Sinonasal Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: a Case Report and

Int. J. Odontostomat.,
5(3):304-308, 2011.
Sinonasal Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma:
a Case Report and Literature Review
Carcinoma Mucoepidermoide Nasosinusal: Reporte de Caso y Revisión de la Literatura
Ilson Sepúlveda*; Loreto Spencer** & Enrique Platin***
SEPÚLVEDA, I.; SPENCER, L. & PLATIN, E. Sinonasal Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: a case report and literature review.
Int. J. Odontostomat., 5(3):304-308, 2011.
SUMMARY: We report on a patient who presented at our clinic with a growth of the right palate of twenty years
duration. A biopsy of the area was performed and the lesion was diagnosed as low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma
(MEC). Due to the size of the tumor, it was decided to begin treatment with radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy. Once the
initial treatment was completed, the lesion was reevaluated and surgery followed by reconstruction was recommended. The
Patient rejected the recommended treatment and opted to enrolled in a pain management, palliative care program.
KEY WORDS: mucoepidermoid, carcinoma, Computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging, tumor
sinonasal.
INTRODUCTION
Malignant neoplasms of the salivary glands are
very rare, representing 0.3% of head and neck
malignant tumors (Ghosh-Laskar et al., 2011).
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (MEC) is the most
common malignancy of salivary gland tumors, occurring
most frequently in the major salivary glands,
predominantly the parotid gland (Giger et al., 2005).
Stewart, Foote and Becker in 1945 first described
the histological features of MEC. They reported on 45
salivary gland tumor cases, made up of mucosecretory
cell, squamous cells and basal cells or intermediate
stratum cells. (Gallager et al., 1959). After comparing
the morphological features of MEC with other chronic
inflammatory non-neoplastic lesions of the salivary
glands it was theorized that these cells originated in
the ductal system (Foschini et al., 2002).
MEC usually occurs in the head and neck region
but it has been reported in other anatomical regions;
for example, distant glandular structures and unlikely
sites such as the anal region, esophagus and
tracheobronchial mucosa. The latter is extremely rare,
*
corresponding to only 0.1- 0.2% of malignant lung
lesions. The lesions often present radiographically as
a solitary nodule or mass with or without post
obstructive pneumonia or atelectasis (Gallager et al.;
Magliulo & Appiani, 2010; Kim et al., 1999).
Occurrence of MEC in other areas of the head
and neck such as the thyroid gland is extremely rare.
It is predominant in females and presents as two
entities: Typical MEC and Sclerotic MEC with
Eosinophilia. Cases of MEC have been reported in
the middle ear and mastoid region, where the presence
of salivary gland tissues is deemed controversial. Only
5 cases of parotid MEC have been reported in the main
excretory duct, where they can be easily confused with
minor salivary glands of the oral mucosa or accessory
parotid gland (Giger et al., 2005; Davies et al., 2005;
Gupta & Kaluskar, 2003).
Histologically, the proportion of the 3 cellular
types helps to define and grade the tumor. High-grade
tumors are poorly differentiated, and consist
predominantly of intermediate and squamous cells with
Oral, Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Radiologist. Department of Ear; Head and Neck Cancer Committe, ENT Service, Hospital Regional de
Concepción, Concepción. Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Universidad de Concepción, School of Dentistry, Concepción, Chile.
**
Physician Pathologist, Pathology Department, Hospital Regional de Concepción, Chile
***
Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, USA.
304
SEPÚLVEDA, I.; SPENCER, L. & PLATIN, E. Sinonasal Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: a case report and literature review. Int. J. Odontostomat., 5(3):304-308, 2011.
polymorphism, high mitotic activity and necrosis. Lowgrade tumors are highly differentiated, and consist
predominantly of muco-secretory cells, with minimal
atypia and cystic formation. Intermediate grade lesions
consist of a mixture of both cell types (squamous and
muco-secretory) (Magliulo & Appiani; Emerick et al.,
2007). The histological subdivision of MEC includes high,
intermediate and low-grades, and is highly correlated
to the prognostic outcome (Guzzo et al., 2002).
When an infiltrative neoplasm is suspected, MRI
(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) with or without
intravenous contrast should be performed. MRI has a
high sensitivity in determining the extent of the tumor’s
infiltration pattern, and perineural invasion to the skull
base and meningeal membranes (Yousem et al., 2000).
Some investigators have suggested that lowgrade MEC with favorable clinical staging (T1 or T2;
N0) can be treated surgically. Surgery and radiotherapy
is recommended for high-grade MEC. The treatment
is controversial for intermediate MEC; therefore, there
is no consensus for treating intermediate MEC. The 5year survival rate is 92% for low-grade MEC and 63%
for high grade MEC (April et al., 1997). Early cases of
MEC involving minor salivary glands have a survival
rate of 78,6% for low-grade and only 50% for highgrade. The recurrence rate in low grade MEC is very
low, unlike for intermediate and high-grade MEC where
it reaches 30% and 70% respectively (Rosdeutscher
& Burnette, 2003; Ghosh-Laskar et al.).
CLINICAL CASE
A 61-year-old male patient presented with a
growth of the right palatal region allegedly occurring
over the last twenty years. A biopsy was performed,
revealing clear cells forming tubules and welldifferentiated squamous cell with low atypia. (Fig. 1A).
