S U B J E C T Curriculum Integration Reading Program L7 Components Think Big Paragraph Summary The Think Big section stimulates students’ interest and gives them a wider understanding of the chapter’s theme. This section helps students find the main idea of each paragraph. Connect to Yourself This section allows students to relate ideas from the passage to their own lives or to think critically about what they have read. Reading Comprehension Contents Map The Contents Map previews the content covered in each lesson and the subject it is related to. Content-related questions are included to pique students’ curiosity and help create classroom discussion. Students’ understanding of the passage is checked through a series of multiple-choice and short-answer questions. Graphic Organizer & Summary A two-step summarizing activity teaches students how to make outlines and summaries. Background Knowledge The Background Knowledge section prepares students for the reading passage by providing additional topic information and visual aids. Vocabulary Test This section presents key words in context, synonyms, antonyms, and idioms to improve students’ vocabulary. Chapter Wrap-up Before You Read The Before You Read section includes discussion and vocabulary activities. The discussion activity includes simple questions related to the content of the passage. The vocabulary section allows students to use key words from the main reading passage in context. After completing each chapter, the teacher and students work together to think about and write down the key points from the lessons. The students can then discuss what they learned from the chapter with a partner. Contents CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 3 Sugar Photography Subject Lesson Title Subject Words Page Lesson Title Words Page History 1 The History of Sugar 293 6 Science 9 Camera Obscura 294 62 Science 2 Candy Making 306 15 Science 10 Red-eye Effect 294 71 Social Studies 3 Sugar Addiction 288 21 Art 11 Ansel Adams’ Photography 293 77 Science 4 Why Cats Can’t Taste Sweetness 271 27 History 12 Photo Manipulation 288 83 33 Chapter Wrap-up CHAPTER 2 89 Chapter Wrap-up CHAPTER 4 Benjamin Franklin Star Subject Lesson Title Social Studies 5 Benjamin Franklin’s Life 298 34 Science 13 Different Kinds of Stars 301 90 History 6 The Declaration of Independence 283 43 Art 14 Van Gogh and Stars 293 99 Science 7 The Lightning Rod 299 49 History 15 Pentagram 287 105 Social Studies 8 Franklin’s Virtues 276 55 Literature 16 Constellation Legends: Capricorn 293 111 Chapter Wrap-up Words Page 61 Subject Lesson Title Chapter Wrap-up Words Page 117 CHAPTER 1 1 2 The History of Sugar Candy Making Where does sugar What are differences between come from? caramels and lollipops? y or Caramels are chewy, and lollipops are hard. Sci e e nc Sugar Why Cats Can’t Taste Sweetness ce I like sweets, but I don’t eat them very often. When I do, my favorite type of sweet is chocolate. St en i 4 Sc I think dogs have a sense of taste. This is because my dog likes to eat meat but not vegetables. ud i es Sugar comes from the sugarcane plant. Originally, it came in the form of juice. Now, it usually comes in the form of crystals. His t Sugar ia Soc l 3 Sugar Addiction Think BIG What are some of the ways sugar changed the world? It led to the slave trade, which moved millions of people from Africa to North America. In addition, it became a part of people’s everyday diets. Do you thin dogs or cats have a sense of taste? What inds of sweets do you eat most often? Bac ground Knowledge Lesson 1 European Colonies in the Americas Honey could be considered the world’s first sweet treat. It was something that cavemen enjoyed from beehives. Over time, people began to make different types of candy by mixing fruit and nuts with honey. In the Middle Ages, candy was more than just a treat. It was believed to have medicinal effects. Back then, healers made candy just like we do today —by cooking sugar with water. History 1 The History of Sugar Sugar Sci e ie nc zone of the bitter taste e St Sc ud i es ry The Early History of Candy e nc His to The first Europeans to visit the Americas were the Norse in the 10th century. But major colonies, areas controlled by a foreign country, were not established until after 1492. That was when Spanish explorers led by Christopher Columbus ended up in the Americas. Other countries, including Portugal, France, and England, sent colonists to the Americas too. They took control of the region by force, completely changing its population and environment. Lesson 2 Soc i al Before You Read zone of the sour taste A.Discussion How long do you think have people been eating sugar for? I think people have been eating sugar since ancient times. B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. zone of the salty taste zone of the sweet taste Lesson 4 Sense of Taste The tongue is covered with thousands of tiny bumps called taste buds, which help you sense flavor. Special cells on the taste buds, called taste receptors, interact with chemicals in food. When they sense these chemicals, they send a message to the brain, and you taste flavor. Taste buds can pick up five main tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and another flavor called umami, the taste found in meat or cheese. Lesson 3 What Are Added Sugars? Added sugars are sugars and syrups that are added to foods or beverages when they are prepared. This does not include naturally occurring sugars such as those in milk and fruits. According to health experts, we have too much added sugar in our diets. Only 10% or less of our total calories should come from added sugar. That’s less than 50 grams of added sugar per day. Do you know how many grams of added sugar you eat on an average day? ⓐ meet ⓑ desire ⓒ eating ⓓ farm 1. Explorers first encountered the plant while traveling in Asia. 4. Limit your consumption of sugar to keep your teeth healthy. grow ⓐ 2. Many sugarcane plantations were started in the Caribbean islands. 