Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie

A Short History of the
Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie
Magyar Királyi Csendőrség
Gabriel vitéz Kiss
Magyar Királyi Csendőr Főhadnagy
The Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie
I. Preliminaries
Austrian Gendarmerie in Hungary
In 1849, Hungary lost its War of Independence against Austria. The country was guided by
Imperial Orders, one of them establishing a law enforcement body called the Gendarmerie of the
Austrian Empire. It consisted of sixteen gendarme regiments, of which five were stationed in the
territory of Hungary. Its main duty was to control the public and, “checking of every popular
movement in Hungary.” The official language for the regiments was German, their personnel recruited
from Austrians and Czechs. The force was organized along strict military lines. All orders were given
by the central government of Vienna through its Minister of Defense and Interior with the knowledge
of the Inspector General of the Gendarmerie20.
After seventeen years of absolution “with the wise and patient leadership of Francis Deák, the
Compromise of 1867 reestablished a parliamentary government not only in Hungary but in Austria as
well. It assured Hungary’s constitutional independence involving public law and autonomy.’21
Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie in Transylvania
At the Compromise’s disposition the Austrian Regiments in Hungary were dissolved except for
the ones in Transylvanian. The subordinates were divided between Austria and Hungary. The
selection, training, discipline, and other military matters came under the authority of the Austrian
Minister of Defense, the police service of Hungary came under the Minister of Interior. The Hungarian
Parliament made yearly objections against this incomplete solution. Where upon Emperor King Franz
Joseph in 1876 relinquished the Transylvanian Gendarmerie to the Hungarian Parliament, which
changed its name and official language to Hungarian. At the same time he transferred Louis Schatz, a
loyal Austrian gendarme lieutenant colonel, to chief administrator of the gendarme section of the
Ministry of Defense at Budapest.22
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II. Establishment
Law of 1881, III
Since the old type of decentralized County Po1ice, similar to the Sheriff’s Department in the
United States, were not able to keep law and order in Hungary, the Hungarian government decided to
establish a gendarme corp. for the whole country, including the Transylvanian Gendarmerie.
For the preparation of establishing the law and Service Regulations of a Hungarian
Gendarmerie, the government authorized at the Ministry of Defense Louis Schatz and Louis
Jekelfalussy, who represented the Minister of Interior. The bill was passed by the Parliament, and
became the law of 1881 III. Step by step the new Hungarian Gendarmerie took over its duties of the
countryside.
The recruitment, training and initiation of the police work for the new districts was made by
the commandant of the Transylvanian Gendarmerie, Franz Török, who had nine years of police
administrative experience at the Austrian Gendarmerie.23
Organization and Administration
The organization of five districts and an additional three others established by the Law of 1905
VII, followed the pattern of the Transylvania Gendarmerie. Each had a gendarme colonel or lieutenant
colonel as commandant. Under him were two or three wings, each covered the territory of two or three
counties. Under the wing commandant were two or three squadrons each having fourteen to eighteen
gendarme posts. In 1925 the wings were renamed to sections, and the squadrons to wings. This
organization was to remain unvaried until the end of World War II. The posts were the real law
enforcement units, spread all over the country, their men patrolled in pairs day and night their assigned
territories. Their duties were threefold: a) patrolling on foot or horseback to talk with people and to
supervise convicted criminals; b) taking care of the courts, district attorneys’, and county officials’
legal requests connected with law and order; and c) investigate the crimes which they observed,
ordered by the post leader or reported to them by the local population. It was prohibited for patrols to
enter restaurants, bars, hotels, or private homes without an official order or invitation by the owner to
prevent crimes or secure evidence. Everyone had a legal right to lodge a complaint against the
behavior of gendarmes, therefore, they were obligated by the law to show their ID’s, or tell their names
and location of their post if requested .24 Between 1939 and 1941, some of neighboring territories, that
were overwhelmingly Hungarian, were returned to Hungary. As a consequence the number of
gendarme districts increased from nine to ten.
3
The jurisdiction of the Gendarmes was to enforce the laws in the countryside, like the Sheriff’s
Department in the United States. In cities the law enforcement was conducted first by the City Police
and later by the recently established centralized State Police forces.
Contract Law Enforcement. The Law of 1882 X authorized the Minister of Interior to make
contracts with those cities, which wanted to enforce the laws and administrative regulations with the
Gendarmerie. By 1886, sixteen cities had changed by contracts their own police to the gendarme
system.
Selection. The Directives of Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie of 1881, was the first, which
prescribed the requirements for admission of gendarmes (NCO’s) into the institution. The person who
volunteered to the corp. must be: a Hungarian citizen; between the age of 20:40; unmarried or divorced
without children; a minimum of 163 cm high; have a very good knowledge of the Hungarian language,
reading, writing and arithmetic; excellent character; and perfect mental and physical health.25 The
Organizational and Service Regulations of 1941 followed the above mentioned requirements, but
added 6-8 years of formal education and must be loyal to the country. At the beginning the selected
men were on probation for six months. This time was spent on special education and training first at
the wing and later at the district headquarters. At the end of the probationary period, the gendarmes
had to pass the final examinations to be a permanent member of the corp. They signed an obligation
for three years of service, which was renewable yearly.
Training. In 1909 the government organized a special school for the instruction and training of
the new gendarmes. The school was located at Nagyvárad, where the new building had 15 classrooms,
45 dormitories, officer and gendarme dining rooms, a cafeteria, a barbershop, a bowling alley, etc.
