MODAL VERBS OF OBBLIGATION: • MUST: MUST + INFINITIVE.

• MODAL VERBS OF OBBLIGATION:
• MUST:
• MUST + INFINITIVE.
• STRONG OBLIGATIONS WHICH EXPRESS OF THE PERSON.
• FOR FORMAL RULES OR LAWS (Passengers must fasten their seat belts now,)
• SUGGESTIONS, ADVICE, RECOMMENDATIONS THAT THE PERSON FEELS STRONGLY.
(You must come to my party, everyone's is going to be there)
• MUSTN´T:
• MUSNT´T + INFINITIVE
• EXPRESS PROHIBITION
• NEGATIVE RULES OR LAWS. (Drivers mustn't exceed the speed limit.)
• STRONG ADVICE. ( You mustn't blame yourself. )
• HAVE TO:
• HAVE TO + INFINTIVE
• STRONG OBLIGATIONS WHICH EXPRESS THE AUTORITY OF A THIRD PERSON.
• TO THE SPEAKER TO SHOW THEY ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPOSING THE
OBLIGATION, OR DO NOT AGREE WITH IT. (I have to work late. My boss said so)
• WHEN YOU REMIND SB A RULE OR LAW (You have to wear a set belt in the back of the cars)
• HAVE GOT TO:
• HAVE GOT TO
• MORE INFORMAL THAN HAVE TO + INF.
• DIRECT COMANDS (You have got to stop wasting your money)
• FOR EMPHASIS (I have got to pass the exam today)
• DO NOT HAVE TO / HAVE NOT GOT TO
• DON'T HAVE TO / HAVEN'T HAVE TO
• LACK OR OBLIGATION OR NECESSITY ( You don't have to wear uniform, but you can if you
like)
• NEED TO:
• NEED TO
• NEEDS OR NECESSITIES, NO OBLIGATIONS. ( I need to now all about that person)
• DON'T NEED TO / NEEDN'T:
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• DON'T NEED TO / NEEDN'T + INFINITIVE.
• LACK OF OBLIGATION OR NECESITY, VERY SIMILAR TO DON'T HAVE TO. ( There are no
lessons tomorrow, so I don't need to get up early / You needn't tell me your phone number if you
don't want you.)
• DIDN'T NEED TO:
• DIDN'T NEED TO + INFINITIVE
• IT WAS NOT NECESSARY SO WE DIDN'T DO IT. ( It was to early so we didn't need to hurry to
go to the beach)
•
• NEEDN'T HAVE:
• NEEDN'T HAVE+ 3º RD.
• IT WAS NOT NECESARRY BUT WE ALSO DID IT. ( He needn't have driven so fast; now he has
to pay a fine)
• PAST TIME:
• PAST SIMPLE:
• REGULAR OR IRREGULAR VERB ONLY.
• ACTION OR EVENT THAT IS FINISHED.
• SPECIFIC PLACE AND TIME IN THE PAST ( Judy went to EE UU last week)
• ESPECIFIC PERIOD IN THE PAST (She lived in Argentina between 1990 and 1999)
• WAS HABITUAL DURING AN ESPECIFIC PERIOD (When she lived in Argentina, she ate up at
10 o'clock)
• PAST CONTINUOS:
• VERB IN SIMPLE PAST + −ING.
• CONTINUOS EVENT IN THE PAST, PUEDE O NO ESTAR TERMINADO ( She was working
hard)
• TEMPORARY EVENT IN THE PAST WHICH WAS BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION. ( I was
cooking when I heard the telephone rang)
• AN EVENT THAT START BEFORE ANOTHER EVENT IN THE PAST AND CONTINUED.
(When I come in, all the other people were eating the desert)
• SIMULTANEOS ACTIONS IN THE PAST. ( While I was trying to sleep my sister was looking tv)
• REPEATED ACTIONS OCCURING OVER A PERIOD IN THE PAST. (Before I got on my own
flat, I was always arguing with my parents)
• PAST PERFECT:
• HAD + 3º COLUMN:
• A PAST EVENT WHICH OCCUR BEFORE ANOTHER PAST EVENT ( Mike had already left.)
2
• PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS:
• HAD BEEN+ −ING.
• WHEN WE WANT TO EMPHASISE THE CONTINUITY AND DURATION OF AN EVENT. ( I
have been doing it for ages)
• PRESENT PERFECT:
• HAVE/HAS+ 3º COLUMN
• EVENT THAT START IN THE PAST, CONTINUE IN THE PRESENT, AND MAY BE
CONTINUE IN THE FUTURE.