3. When the price of sugar fell, demand for the product grew. ⓔ ⓓ ⓑ ⓒ 5. Sugarcane is cultivated in places like Brazil, where the weather is tropical. ⓔ Sugar History The History of Sugar 01 3 As more and more people developed a taste for sugar, demand for the product greatly increased. The sugar economy boomed, An industry that changed the world starting a period of major social change. Running a sugarcane plantation required a lot of workers. Plantation owners wanted the cheapest possible source of labor. Sadly, the slave trade grew bigger throughout the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries as sugar became more popular. During the 18th century, almost a million people were taken from Africa to work on sugarcane plantations. People from East India and other parts of Asia were also brought to the Americas to work on the plantations. 4 Global consumption of sugar continues to increase today. The sugar industry no longer uses slave labor, but many workers receive very little pay and live in poverty. For something so sweet, sugar has slaves taken from Africa to work on the sugarcane plantations a bitter history. 1 Words 293 Historically, sugarcane was not very important. It was simply a plant which people chewed to enjoy its sweetness. That changed, however, when a method was developed in India for turning sugarcane juice into sugar crystals. In this form, sugar could be The Crusaders introduced sugar to Europe in the 11th century. stored, carried, and sold around the world. In the 11th century, sugar was introduced to Western Europe by Crusaders who encountered it in Asia. 2 The center of sugarcane production later moved from Asia to the Americas, following the arrival of European colonists. Sugarcane grew very well in the hot, humid environment of the Caribbean islands. Plants started to be cultivated on large Connect to Yourself sugarcane plantations there. Yet, before the 18 century, sugar th was too expensive for most people to buy. In fact, it was sometimes called “white gold.” Around this time, however, it became possible a sugarcane plantation in the Caribbean islands to mass-produce sugar. As a result, the price dropped. In the 19 th century, people started to think of sugar as a necessity. Why do you think the global consumption of sugar continues to increase? I think the global consumption of sugar continues to increase because people around the world are drinking a larger amount of soft drinks and juices that contain a lot of sugar. Paragraph Summary 1 Sugar in crystal form was developed in India and then spread to different parts of the world. 2Sugarcane production was moved to the Americas and people could 10 mass-produce sugar. 3 Demand for sugar increased, which caused the sugar economy to grow, as well as the 4 Today, many workers in the sugar industry receive low pay slave trade. . 11 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. why demand for sugar continues to increase b. places where sugarcane was important in the past The History of Sugar c. the process of making sugarcane juice into sugar crystals d. how sugar has changed from a simple plant into a global industry 2. Purpose The Early Development of Sugar The main purpose of the first paragraph is to Sugarcane juice was made into a. describe the uses of sugarcane juice Americas and became a major Later, sugar was introduced c. show how trade routes connected Europe and Asia to Western Europe d. introduce some of the inventions of ancient India by Crusaders. c. Growing . industry As people developed a taste for sugar, demand for it 3. Vocabulary The word Running in the passage is closest in meaning to b. Moving Sugar production moved to the in India. sugar crystals b. explain how sugar spread beyond Asia a. Managing The Rise of the Industry grew. The Social Effects d. Producing Plantation owners depended on the slave trade 4. Detail Why were the Caribbean islands good places for sugarcane production? to find workers. People from Africa, East India, and other parts of Asia were brought to the Americas a. The cost of labor was lower there than in Europe. to work on plantations. b. They were connected to Africa by trade routes. c. The weather was ideal for growing the plant. d. More European colonists were there than anywhere else. 5. Detail Which is NOT mentioned as a key event in the development of sugar? • demand for it • brought to the Americas • sugar crystals • introduced to Western Europe • depened on the slave trade • a major industry a. the discovery that it could be made into crystals b. the creation of mass-production techniques c. the drop in its price Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. d. the invention of a method for collecting sugarcane juice 6. Inference What can be inferred about sugar before the 18th century? Sugarcane juice was made into sugar crystals in India . After that, it became a. Its cost was not very high. an important sweetener. It was introduced to Western Europe by Crusaders . b. It was not in very