(After World War II, Rumania was reinstated into its possession of the largest Hungarian gendarme
school.) The gendarme officers were educated at the new building of the Gendarmerie on Böszörményi
Street, which was built in 1901 when the Parliament passed the Law of 1899 XXIX. The Instruction
period was six months, which was raised in the early thirties to twelve months.
Housing. The unmarried members of the gendarme posts lived at their headquarters, and the
students of schools at dormitories. Everywhere there were kitchen facilities and cooks, the cost of
meals were paid by the gendarmes themselves,26
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Pension. The officers and gendarmes had a good pension system. After ten years in service it
was 40% of their salary, which grew by 2% with each year of additional service.
Superintendent. In 1894, the King appointed Ferenc Török to be the first superintendent of the
Hungarian Gendarmerie.
Gendarme Section at the Ministry of Interior. For central services and identical management of
law enforcement, in 1904 a gendarme section was established within the Ministry of Interior. Its first
head was gendarme colonel Paul Kosztka. The authority and responsibility of the section was regulated
by ministerial orders.
5
III. ERA of Revolutions
Heavy Tribulations
Around the turn of the century, some units of the Gendarmerie got a few unfortunate duties,
when the civil administrators, instead of remedying the problems, sent units of gendarmes, state police
and/or army to confront striking workers on the Great Hungarian Plain, and unhappy voters at the city
of Élesd. Unfortunately, the gendarmes had no authority to refuse the execution of the administrative
orders27 which made a bad impression of the gendarmerie on the population.
In 1912, a larger unit of Gendarmerie was transported to Budapest to back up the State Police
against turbulent and violent crowds,
Besides these services, in 1893 the gendarmes helped the health authorities to stop the cholera
epidemic. During the first decade of 1900 they rescued individuals from flooded areas, where Gyula
Csiszár alone saved twenty seven lives. At conflagrations they helped in fire—fighting and rescued
persons who were trapped in the burning thatched houses. Between 1908 and 1918 the King and the
Hungarian administration distributed 575 decorations to those who endangered their life in rescue
operations.28
Gendarmeries in the First World War
From l867 law and order was maintained for the Hungarian Armed Forces through the
“regimental gendarmes”. Its members were selected from and trained by the Army Regiments. At the
request of the Minister of Defense, from 1894 the Hungarian Gendarmerie had to transfer for the
length of wars 9 officers, 129 foot and 204 mounted gendarmes for military police duties. This
contingent was raised throughout the First World War, which paralyzed the upholding of law and order
in the country.29
On June 10, 1914, the heir to the crown of the Monarchy and his wife were killed by a Serbian
student. A month later, the First World War was started. When in 1915 the Austrian Hungarian Army
occupied Serbia, Hungarian gendarme units were transferred there for public safety services, staying
there until the end of 1918
When the Russian Forces reached the territory of Hungary the Spring of 1915, and Italy
declared war on the Monarchy in the same year, the general staff had to utilize more gendarmes for
“Military Gendarme” (police) services. Consequently, the manpower of the Gendarmerie in Hungary
decreased greatly. The shortage was replaced by soldiers belonging to the secondary reserve. These
6
men, without any law enforcement training, were not able to give much help to the Gendarmerie. In
addition to regular duties, the administration issued a lot of new decrees in connection with the
changing war situation, which made a larger workload for the Gendarmerie. The Corps, for example,
had to take care of different language-speaking refugees who escaped from the war zones, to supervise
the quarters, employment and behavior of the great number of war prisoners,30 to control wandering
gypsies; to prevent the evasion of wartime fixed prices; to check the compulsory delivery of church
bells for military purposes, etc.
As a consequence of the shortage of trained gendarmes, the main cities did not have
sufficient peace-keeping forces for revolting, or revolutionary situations. Budapest, for example, had
stationed only one gendarme company, which was filled mostly with untrained secondary reserve
soldiers. The manpower of the State Police was no better.
October Revolution
During the year of 1918, on the front lines communist-oriented agents incited against the
continuation of fighting and on October 26th, the Emperor-King asked armistice for his countries.
These facts disorganized the military lines, and many officers and soldiers deserted their positions.
Hungarian soldiers in large numbers went to Budapest, where on October 31 a revolution erupted. The
first three days were purely military actions with the workers later taking over the leadership.31
On the evening of October 31, the Prime Minister, István Tisza’s guards were disarmed, and he
was killed by a group of ten solders. Its leader was Captain István Csernyák. His group
consisted of one first lieutenant, two ensigns, three leathernecks, and three reserve soldiers.32
For pacification of the Revolution, the King appointed gróf Mihály Károlyi of the Social
Democratic Party as Premier of Hungary. The Gendarmerie remained neutral and continued its duties.
The Károlyi regime hired sixty-four candidates who went to gendarme school, graduated and were
employed in March, 19l9.
Hungarian Soviet Republic
After a month of struggle, on March 19, the social democrats and communists reached an
agreement to fuse, the two parties and assumed power. They established a Revolutionary Council, and
its President, Béla Kun, started to build up a Soviet Republic with his forty-five member commissars.
For defending the country, the new regime established the “Red Army,” and for keeping law and order,
the “Red Guard.”
The first order of the Interior Department of the People’s Commissars was to put the previous
7
police organizations into reserve position, and established a political commission to select for reenlisting, from them experienced officers and men.34 According to private information they also
organized a gendarme battalion near the city of Kecskemét, but a couple of weeks later it was disarmed
by the political police as unreliable. (Later, its members had to prove their political loyalty before they
were reassigned in the National Army, Gendarmerie, or Police.)