• RECENT EVENT IN THE PAST WHICH IS IMPORTANT IN THE PRESENT. (A man has
appeared in court charged with the murder of the missing person)
• AN EVENT THAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST BUT WE DON'T NOW THE ESPECIFIC TIME
−NOT IMPORTANT THE TIME− ( Have you seen Jill ?)
• HAPPENED IN THE PAST BUT IN UNFISHED TIME − THIS MONTH, THIS DAYS, ( I didn't
see Tim last week but I have been out with him twice already this week)
• PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOS:
• HAVE/ HAS BEEN + −ING.
• TO EMPHASISES THE CONTINUITY AND DURATION OF THE EVENT. ( They have been
living in the same house ever since they got married)
• A CONTINUOS ACTIVITY IN THE PAST IS RESPONSIBLE OF SITUATIONS IN THE
PRESENT. ( I am not crying, I have been peeling onions)
• PARTICIPLE CLAUSES: siempre las 2 partes de la oracion tienen que tener el mismo sujeto.
• PRESENT PARTICIPLE CLAUSES:
• VERB + ING.
• TIME: After he come home, he drank some coffee − − > After coming home,
• REASON: Because he lost the bus, he arrived late − − > Losing the bus, ( if it is negative you put
NOT at the beginning of the sentence)
• RELATIVE CLAUSE: The boy who was talking fell off the horse − − > The boy talking, fell off the
horse.
• PAST PARTICIPLE CLAUSES:
• 3º COLUMN.
• RELATIVE CLAUSES: The plane which was delayed crash − − > The plane delayed crash.
• REASON: Because it was made of light steel, the plane arrived earlier − − > Made of light steel the
plane
• PERFECT PARTICIPLE CLAUSES:
• HAVING+ 3º COLUMN.
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• ONE ACTION BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION: He opened the door. He found his wife on the floor
− − > Having opening the door, he found . . .
• GERUNDS: VERB + ING.
• SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE:
• EATING OUT CAN BE EXPENSIVE
• OBJECT OF A SENTENCE:
• ONE OF MY INTERESTS IS COLLECTING ANTIQUES
• AFTER VERBS EXPRESING LIKE AND DISLIKES:
• LIKE
• PREFER
• HATE
• LOVE
• AFTER OTHER VERBS SUCH AS:
• CAN´T HELP: NO PODER EVITAR
• CONSIDER
• DELAY: LLEGAR TARDE, TO BE LATE
• DENY: NEGAR
• FINISH
• FORGIVE
• GIVE UP: ¿?
• IMAGINE
• INVOLVE
• KEEP
• MIND: PONER EN PELIGRO
• MISS
• POSTPONE
• PUT OFF: ¿?
• PREVENT
• REPORT
• RESIST
• RISK: ¿?
• SUGGEST
• AFTER PREPOSITIONS:
• AFTER ALL PREPOSITIONS
• IT IS FOR OPENING BOTTLES
• AFTER ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS:
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• NERVOUS/WORRIED + ABOUT
• BAD/ GOOD/ CLEVER/ SKILLED + AT
• SORRY / RESPONSIBLE + FOR
• INTERESTED + IN
• CAPABLE / AFRAID/ FRIGHTENED / TERRIFIED + OF
• BORED + WITH
• PREVENTED (SB) + FROM
• HAD NO INTENTION + OF
• AFTER VERB + PREPOSITION COMBINATION:
• APOLOGIZE SB FOR
• ARREST SOMEONE FOR
• BE/ GET USED TO
• CONGRATULE SOMEONE ON
• INSIST ON
• LOOK FORWARD TO
• OBJECT TO
• SUCCEED IN
• WARN SOMEONE ABOUT
• THE INFINITE :
• AFTER SOME VERBS:
• AFFORD: BE ABLE TO PAY
• AGREE
• ARRANGE
• ASK
• APPEAR
• ATTEMPT: INTENTAR
• CHOOSE
• DECIDE
• EXPECT
• HELP
• HOPE
• INTEND
• LEARN
• MANAGE: BE ABLE TO
• OFFER
• PRETEND
• PROMISE
• REFUSE
• SEEM
•
• AFTER SOME ADJECTIVES:
• AMAZED
• CERTAIN
• DIFFICULT
• DISAPPOINTED
• EASY
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• FREE
• GLAD: HAPPY
• HAPPY
• LIKELY: POSIBLE
• PLEASED
• POSSIBLE
• SIMPLE
• SURE
• SURPRISED
• THE GERUND OR THE INFINITIVE :
• NO CHANGE OF MEANING:
• START, BEGIN, CONTINUE
• CUANDO EL VERB ESTA EN CONTINUOS, SE USA INFINITIVE
• GENERALMENTE ESOS 3 VERBOS NO SE PONEN CON SU −ING. INCLUIDO
• EX: Jeff CONTINUE to smoke / smoking despite the doctor´s advice.