high demand. Sugar production moved to the Americas and became a major industry . c. Most people did not like the taste of it. It became possible to mass-produce sugar, and the price dropped. As people developed d. It did not grow well in the Caribbean islands. a taste for sugar 7. Why was sugar sometimes called “white gold”? Sugar was too expensive for most people to buy. 8. Which parts of the world did people come from to work on plantations in the Americas? People came from Africa, East India, and other parts of Asia. trade to find workers plantations , demand for it grew . Plantation owners depended on the slave . Millions of people were brought to the Americas to work on from Africa, East India, and other parts of Asia . Today, slaves are no longer used, but the industry does not pay workers very well. 9. What are conditions like for workers in the sugar industry today? 12 Many workers receive very little pay and live in poverty. Lesson 1 • Sugar 13 Vocabulary Test Science 2 Candy Ma ing [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1. The teachers created a new a. method 2. The for teaching English. b. struggle c. owner Sugar d. trade for toy weapons grew because of the movie The Hunger Games. a. result b. demand 3. The tourists visited a coffee a. cemetery c. portion d. service and ate some fresh coffee beans. b. arrival c. plantation d. environment [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. 4. Lydia first encountered the recipe when she visited her grandmother in Cuba. a. developed b. changed c. found d. chewed 5. Soybeans originally came from Asia but are now cultivated all over the world. a. bought b. required c. taken d. raised 6. During World War II, the ship-building industry boomed. a. grew b. failed c. appeared d. passed [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. Before You Read 7. It is hard for people who live in poverty to get a good education. a. health b. city c. price d. richness A.Discussion What’s your favorite candy? How often do you eat it? 8. Water is a necessity when biking on a hot day. a. option b. form c. center My favorite candy is Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups. I eat one package of Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups each week. d. source B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. 9. In summer, the city gets very hot and humid. a. windy b. dry c. crowded d. cool ⓐ string economy consumption slave ⓒ container production social 10. Fish consumption may lower the risk of some illnesses. ⓓ ⓐ 4. Paul threw a rock on the frozen pond to check the hardness of the ice. labor force poorly. 12. The typhoon damaged a lot of farms, so rice production was lower than usual. 14 ⓔ firmness ⓑ 2. The oven temperature has to be right or else the bread won’t rise. 3. There was a loose thread hanging off his jacket. 11. There have been news reports about the company treating its ⓓ heat level 1. Please dissolve three spoons of powder in hot water. [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. labor ⓑ melt 5. Candy can be shaped by pouring sugar into a mold. ⓒ ⓔ Sugar Science Candy Ma ing 02 How different inds of delicious sweets are made its shape when you take it out, the candy is at the “soft ball” stage. Thus, the names of the stages match how the sugar mixture reacts in cold water. The chart below shows how cooking temperature relates to a candy’s hardness. fudge marshmallow taffy brittle <Cooking temperatures for various candies> • Thread (Syrup): 110 – 112 °C • Soft ball (Fudge): 112 – 116 °C • Hard ball (Marshmallow): 121 – 130 °C • Soft crack (Taffy): 132 – 143 °C • Hard crack (Brittle): 146 – 154 °C • Clear liquid (Hard candy): 160 °C 3 When the proper hardness is reached, flavoring can be added. After that, the mixture is poured into molds. The molds cause 1 What do lollipops, marshmallows, and caramels have in common? They are made using the same process! First, sugar is dissolved in water. Then the mixture is boiled. As it cooks, some of the candy to cool in the desired shape, like a circular lollipop or a square caramel. Once the candy is done, it can be removed from the The candies are made in molds. molds and eaten! Words 306 the water boils away, and the candy mixture gets closer to pure sugar. In other words, the mixture has a higher concentration of sugar. This also raises the sugar mixture’s cooking temperature. The type of candy that results depends on this temperature. The higher the thread stage cooking temperature, the harder the final candy will be. 2 Today, candy makers use thermometers to control the cooking temperature. But before the invention of the thermometer, they guessed the cooking temperature by testing the candy’s properties. This is simple to do. All you do is drop a spoonful of sugar mixture in cold water. If a thin thread forms, the candy is at the “thread” I would like to make taffy. First, I would boil sugar with water. Then I would heat the mixture to the soft crack stage. I would add flavoring. Then I would pour it into a mold. Finally, I would let it cool. stage. This shows that the proper temperature (110 – 112 °C) for soft ball stage making syrup has been reached. If a ball forms in the water but loses Connect to Yourself What kind of candy would you like to make? How? Paragraph Summary 1 To make different types of candy , sugar must be cooked at the right temperature. 2 The temperature of the sugar 3 When the sugar mixture is cooked, 16 water mixture can be tested by placing a spoonful of it in cold flavoring can be added, and it can be set in molds . . 