The Red Army had a political section also, its commandant, Joseph Cserny, studied the
methods of political police in the Soviet Union. His ‘Lenin Boys’ arrested Oscar Fery gendarme
general, John Nelinka and Alexander Borhy gendarme lieutenant-colonels, and two days later hung
them on the pipes of the sewers system of their headquarters’ basement. The same night, on July 21,
1919, they threw their bodies into the Danube.35
On March 26, 1919, the Revolutionary Council with its No. IV statute, established
Revolutionary Military Tribunals. Their members, without any qualifications, could arrest, judge,
hang, or execute anyone who violated the Revolutionary Council orders or were an “enemy of the
proletariat.” The Tribunals could hold trials anywhere and anytime without any further investigation.
Appeal was not possible, and they executed the decisions immediately. The most ruthless leader of the
Eastern tribunal was Tibor Szamuely for whom, after the collapse of the communist regime, the
Austrian government denied the right of political asylum. When he tried to escape into Austria under a
pseudonym, the Austrian gendarme attempted to arrest him, but he committed suicide. He was buried
at the village of Savanyúkút. He was made a national hero of communist Hungary.36
Gendarme Victims
Based on official reports and court judgments, Dr. Albert Váry listed 590 persons who were
killed or executed by the communist regime, which lasted 133 days. Among them were twenty-seven
gendarmes: one lieutenant-general, two lieutenant-colonels, one captain, one first lieutenant, six
warrant officers, four post leaders, eleven sergeants, and one gendarme. Váry stated that his list is not
complete, because he was not able to discover how many persons were killed within the Red Army and
in the separated territories of Hungary, or died as a consequence of heavy tortures.37
Counter Revolution
As the political terror of the ”Lenin Boys” and the Revolutionary Tribunal increased, the
opposition also grew. Those, whose life or interests were endangered, tried to seek protection, or left
the communist dominated areas of Hungary. During the month of May 1919, these individuals joined
together in the city of Szeged and under the protection of the occupying forces of the French army,
8
established a rival government for overthrowing the communist regime of Hungary. Julius Károlyi
became the Prime Minister, Admiral Nicholas Horthy Minister of Defense, and Tibor Eckhardt the first
undersecretary.38 The military and gendarme personnel joined the national movement in large numbers.
The communist regime collapsed after 133 days due to its faulted foreign policy and internal
opposition. Its leaders fled to Austria.
White Terror
The large scale volunteering of Army officers to the Hungarian National movement gave birth
to the establishment of independent officer’s detachments. They first joined for the higher prestige,
later because of the limitation of the manpower of the Army by the peace-treaty. They formed
“gendarme battalions,” like the “Prónay-, Héjjas-, Ostenburg Gendarme Reserve Batallion” and
“Technical University Gendarme Battalion.” Their organization and discipline were so loose, that they
were able to take revenge for communist atrocities. The behavior of some detachments did more
damage than good, their brutality produced foreign propaganda against Hungary and postponed the
reestablishment of the inner order and balance of the country.39 Others, because a larger number of
Jewish persons joined the Peoples’ Commissars, took sides with anti-Semitists. “A great part of the
assimilated Jewry however preserved its loyalty to the country, some of them falling victims to the
Terror.”40 At the invitation of the Hungarian government, English and American commissions went to
Hungary, studied the criticized actions, registered that the basis of the atrocities were anti-communist
and not anti-semitism.41
The Hungarian Gendarmerie did not participate in any “purification,” contrarily, investigated
and indicated the illegal actions of the suspected “white officers.”42
The illegal labeling of the army detachments and their atrocities badly hurt the prestige of the
Gendarmerie since the population was not able to distinguish between gendarmes and the detachments’
officers. Therefore, in 1927, the Minister of Interior ordered by the Organizational and Service
Regulations of 1927 stated that persons transferred to support the gendarme corps were not authorized
to use gendarme names and uniforms.
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IV. Mutilated Hungary
Heavy Losses
On February16, 1920, after the Rumanian Army left Budapest, the National Assembly elected
as supreme commander Nicholas Horthy to the post of regent of Hungary. He marched into the capitol
with his “White Army”. On July 4, 1920, the Peace Treaty of Trianon, which was not ratified by the
Senate of the United States, was signed. By this treaty, Hungary lost two thirds of its territory, more
than 60% of its population, all gold, silver iron ore, salt mines, and 90% of its forestry. In addition, it
had to pay a heavy war damage compensation.
In 1921, King Charles IV tried to establish a confederation from the different states of the
Austrian Hungarian Monarchy. He attempted twice to regain the throne in Hungary, but his efforts
were not successful.43
Consolidation
In 1920, four gendarme districts were disbanded, The 1922 VII Law subordinated the
remaining corps solely to the Ministry of Interior, although it kept its military discipline. Between
1922 to 1925, Hungary exchanged its convicted communists with the prisoners of war held by the
Soviet Union.44
Modernization
In the thirties, Hungary started to modernize the Gendarmerie. But because of the poverty of
the country and the world depression the progress was slow.
Its first step was to establish three traffic control units in 1929 to patrol the highway between
Budapest and the Western border of the country. The gendarmes used motorcycles with side cars
which traveled forty kilometers per hour, and offered first aid to injured persons. After six years of
experience, the traffic gendarme service was expanded to the whole country.
In 1930, four investigation units were established with 2 to 3 officers and 8 to10 men. Their
main duties were to support the local gendarme units with laboratory work and review any major
crimes. Later every gendarme district received one smaller or larger investigative group.
During the years of the thirties, a short wave radio network was introduced. Direct
communication was established between the Minister of Interior and gendarme districts, but the
gendarme posts had only receiving stations.