• LITTLE CHANGE OF MEANING:
• LIKE, PREFER, HATE, LOVE
• + GERUND:
• EL ENFASIS ESTA EN LO Q TE GUSTA O NO TE GUSTA LA ACCION, O EL HECHO
• YOU DO IT USUALLY
• EX: Mery prefers eating out to eating at home.
• ¡! ¡! : LIKE + INFINITIVE: MEANING OF A PREFERED ALTERNATIVE
• + INFINITIVE:
• ACCIONES O HECHOS ESPECIFICOS, EN LOS CUALES SE QUIERE DAR INFORMCION
EXTRA.
• UNUSUAL ACTIVITIES
• EX: Jane prefers to eat out because there´s no washing−up to do.
• CHANGE OF MEANING:
• Verbs try, see, regret, go on, forget/remember and mean; pueden ser seguidos por gerund o
infinitve y cambia el significado.
• TRY:
• + GERUND:
• EXPERIMENTAR POR PRIMERA VEZ PARA CUMPLIR UN OBJETIVO
• EX: Try going to bed earlier and see if that helps.
• + INFINITIVE:
• INTENTAR UAN ACCION DIFICIL, HACER UN ESFUERZO
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• EX: Jill´s been trying to get a job since she left school, but with no success.
• STOP :
• + GERUND:
• FINISH AN ACTIVITY, STOP AN ACTIVITY
• EX: Stop talking and get on with your work!
• + INFINITIVE:
• INTERRUMPIR UNA ACCION PARA EMPEZAR OTRA
• EX: Roger stopped to have a cup of tea.
• REGRET: ARREPENTIRSE
• + GERUND:
• HACES LA ACCION Y DESPUES TE ARREPENTIS
• EX: Many people regret marrying young.
• + INFINITIVE:
• TE ARRPENTIS, O TE DA PENA PERO LO HACES IGUAL, COMMUNICATION
• EX: Dr. Taylor regret to say that she is unable to see patients without an appointment.
• FORGOT / REMEMBER:
• + GERUND:
• HACES LA ACCION Y DESPUES TE ACORDAS
• EX: I distincly remember asking them to come alter lunch.
• + INFINITIVE:
• TE ACORDAS, Y DESPUES HACES LA ACCION
• EX: Ann remember to lock all the doors when she went on holiday, but she forgot to close the
bathroom window.
• ¡! ¡! : I FORGOT TO : YOU DIDN´T DO IT.
• GO ON:
• + GERUND:
• CONTINUE AN ACTION
• EX: I will go on applying for jobs until I´m successful
• + INFINITIVE:
• TERMINAR UNA ACCION Y EMPEZAR OTRA.
• EX: After 7 years of study, Andy went on to become a doctor.
7
• MEAN:
• + GERUND:
• ABARCA
• EX: Diets usually means giving up sweet things.
• + INFINITIVE:
• INTENTAR
• EX: I meant to send you a postcard but I couldn´t remember your address.
• ¡! ¡! : MEAN SOLO PUEDE IR EN INFINITIVE SI ESTA EN PERFECT Y EN PAST TENSES.
• The verbs or perception See (watch, notice, etc), feel, hear, smell; diferente significado si estan
seguidos por the infinitive (sin el to adelante) or a participle.
• + PARTICIPLE:
• PART OF AN EVENT
• EX: I noticed a man acting in a strange way. ¿? ¿?
• + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO:
• WHOLE EVENT, TODO EL EVENTO
• EX: I heard my sister come in at 1 a.m.
• SI EN UNA ORACION TENGO . . . IN THE LAS 2 YEARS: SIEMPRE SE PASA CON PRESENT
PERFECT
• GRAMMAR:
• PASSIVE VOICE:
• THE VERB BE IN THE SAME TENSE AS IN THE FIRST SENTENCE + THE PAST
PARTICIPLE OF THE MAIN VERB.