17 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. how sugar is made b. reasons to make candy at home Steps for Making Candy c. how to tell the temperature of a candy mixture d. the process of cooking sugar to make candy 2. Purpose 1. Dissolve sugar in water and bring the mixture to a boil . 2. Allow the mixture to cook until the right temperature is reached . The main purpose of the third paragraph is to a. tell readers how candies are made in factories b. show that sugar concentration affects candy flavor c. compare the hardness of different types of candies 3. Test the temperature d. explain what happens to the sugar mixture once it is cooked cold water. 3. Vocabulary The word desired in the passage is closest in meaning to a. wanted b. controlled c. tested by dropping a spoonful of the sugar mixture into d. known 4. Detail What happens to the sugar mixture as it cooks? 4. When the sugar mixture is done, add flavoring . 5. Pour the mixture into molds and allow it to cool . a. It becomes easier to stir with a spoon. b. It changes color from dark to clear. c. It loses its shape when dropped in cold water. d. It becomes more concentrated as the water boils away. 5. Detail Which is NOT mentioned about the thread stage? • add flavoring • allow it to cool • bring the mixture to a boil • test the temperature • the right temperature is reached a. It results in strings forming in cold water. b. It is the right temperature for making syrup. c. It causes the candy mixture to turn brown. d. It covers a temperature range from 110 to 112 °C. 6. Inference What can be inferred about candy at the hard ball stage? Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. a. It will break into pieces if dropped in cold water. b. It is softer than candy at the soft crack stage. In order to make candy, begin by dissolving sugar in water c. It has a lower temperature than candy at the soft ball stage. to a boil d. Its cooking temperature can be anywhere between 146 and 160 °C. temperature will depend on which type of candy you are making. You can test the 7. How does the cooking temperature affect a candy’s hardness? The higher the cooking temperature, the harder the final candy will be. 8. What types of candy cook at temperatures between 132 and 154°C? Taffy and brittle are types of candy that cook at temperatures between 132 and 154 °C. temperature . Then, bring the mixture and allow it to cook until the right temperature is reached by dropping a spoonful of the sugar mixture into cold water what happens. When the sugar mixture is done cooking, add flavoring Then pour it into molds and allow it to cool . The and watching . . 9. What shapes are mentioned as molds for candies? 18 A circle and a square are mentioned as shapes for candy molds. Lesson 2 • Sugar 19 Vocabulary Test ial Studies Soc [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1. I waited for the a. control of my tea to cool before I tasted it. b. invention c. cooking 2. The study shows that exercise a. reacts 3. The d. temperature 3 Sugar Addiction Sugar to good mental health. b. cools c. relates d. adds showed a reading of 6 °C below zero, but it felt colder. a. thermometer b. syrup c. mixture d. process [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. 4. My phone case has a crack in it because I dropped it on the sidewalk a. space b. flavor c. stage d. name 5. I caught a snowflake in my hand but it dissolved right away. a. guessed b. dried c. melted d. tested 6. Do not forget to add flavoring to the meat before putting it on the grill. a. spice b. color c. mark d. thread [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. Before You Read 7. Because of their hardness, diamonds can’t be scratched. a. easiness b. pureness c. softness d. unpopularity A.Discussion What do you think the girl is doing in the picture? 8. She removed a pen from her bag and wrote down an address. a. got in b. showed up c. closed up d. put in 9. Coconut water is the sweet liquid inside a coconut. a. juice b. solid c. seed d. taste method mold concentration property B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. ⓐ tip ⓑ sign ⓒ shortage ⓓ affected 1. You could avoid problems at the dentist by giving up candy. [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. raise She looks like she is selecting different candies to buy. square ⓔ stay away from ⓔ 2. The team’s lack of confidence was one of the reasons why they lost the game. 3. She always speaks with her older sister when she needs advice. 10. Some people like roses for their beauty, but my favorite property is their smell. 11. Adding more water will lower the concentration of salt in the solution. 