10
In 1940 railroad and in 1942 water gendarme units were developed. The headquarters of the
railroad units were located at larger railway junctions, and the water units at Lake Balaton. In 1943 the
corps had three motorboats, each of them with a crew of four gendarme who give directions to lost
watermen, towed in wrecked vessels and assisted in every manner those whose lives were in danger on
the stormy waters.
Enlargement of the Country
Between September 29 and 30, 1933, the representatives of Great Britain, France, Italy, and
Germany held a conference at München for returning to Germany the populated territory from
Czechoslovakia to Hitler’s Third Reich. After two days, the München Agreement united the
Sudetenland with Germany. In addition, the four big powers wanted to have another meeting, to solve
the problems of Hungarian and Polish populations living behind the borders of neighboring
Czechoslovakia, On October 28, 1938, Great Britain and France withdrew from the conciliation
committee and delegated their authority to Germany and Italy.45 This was a unfortunate decision
because it moved neutral Hungary toward Italy and Germany. The first and second Vienna Agreement
in 1939 peacefully returned from Czechoslovakia, and in 1940 from Rumania some of the heavily
populated Hungarian areas.
After some border incidents with Czech Army units, Hungary occupied the territory of
Ruthenia in 1939.
In 1944, Germany dealt with Yugoslavia. Croatia became an independent state and the
Hungarian Army entered into Bach, which was a heavily populated Hungarian territory between the
rivers Danube and Tisza.
Homecoming
Along with the Hungarian Army, gendarme units marched into the reoccupied lands. There
were parades, with flowers, speeches, tearful eyes, and triumphal arches, which symbolized a real
“homecoming.”
The manpower of the Gendarmerie was not adequate for the growing territory of the country. It
had to withdraw officers and men from the existing gendarme districts and establish new ones for the
obtained territories To fill up vacancies, the corps accepted gendarmes and policemen from the new
areas, who besides Hungarian also spoke the language of the local population.
In the Western area of Bachka major Árpád Zámbory was ordered with the use of 200
gendarme to establish posts in the reclaimed territories to enforce the law. His group stopped first in
11
the city of Szabadka, where he organized his headquarters. Then Zámbory instructed his gendarmes in
the following way:
We have come home! You have to win the confidence of the population, regardless of their
race, creed or native language. Do not forget to develop good relationships with the older generation,
who remember us from the prewar years. You are also obligated to handle everybody with equality,
patience, and understanding. 46
Then the posts, the small gendarme units started to familiarize themselves with their vil1ages,
their new homes, where they would enforce the law and order, and help in solving the daily legal
problems.
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V. The Tragic Years
Bombardment of Hungarian Cities
On June 26, 1941, five days after the war broke out between Germany and the Soviet Union,
the Hungarian cities of Kassa, Munkács, Raho, etc., were bombed by unknown planes. The aggressors
were not identified. Eye witnesses and written sources gave contrasting opinions. Three generals: the
Chief of Staff Henri Werth, Minster of Defense Charles Bartha, and Ambassador of Hungary in Berlin
Dominic Sztójay urged aggressive action. The Chief of Staff and the Minister of Defense stated the
war would be short, and if they stayed out of it the country would be at a disadvantage regarding
Rumania and Slovakia. Three civilian ministers Keresztes Fischer, Bánffy and Vargha opposed a
declaration of war.47
The Council of Ministers failed before its decision, to order a fact finding examination,
although in Kassa there were gendarme and police units, and Budapest was able to send several special
investigators.
Despite this, the majority of the Council of Ministers accepted a war against the Soviet Union,
and the Regent declared war without the previous approval of the Parliament.
Eastern Battlefields
The next day, the First Quick Army Corps was mobilized and left for the East to take part in
the battles. Later they were replaced by the Second Hungarian Army, which was destroyed in the
battles at the River Don. After the big defeat in January 1942, the Hungarian Army mainly participated
as an occupying force in the Ukraine.
The Corps. of Gendarmerie did not fight in the territory of the Soviet Union. Some of its small
units were subordinated to the headquarters of the higher commands where they served as prescribed
by the “Service Regulation for the Field Gendarmerie.”
Besides a small number of assigned military gendarmes, every larger army unit organized from
its own men “regimental gendarmes,” whose duties were prescribed by their commandants, who in
case of necessity, could also use them for military police duties.
Other non professional army units, the “Gendarme Service .Bata11ions” (which served beyond
the battlefie1ds were organized from older reserve soldiers, who guarded railroads, depots, and in case
of emergencies, served as military police officers.48
13
Military Search in Bácska
After six months of reoccupation of Bácska by the Hungarians, the communist partisans began
sabotaging. Harvested stacks of wheat and hemp were set on fire and farms were burned down in ever
larger numbers. They blew up railroad lines and bridges, and even attacked and killed small military
and gendarme units.
When the partisans broke up a border guard and gendarme unit near a farm, the Army ordered
three battalions under the leadership of military colonel Leslie Deák, to search around the area for
partisans. After this, the military commander, Lieutenant General Francis Feketehalmy Cydner
concentrated military, gendarme and police forces in the vicinity of the City of Ujvidék, to search for
partisans. Suspected persons were screened by a committee, headed by army Brigadier General Joseph
Grassy. Those who were sentenced to death were executed by River Forces first lieutenant Gustavus
Korompay, who gave an order to cut a hole in the ice of the Danube River and to shoot the prisoners
and throw them into the water. Some military truck drivers avoided the screening committee by, taking
the assembled persons directly to the Danube where they were executed.49
The estimates of the number of victims varied but they were more or less between 1200 to
2900. After an investigation, the Chief of Staff accepted the report of the military commander. The
gendarmes had to report the use of their firearms to the military tribunal of the Gendarmerie, who
recommended punishment of suspected officers.5° The military tribunal of Budapest sentenced four
military and one gendarme officer to death and eleven gendarme officers to imprisonment for failing in
their supervisory obligations. The Hungarian Parliament voted yearly 12 million Pengos for the victims
of Ujvidek.51
The leaders of the massacre escaped to Germany, but after the war, they were executed in
Yugoslavia along with other persons who had cooperated with the Hungarian regime.
