$ )
5'/
,
4
49(9
# 6
!
**4)
!
$2
474
'
J0
)
8
-C.
/
=
!!
5$
ABG '
=
$
!
(
#
'
=
.
6!
+(
-,
)
$ )
5'/
,
4
49(9
# 6
!
**4)
!
$2
474
'
J0
)
8
7
2(R%PFFF
R&W
,
)!
.
8
)
$):4
'
/
6 S
7
,
)!
.
2(R%PFFF
R&W
!
# 4
(
(/
) 0
6
6 S
7
,
)!
.
2(R%PFFF
R&W
!
# 4
(
(/
) 0
6
6 S
)
9:
7
,
)!
.
2(R%PFFF
R&W
!
# 4
(
(/
) 0
6
6 S
)
9:
4;8)
)
7
<5))="8>
D
0+
,0
!
9 D
.
D
.!
D
9
@
?
0 Y
++
<5))="8>
D
0+
,0
!
9 D
.
D
.!
D
9
@
?
0 Y
++
0
D=
D
D
.!
0 9
.
7!
9
9
7#
9
(
6A
=B
;
3
9 (
7
A
B4
9
4
+(
)
9
!
!
+
)
7 !
;
)
=0>Z6++
0+
=
,
D6 D
0#
D#
D0
6 @
)
9
$!'!$9
'
,
#
+
7 .+
!
(
0#
0
+
P
$
4 )
'
=
, 3
4 3 S
$'
0#
0
+
P
$
4 )
'
=
, 3
4 3 S
$'
,
!3
!
7
0+ + 7 +
!. 0#
0
+
P
$
4 )
'
=
7
0+ + 7 +
!. -
/=
=
+, ;?#"$ + + 0+ , # 5 !
@
#
6 0#
$
+
P
'
0
%$$7
2
'
0
72
)
$)5+
!.
'
7#
+
AB
9.
7 !
*'
#
J0 8
- /@A#<B#B"!$ #
, A5B . $( .
'
- /@A#<B#B"!$ #
, A5B . $( .
'
>7+
[:
\V×%FGEPG&
7 \&FF:G%
J #
&' ''' ''' ''' $'
8
,
- /@A#<B#B"!$ #
,
6 ! 7 S
( 5
0 # !
5
S
!)
- /@A#<B#B"!$ #
,
6 ! 0
5
S
0
5
5
7 # ?0 !
!
9
9
@
7 !
64 )
5 5
#
!
AB . , )
]
# !
(
7 ! BC"@! -
&' D
4 )
!
EFFF
6 !4 !
9
# EFFO
0 )
# )
)
J2
!3
(8
7
# A!B9
(
0
4
^
6
5
=647!6!
+
9
0 )
# )
)
J2
!3
(8
7
# A!B9
(
0!3
#
A B$ 3,)
'
=647!6!
+
9
# ! 4
.(
;,,4
64 6 4
# ! 4
.(
46$'
?;60*4 7!
6!
+
9
; !@A#<B#"+B"!$ #
7 ( )
$)
'
=
$5'
# @
?(
$ ('
; !@A#<B#"+B"!$ #
7 ( )
$)
'
=
$5'
0
#
;
#
; !@A#<B#"+B"!$ #
7 ( )
$)
'
=
$5'
6
J
8
7 ) 4)
( =
, 3
4 =?06
+
0 )
5 $ :'
7
:
A3B
0 )
5 $ :'
; 3
0*04 + $ :
!3 '
; 3
0*04 + $ :
!3 '
7 ) + .
, 3
4 $;!
?)
'
;
.
,07
)
)
)D
Q5 7! 6!
+
9
$04=&E4?;60*4=6'
9
9
0
0$4'
+
2
$
4]0G06;'
,.
>
$
4W&=
'
)
)D
(9++
+
*
2
)
)D
$
7( A;6?;B(S06;=;;
,
# =0>Z6
7 00? # (
9