• PRESENT SIMPLE − − − > ARE/IS
• PRESENT CONTINUOS − − − > IS/ARE BEING
• PAST SIMPLE − − − > WAS/WERE
• PAST CONTINUOS − − − > WAS/WERE BEING
• PRESENT PERFECT − − − > HAS BEEN
• PAST PERFECT − − − > HAD BEEN
• FUTURE − − − > WILL BE
• MODAL VERBS − − − > MUST BE/CAN BE
• ACTIVE SENTENCE:
• SUBJECT − − − > PERSON OR THING THAT DO THE ACTION
• PASSIVE SENTENCE:
• SUBJECT − − − > PERSON OR THING AFFECTED BY THE ACTION (este lo usas cuando queres
q se enfoque todo mas a la persona o a la cosa q le esta afectando la accion)
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• NOT TO PUT THE AGENT:
• WHEN IS NOT IMPORTANT, OSEA NO LO DECIMOS
• CUANDO NO SABEMOS QUIEN ES, ENTONCES NO PODEMOS SB Ó A PERSON
• CUANDO ES ALGUIEN OVIO. Ex: The thief was sentenced BY THE JUDGE.
• CUANDO YA FUE MENCIONADO ANTERIORMENTE
• CUANDO UNA ORACION TIENE 2 OBJECT (uno directo y otro indirecto), LOS 2 PUEDEN SER
USADOS COMO SUJETO. SI HY 2 Y UNO ES UNA PERSONA, ES MAS COMUN Q SE USE A
LA PERSONA Q AL OBJETO.
• CUANDO QUEREMOS TRANSMITIR UNA INFO, PERO NO SABEMOS SI ES TRUE OR
FALSE, O NO SABEMOS LA FUENTE DE INFO:
• INFO ABOUT A PRESENT SITUATION:
• THE PASSIVE + INFINITIVE (Ex: Mr Smith is belived to be staying with friends)
• INFO ABOUT STH IN THE PAST:
• TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (Ex: The ship is reported to have sunk. Many people are thought to
have drowned.)
• IMPERSONAL PASSIVE VOICE:
• People (Subject) think (main verb) Einstein(Subject of the D.O.) IS (Verb of the D.O.) a great
scientific.: (Direct Object)
• IT + MAIN VERB IN PASSIVE + THAT + D.O.
• IT + IS THOUGHT + THAT + ENINSTEIN IS A GREAT SCIENTIST
• SUBJECT OF D.O. + MAIN VERB IN PASSIVE + TO + VERB OF THE D.O.
• EINSTEIN + IS THOUGHT + TO + BE A GREAT SCIENTIST
• VERB OF THE DIRECT OBJECT:
• PRESENT − − − > TO + INFINITIVE
• FUTURE − − − > TO + INFINITIVE
• PAST SIMPLE − − − > TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
• PRESENT PERFECT − − − > TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
• PAST PERFECT − − − > TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
• PRESENT CONTINUOS − − − > TO BE + ING.
• PAST CONTINUOS − − − > TO HAVE BEEN + ING.
• HAVE / GET STH DONE: (HAVE IS MORE FORMAL THAN GET, GET IS MORE USED IN
THE IMPERATIVE FORM)
• ACTIONS THAT ARE FOR THE SUBJECT, NOT DONE IT BY THE SUBJECT.
• HAVE STH DONE:
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• I DON´T NOW HOW TO REPAIR CARS, SO I´M HAVING MINE REPAIRED AT THE
GARAGE ROUND THE CORNER
• GET STH DONE:
• I REALLY MUST GET MY EYES TESTED. I´M SURE I NEED GLASSES.
• ACTIONS THAT HAPPENED TO SB, BUT WERE OUTSIDE THEIR CONTROL.
• I STOOD SO CLOSE TO THE FIRE THAT I GOT MY LEGS BURNT.
• REPORTED SPEECH:
• WE CAN REPORTD IN 2 WAYS:
• THEIR ACTUAL WORDS: I´ll be late home tomorrow, Bob said.