The forced performance of illegal military orders of the army generals hurt the reputation of
the gendarmerie, whose mission was the enforcement of laws.
Attempt to Prevent Soviet Occupation
As soon as Nicholas Ká1lay became Prime Minister in March 1942, he contacted the Western
Allies in Istanbul through Anthony Ullein Reviczky, a Hungarian diplomat whose father in law was a
retired British consul general. According to Kallay:
Our official representative in Istanbul was our consul general Desiderius Ujváry. Veres as an
aid was attached to Ujváry for the purpose of the mission. On August 17, 1943, they informed
Mr. Sterndale Bennett, the British minister representing the Allies, of Hungary’s readiness to
surrender to the Allies if Anglo American troops reached the frontiers of Hungary.
14
The other diplomat of Kállay’s was George Bessenyei, a Hungarian minister in Bern, who
negotiated with American delegates Royal Troyal Taylor and Allen W. Hulles. The Allies suggested,
that Hungary should jump out of the war when Italy changes sides and at the moment that the British
and American troops are within five hundred miles from our frontiers,” We could not undertake to
commit a suicide that would have benefited no one.
In the United States Otto Habsburg, who was invited several times to the White House by
President Roosevelt and Tibor Eckhardt, representatives of Regent Horthy, were working hard on
Hungary’s occupation by English and American troops.52 Unfortunately they were not successful.
English colonel, Charles Telfer Howie, who escaped from a German POW camp, was being
harbored in Hungary. On September 20, 1944, Regent Horthy invited him and Hungarian colonel
general, Steve Náday, and authorized them to ask the commander of the English Army fighting in Italy
to send English American troops for occupation at least to Western Hungary. The Gendarme were
prepared and ready to cooperate with the Western Allies.
Sir Henry Mait1and Wilson, commanding officer of the Mediterranean, and general Mark
Clark of the 5th American Army wanted to continue the offensive toward the Great Hungarian Plain.
In Italy, they selected Hungarian speaking officers and men for deployment in Hungary. On
their uniform was a badge with the Hungarian coat of arm and a “Hungary Magyarorszag” inscription.
However, President Roosevelt forbade execution of this plan, and ordered Clark’s divisions to support
“Operation Anvil”, that is, for landing in South France.53
German Occupation and Deportations
Hitler, on March 15, 1944, invited Horthy for a meeting at Klessheim, where they discussed
the withdrawal of the Hungarian army from the Soviet territories. On March 1, the Regent with his
Chief of Staff, Minister of Defense, and Secretary of State arrived for private discussions.
Horthy rebuffed Hitler’s accusations and the occupation of Hungary. Before the Regent’s train
returned to Hungary, eleven German divisions occupied Hungary.
With the occupying forces also arrived large “Geheimestadtspolizei” (GESTAPO) and SS
units. On the next day, Adolf Eichman, the commandant of “Judendezernat” called together the leaders
of the Jewish people and stated that he was the only authority in every Jewish matter in Hungary. He
would defend them against everybody, if they would satisfy his requests. He asked discipline and
work, for which they would get the same salary as the other workers. All these restrictions would stop
at the end of the war.
15
The promises of Eichhman never were fulfilled. Moreover, he started to put the Jews into
concentration camps (ghettos) and then deported them outside of Hungary. “According to the
information received up to and including June 20, 1944, 427,000 Jewish people, that is about half of
the Hungarian Jews, had to suffer the terrible order of deportation.”5’
“In the arrangement for deportation, Eichmann followed in Hungary his proven method as he
applied all over Europe.”56
His troops appeared at the collection centers, at the ghettos and supervised the deportation of
Jewish and other non Jewish Hungarians and carried out Eichmann’s tested methods. They made films
of the deportation procedures, which were projected in neutral European countries to show the
inhumanity of Hungarians and the philanthropical behavior of Germans.57 The films failed to reveal the
Hungarians were coerced in their actions while the Germans acted by their own free will.
Deployment of the Gendarmes
On August of 1944, the Soviet Army reached the Southeastern border of Hungary. For the
defense of the country the Minister of Defense, besides army units, quickly assembled gendarme
groups with light armament. Gendarme Lieutenant Colonel Paul Fekete, Captain Tibor Sze1evényi and
their men were the first Gendarmerie to confront the Russians on the territory of Hungary.
The government used, in large numbers, the gendarme forces at the city of Nagyvárad, in the
Northeastern Carpathian Mountains, in Budapest and at Lake Balaton. According to the official
estimate, the Corps lost about fifty percent of its officers and enlisted. Their graves are spread all over
the country.
After President Roosevelt’s’ order, Regent Horthy sent lieutenant general Gabriel Faragho the
Superintendent of the Gendarmerie and his delegates to Moscow and got an armistice from the Allies.