12. We bought a special 20 mold to make chocolates shaped like Santa Claus for the party. ⓐ 4. Little kids are sensitive to sugar, so they shouldn’t drink a lot of soda. 5. If you have any flu symptoms, like coughing or a fever, stay in bed. ⓑ ⓓ ⓒ Social Studies Sugar over time. So, it is necessary to consume more sugar to produce the positive emotions. In stage three, when a sugar craving is not satisfied, the person feels bad. Sugar addicts experience negative emotional symptoms. They also feel physical symptoms, such as headaches, sleepiness, and lack of energy. Over time, a sugar addiction will reach stage four. This is when the most negative health effects of sugar addiction can be seen. Unhealthy body weight and depression are examples. Sugar Addiction 4 03 A problem that millions of people have Doing exercise is one of the ways to break sugar addiction. Breaking a sugar addiction can be challenging, but it is important for your health. There are a few things to keep in mind. It’s simple advice you probably have heard before. Eat three meals a day, get enough sleep, and exercise often. Choose healthy sweets, like fruit, and avoid salty snacks. These usually cause people to want to eat sweets. Don’t push yourself too hard. Remember that 1 Are you the kind of person who always keeps a bar of chocolate French fries are an example of a salty snack. lifestyle changes happen slowly. Words 288 nearby? Perhaps you feel weak or sleepy without your sweets. If so, you may have a problem that millions of others have: sugar addiction. Connect to Yourself 2 Addiction means using a substance or doing an activity over and over again, in spite of its negative effects. Playing computer games, drinking, and eating are examples of activities that can develop into addictions. 3 There are four stages of behavior that happen during a sugar Do you think you might have a sugar addiction? Why or why not? Yes, I think I have a sugar addiction because I eat ice cream every day. Sometimes I feel bad when I can’t have ice cream. addiction. Stage one begins with a strong desire for something sweet. This happens because sugar causes the body to produce dopamine. It is a chemical that creates feelings of happiness. In stage two, even after sugar has been eaten, the desire remains and grows. This is because the body becomes less sensitive to the effect of sugar A sugar addiction starts with a strong desire for something sweet. Paragraph Summary 1 Many people eat sweets because they may have a(n) 2 Addiction causes people to do things that may have 22 sugar negative addiction. effects. 3Sugar addiction has four stages , beginning with a strong 4It is possible to break a sugar addiction desire for sugar and ending with serious health problems. by controlling diet, getting enough sleep, and exercise . 23 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. how people become addicted to sugar b. what happens when the body breaks down sugar Stages c. why people like to eat chocolate 1.A person has an intense craving for sugar because of dopamine d. reasons why sugar addictions are so common 2. Purpose and needs more sugar. 2.The body becomes less sensitive to sugar The main purpose of the second paragraph is to . 3.Unsatisfied cravings cause emotional and physical symptoms a. show how common addictions are b. introduce the concept of addiction Sugar Addiction c. explain the negative effects of an addiction d. suggest ways to overcome a sugar addiction such as headaches. 4.A person may experience serious issues such as depression and weight . gain 3. Vocabulary The word satisfied in the passage is closest in meaning to a. filled b. forgotten c. eaten d. discovered Solutions 4. Detail In stage two of a sugar addiction, why don’t people feel happy after eating sugar? Eat a good diet, get enough sleep, and exercise regularly . a. They feel bad for letting their craving control them. b. Sugar puts the body in a state of depression. c. Their bodies need more sugar than they used to. • exercise regularly • less sensitive to sugar d. Too much sugar causes stomach pains and headaches. • depression and weight gain • because of dopamine • emotional and physical symptoms 5. Detail Which is NOT mentioned as advice for breaking a sugar addiction? a. having three meals every day b. eating foods that are naturally sweet c. consuming a certain amount of salt d. changing your lifestyle slowly 6. Inference What can be inferred about the reason people become addicted to sugar? Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. Sugar is a substance that people can become addicted to. The first symptom of a sugar a. They can’t taste sugar in regular foods. addiction is an intense craving for sugar b. Sugar stays in the body for a long time. dopamine c. Most of them suffer emotionally, not physically. d. They strongly want to feel the effects of dopamine. 7. Which activities are mentioned as examples of addictions? Playing computer games, drinking, and eating are mentioned as examples of things that can become addictions. 8.What examples are given as the most negative health effects of sugar addiction? The examples given are unhealthy body weight and depression. sugar . Over time, the body becomes less sensitive to sugar and needs more . Unsatisfied cravings that a person has can cause emotional and physical symptoms such as headaches weight gain . This is caused by a chemical called . More serious symptoms include depression and . Although it is difficult to break a sugar addiction, certain lifestyle changes can help. It is essential to eat a good diet, get enough sleep, and exercise regularly . 9. What one reason is given for avoiding salty snacks? 24 They increase cravings for sweets. Lesson 3 • Sugar 25 Vocabulary Test Science 4 Why Cats Can’t Taste [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1. My teacher gave me some a. advice about how to improve my story. b. experience c. form d. trouble Sugar 2. Feeling unhappy after missing an exercise class may be a sign of an exercise a. schedule b. stage c. addiction 3. The demand for tiger body parts is high a. thanks to b. just as d. control . Sweetness a law against their trade. c. rather than d. in spite of [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. 