• THE IDEA THEY EXPRESSED:
• CHANGES IN VERB TENSES:
• PRESENT SIMPLE − − − > PAST SIMPLE
• PRESENT CONTINUOS − − − > PAST CONTINUOS
• PAST SIMPLE − − − > PAST PERFECT
• PRESENT PERFECT − − − > PAST PERFECT
• PAST CONTINUOS − − − > PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS
• WILL − − − > WOULD
• CAN − − − > COULD
• MAY − − − > MIGHT
• MUST − − − > HAD TO
• CONDITIONAL 1 − − − > CONDITIONAL 2
• CONDITIONAL 2 − − − > CONDITIONAL 3
• CONDITIONAL 3 − − − > CONDITIONAL 3
• NO CHANGES IN VERB TENSES:
• WHEN THE REPORTING VERB IS IN THE PRESENT: HE SAYS.., WE DO NOT CHANGE
THE ORIGINAL VERB:
• WHEN SOMEONE HAS SAID IN A NEWSPAPER OR A LETTER:
• Ex: Darren says he has been too busy to write before.
• WHEN YOU ARE PASSING A MESSAGE:
• Ex: Lucy says she will be late.
• CHANGES IN THE TIME AND PLACE REFERENCE:
• TODAY − − − > TOMORROW
• TOMORROW − − − > THE DAY AFTER, THE FOLLOWING DAY, THE NEXT DAY
• YESTERDAY − − − > THE PREVIOUS DAY, THE DAY BEFORE
• 2 DAYS AGO − − − > 2 DAYS BEFORE, 2 DAYS EARLIER
• NOW − − − > THEN
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• HERE − − − > THERE
• COME − − − > GO
• BRING − − − > TAKE
• TAKE − − − > BRING
• OTHER CHANGES:
• PRONOUNS WILL CHANGE:
• Ex: I will give you a kiss/ Jack said he would give me a kiss
• THE DETERMINERS: THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE − − − > THE
• THE PRONOUNS: THIS, THAT − − − > IT
• TOLD:
• TOLD SB + THAT ) SENTENCE
• TOLD SB + TO DO STH ) ORDERS
+ NOT TO DO STH )
• Ex: Leave me alone! (+ INF) − − − > She told me to leave her alone.
• ASKED:
• ASKED SB + WH + WORD + SUBJECT + VERB ) QUESTION
• ASKES SB + TO DO STH ) REQUEST(pregunta q no es pregunta)
+ NOT TO DO STH )
• Ex: Leave my keey, PLEASE − − − > She asked my to leave his keys.
• MARKERS OF REQUEST:
• PLEASE
• CAN YOU?
• COULD YOU?
• WOULD YOU?
• WILL YOU?
• WOULD YOU MIND + ING.
• WARNED:
• WARN SB + TO DO STH
+ NOT TO DO STH
+ AGAINST DOING STH
+ ABOUT STH
• ADVISED:
11
• ADVICE SB + TO DO STH
+ NOT TO DO STH
• SE PASA CUANDO:
• YOU MUSNT´T
• YOU SHOULD
• YOU OUGHT TO
• IF I WERE YOU, I HAD
• YOU HAD BETTER + INFINITIVE (sin to)
+ NOT + INFINITIVE (sin to)
• IF EN NEGATIVE − − − > ADVISE SB AGAINST + ING
• − − > ADVISE SB NO TO + INFINITIVE
• SUGGESTED:
• SUGGEST + ING (cuando el q habla se esta incluyendo)
• SE PASA CUANDO:
• LET´S + INFINITIVE
• HOW ABOUT + ING
• WHAT ABOUT + ING
• WHY DON´T WE + ING
• SUGGEST + TO SB + THAT + SHOULD + INF. (sin to)
(el q habla no esta incluido) + INFINITIVE (sin to)
+ PAST SIMPLE
• SUGGEST(ED)(TO SB)(THAT) + SHOULD + BARE INFINITIVE
+ BARE INFINITIVE
+ PAST SIMPLE
+ SHOULD ENRROL
+ ENRROL
+ ENRROLED
• SE PASA CUANDO:
• WHY DON´T YOU?
• I THINK YOU COULD
• I THINK YOU SHOULD
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• OFFER:
• OFFERED SB + TO DO STH
+ NOT TO DO STH
SO :
SO + ADJETIVE
ADVERBS
Example: He works SO HARD (works se relaciona con el adverb hard)
Exceptions: SO /MANY / FEW + NOUN > QUANTITY
/ MUCH / LITTLE + NOUN >
• Example: I´ve never seen SO FEW people in town.
SUCH :
SUCH (A/AN/ADJETIVE) + NOUN
He is SUCH A HARD worker
Exceptions: Si el noun es: UNCOUNTABLE >
PLURAL >
Exceptions: They were SUCH naughty BOYS.
• CONDITIONAL SENTENCES:
• CONDITIONAL 0 :
• (IF + PRESENT) + (PRESENT OR IMPERATIVE)
• SCIENTIFIC FACTS
• Ex.: If you put paper on fire, it burns quickly.
2. GIVE INSTRUCTIONS
• Ex.: If the phone rings, answer it.
3. ADVICE
• Ex.: If Mary eats well, she is a beautiful girl.
4. ALWAYS TRUE (RUTINA, HABITOS, ETC.)
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• Ex.: If Mike reads on the bus, he feels sick.
• WHEN OR WHENEVER CEN BE USED INSTEAD OF IF.
• CONDITIONAL 1:
• (IF + SIMPLE PRESENT) + (WILL FUTURE)
• (IF + PRESENT PERFECT) + (WILL FUTURE) To emphasis that de 1º action is completed to do the
2º action.
• PREDICT LIKELY OR PROBABLY RESULTS IN THE FUTURE.
• Ex.: If we don't leave now, we will miss the bus.
• PERSUASION, PROMISES, WARNINGS AND THREATS.
♦ Ex.: Once you have landed, you will see your family.
♦ MODAL VERBS CAN BE USED INSTEAD OF WILL:
♦ MAY − − − > MORE IMPROBABLE
♦ Ex.: If we leave now, we may catch the train.
♦ MUST − − − > INVITATION
♦ Ex.: If you come to London again, you must call and see us.
♦ CONDITIONAL 2 :
♦ (IF + PAST SIMPLE) + ( WOULD/COULD/MIGHT)
♦ (IF + PAST CONTINUOS) + (WOULD BE + ING.)
• IMAGINARY OR IMPROBABLE SITUATIONS
♦ Ex.: You had feel healthier, if you did more exercise.
♦ UNREAL SITUATIONS
◊ Ex.: If I were taller, I would play basketball.
♦ EXPRESS ADVICE
◊ Ex.: If I were you, I wouldn't drive so fast.
◊ WHEN YOU USE MIGHT AND COULD: TO SHOW UNCERTANTY.
◊ Ex.: If you did more exercise, you might feel healthier.
◊ CONDITIONAL 3 :
◊ (IF + PAST PERFECT) + (WOULD/MIGHT/COULD + PAST PARTICIPLE)
◊ (IF + PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS) + (WOULD/MIGHT/COULD + PAST
PARTICIPLE)
♦ IS IN THE PAST, AND SPECULATES ABOUT POSIBILITIES WHICH DIDN´T
HAPPEN.
◊ Ex.: If I had had your address, I would have sent you a postcard.
◊ Ex.: You might not have crashed into the bus If you had been driving more slowly.
⋅ WHEN THE IF VA AL PRINCIPIO DE LA ORACION SE PONE COMA.
SI VA!
⋅ WHEN THE IF VA AL FINAL DE LA ORACION NO VA COMA. NO
VA!
⋅ MIXED CONDITIONAL:
⋅ (IF + SIMPLE PAST) + (WOULD/ MIGHT/ COULD HAVE + PAST
PARTICIPLE)
⋅ (IF + PAST PERFECT) + (WOULD/COULD/MIGHT)
◊ PAST ACTION WITH A PRESENT RESULT
• Ex.: If I hadn't broken my leg, I would go on holiday with you.
• PRESENT SITUATION WITH A RESULT IN THE PAST
◊ Ex.: If my sister weren't so distracted, she wouldn't
have forgotten her shoes at home.
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♦ OTHER WAYS OF INTRODUCING CONDITIONS:
♦ UNLESS:
• EN LUGARDE IF NOT:
♦ Ex.: Unless we leave now, we will miss the train.
♦ NO PUEDE SEGUIRSE DE WILL O WILL NOT
♦ NO PUEDE SEGUIRSE DE NADA NEGATIVO.
♦ AS LONG AS:
• TO EMPHASIS A CONDITION (remplaza a if)
♦ Ex.: I will lend you the Money you need as long as you
promise not to waste it.
♦ PROVIDED THAT /PROVIDING THAT:
• SIGNIFICA: ON CONDITION THAT
♦ Ex.: You can come home on holiday with us provided that
you do sth of the cooking.
MAS FORMAL QUE IF.
