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Mbese Johannes, Muhammad Bilal and Salehdeen Umar M Abstract Emerging contaminants (ECs), encompass both natural and synthetic chemicals that are present or transformed to new chemical compounds in water bodies across the globe. They are presently not checked in the environment but poses a serious health threat to human and ecosystem as well as environmental damage. ECs are released into environment during the anthropogenic activities such as water treatments, fumigation, farming etc. More than 1036 ECs and their biotransformation have been identified by the NORMAN project, established in 2005 by the European Commission. They were further classified into different categorizes/classes including disinfection by-products, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, nanomaterials, benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles among others. The potential sources, path route and their health implication on human were also discussed. The presence of ECs in our environments is global issue that requires urgent attention. Keywords: emerging pollutants, contaminants, pharmaceuticals, personal care products cosmetics, disinfectant 1. Introduction Emerging pollutants (EPs) are natural and synthetic chemicals as well as microbes that are of less concern to the researchers, national and international regulatory bodies [1, 2]. They have not been explicitly studied and there is limited information about their environmental effects, health implications and method of analysis. These pollutants are not new in our environments but they can stay for a longtime in the environment because of their biotransformation, formation of metabolites and by-products [2, 3]. EPs are recently recognized as re-emerging factory-made or naturally formed materials that are detrimental to human health after a long-term exposure and lacking regulatory health standard [4, 5]. They are classified as agricultural (pesticides), industrial and consumer waste products, pharmaceutical and illicit drug as well as personal care products [6–8]. More than 121 various types of unregulated chemicals and microbes are present in an untreated water and at least 25 were found in water 1 Emerging Contaminants treatment plants (WTP) [9]. Furthermore, unregulated chemicals such as nitrosamines (NAs), dioxane, nanomaterials, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (cosmetics, disinfectant, antiseptic, deodorant stick, soap, fragrances, insect repellent, sunscreen, surfactants and toothpaste) as well as perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAA) are EPs [8, 10, 11]. For instance, N-Nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA) an emerging contaminant produced as byproducts of chloramines in drinking water treatment plants [12]. Nanomaterials (NMs) are substances produced with a dimension in nanoscale range from 1 to 100 nanometer as to improve the chemical strength and reactivity [10]. However, some NMs introduced contaminants when used for water treatment. Polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) PBDEs are brominated hydrocarbons used as flame retardants in the production of furniture, plastics, upholstery, electrical equipment, electronic devices and many other household products [10]. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) fluorinated organic compounds with many industrial applications; such as surfactants in fluoropolymers and as grease, soil and water resistant in fluorinated polymer [13, 14]. 2. Classification of emerging pollutants Emerging pollutants are classified and categorized as follows [15–17]: 1. Pharmaceuticals (illicit and prescribed drugs). 2. Personal care products (cosmetic, surfactants, disinfectants, domestic biocides, food additives). 3. Industrial chemicals (food additives, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyl, flame retardant, antimicrobial substances) 4. Disinfection by products (from water treatment plant: Nitrosamine, halonitromethanes, haloacetonitriles, trihalomethanes, halo acetic acids). 5. Algal toxins (toxic released from some algae: Cyanotoxins, microcystin) 6. Biocides and their metabolites (plants and agricultural preventive agents [pesticides]) 7. Bioterrorism and disruption devices (Biological and Chemical weapons). The personal care products and pharmaceuticals as ECs contain active substances in illicit, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs for human and animal consumption. Active ingredients are also found in disinfectants, biocides, preservatives and personal hygiene and beautification products [18]. PPCPs are classified (Table 1) base on the consumer product and their uses [19]. Personal care products Pharmaceuticals Fragrances, cosmetics, repellents, food supplements and their metabolites, and transformation products personal hygiene products, sunscreen agents, domestic insect, Drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines, antiseptics, hormones, illicit analgesics, antibiotics, lipid regulators, steroids, anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretics, non-steroid stimulant drugs, antimicrobials, beta blockers, Table 1. Classification of pharmaceuticals and personal care products [16]. 