On October 15th, he announced his action, but the Arrow Cross Party convinced most of the high
ranking staff officers to oppose the armistice and thus sabotaged the terms of the agreement.54 The
Germans kidnapped Horthy’s only son and forced Horthy to withdraw from affairs of state, They took
Horthy and placed him under “protective custody” somewhere in Germany. At the same time, with the
help of the fascist Francis Szálasi, leader of the Arrow Cross Party, became the “leader of the nation,”
and the war continued against the Soviet Union until the occupation of all of Hungary.
The war for Hungary ended on April 4, 1945 when its last city was occupied by the
Soviet Army. Those who feared the Soviet Army and the new communist controlled government,
escaped to Austria and Germany. Many immigrated to receptive countries, the others returned to
Hungary.
16
With a new treaty, Hungary lost its territories which it had regained peacefully before the war.
In addition, it had to pay a large war reparation to Soviet Russia.
Disbanding of the Gendarmerie
While the war was still on and the Soviet Army was approaching Budapest, a “Provisionary
Hungarian National Assembly” was established in the city of Debrecen. On December 21 and 22,
1944, the Assembly, along with other participants, authorized the “Provisional National Government”.
The government was set up by one of the Regent’s former generals, the Superintendent of the
Gendarmerie and a third army general. It established a centralized law enforcement agency for the
whole country.
In March 1945, Prime Minister Béla Miklos publicized his 1960/1946 ME, decree. In it the
National Government declared the Hungarian Gendarmerie collectively guilty of crimes and dissolved
and disbanded the organization. With this decree, the gendarmes lost their professional jobs, pensions
and their right to work in public service, unless they were able to prove at the “Peculiar Justificatory
Committee for ex-gendarmes” that they: 1. participated personally and efficiently in the anti-German
movement; 2. turned against the Hungarian laws and orders; or 3. gave help to democratic
(communist) organizations. The ex-gendarmes appeared in large numbers at the Committee, but only a
few were cleared.
17
VI. Responsibilities
Preface
The role of the Hungarian Gendarmerie in objectionable events and their circumstances may be
analyzed solely by the limited reliable sources of the Western World. In the future, after secret
documents are made public, a detailed reevaluation will be necessary by scholars, who may determine
the advantages and disadvantages of the ex-Hungarian Gendarmerie. The most important and criticized
events are the following.
Responsibility of Local Governments
The courts, public prosecutors, leaders of counties and their districts could call on the
Gendarmerie for services as determined by the law. In these cases, 24 and 25 year old inexperienced
honorary district administrators with a Ph.D. could order to dissolve worker’s strikes, or political
gatherings by the use of gendarmes, who were then obligated to comply without asking the real reason.
Similar problems came up with official actions of executors for overdue taxes and private debts. The
local population forgot the initiating plainclothes administrators, but the actions of the uniformed
gendarmes remained in their minds.
Responsibility for Military Search
The search of a territory for partisans is the mission of the competent police and gendarme
force. This is acknowledged by the fact that the assistant police chief, Joseph Tallian, and the
gendarme Lieutenant Colonel, Louis Gaál, were asked by the military leaders for the preparation of a
search plan. In spite of this, the Ministers of Defense and Interior ordered a mutual search in the city
and its neighborhood of Ujvidék. Three high ranking officers, one lieutenant general, one brigadier
general and one colonel, took over the leadership. They had no experiences in the field of searches,
mixed together the army, gendarme and police units, without determining exactly the duties and
responsibilities of the troops.
When the military leadership ordered “revenge” actions, most gendarme officers, who
feared the reaction of the military tribunals, sabotaged the unlawful orders of the generals.
The bloodshed might have been avoided, if: 1. the Minister of Defense and of the Interior,
had authorized the police and gendarme units to search and the military to blockade the city, 2. the
Superintendent or the district commandant of the Gendarmerie or his deputy had supervised the
18
execution as a result of the search, 3. at the search, the highest ranking gendarme lieutenant colonel
had had enough courage to refuse the cooperation with the Armyand report its reason to the Minister
of Interior.
After the search, in his departmental order (115.645, eln. 20—942), the Minister of Defense
designated the incident to public safety service, in which the gendarme officer is the specialist who
has to follow his professional course of action. But the ministerial order did not explain how a
gendarme captain or lieutenant colonel could follow the gendarme guidelines for a search if it
countermanded the will of a lieutenant general, and then would have to defend him self against the
charge of insubordination at a military court.
If the gendarmes and police had been authorized to execute the search without military
assistance, there would not have been a massacre.
The responsibility for this shameful affair lay with local army commanders, who not only over
reacted to guerrilla harassments, but apparently wished to make an “example” as a deterrent to
recurrent guerilla activities. Later, when the details of the case were learned, the guilty were
brought to trial and convicted, four of them to death and the rest to imprisonment.
Responsibility for Deportation
The collection, confiscation of property and deportation of the Jewish people under German
direction and supervision, was made by the Hungarian Governmental administration. It happened with
the knowledge of the Regent, Council of Ministers, members of the Parliament, law enforcement
officers, revenue officers, and almost the whole population of the country. Units of the Army,
Gendarmerie, Police, excise officers, county and city administrators, railroad workers, etc. were used
in the execution of the “Jewish Laws.”
With the Law of 1367 XVII, the Jewish inhabitants possessed equal rights with the other
Hungarian citizens, In spite of this, Eichmann and his SS misled and deceived the Hungarian
government as well as the Jewish people, of whom about fifty percent were deported from the country.
Their cruel acts were extended to include Hungarian politicians, state and county administrators and
even the son of the regent.
