EE Energía Eólica Energías Renovables EE Energía Eólica Energías Renovables 01 Energías Renovables Energía Eólica Copyright (C) 2008 Secretaría de Energía Título Original de la Obra: Energías Renovables 2008 - Energía Eólica Todos los derechos reservados. No esta permitida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra ni su tratamiento o transmición por cualquier medio o metodo sin autorización escrita de la Secretaría de Energía DERECHOS RESERVADOS Desrrollado por: Coordinación de Energías Renovables Dirección Nacional de Promoción Subsecretaría de Energía Eléctrica 02 Edición, diagramación y diseño: Tecnología de la Información Dirección General de Cooperación y Asistencia Financiera Secretaría de Energía Indice INTRODUCCIÓN 4 UN POCO DE HISTORIA 5 LA TRANSFORMACION DE LA ENERGIA EOLICA 7 LAS MAQUINAS EOLICAS 7 Molinos 7 Aerogeneradores 8 SOBRE EL APROVECHAMIENTO DE LA ENERGIA EOLICA 9 UTILIZACION DE LA ENERGIA ELECTRICA 10 LA ENERG IA EOLICA EN ARG ENTINA 11 PROTOCOLO DE KYOTO - M ECANISMOS DE DESARROLLO LIMPIO 14 LEGISLACION 15 BARRERAS 16 03 Introducción &( ,4,8.A( ,C20*( /(*, 8,-,8,4*0( ( (7;,22(9 :,*4525.A(9 > (620*(" *054,9 ,4 7;, 9, (685<,*/( 2( ,4,8.A( *04@:0*( +,2 <0,4:5! *54<08:0@4" +52( ( ,4,8.A( ,2@*:80*( 5 3,*?40*(# ’, 6;,+,4 +09:04.;08 +59 :0659 +, (620*(*054,9$ 2(9 049:(2(*054,9 6(8( 2( 685+;**0C4 +, ,2,*:80*0+(+ > 2(9 049:(2(*054,9 +, )53),5 +, (.;(# %4:8, 2(9 049:(2(*054,9 +, 685+;**0C4 +, ,2,*:80*0+(+ 9, 6;,+,4 +09:04.;08 049:(2(*054,9 (092(+(9! 45 *54,*:(+(9 ( 2( 8,+ ,2@*:80*( , 049:(2(*054,9 *54,*:(+(9! 4583(23,4:,! +,45304(+(9 6(87;,9 ,C20*59# &(9 049:(2(*054,9 45 *54,*:(+(9 ( 2( 8,+! 4583(23,4:, *;)8,4 (620*(*054,9 +, 6,7;,B( 65:,4*0(! 6804*06(23,4:, +, ,2,*:80" *(*0C4 8;8(2# &(9 (620*(*054,9 *54,*:(+(9 ( 2( 8,+ ,2@*:80*(! 658 5:8( 6(8:,! 954 2(9 7;, 6,830:,4 5):,4,8 ;4 (685<,*/(30,4:5 ,4,8.@:0*5 3(>58! 954 (+,3?9 2(9 7;, 68,9,4:(4 2(9 3,158,9 ,=6,*:(:0<(9 +, *8,*030,4:5 +, 3,8*(+5# 04 Un poco de historia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’%% 8DJ<I ;< ,H@IJE$ 6< :H<< GK< <D I@>BE 7111 <I8I CPGK@D8I =K<HED @DJHE;K:@;8I <D .KHEF8 FEH GK@<D<I H<JEHD898D ;< B8I :HKO8;8I$ -KH8DJ< <B JH8DI:KHIE ;< B8 <;8; 3<;@8 I< 8CFB@T B8 >8C8 ;< KIEI <CFB<PD;EI<B8I F8H8 CEL<H B8 C8GK@D8H@8I ;< D8:@<DJ<I @D;KIJH@8I :ECE B8 J<MJ@B# C8;<H<H8# C<J8BUH>@:8$ .IJEI FH@C<HEI CEB@DEI <H8D CKN HK;@C<DJ8H@EI# 98I8D;E IK ;@I<SE <D B8 HEJ8:@TD KD <A< :EBE:8;E <D =EHC8 L<HJ@:8B$ 2EI ?EB8D;<I<I CE;@ :8HED <I8 J<:DEBE>R8 N 8 F8HJ@H ;<B 8SE &$()% :EC<DO8HED 8 KJ@B@O8HI< CPGK@D8I ;< <A< ?EH@OEDJ8B N ;< :K8JHE F8B8I# CKN I@C@B8H<I <D 8IF<:JE 8 BEI GK< 8:EIJKC9H8CEI L<H ?EN <D ;R8 <D BEI JRF@:EI F8@I8A<I ;< <I< F8RI$ + F8HJ@H ;< <DJED:<I I< BEI <CF<OT 8 KJ@B@O8H FH@D:@F8BC<DJ< F8H8 ;<I<:8H F8DJ8DEI N B8>EI N J8C9@QD 8I<HH8;<HEI# F8H8 B8 =89H@:8:@TD ;< F8F<B N F8H8 <MJH8<H 8:<@J<I$ 08IJ8 BE <GK@FEI GK< 8FHEL<:?898D B8 <D<H>R8 ;<B L@<DJE FHE;K:R8D UD@:8C<DJ< <D<H>R8 C<:PD@:8$ .H8D CPGK@D8I