2 Classification, Potential Routes and Risk of Emerging Pollutants/Contaminant DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94447 Category I: Personal care products compound ATII (traseolide) Boisvelone/Iso-E super Bayrepel Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane Benzaldehyde, (phenylmethylene) Cineole hydrazone (Eusolex) Damascone Benzophenone Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) AHDI (phantolide) Boisvelone/Iso-E super alpha-Terpineol Decamethyltetrasiloxane (MD2M) 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone Dihydromethyljasmonate 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane(D6) 4-Oxoisophorone Acetylcedrene Dodecamethylpentasiloxane(MD3M) ADBI (celestolide) Drometrizole Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate Drometrizole trisiloxane (INCI) Galaxolide Methylsalicylate g-Methylionone Musk ambrette Hexamethyldisiloxane (HM or HMDS) Musk ketone Hexylcinnamaldehyde Musk xylene Homosalate Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) Isobornylacetate Octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM) Isobutyl paraben Octocrylene Methylparaben Oxybenzone Methyldihydrojasmonate (methyl 3-oxo-2pentylcyclopentaneacetate) Carvone Methyl-iso-propylcyclohexenone Propyl paraben p-t-Bucinal (Lilial) Tonalide Category II: Personal care products/biocides compounds Triclosan N,N-Diethyltoluamide D-Limonene Category III: Personal care products/food additive compounds 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol Triethylcitrate Butylated hydroxyanisole Butylated hydroxytoluene 2-Ethylthioacetic acid ethylester Dipropyltrisulfide 2-Methylthioacetic acid ethylester Ethylene brassylate 3-Methylthiopropionic acid Habanolide Category I: Pharmaceuticals compounds 3 1-Hydroxy ibuprofen Cyclophosphamide 2-Hydroxy ibuprofen Desmethylnaproxen (metabolite of naproxene) 17-alpha-Estradiol Danofloxacin 17-alpha-Ethinylestradiol Dantrolene 17-beta-Estradiol Dapsone 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-dihydroxyethane (chloral hydrate) Daunorubicin Emerging Contaminants 4 Acebutolol Diethylstilbestrol Acecarbromal Difloxacin Aceclofenac Diphenhydramine Acemetacin Domperidone Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Doxepine Acetazolamide Doxorubicin Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) Doxycycline (anhydrous) Acyclovir Doxycycline (monohydrate) Albuterol Dexamethasone Allobarbital Diatrizoate Alclofenac Diazepam Albuterol sulfate Diclofenac Alprazolam Dicloxacillin Amitriptyline Enoxacin Ampicillin Epirubicin Amoxicillin Enrofloxacin Amobarbital Escitalopram Anthracene-1,4-dione Erythromycin Apramycin Esomeprazole Aprobarbital Estriol Atenolol Estrone Azithromycin Estrone sulfate Bezafibrate Ethosuximide Baquiloprim Etofibrate Betamethasone Fenofibric acid (metabolite of fenofibrate) Beta-sitosterol Fenfluramine Betaxolol Fenofibrate Baclofen Famotidine Bisoprolol Fenoprofen Bromazepam Flumequine Butalbital Fenoterol Carbamazepine Flucloxacillin Carazolol Fenoprofen calcium salt dihydrate Caffeine Fluorouracil Cefacetrile Fluoxetine Cefapirin Fluvoxamine Cefalonium Furosemide Cefalexin Gemfibrozil Cefazoline Gentamicin Cefoperazone Glibenclamide (glyburide) Ciprofloxacin Hexobarbital Classification, Potential Routes and Risk of Emerging Pollutants/Contaminant DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94447 Clofibric acid (metabolite of clofibrate) Hydrocodone Clarithromycin Hydrochlorothiazide Citalopram Chlortetracycline Clotrimazole Chlorobutanol Clenbuterol Chloramphenicol Crotamiton Ibuprofen Cloxacillin Cholesterol Codeine Ifosfamide Category II: Pharmaceutical Compounds 5 Iopamidol Penicillin G Iminostilbene Penicillin V Indomethacin Pentoxifylline Iohexol Pentobarbital Iomeprol Paroxetine Imapramine Phenazone Iopromide Phenylbutazone Ivermectin Phenobarbital Josamycin Phenytoin Kanamycin sulfate Pindolol Lansoprazole Prednisolone Lamotrigine Pravastatin Ketoprofen Pipamperon Levetiracetam Primidone Lidocaine Propranolol Lincomycin Salbutamol Lorazepam Ranitidine Loratadine Roxithromycin Lithium carbonate Propyphenazone Lovastatin Sarafloxacin Marbofloxacin Sotalol Meprobamate Secobarbital sodium Meclofenamic acid Sertraline Medazepam Streptomycin Metformin Secobarbital Mebeverine Spectinomycin Mestranol Spiramycin Mefenamic acid Simvastatin Minocycline Sulfamerazine Methylphenobarbital Sulfadimethoxin Metoprolol Sulfadoxin Mevastatin Sulfadiazine Emerging Contaminants Methicillin Sulfamethazine Nandrolone Sulfamethoxazole Nafcillin Sulfapyridine Nadolol Tetracycline Naproxen Temazepam N-Methylphenacetine Terbutaline Neomycin B Taloxa Norfloxacin Tolfenamic acid Nordiazepam Tilmicosin Novobiocin Timolol Ofloxacin Tiamulin Oxacillin Tramadol Omeprazole Trimethoprim Oleandomycin Tylosin Oxazepam Verapamil Oxytetracycline Valnemulin Oxprenolol Zolpidem Table 2. Identified pharmaceuticals and personal care products (NORMAN [16, 20]). More than 1036 EC and secondary metabolites as well as biotransformation products are identified on NORMAN List in Table 2 (NORMAN [20]). The most common classes/categories of ECs include; industrial chemicals, disinfection byproducts, pesticides, sweeteners endocrine disrupting compounds, nanoparticles, sunscreens, UV filters, pharmaceuticals and personal care products among others [21–23]. 3. Potential routes emerging pollutants Series of anthropogenic activities such as agricultural, domestic and industrial activities leads to the discharged of the pollutants into our environments (Figure 1). Water and sediments serve as a sink to these contaminants [25, 26]. Constant consumption of drugs due to less attention given to traditional medicine for the treatment aliments and frequent use of personal care products as vogue has led to the release of different by-products at low concentrations into our environments [27]. The concentration of these pollutants are based on the production processes of some products (drugs) applied in various countries. For example, the concentration of bisphenol A in European water and North American were 43 and 12 ppb correspondingly [28, 29]. Their presence in water has affected the water physicochemical parameter and required urgent attention to drinking issues. Essentially however, many wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) are not considered or designed for the removal of emerging contaminants as shown Figure 1. As a result of their hydrophobic nature PPCPs and other EC metabolites as well as associated particular mater settled below water surface when discharged in water. Treated and untreated urban water as well as WWTP (Figure 1) are the main sources and path route of EC. 6 Classification, Potential Routes and Risk of Emerging Pollutants/Contaminant DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94447 Figure 1. Potential sources of PPCPs/EDCs in water cycle modified [24]. 4. Risk of emerging pollutants PPCPs are present in our environment at very low concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L but there is paucity of information about the various secondary metabolites generated during the biotransformation of parent compounds [16] The impact of the metabolites could be more toxic than the main compounds and their adverse effect on non-target organism is less understood [30]. The longtime exposure to PPCPs pose severe threat to aquatic biota and human life. Also, many studies on environmental toxicology on the exposure of non-target organs to PPCP are results from acute toxicity data [31–33]. Many PPCPs contained bioactive ingredient that could have a chronic effect non-target biota. Goldfish shows bio-centration factor of 113 when it is exposed to high concentration of PPCPs for 14 days [34]. Chronic effect could lead to gene mutation and decline in fish population. For instance, diclofenac may cause ill-effect on fish organs. Fish are susceptible to PPPCPs contaminants since they live in the environment where these contaminants are present [35]. The presence of carbamazepine and diclofenac in aquatic environs damaged algal chloroplasts [36]. Long time exposure to Sulfamethoxazole cause severe toxicity and inhibit photosynthesis process [37]. Also, ciprofloxacin is toxic to green algae [38]. Natural bacteria developed antibiotic tolerance in PPCP antibiotic contaminated environments [39]. Endocrine disrupting chemicals are also referred to as hormones in aquatic or aqueous environments. Some endocrine chemicals reduce the proper functioning of endocrine system (ES) that is physiological activities [40]. For example, retardation in reproductive processes such as sex variation, poor metabolic and embryonic developments [41]. These environmental hormones could cause serious effects on both aquatic and terrestrials animals through inhibition and modification of hormonal growth in ES and hormones in the cell correspondingly [42]. 7 Emerging Contaminants 5. Conclusion Nowadays there is increase in technologies for the production of goods and services as to meet up the demand of dense population, resulting to release of EC in our environs. EC is a serious environmental issue across globe that desires vital consideration. There is need to development new production technique that uses raw materials that are eco-friendly, less toxic metabolites and by-products in our environment in order to prevent the aquatic biota and ecosystem. Acknowledgements We extent our gratitude to Arch. Mohammed, Moshood Kayode at Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria, Dr. Babatunde, Olubayo and Engr. Adedoja, Samson Oluwaseye at Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa for their supports. Author details Yahaya Abdulrazaq1,4*, Abdulkareem Abdulsalam2, A. Larayetan Rotimi1,4, A. Aliyu Abdulbasit1, Okpanachi Clifford1, O. Abdulazeez Abdulsalam1, O. Nayo Racheal1, A. Akor Joy3, F. Omale Victor1, Z. Mbese Johannes4, Muhammad Bilal5 and Salehdeen Umar M6 1 Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria 2 Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny, Rivers State, Nigeria 3 Department of Integrated Science, Kogi State College of Education, Ankpa, Kogi State, Nigeria 4 Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa 5 School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China 6 Federal University Lokoja, Department of Chemistry, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria *Address all correspondence to: [email protected] © 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. 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