WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency

Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS)
WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency
The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration
Last Updated: 2007-10-08
GUATEMALA
Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)
Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%)
Level
L
L
N
L
L
NR
N
Date
Location and sample descriptor
Sex
Age
(years)
Sample
size
Prevalence (%)
Mean
Current
XN
Previous
XN
X1B
X2
X3A
X3B
XS
2002
8 Area development programs: Pre-SAC
B
0.50-4.99
440
0.00
1997 P
5 communities near Guatemala city: Pre-SAC
B
1.00-5.99
B
1.00-5.99
248
248
0.80
5 communities near Guatemala city: Pre-SAC
National: Pre-SAC: Total
B
1.00-4.99
Pre-SAC by age
B
1.00-1.99
Pre-SAC by age
B
2.00-2.99
Pre-SAC by age
B
3.00-3.99
Pre-SAC by age
B
4.00-4.99
Pre-SAC by region: Guatemala Department
B
1.00-4.99
Pre-SAC by region: High Plateau
B
1.00-4.99
Pre-SAC by region: North East
B
1.00-4.99
Pre-SAC by region: South Coast
B
1.00-4.99
Coban (4 hamlets): Pre-SAC: Total
B
0.50-6.57
Pre-SAC by sex
F
0.50-6.57
Pre-SAC by sex
M
0.50-6.57
Pre-SAC by hamlet: Chamil
B
0.50-6.57
Pre-SAC by hamlet: Pocola
B
0.50-6.57
Pre-SAC by hamlet: Rancho
B
0.50-6.5
Pre-SAC by hamlet: Sehuba
B
0.50-6.5
425
232
193
147
142
78
58
1984 -NS
El Quiché (6 communities): Pre-SAC
B
0.00-5.99
576
1.40
1975
National rural: Pre-SAC
B
1.00-5.99
B
1.00-5.99
543
543
1.10
National: Rural: Pre-SAC
1995
1995 P
<0.35
<0.70
SD
< 1.05
1576
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
5.2
1.6
15.8
19.9
17.7
13.1
11.9
15.5
16.1
16.2
14.6
20.0
18.0
22.0
21.0
13.0
26.0
26.0
3.3
21.5
Notes
General
0.00
0.0
Reference
1.13
*
3176
*
3091
*
4618
*
52
*
2105
*
0.26
51.0
0.90
1.00
0.90
0.90
1.00
0.90
0.90
5102
0.40
4.50
0.20
7.90
0.30
0.80
0.30
Line
© WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency
NOTES
GUATEMALA
Reference No:
5102
General notes:
Two-stage PPS cluster sampling. Sample comprised households within 8 Area Development Programs from various states. No location specified. Night blindness assessed by asking
mothers whether they or their child had difficulty seeing at dusk/night time.
Reference No:
3176
General notes:
Reference No:
Sample comprised of 50 children from 5 randomly selected study sites within 2 hours drive from the study laboratory (Guatemala city). Study designed to validate a semiquantitative food
frequency questionnaire in 3 countries to detect children at risk for vitamin A deficiency. Data collection timed to occur during periods of minimum food availability in communities to
increase likelihood of vitamin A deficiency. Therefore, prevalence may be overetimated. Study authors indicate that there is no local term for night blindness in Guatemala so prevalence
figure may be inaccurate. Serum retinol concentrations converted from µg/dL to µmol/L.
3091
General notes:
Multi-stage PPS cluster sampling. Péten department not included. Plasma retinol concentrations converted from µg/dL to µmol/L.
Reference No:
4618
General notes:
Reference No:
Sample comprised of pre-SAC from 4 rural hamlets (Chamil, Pocola, El Rancho and Sehuba) near Coban, in the region of Alta Vera paz. Baseline data before a vitamin A intervention
project.
52
General notes:
Sample comprised of children from 6 communities in El Quiché department (Tzalbal, Acul, Ac'Txumbal, Rio Azul, Las Violetas and Nebaj).
Reference No:
2105
General notes:
Baseline survey before initiation of the vitamin A fortification at national level. Sample comprised of pre-SAC from 12 randomly selected rural communities with between 1000-2000
inhabitants. The department of El Petén excluded because the number of villages with between 1000-2000 inhabitants was very low. Serum retinol concentrations converted from µg/100
mL to µmol/L.
© WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency
REFERENCES
GUATEMALA
Reference 52
National Committee for the Blind and Deaf [Guatemala], UNICEF. Report on the Joint Ophthalmic and Nutritional Survey and Delivery of Services in Nebaj, Quiche- 16-25 May, 1984.
1985.
Reference 2105
Arroyave G, Aguilar JR, Flores M, Guzmàm MA. Evaluation of sugar fortification with vitamin A at the national level. Scientific Publication, 1979.
Reference 3091
Ministerio de Salud Publica y Asistencia Social. Encuesta Nacional de Micronutrientes. Guatemala City, Ministerio de Salud Publica y Asistencia Social, 1996.
Reference 3176
Sloan NL, Rosen D, de la Paz T, Arita M, Temalilwa C, Solomons NW. Identifying areas with vitamin A deficiency: the validity of a semiquantitative food frequency method.
Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87 :186-191.
Reference 4618
Romero-Abal ME, Mendoza I, Bulux J, Solomons NW. Blood retinol and beta-carotene levels in rural Guatemala preschool children.
Reference 5102
Klaas N. Vitamin A add-on program: first annual report March 2003. Mississauga, Ontario, World Vision Canada, 2003.
American
European Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 11 :133-139.
© WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
GUATEMALA
Reference 72
Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance. Encuesta Nacional de Micronutrientes. Guatemala,
1995.
Reference 200
Vitamin A Field Support Project. Tercer Taller Regional Sobre Deficiencias de Vitamina A y Otros Micronutrientes en América Latina y el Caribe, Recife (Brasil), agosto 23-27. Virginia,
Vitamin A Field Support Project - VITAL, 1993.
Reference 242
Arroyave G, Mejia LA, Aguilar JR. The effect of vitamin A fortification of sugar on the serum vitamin A levels of preschool Guatemalan children: a longitudinal evaluation.
of Clinical Nutrition, 1981, 34 :41-49.
Reference 245
Gadomski AM, Kjolhede CL, Wittpenn J, Bulux J, Rosas AR, Forman MR. Conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) to detect subclinical vitamin A deficiency: comparison of CIC with
biochemical assessments. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1989, 49 :495-500.
Reference 247
Kjolhede CL, Gadomski AM, Wittpenn J, Bulux J, Rosas AR, Solomons NW, Brown KH, Forman MR. Conjunctival impression cytology: feasibility of a field trial to detect subclinical vitamin
A deficiency. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1989, 49 :490-494.
Reference 1883
Solomons NW. Micronutrients and urban life-style: lessons from Guatemala.
Reference 2104
Mejia LA, Arroyave G. The effect of vitamin A fortification of sugar on iron metabolism in preschool children in Guatemala.
Reference 2121
American Journal
Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición, 1997, 47 (2 Suppl 1):44-49.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1982, 36 :87-93.
Mejia LA, Pineda O, Noriega JF, Bentez J, Falla GF. Significance of postprandial blood concentrations of retinol, retinol-binding protein, and carotenoids when assessing the vitamin A
status of children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1984, 39 :62-65.
Reference 2859
FAO. Conferencia Internacional Sobre Nutrición. Situación alimentario nutricional de Guatemala.
1991.
Reference 3210
Instituto Nacional de Estadistica Guatamala, Ministerio de Salud Publica y Asistencia Social. Encuesta Nacional de Salud Materno Infantil 1998-1999.
Reference 3927
Mejia LA, Chew F. Hematological effect of supplementing anemic children with vitamin A alone and in combination with iron.
1999.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1988, 48 :595-600.
Reference 4240
Phillips M, Sanghvi T, Suarez R, McKigney J, Fiedler J. The costs and effectiveness of three vitamin A interventions in Guatemala.
1668.
Reference 4498
Ribaya-Mercado JD, Mazariegos M, Tang G, Romero-Abal ME, Mena I, Solomons NW, Russell RM. Assessment of total body stores of vitamin A in Guatemalan elderly by the deuteratedretinol-dilution method. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999, 69 :278-284.
Reference 4588
Reference 4619
Social Science & Medicine (1982), 1996, 42 :1661-
Marini A, Gragnolati M. Malnutrition and poverty in Guatemala. Human Development Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, 2003.
Arroyave G, de Moscoso YM, Lechtig A. Vitamina A en sangre de embarazadas y sus recién nacidos de dos grupos socio económicos [Vitamin A in blood of pregnant women and their
newborn infants in 2 socioeconomic groups]. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición, 1975, 25 :283-290.
© WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency