4530.pdf

Santa Cruz de Tenerife, octubre 2007
lSSN 0210-945X
Biological information aod comments 00 Ha/ophi/a
decipiens meadows of tbe Canary Islands
(Hydrocbaritaceae, Magnoliophyta)
M" CANDELARIA GIL-RooRlGVEZ
" MARCELlNO DEL ARCO
WILDPRET DE LA
CA RLOS
1,
WOLFREDO
TORRE'
L. HERNÁNDEZ-GONZÁLE.Z'
y RICARDO
J. HAROUN 2
/ Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Area de Botánica.
Facultad de Farmacia. Univ. de La Laguna.
3807/ La Laguna, Tenerife. Islas Canarias. España. mcgí[email protected]
1 Departamento de Biología. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar.
Univ. de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
35017 Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, España.
M" C"'''llHAR1A G'L-RoDRIGUél, MARCE.L1NO DF.L ARCO, WOLFREDO W,LDPRET DE LA TORRE'.
L. ¡'¡ERN~NDF.2-GONzALEZ y RICARDO J. HAROUN (2007). Comentarios e información
biológica sobre las praderas de Halophila decipiens amenazas en las islas Canarias
(Hydrocharilaceae, Magnoliophyla). V/ERAE. 35: 77·85.
CARLOS
RESUMEN: Halophila Thouars es un género pantropical de plantas de
pequeño porte que fOnTIan poblaciones en el sublitoral. H. decipiens
Ostenfeld foona praderas que se localizan entre los 15-40 m en las costas
canari as, y que constituyen la asoc iación Halophiletum decipienlis W i Idpret
& M .C. Gil. H. decipiens es una especie protegida y ha sido considerada
como planta de "interés especial" en el catálogo de las especies en peligro
de plantas Canarias (BOC 2001 /097). De similar fOnTIa Halophiletum
decipielltis ha sido considerado por la Comisión de las Comunidades
Europeas, DG Environment, 1999. "Habitat del Inlerés Comunitario" (nO
111022). Comparte hábitat con Cymodoeea nodosa (Ueria) Ascherson,
también bajo protección, como "planta sensible a la destrucción de su
hábitat", BOC 200 I /097. Y Cymodocetum nodosae es considerado hábitat
"de interés Comunitario" (nO 111021). En el presente trabajo se pone en
evidencia la evolución y la posible amenaza del hábitat Halophiletum
decipientis por la intromisión de Caulerpa racemosa varo cyhndracea
(Sonder) Verlaque, Huisman et Boudouresque, una clorofita invasora de
origen australiano.
Palabras claves: Especies protegidas; especies invasoras; conservación;
Halophila decipiens; Caulerpa racemosa var. cilindracea.
78
ABSTRACT: HalopMla Thouan isa pantropical genusofsmall size seagrasses.
flalophila decipiens Oslenfcld fOlTllS deep-water seagrass beds e¡(lending
from 15-40 m in the Canarian coasts which constitute Ihe associalion
Haloplliletum decipientis Wildpret & M.C. Gil. H. decipiens is a protecled
specics ¡ha! was considered as a planl of "special ínterest" by ¡he Canary
Islands Endangered $pecies Catalogue, BQC 2001/097, and Halophilefum
decipienfis was considered by Ihe European Commission, DG Environment,
1999. "Habital ofCommunity (nlerest" (No 111022). It shares habita! with
Cymodocea "odosa (Ucria) Ascherson, also considered under protection. as
"sensilive lO habita! disturbanec", BOC 2001 1097. and the communiry
Cymodocetumnodosaeisalso"HabitalofCommunitarian interest"(No 111021).
In [his paper the evolution of Halophilerum decipienlis in rC(:ent years is
shown, and the possible threat of the habita! because of the intromission
Caulerpa racemosa 'lar. cylilldracea (Sonder) Verlaque, Huisman et
Boudouresque, an invasive Australian ehlorophyte, is eonsidered.
Keywords: Endangered speeies; invasive species; conservation; Halophila
decipiens; Caulerpa racemosa 'lar. cy/illdracea.
INTRODUCTION
Seagrass meadows are charaeteristicalty found growing ón uneonsolida[ed
substtata of marine environments in tropical and temperate regions. These nowering
plant communities are eonsidered among Ihe mosl producllve in the biosphere (MeRoy &
Me Millan, 1977; Young, 1978; Bell & Westoby. 1989: Larkum el al.. 1989; Duarte &
Chiseano, 1999; Hemminga & Duarte, 2000; Pavon-Salas el al., 2000). Besides, their
meadows serve as nursery and breeding grounds for diverse marine organisms (Young,
1978; Bell eta!', 1989).
Three marine phanerogams, Cymodocea nodosa (Ueria) Aseherson, Zas lera ncltii
Homemann and Ha/ophi/a decipjens Ostenfeld are reported mainly from leeward subtidal
sites ofthe Canary Arehipelago (Haroun el al., 2002, 2003). One ofthem, H. decjpiens,
was designated among the spennatophytes of "speeial interest" in the Canary Islands
Endangered Species Calalogue, BOC 2001 1097, Deeret 151nOOl. Furthcnnore, the
eommunity of H. decipiens (Ha/ophiletum decipientis) is included as "Habitat of
Corrununity Interest" (No. J 1102) (European Commission, DG Environment, 1999).
H. decipjens, with type localilY at Gulf ofThailand off Koh Kahdat (Womersley,
1984; Guiry & Nie Dhonncha 2004), is the sccond most abundant vascular marine speeies
in [he Canary Arehipetago, after Cymodocea nodosa (Pavón-Salas el al., 2000). It has a
pantTopieal distribulion (www.algaebase.com.): Australasia (Womersley, 1984; Huisman,
2000); Paeifie Ocean (payri el al., 2000); Brazil (Oliveira el al., J 983); Caribbean Sea (linIer
& Litter, 2000); N AtlanticOeean, ineluding Canary Islands (Haroun el al.. 2002,2003).
The firsl rcport of H. decipiens from the Central-East Atlanlie Ocean was done by
Gil~Rodriguez & Cruz (1982) and Gil-Rodriguez el o/.. (1982) from collections in few localities
along the southeaslem eoasl ofTenerife. and sinee Ihen several new localilies nave been
addcd. Later it was reeorded for La Patma, in the harbour of Santa Cruz de La Palma
between 6·9 ro depth (Hemández-González & Gil-Rodriguez. 199:3), and also in Gran Cana-
79
Tia, in one locality oflhe SW coas! (Puerto Rico. 19 m depth) (Bctancon el al., 1995;
Pavón-Salas er al., 2000). Moreira et al. (2004) found il growing Iocal1y from 20 to 40 m
depttl in two localilies oflne SE ofTenerife.
Recen! surveys along the Canary coasts have rcsulted in a mueh extended knowledge
of this interesting species. This study provides sorne ecological and chorological
knowledge of H. decipiens meadows in ¡he Canary Islands regarding lO environmenlal
status and habital Ihreatens.
MATERIAL AND METHOOS
Sludy area: The Canary Archipelago is located in the Central Easl Allantic Ocean,
ntar lo the Nonhwcstem African Coasl; [he mínimum distance wilh (he continent is
about 110 km. This volcanic archipelago is composed ofseven maio islands and several
islets. Exccpt in the case of Lanzarole and Fuertevenlura, which share Ihe same subtidal
shelf, Ihe sea-bonom may reach more than 2000 m deplh among lhe íslands. The older
islands have wide insular shelves mainly localed al lhe Soulhem and Soulhweslem CoaSIS.
EXlensive sandy bonoms, Sllilable for seagrass meadows development. may appear in
such areas.
Methods: Several rransecls were sampled between 20-30 m deplh along rhe coasl of
Tenerife and Gran Canaria islands lO characlerize Ihe community srrucrure. The sampling
was performed using 20 x 20 cm quadrals divided inro subquadrars of IOx IOem side (Fig.
1a, b). Phytosociological relevés chosen randomly were eompiled following Ihe prolocol
ofthe Zürich-Montpellier School (Sraun Blanquel, 1979) (Table 1). Numbers in lhal rabie
refers lO Ihe abundance/dominanee indexo The phytosociologieal nomenc1ature is
aceording ro Rivas-Martínez el al. (2oo 1) for hígh level sintaxa. The association name and
descriplion is aceording lO Rivas-Martinez el al. (2002).
