Energía Eólica

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EE
Energía Eólica
Energías Renovables
EE
Energía Eólica
Energías Renovables
01
Energías Renovables
Energía Eólica
Copyright (C) 2008
Secretaría de Energía
Título Original de la Obra:
Energías Renovables 2008 - Energía Eólica
Todos los derechos reservados.
No esta permitida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra ni su
tratamiento o transmición por cualquier medio o metodo sin
autorización escrita de la Secretaría de Energía
DERECHOS RESERVADOS
Desrrollado por:
Coordinación de Energías Renovables
Dirección Nacional de Promoción
Subsecretaría de Energía Eléctrica
02
Edición, diagramación y diseño:
Tecnología de la Información
Dirección General de Cooperación y Asistencia Financiera
Secretaría de Energía
Indice
INTRODUCCIÓN
4
UN POCO DE HISTORIA
5
LA TRANSFORMACION DE LA ENERGIA EOLICA
7
LAS MAQUINAS EOLICAS
7
Molinos
7
Aerogeneradores
8
SOBRE EL APROVECHAMIENTO DE LA ENERGIA EOLICA
9
UTILIZACION DE LA ENERGIA ELECTRICA
10
LA ENERG IA EOLICA EN ARG ENTINA
11
PROTOCOLO DE KYOTO - M ECANISMOS DE DESARROLLO LIMPIO
14
LEGISLACION
15
BARRERAS
16
03
Introducción
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04
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06
00
La transformación de la energía eólica
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09
++
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10
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55
La energía eólica en Argentina
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11
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’&&& 39$
ENERGIA GENERADA (Valores en MWh)
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1996
1998
2000
2002
.F>J@S: />F>J:=:
!8:DGJ>K >F 39A%:TG"
12
2004
2006
""
POTENCIA EOLICA INSTALADA POR PROVINCIA
30000
25000
20000
LA PAMPA
SANTA CRUZ
15000
BUENOS AIRES
10000
NEUQUEN
CHUBUT
5000
0
Año
!.’%(*(’+0, &’ )$ !$-$%(&$& #+/0$)$&$
13
22
Protocolo de Kyoto - Mecanismos de Desarrollo Limpio
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14
00
Legislación
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15
%%
Barreras
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16
www.energia.gov.ar
17
SECRETARIA DE ENERGIA
Av. Paseo Colón 171 Capital Federal - CP (C1063ACB)
República Argentina - Conmutador: 54-11-4349-5000
[email protected] - http://www.energia.gov.ar
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