The responsibility for this catastrophe is explained by the words of Randolph L. Braham in the
following way:
It appears that considerable blame falls on those who might be called onlookers, the Allies and
the neutral powers, for their basic indifference to the plight of the Jews, the International Red
Cross and the Vatican, for their lack of urgency and insensitivity, and the local Christian
population and church authorities for their apathy and passivity. To lesser extent blame must
also be shared by the Hungarian and world Jewish leaders for their shortsightedness and
bureaucratic/diplomatic tendencies, though their ineffectiveness reflected primarily the
19
impotence and defenselessness of the Jewish people, Ultimate responsibility, however, must be
borne almost exclusively by the Germans and their Hungarian accomplices.
While the Hungarian Jews lived for several years virtually in the shadows of Auschwitz, they
had no concrete knowledge about the gas chambers and the mass murders committed in many
of the concentration camps.
Unexampled Impeachment
The National Assembly was set up in the partly occupied territory of Hungary, where the
neutral and procommunist inhabitants stayed behind. The larger part of population, being pro-German
or afraid of the Soviet occupation, escaped to Budapest or the western part of the country, which at that
time was in German and Hungarian hands. It is safe to say, this Assembly did not represent the opinion
of the majority of the Hungarian people.
On July 8, 1944,. the Regent gave an order to stop any deportation of Jewish people from
Hungary. Later he informed the local representatives of Germany, that “military and gendarme units
were ordered in the capitol, which in case of necessity , will take up arms against any German
deporting attempts.“ On his order a gendarme unit stopped a train near the city of Hatvan, took back
1,500 Jewish deportees to their camp. Gendarme and Police units saved Jewish political prisoners of
the Main Street of Budapest from being dragged out of Hungary.They guided the International ghetto
against planned Nazi atrocities. /Lévai, op. cit., pp. 205, 184, 207, 256/. Beyond having stopped the
deportation, the Gendarmerie did not take any action against the Jewish population.
According to one legal principle, a law can be changed or abrogated only by another law. In
spite of this, the Prime Minister, the military ex-colonel general, on the authorization of the
Provisionary National Assembly, disbanded the Gendarmerie, which was established by the law of
1881, III. His decree was retroactive, which declared all gendarmes guilty until they were able to prove
the betraying of certain laws of the previous regime.
The extremely strict order put every gendarme in the prisoners’ box (dock), expelled them from
the “classless society,” and by the exaggerated propaganda ran them down to the level of common
criminals.
The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Declaration of Human Rights in 1943
and stated: “No one shall be held guilty of any penal offense on account of any act or omission which
did not constitute a penal offense, under national or international law, at the time it was committed.6°
20
Epilogue
The gendarme model of law enforcement is a universally accepted institution in Europe.
Among these, until the Second World War, the Hungarian Gendarmerie occupied an above average
position. The negative incidents of the war period may be partly due to the politics of the state, county
and local governments. In addition, the enormous German pressure, unnecessarily extensive military
education and training of the officers and enlisted, the non-jurist superintendent of the Gendarmerie
making it possible to use the gendarme for the illegal military search of Ujvidek and the deportation of
Hungarian citizens.
21
VII. Notes
1
Notes et Etudes Documentaires, La Gendarmerie Nationale, Paris: Seretariat General du Government,
1970, pp. 7-10.
2
Ibid. pp. 15-20.
3
La Gendarmerie Nationa1e, Paris: La Tour du Guet, n.d., pp. 48-68.
4
Harold K. Becker, Police Systems of Europe, Springfield, III.: Charles C. Thomas, 1973, pp. 94-97.
5
Jarnes Cramer, The World’s Police, London: Cassel’ Company, Ltd., 1964, pp. 348-349.
6
7
Ibid. pp. 304-306.
Department of the Army, US Army Area Handbook for West Germany, Washington, D.C.: 1964, 2nd
Ed., p. 603.
8
L’Arma Dei Carabibieri 1914-1966, Roma: Edizione fuori commercio, 1969, pp. 13-22.
9
Cramer, op. cit., pp. 362-363.
10
Direction General de la Guardia civil, La Guardia Civil, Madrid: Taller-Escuela de Artes Graficos,
1963, pp. 13-20.
11
Cramer, op. cit., pp. 310-314.
12
Franz Neubauer, Die Gendarmerie in Osterreich, 1849-1924, Graz: Steierarkische Landesdruckerei,
22
n.d., pp. 35-40.
13
Cramer, op. cit., pp. 369-370.
14
Becker, op. cit., pp. 156-157.
15
Foreign Area Studies, US Army Area Handbook for Cyprus, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1964, pp. 380 & 335.
16
P.S. Squire, The Third Department, Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1968, pp. 39-54 and
78-94.
17
Peter Deriabin, Watchdogs of Terror, New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1972, pp. 122-131.
18
Cramer, op. cit., pp. 308-309.
19
Army Area Handbooks, see the necessary volumes, Cramer, op. cit., see the necessary countries,
Hivatalos lap, Magyar Közlöny, Hungarian Bulletin, Budapest: Állami nyomda, 1945, május
20
Neubauer, op. cit., p. 64.
21
Steven Béla Várdy, History of the Hungarian Nation, Astor Park, FLA: Danubain Press, Inc., 1969,
pp. 144 and 149.
22
Lorand Pressly, A Csendőrség Úttörői, The Pioneersof the Gendarmerie, Budapest: Budapesti Hirlap,
1926, pp. 35-37.
23
Ibid., pp. 31-32.
24
M. kir. Belügyminiszter, Utasítás a M. kir. Csendörség Számára, Order for the Hungarian
Gendarmerie, Budapest, 1881, pp. 8-10.
23
25
Ibid, pp. 12-13.