4. Melting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean is a symptom of global warming. a. topic b. difference c. sign d. study 5. BPA, a substance in plastic water bottles, has a harmful effect on the body. a. material b. problem c. example d. process 6. Members of the soccer team were asked to remain in the cafeteria after lunch. a. avoid b. stay c. practice d. visit [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. Before You Read 7. Babies are sensitive to the rhythm of language before they can speak. a. uninterested b. calm c. curious d. weak 8. I’ve been practicing this piano piece for months, but it’s still challenging to play. a. natural b. simple c. tiring d. difficult b. cause c. effect I think flies and butterflies have a strong sense of taste because they taste food with their feet. B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. 9. My lack of confidence stopped me from trying out for the play. a. feeling A.Discussion Which animals do you think have a strong sense of taste? d. lot ⓐ chemicals activity depression emotions ⓑ bit ⓒ recent 1. Modern technology made people’s lives better. [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. craving type creation ⓓ reject ⓔ give ⓒ 2. The group provides winter clothing to homeless people. ⓔ 3. Tigers and cheetahs are two species that are related to house cats. 10. The drink contains chemicals that make it taste sweet. 4. Special cells on the tongue can sense when sugar molecules are present. 11. After her grandfather died, Vicki suffered from depression . 12. After watching that television show about Hawaii, I’ve had a(n) 26 ⓐ craving for pineapple. 5. I like to eat sweets so much that I can never resist chocolate. ⓓ ⓑ Science Why Cats Can’t Taste Sweetness 04 The unique genes of cats Sugar sweetness. Scientists aren’t sure. But their studies do show that the genes that make cats’ sugar receptors are broken. All cat species today, like tigers, cheetahs, and house cats, share this trait. As meat eaters, the ancestors of modern cats did not need to taste sweetness to know if a plant was safe to eat. So the animals survived to pass on their unique genes, and our pet cats received them. 4 Sometimes, you might see cats eat something sweet. But it’s not because the food is sweet. Instead, it may be the smell they are Cheetahs also lack a sweet taste receptor. drawn to, or other nutrients in the food. Your cat simply cannot enjoy cake as much as you can! Words 271 1 Dogs, like many humans, can’t resist cake! If they find a piece of cake lying on the floor, they’ll eat it. Cats are different. They might be curious about the cake, but they won’t eat it. Why not? 2 When you eat something sweet, it breaks down into tiny molecules, including sugar molecules. These move across your tongue until they run into a sugar receptor. Then, they fit into the receptor. When that happens, a signal is sent to your brain. zone of the sweet taste Connect to Yourself Which of the five tastes is your favorite? Which could you live without? Sourness is my favorite taste, and I could live without sweetness. The signal reports the presence of sugar and, as a result, you taste sweetness. During our evolution, this ability to taste sweetness helped us survive. This is because sweet-tasting plants are usually safe to eat and provide a lot of energy. 3 Unlike us, cats have a diet that consists only of meat. This might be why the ancestors of modern cats lost the ability to taste sweetness. Or, their diet may have changed after they stopped tasting Cats have a diet that consists only of meat. Paragraph Summary 1 If there is a piece of cake on the floor, 2 Humans can detect 28 sugar dogs will eat it, but cats won’t. molecules with the tongue, an ability that was important during human evolution . 3The ancestors of modern cats lost their ability to taste sweetness and passed on their broken sugar-receptor 4 Cats may eat sweet things, but not because they are sweet genes to other cat species. . 29 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. how cats and dogs are different b. the advantages of tasting sweetness The Process of Tasting Sweetness c. the ability to taste sugar and why cats cannot do it 1. Food breaks down into tiny molecules d. how sugar receptors help us to taste sweetness 2. Purpose . 2. Sugar molecules move into sugar receptors The main purpose of the first paragraph is to . 3. A signal is sent to the brain a. say that sweets are not healthy for animals to eat . Why Cats Cannot Taste Sweetness b. show that humans are more closely related to dogs than cats c. explain why humans have such a strong desire to eat sugar d. introduce the idea that dogs and cats respond to sweetness differently <Idea 1> <Idea 2> Ancestors of modern cats had a diet that Ancestors of modern cats stopped tasting consisted only of meat sweetness. . 3. Vocabulary The words run into in the passage are closest in meaning to a. hit b. break c. live Cats changed their diet . Cats lost the ability to taste sweetness d. need . Cats Today 4. Detail Which does NOT happen when you taste sweetness? a. A sugar molecule fits into a sugar receptor. Modern cats’ ancestors survived to pass on their broken sugar-receptor genes , and now all cats have them. b. A sugar receptor reports that sugar is present. c. The brain receives a signal and produces taste. d. A gene causes a sugar receptor to form on the tongue. 