Immunohistochemistry studies of Vimentin and p63
were both positive (Figs. 1B and 1C). It was concluded
that both fibrous and bone tissue were infiltrated by
Low-Grade MEC. The head and neck cancer board
evaluated the results, and recommended treating the
patient with radiation therapy and chemotherapy with
re-evaluation after these initial treatments.
Once the treatment was completed, a CT
(Computed Tomography) scan of the head, neck and
thorax was performed using intravenous contrast. The
images demonstrated a poorly differentiated
Fig. 1. A: Hematoxyylin & Eosin Stain tintion: squamous with
low atipia. B: Vimentin positive. C: P63 positive.
heterogeneous mass invading the lateral, medial and
inferior maxillary sinus walls. The presence of multiple
bone fragments suggested destruction of the adjacent
bone. (Fig. 2) Adenopathy in the right carotid space
was also noted. Uniform enhancement of the mass
305
SEPÚLVEDA, I.; SPENCER, L. & PLATIN, E. Sinonasal Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: a case report and literature review. Int. J. Odontostomat., 5(3):304-308, 2011.
Fig. 3. CT Soft tissues windows CT depicting nasal and palatal
involvement.
Fig. 2. CT with Bone windows revealing infiltration of lateral,
inferior and posterior walls of the right maxillary sinus.
following iodinated contrast media injection suggested
involvement of the orbital region. (Figs. 3 and 4) The
CT of the thorax was normal.
T2 weighted MRI images display a uniform mass
with high intensity signal; hyper-intense areas are
suggestive of cystic or necrotic regions. (Figs. 5 and 6)
The post contrast T1 weighted images display a welldifferentiated hetero-geneous mass with well-defined
borders within the lesion. There is invasion into the right
orbital cavity with extraconal fat infiltration; however,
the inferior rectus muscle remains intact. The axial
slices demonstrate the medial insertion of the lateral
pterygoid muscle. The coronal slices show infiltration
of the alveolar bone and hard palate including the nasal septum (Figs. 7 and 8).
Surgical removal of the tumor with reconstruction
was recommended but the patient declined and instead
opted to enroll in a pain management and palliative care
program.
In conclusion, Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma is the
most common malignant salivary gland tumor and
306
Fig. 4. Post contrast CT showing uniform enhancement and
orbital involvement.
SEPÚLVEDA, I.; SPENCER, L. & PLATIN, E. Sinonasal Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: a case report and literature review. Int. J. Odontostomat., 5(3):304-308, 2011.
Fig. 5. T2 weighted MRI image showing many hyperintense
areas suggestive of cystic or necrotic areas.
Fig. 7. T1FSGD MRI reveals uniform enhancement
enhancement, with medial insertion infiltration to the lateral pterygoid muscle.
Fig. 6. T2 weighted showing a hyperintense signal in the right
mastoid cells. This is an accumulation of secretions due to
poor or blocked drainage
Fig. 8. T1FSGD MRI reveals extraconal fat infiltration,
without inferior rectus muscle involvement.
307
SEPÚLVEDA, I.; SPENCER, L. & PLATIN, E. Sinonasal Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: a case report and literature review. Int. J. Odontostomat., 5(3):304-308, 2011.
occurs most frequently in the major salivary glands.
MEC´s are hisotopathologically subdivided into low,
intermediate and high-grade tumors. Its histopathology
is highly correlated to the diagnostic outcome. Diagnostic
workup should include MRI imaging, with or without
intravenous contrast since MRI imaging is highly sensitive
indetermining the borders and infiltration patterns, as well
as perineural invasion to the skull base and meningeal
layers. The standard treatment for low-grade MEC with
clinic stage (T1 or T2; N0) is surgical excision. For highgrade tumors, surgery and radiotherapy is recommended.
The cure rate after treatment for MEC with minor salivary
gland involvement as presented in this case, is 78,6%
for low-grade MEC and 50% for high-grade MEC.
SEPÚLVEDA, I.; SPENCER, L. & PLATIN, E. Carcinoma mucoepidermoide nasosinusal: reporte de un caso y revisión de
la literatura.Int. J. Odontostomat., 5(3):304-308, 2011.
RESUMEN: Reportamos sobre un paciente que se presentó con un crecimiento del paladar derecho de veinte años
de evolución. Se realizó una biopsia del área y se diagnosticó la lesión como carcinoma mucoepidermoide (MEC) bajo
grado. Debido al tamaño del tumor, se decidió comenzar el tratamiento con radioterapia seguida de quimioterapia. Una vez
que el tratamiento inicial se completó, la lesión fue reevaluada y se recomendo la cirugía seguida de reconstrucción. El
paciente rechazó el tratamiento recomendado y optó por seguir un tratamiento de manejo del dolor, programa de cuidados
paliativos.
PALABRAS CLAVE: mucoepidermoide, carcinoma, tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética, tumor
sinusal.
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Correspondence to:
Dr. Ilson Sepúlveda Aguilar
Diagnostic Department, Radiology Area
School of Dentistry, Universidad de Concepción
Avda. Roosevelt 1550
Concepción
CHILE
Email: [email protected]
Received: 07-09-2011
Accepted: 17-10-2011