B<DJ8I# F<I8;8I N 98A8 < :@<D:@8$ + C<;@8;EI ;<B I@>BE F8I8;E I< ;<I8HHEBBT KD CEB@DE GK< I< @CFKIE HPF@;8C<DJ< <D CK:?E F8RI<I# BB8C8;E :ECUDC<DJ< CEB@DE 8C<H@:8DE# N <I <B GK< FE;<CEI L<H <D :8I@ JE;E <B @DJ<H@EH ;< DK<IJHE F8RI$ .IJ< CEB@DE <I J8C9@QD KD :EDL<HIEH <D <D<H>R8 C<:PD@:8# F<HE :ED KD8 < :@<D:@8 CKN IKF<H@EH 8 B8 ;< BEI 8DJ<H@EH<I N I< ;<IJ@D8 :8I@ <M:BKI@L8C<DJ< 8B 9EC9<E ;<B 8>K8$ ** -8HH<>K<@H8 05 44 9@R OQHLDQ@R LZPTHM@R DPTHO@C@R BNM FDMDQ@CNQDR DK[BSQHBNR# G@BDM RT @O@QHBH^M G@BH@ &.%%$ 3TQ@MSD K@ OQHLDQ@ LHS@C CDK RHFKN# @ ODR@Q CD PTD MN GTAN TM@ @BSHU@ TSHKHY@BH^M CD K@ DMDQF\@ D^KHB@# RD OQNCTIDQNM FQ@M U@QHDC@C CD CHRD]NR BTXNR OQHMBHOHNR ETMC@LDMS@KDR RNM UZKHCNR G@RS@ DK OQDRDMSD$ 3DRCD K@ C[B@C@ CDK (% X G@RS@ BNLHDMYNR CD K@ CDK *% RD ONOTK@QHY@QNM LZPTHM@R CD ODPTD]N ONQSD !G@RS@ TMNR (J?" 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’&&& 39$ ENERGIA GENERADA (Valores en MWh) 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 .F>J@S: />F>J:=: !8:DGJ>K >F 39A%:TG" 12 2004 2006 "" POTENCIA EOLICA INSTALADA POR PROVINCIA 30000 25000 20000 LA PAMPA SANTA CRUZ 15000 BUENOS AIRES 10000 NEUQUEN CHUBUT 5000 0 Año !.’%(*(’+0, &’ )$ !$-$%(&$& #+/0$)$&$ 13 22 Protocolo de Kyoto - Mecanismos de Desarrollo Limpio 2G 9MJOJ?JGJ @A 5SJOJ ANO=>GA?A K=M= GJN K=WNAN .IARJ 4$ MA@P?EM AG OJO=G @A NPN AHENEJIAN @A 324 = PI IEQAG EIBAMEJM AI IJ HAIJN @A +! =G @A (--’ AI AG KAMWJ@J @A ?JHKMJHENJ$ ?JHKMAI@E@J AIOMA AG =XJ )’’, S AG )’()& 9=M= ?PHKGEM ?JI AG HENHJ NA ANO=>GA?EAMJI =@AHUN @A G=N MA@P??EJIAN @A AHENEJIAN @A C=NAN @A ABA?OJ EIQAMI=@AMJ AI ?=@= K=WN$ S @AG ?JHAM?EJ @A AHENEJIAN$ JOMJN HA?=IENHJN ?JHJ G= .KGE?=?EYI 0JIFPIO= ".0# S AG 7A?=IENHJ @A 1AN=MMJGGJ 6EHKEJ "716#& ;M=N G= M=OE ?=?EYI KJM K=MOA @A :PNE= AI NAKOEAH>MA @A )’’* AG 9MJOJ?JGJ @A 5SJOJ NA ?JIQEAMOA AI 6AS EIOAMI=?EJI=G& 2NOA HA?=IENHJ JBMA?A = GJN CJ>EAMIJN S = G=N AHKMAN=N KMEQ=@=N @A GJN K=WNAN EI@PNOME=GET=@JN G= KJNE>EGE@=@ @A OM=INBAMEM OA?IJGJCW=N GEHKE=N = K=WNAN AI @AN=MMJGGJ$ HA@E=IOA EIQAMNEJIAN AI KMJSA?OJN @A MA@P??EYI @A AHENEJIAN J NPHE@AMJN$ MA?E>EAI@J @A ANO= BJMH= ?AMOE ?=@JN @A AHENEYI LPA NAMQEMUI ?JHJ NPKGAHAIOJ = NPN MA@P??EJIAN EIOAMI=N& <I KMJSA?OJ AI AG H=M?J @AG 7A?=IENHJ K=M= PI 1AN=MMJGGJ 6EHKEJ "716 J 017 AI EICGVN# AN PI KMJSA?OJ @A MA@P??EYI @A AHENEJIAN J NA?PANOMJ @A ?=M>JIJ LPA NA GGAQ= = ?=>J AI PI K=WN AI @AN=MMJGGJ$ ?JHJ NAM G= .MCAIOEI=& 6JN KMJSA?OJN 716 CAIAM=I 02:N J /JIJN @A 0=M>JIJ$ LPA KPA@AI NAM ?JHAM?E=GET=@JN AI AG HAM?=@J @A ?=M>JIJ& ( 02: ALPEQ=GA = ( ;I @A 08) MA@P?E@=& 6JN >AIA ?EJN @A GJN 716$ KPA@AI D=?AM H=N =OM=?OEQJ PI KMJSA?OJ @AN@A AG KPIOJ @A QENO= A?JIYHE?J% I=I?EAMJ$ = O=G KPIOJ LPA NJGJ KPA@A NAM QE=>GA NE ?PAIO= ?JI AGGJN& 14 00 Legislación 3; 3?P (*’,& ?LM;<E?=? ?E W8RACF?G >? @HF?GMH G;=CHG;E I;K; ?E NLH >? @N?GM?L K?GHO;<E?L >? ?G?KAS; >?LMCG;>; ; E; IKH>N==CUG >? ?G?KAS; ?ER=MKC=; W% 3; E?P >?=E;K; >? 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