5. Detail Why might cats sometimes eat sweet food? a. because sweet food is usually safe to eat • sent to the brain • sugar receptors • changed their diet • taste sweetness • broken sugar-receptor genes • tiny molecules • consisted only of meat b. because sugar is a good source of energy c. because they are interested in the smell d. because they do not have enough meat to eat Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. 6. Inference What can be inferred about the ancestors of modern cats? a. They were able to produce sugar molecules. b. They did not depend on plants for food. c. They did not have a sense of taste. d. They had more food sources than modern cats. 7. How did the ability to taste sweetness help early humans survive? It helped them survive because sweet-tasting plants are usually safe to eat and provide a lot of energy. 8. Which genes in tigers, cheetahs, and house cats are broken? The genes that make sugar receptors are broken. The process of tasting sweetness begins when food breaks down into tiny molecules . Sugar molecules then move into sugar receptors point, a signal is sent to the brain on the tongue. At that , and you taste sweetness. The ancestors of modern cats may have had a diet that consisted only of meat the ability to taste sweetness then changed their diet broken sugar-receptor genes , and lost . Or, they may have lost the ability first, and . The ancestors of modern cats passed on their , and now all cats have them . 9. Why did the ancestors of modern cats lose their ability to taste sweetness? 30 As meat eaters, the ancestors of modern cats did not need to taste sweetness to know if a plant was safe to eat. Lesson 4 • Sugar 31 Vocabulary Test [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1 Concept Map 1. What did you learn from each lesson? humans have larger brains than most early humans. a. modern b. safe 2. The process of c. unique d. broken gave some butterflies bright warning colors. a. piece b. evolution 3. Some cats have a a. brain c. movement d. molecule Sugar turning sugarcane juice into crystals that gives them blue eyes. b. diet c. curiosity The History of Sugar price drops due to mass production d. gene slaves for the sugarcane plantations sugar workers living in poverty [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. Candy Making 4. My sister and I share many traits, including our hair and eye color. a. skills b. differences c. characteristics d. reports candy types dependent on temperature properties related to the candy temperatures 5. Many species of birds live in the Amazon Rainforest. a. types b. abilities c. signals molds to make candy shapes d. animals 6. Our national soccer team consists of the country’s top players. a. is made up of b. knows of c. depends on d. is drawn to Sugar Addiction always need sugar around [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. activities developed into addictions 7. Mark felt nervous in the presence of his teacher. a. kindness b. absence stages of behavior caused by sugar addiction c. depression d. confidence lifestyle changes 8. My coach provided our team with sports drinks after the game. a. developed b. passed on c. created d. took away Why Cats Can’t Taste Sweetness 9. Our ancestors learned vital skills that have been passed down to us. a. scientists b. humans c. children cake-resistant cats d. musicians survival based on tasting sweet things broken sugar receptors attracted by sweet smells [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. resist install 10. The taste receptors 11. You need to get more receptors tasting nutrients nutrients or you will not stay healthy. resist 2 Talk Together Talk about what you learned from this chapter with your partner. on your tongue can sense five tastes. 12. I was supposed to wait until dessert, but I couldn’t 32 sweetness “I learned that …” eating a cookie before dinner. Chapter 1 • Sugar 33 5 Does your country celebrate Benjamin Fran lin? an independence day? 8 Franklin’s Virtues Yes, we do. People celebrate by having parades and watching fireworks. His t Benjamin Franklin e During a lightning storm, you don’t want to be outside. If you can’t get inside, it is good to avoid tall buildings and trees, and to stay out of the water. St ud i nc i al I think being nice to others and following the rules are examples of good behavior. ies tud ory Yes, I have. I know that Franklin was a leader in the United States government. He was also an inventor. Soc Franklin The Declaration of Independence Have you heard of Socia lS CHAPTER 2 6 Benjamin Franklin’s Life es Sc ie 7 The Lightning Rod Think BIG In what ways did Benjamin Franklin influence the world? He influenced the world by being a leader in American government, printing newspapers, and creating inventions. What do you thin is good behavior? How can you stay safe during a lightning storm? Bac ground Knowledge Lesson 5 Benjamin Franklin on U.S. Postage Lesson 6 Soci al S On Independence Day, Americans show their national pride in many ways. Families often have picnics or barbecues, and many towns put on parades. But the fireworks displays are the most popular tradition. When the sun goes down, Americans gather in different places to watch colorful fireworks explode in the sky. No fireworks show is complete without a display that has the red, white, and blue of the American flag. 5 Benjamin Fran lin’s n j am i n Fr ank lin Life the statue of Benjamin Franklin in front of the Old Post Office Pavilion, Washington D.C. ie n ial ud i Be His t ce So c St ial Studies Soc ory Benjamin Franklin is almost as important in American history as George