Al rhe same time. Ihe frequency, abundanee and densiry of Halophi/a planrs in lhe
sampled area was delermined. in Tenerife Island (Table 2) following lhe quadral melhod
proposed by Dawes(1986, 1998), wilh quadrats of 18 x 18 cm divided iOlo subquadratsof
2 x 2 cm (Fig. le, d), by using Ihe following equalions (Dawes. 1986: 400; 1998: ]69):
Ftequency=
Number 01 occupiedquadralSI unils
Totalnumber 01 QUadrats I units
Abundance = Tolal number of individual p1ants (:!erial sprouts)
Number 01 oc:cupíed quadrats 1units
· = cNc",="be~'o::r::;'''''o'::'·:';C"'='"'''''''';c:,;·0'::1:,",:"'c"=rec
De nSlty
Totalnumber of unir areas
'=-
Voucher specirnens are kept in the TFC Herbarium al University ofla laguna (TFC
no 43.298; 4].614-43.623; 43.800). Furthermore, underwater pictures oflhe cornmunily
wefe laken on lransecls along lhe sourheasrem coast ofTenerife.
80
Fig. l.- la: Halophiletum decipienlis, with Coulerpa racemosa llar cylindracea.- lb:
20 x lOcro quadrat and 10 x subquadrats. le: Ha{ophilelum decipientis general view.1d: 18 x 18 cm quadral ano 2 x 2 subquadrats.
RESULTS
The Canarian specimens of H. dee/pien! ti! into ¡he general description of [he
species, pravided among olhers by den Hanog (1970, 1971) and Gil-Rodríguez & Cruz
Sirnó (1982). H. decipiens (Hydrocharitaceae) i5 a monoecious small plant, with a slendcr
rhizome nol exceeding 1 mm in diameler, and intemodes 0.5-4.5 cm long. Roots are 2·5 cm
long and 0.2-0.5 mm thick. Both, solitary roots and leaves paired, bom from sprouts at
each node. Leaves elliptic-oblong, wilh a rounded apex, somelimes cuneate al ¡he base, S10 mm in length and nol more Ihan 5 mm in widlh.
The dislribulion panem ofthis species is enlarged lO include a new 10calilY in the E
coas! ofTenerife Island (at 20-25 m deph in Igueste de San Andrés) (More ira el 01.,2004);
in the SE coas! ofGran Canaria (at 25 m deplh in Playa del Cabrón, Arinaga; F. Espino and
R. Herrera, pers. com.) below Cymodocea nadose meadows and iI is now firsl recorded for
Gomera (Punta de la Herradura, al19 m dCplh, TFC Phyc43.S00 )and La Caleta (El Hierro,
recorded by C.L. Hemández-González) where it is presenl only in srnall and isolaled
palches.
In lhe Halophj{etum decipienlis of San Andrés (E ofTcncrifc) stand (L1C "sebadales
de San Andrés" ES 7020120) has been recenlly discovered Avrainvillea conariensis A_
Gepps el E.S. Gepps an endemic chlorophyte speeies under proteetion, "sensilive lO
habitat disturbance" (BOC 200 11 097).
SI
The expansion of ¡he cornmunity has becn observed recently in ¡he E and S of
Tenerife ( Moreira, com. pers.) as well as an important change in jls compositioo, which
now ¡neludes Caulerpa racemasa varo cylindracea (Sonder) Verlaque, Huisman el
Boudouresque an invasive chlorophyta species of Australian origin, recorded as such in
the Medirerranean basin from Port Menton, near Italy, 10 Marsei1le and now in ¡he Canary
Islands (Verlaque elal., 2000, 2003, 20(4).
Davis el al, (2001) reported a competitían for nilrogen between the neorropical
seagrass Thalossia tesludinum Banks ex Kiinig, and ¡he rhizophytic green macroalga
Halimeda incrassala Larnouroux in the Florida Keys. 1$ a similarproccss operating between
H. decipicns and Caulerpa racemosa vaL cylindracea in the Canary waters? funher
researeh is needed.
Ha/ophiletum decipienlis eonstitutes along the Canarian eoast an oligospecifie
(somelimes monospeeifie) meadow eommunity, in deep water, dominated by H. decipiens.
The macroalgae Gaulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea is frequenl in the community, al
leas! in subtidal areas of Tenerire Island. Somelimes Cymodocea nadosa as well as
Dictyola dicholama (Hudson) J. V_Lamouroul\ grow in the eommunity (Pavon-Salas el al.,
2000). Apan from these planls, only sorne few epiphytes have been recorded.
Using two different eomplementary approaehes we have tried lO evaluale Ihe floristic
composition and olher quantitative paramelers of Ha{oph¡letum decipienlis in Canary
Islands. Table 1 shows details of this composition and Ihe phytosociological adscriplion
oflhe communiry.