♦ PROBABILITY: WE ARE CERTAIN THAT STH IS THE
CASE
♦ MUST/ CAN´T
• PRESENT SITUATION:
♦ MUST/CAN´T + INFINITIVE SIN TO
♦ Ex.: My doctor must be married. He wears a wedding ring.
♦ MUST /CAN´T + ING
♦ Ex.: Virginia must be wondering where I am. I said I'd de
there at 3 p.m. and it's now 5 p.m.
2. PAST SITUATION:
♦ MUST/ CAN´T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
♦ Ex.: Sandra must have passed her driving test because I saw
her driving a car on her own.
♦ MUST/CAN´T + HAVE BEEN + ING
♦ Ex.: I'm sorry I'm late. You must have been waiting for ages.
♦ POSSIBILITY: WE ARE NOT CERTAIN THAT STH IN
THE CASE BUT WE THINK IT IS POSSIBLE
• PRESENT SITUATION:
♦ COULD/MAY/MIGHT + INFINITIVE SIN TO
♦ Ex.: Paula could be on holiday
♦ COULD/MAY/MIGHT + ING
♦ Ex.: Julie might be visiting her mother.
• PAST SITUATION:
♦ COULD/MAY/MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
♦ Ex.: Freda might have overslept
♦ COULD/MAY/MIGHT + HAVE BEEN + ING
♦ Ex.: The missing girl may be have been wearing a blue shirt.
♦ NO DIFERENCE BETWEEN MAY, COULD AND
MIGHT.
♦ MAY AND MIGHT EN NEGATIVE: MAY NOT Y
MIGHT NOT
♦ COULD EN NEGATIVE: COULDN´T
♦ ARTICLES:
♦ THE:
• STH THAT HAS BEEN MENTIONED BEFORE
15
♦ Ex.: I have a dog
What's the dog name?
• STH THERE IS ONLY ONE OF IT IN A PARTICULAR
CONTEXT
♦ Ex.: The queen spent 3 days in Argentina
• STH THE SPEAKER AND LISTENER BOTH KNOE ABOUT.
♦ Ex.: The film was really good.
• SUPERLATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
♦ Ex.: She is the fastest runner in Europe
• WITH ADJ USED AS NOUNS REFERRING TO GROUPS OF
PEOPLE
♦ Ex.: There is one law for the rich and another for the poor.
• WITH THE NAMES OF THE OCEANS, SEAS, RIVERS,
MOUNTAIN, RANGES.
♦ Ex.: The Atlantic.
• WITH THE NAMES OF SOME COUNTRIES AND GROUP OF
ISLANDS
♦ Ex.: The United States.
♦ ZERO ARTICLES:
♦ NO ARTICLE IS USED:
• WITH PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS
♦ Ex.: X International footballers are paid too much money.
• WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
♦ Ex.: He used to drink X beer, but now he drinks only X
water.
• WITH THE NAMES OF TOWNS, CITIES, STATES AND MOST
COUNTRIES
♦ Ex.: X New York
• WITH NOUNS FOR CERTAIN PLACES OR SITUATIONS
♦ Ex.: Suzy went into X hospital yesterday.
♦ INVERSION:
♦ NEG ADV + AUX + SUBJECT + VERB + BUT + AS
WELL /ALSO
♦ NEGATIVE ADVERBS:
♦ NOT ONLY
♦ NEVER
♦ LITTLE
♦ SELDOM VS. OFTEN
♦ RARELY VS. OFTEN
♦ UNDER NO CIRCUNSTANCIES
♦ SO + ADJ.
+ ADV
♦ Ex.: He never comes back early − − − > Never does he come
early.
♦ Ex.: He feel down the stairs. He sprained his ankle. − − − >
Not only did he fall down the stairs but he also sprained his
ankle as well.
PRESENT + SO THAT + WILL /CAN
PAST + SO THAT + WOULD /COULD
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♦ HARDLY + HAD + SUBJECT + 3º C + WHEN +
SENTENCE
♦ NO SOONER + HAD + SUBJECT + 3º C + THAN +
SENTENCE
♦ Ex.: He came back home. It started raining. − − − > Hardly
had he come back home when it started.
♦ (ONLY + BY/WHEN/ETC.), (AUX + SUBJECT + VERB)
♦ (NOT UNTIL + SENTENCE), (AUX + SUBJECT + VERB)
♦ MORE FORMAL
♦ WITH EMPHASIS
Ex.: They were allowed to enter only by paying in cash. − − − > Only
by paying in cash, were they allowed to enter
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