26
M. kir. Belügyminiszter, Szervezeti és Szolgálati Utasítás a M. kir. Csendőrség Számára,
Organizational and Service Regulations for the Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie, Budapest: Stádium,
l941., pp. 53-54.
27
N. n. “Élesd, 1904 április. 24”, Élet és Tudomány, Life and Sciences, May 1, pp. 819-821.
28
N.n. A.m. kir. Csendörség Zsebkönyve, 1909, Handbook of the Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie, 1909,
Budapest: Franklin Association, 1909, pp. 186-204.
29
N. n. A.m. kir. Csendőrség Zsebkönyve, 1905, Handbook of the Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie,
1905, Budapest: Franklin Association, 1905, pp.224-240.
30
A, m. kir. Belugyminiszter 1916. évi 33.333 V-a sz. körrendelete: A munkára kiadott hadifoglyok
tekintetében szükséges á1lamrendészeti, közbiztonsági teendőkről, “Royal Hungarian Minister of
Interior circular order of 1916, No. 33.333 V-a.” For the necessary public safety and maintenance of
law and order in connection with the working war prisoners.
31
Leslie Szabo, Bolsevizmus Magyarországon, Bolshevism on Hungary, Atheneum corp., 1919, p. 6.
32
Joseph Breit, A magyarországi 1918-19. évi forradalmi mozgalmak és a vörösháború története. The
Hungarian 1918-19 revolutionary movements and the history of red war, Budapest, grill, 1929, p. 28.
33
Alexander Juhász-Nagy, A magyar októberi forradalom története, History of the Hungarian October-
Revolution. Budapest: Szikra, 1945, p. 235-237.
34
Belügyi Népbiztos 1. BM. számú rendelete, No. 1 order o the commissar of Interior, Official Gazette
of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, March 30, 1919, No. 5.
35
Gramma J. Cesurat, Borzalmas vallomások, hiteles rendőri adatok. Terrible confessions, reliable
police data, n,p., n.d. pp. 12-24.
24
36
Mrs. Tibor Stamuely, Yolande Szilágyi, Emlékeim. My memories. Budapest: Military Press, 1966,
pp. 116-117.
37
Albert Váry, A vörös uralom áldozatai Magyarországon. The victims of the red regime. Vác.: Press
of the State Penitentiary, n.d., pp. 1-55.
38
István Balló, “Ötven éve történt.” It happened 50 years ago. Gazette of Gendarme Society,
Cleveland, Ohio, No. 29, p. 3.
39
Louis Dálnoki Veress, ed., Magyarország Honvédelme a II. világháhorú előtt és alatt, 1920-1945.
Defense of Hungary before and during World War II. Vol. I. München: Danubian Press, 1972, p. 33.
40
Dominic C. Kossáry. History of Hungary, Cleveland-New York: The Benjamin Franklin Bibliophile
Society, 1941, p. 388
41
Report of the British Joint Labor delegation to Hungary, “The White Terror in Hungary,” May 1920,
pp. 1-26.
42
Joseph Pogány, A fehér terror Magyarországon. The White Terror in Hungary. Vienna, n.n. 1920,
pp. 43-44.
43
Nicholas Horthy, Emlékirataim. My Memories. Buenos Aires: Talleres Graficos Cagnasso, 1953, p.
137.
44
Mrs. Béla Kun, Kun Béla. Bela Kun. Budapest: Magvető, 1966, p. 323.
45
A1ec Karsai, Országgyarapitás-Országvesztés. Enlargement and loss of the country. Budapest:
Kossuth Publisher, 1961, I. Vol. p. 105-106.
46
Árpád Zámbory, “Délbácska Csendőri Megszállása”. Gendarme occupation of South Batchka.
Unpublished paper, West Germany, 1967.
47
Alec Karsai, A Budai Vártol a Gyepüig. From the Citadel of Buda to the Borderland. Budapest:
25
Táncsics Publisher, 1965, pp. 6-7.
48
M. kir. Defense Ministry, Tábori Rendészeti Szolgálat. Service Regulations for Military Police.
Budapest: Stadium, 1942, pp. 6-7.
49
John Buzási, Az Ujvidéki Razzia. The Search of Ujvidék. Budapest: Kossuth Publisher, 1963, pp. 29-
30 and 53.
50
Desider Sally, Szigorúan Bizalmas, Fekete Könyv, 1939-1944. Strictly Confidential, Black Book,
1939-1944. Budapest: Anonymous, 1945, p. 673.
51
Stephen D. Kertész, Diplomacy in a Whirlpool, Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia,
Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, n.d., p. 57.
52
Nicholas Kállay, Hungarian Premier, New York: Columbia University Press, 1954, pp. 370-387.
53
Charles Vigh, Ugrás a Sötétbe. Jump into the Darkness. Budapest: Academic Press, 1979, pp. 48-51.
54
Dálnoki Veress, op. cit., Vol. III. pp. 119-130.
55
Eugene Lévai, Fekete Könyv. Black Book. Officina, 1946, pp. 93-95.
56
Eugene Lévai, ed., Eichmann in. Hungary. Budapest: Pannonia Press, 1961, pp. 107 and 114.
57
Lévai, Fekete Könyv, op. cit., p. 193.
58
Várdy, op. cit., pp. 351-352.
59
Randolph Braham, The Politics of Genocide, Vol. I, New York: Columbia University Press, 1981,
XXV—XXVI.
60
William J. Bosh, Judgement of Nuremberg, Chapel Hill, N.C.: The University of North Carolina
Press, 1970, p. 46.
26