Tabl.l. HakJphiIeIum decipfenlis Wldpel & M.C. Gi 2002, StTingodio-Thalasion lestucfnum Bomidi 1996. TIlaJassiaS¡fflgodietafia fikIonris Bothidí. Muñil & Del Risro ¡., Bor!Hd; 1996. HaIodvio wrighli-Thalassietea Ies/ue/ioom Den
Hartog el; Rivas-Martínez. Fei'OOndez·GonzáIez & L.oicli 1999.
"'" "'
Oeplh (m}
Area (Qn2}
"'"
"'101 lau
N\I'I1ber
Cllarilcl.er taXiI:
HaIopIliIa dedpiens Oster1feld
,
21
'00
60
5
•
"
" "'" "'" " "'" ""
"'" "'"" " " "'" " , "
• • •
2
25
3
2J
•
21
5
21
6
7
21
9
30 26.5 25,5
'00 400 400
15
25
3
25
'00
40
2
1
1
3
2
3
15
1
1
15
'00
60
1
1
•
2
Comf)jnion laxa:
CatJerpa fllUmosa Y<Jl, cylindracea (Sonderj
Veriaque.HlJisman ellloudouresque
2
,
C~ nodosa (Veria) Ascherson
DidyoIa dic/loloma (li.Idson) Lamouroux
Epipltytes
U/oUltU /lacea (Oilhoiyn) Thurel in le JoIis
CyanopIlyO?la
,
,
loulities - Tel\llrife: l.· Cueva ele los Camarones; 2. 5. 9 ~ 10.- El Palm-t.la.I; 3lJOd T.-la Afenila: 4 and 6.'
BocinegIO: 8,· Cueva de La Rasca,
locali\íes - Griln c..nariil: 11.· Playa B Cabr6n: 12.· Puerto Rico.
Note: Epiphytes are in6cated Itvough presente I absence DI&.
(jej
,
2
P~.
82
The strucrure of ¡he meadows is in evenly dislribulCd homogeneous parches. The
vertical distribUlion pattem Oflhis species is between 6 and 40 m depth. 15-25 m dcplh
being the mosl common. H. decipicns has becn found growing on sandy and muddy
hollams.
Table 2, bascd in Tenerife populations. showing frequency, abundance and density
data, refers ro the dominanl role played by H. decipiens in the community. 1I is slill early
lO relate density of H. decipiens and presence of Caulerpa racemosa 'lar. cy/indracea,
and moniloring tasks are required in the Canary ArchipeJago in ¡he future.
Table 2. Halophilefllm dedpientis Wiklpret & M.C. Gil 2002 .
Plol nO
1
2
3
4
5
6
¡
8
9
Dep!ll{m)
22
25
23
22
20
22
30
26.5
25.5
324
324
21
324
324
324
324
53
74
32'
24
324
76
"
Ama (cm2)
32'
324
Frequen<;y ("lo)
88
54
""''''~
3.13
3.84
2.19
6.79
5.46
5.96
3.75
"
37
5.33
"
70
2.37
2.33
4.70
1.70
2.02
1.54
5.19
2.90
4.91
0.92
1.17
0.66
Densily
Loulities - Tenerife. 1.- Cueva de los Camarooes; 2, 5, 9 aod 10.- El Palm-Mar; 3 and 7.-la Arellita;
4 and 6.- Punta de! Boo'negro: 8.· ClJeva de la Rasca.
DISCUSSION
Halophiletum decipientis constitutes an important submergcd comrllunity in the
Canary Islands, which is probably spread on the sea bottom ofall islands. This expansion
seerns lO be related to Ihe combined efTect of sorne environrnental faclors, among them
seawater temperatute and substrate characteristics. In Tenerife, we have noticed an increase
ofthe populations in [he vicinity offish cages for aquaculture farming.
In the CaDary !slands as in olher placcs [Ceccherelli el al., 2000; Ceccherelli &
Campos, 2002; Fama el al.. 2000; Modena el al.. 2000; Piazzi el al., 2001; Verlaque el al..
2000,2003,2004)] we have noticed an importantchange in the noristic composition ofthe
cornmunity because ofthe progressive expansion oflhe invasive chlorophyta Caulerpa
racemosa varo cylindraceae.
Because ofthe importance ofthis particular habitat, nowadays endangered because
disturbance and íntroduction of an invasive algae, we call the attention in order lO control
the fish cages expansion and lts possible relation lO nutrients increase.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish 10 than.k a D. G. González; A. Sancho; R. Linares, R. Herrera, F.
Espino and Julio Afonso-Canillo.
83
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Fecha de recepción: 2geDero 2007
Fecha de aceptación: 15 febrero 2007