Washington. This explains why he has appeared on U.S. postage stamps so many times throughout the post office’s history. In fact, he and Washington appeared on the longest-running series of U.S. postage stamps ever, which was called the Washington-Franklin issues. Stamps printed with Franklin’s picture show the country’s pride in him. ies They are some of the best images ever tud made of Franklin. How Americans Celebrate Independence Day es Sc Before You Read A.Discussion What do you see in the picture? Where do you think this statue is located? I see a statue of Benjamin Franklin in front of a building. I think it is located somewhere in Washington, D.C. B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. Lesson 8 Franklin’s Autobiography Franklin believed that other people could benefit from reading about his life. He hoped his autobiography could provide them a good example of self-betterment. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin explains some of the key events in Franklin’s life as well as his important ideas. It is clear that Franklin cared deeply about serving mankind. He believed that he was at his best when he focused on scientific development and public service. Lesson 7 Evil Lightning? Before we understood electricity, Christians believed that evils were the source of lightning. In their minds, religion was their only defense. So when a storm came, they would ring the church’s bells. The problem was that church bell towers were usually the tallest buildings around. Lightning is likely to strike whatever is tallest. So, unfortunately, it was common for bell ringers to be killed by lightning strikes. This probably strengthened Christians’ belief in the evil nature of lightning. ⓐ calendar ⓑ not helped ⓒ print ⓓ achievement 1. Sometimes people publish their writing under a pen name. 2. Nelson Mandela’s legacy will live forever in South Africa. ⓔ test ⓒ ⓓ 3. Early scientists performed experiments to understand light. ⓔ 4. My little sister is very independent and does all the work by herself. 5. To find out when the next full moon is, you could check the almanac. ⓑ ⓐ Social Studies Benjamin Fran lin’s Life 05 An influential force in history Benjamin Franklin Gazette, became a leading newspaper at the time. In 1732, Franklin began publishing Poor Richard’s Almanack, which he printed yearly for more than two decades. Like other almanacs, Poor Richard’s Almanack was filled with general information, like planting dates, weather predictions, and advice. 4 But there was much more to Benjamin Franklin than his writing. He spent a lot of time working on inventions to help society. The Franklin stove, which warmed people’s houses, is one such example. In the 1750s, he became famous worldwide for his experiments with electricity and the invention of the lightning Poor Richard’s Almanack , 1739 edition rod. Franklin used his popularity to work for causes he believed in, like American independence. In 1778, he persuaded the French to support the Americans during their war for freedom from Britain. 1 Boston Benjamin Franklin is one of the most famous individuals in American history. As a writer, an inventor, and a founder of the United States of America, he greatly influenced the world he lived in. 2 5 Franklin’s writings, inventions, and leadership will never be forgotten. Although he died centuries ago, the bright flame of his the Franklin stove legacy still warms the world. Words 298 Franklin was born in 1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was one of 17 children, which meant that his life was not very easy. Boston, Massachusetts, where Benjamin Franklin was born Most of the time, he had to take care of himself. However, this taught Franklin the importance of being independent and clever. At 12, Franklin went to work for his brother James, who owned a newspaper. Franklin wrote under a fake name so people wouldn’t know how young he was. His pen name was Silence Dogood. Readers loved Silence Dogood and never suspected that “she” was a teenager named Benjamin Franklin. 3 When he was older, Franklin left his brother’s newspaper and started his own printing business. His paper, The Pennsylvania Connect to Yourself Who is an influential person in your life? My aunt is an influential person in my life because she worked hard to start her own company and is now a successful businesswoman. Paragraph Summary 1 Benjamin Franklin influenced 38 American history and remains one of its most famous individuals. 2Franklin was independent and clever, and at 12, he began to write for his brother’s newspaper using the “Silence Dogood.” 3Franklin ran a newspaper and began printing a(n) pen name almanac , which he published every year for over two decades . 4 Franklin tried to help society through his inventions and used his influence to get support for American independence . 5 Although he lived centuries ago, Franklin’s effect on the world can still be felt today. 39 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. how Franklin became a newspaper publisher b. experiences in Franklin’s personal history The Life of Benjamin Franklin c. reasons why Franklin became part of the U.S. government d. what Franklin learned growing up in a large family 2. Purpose The main purpose of the fourth paragraph is to a. explain how one of Franklin’s inventions worked Being one of 17 children b. show that Franklin had influence outside of the U.S. made Franklin independent c. give background information about Franklin’s childhood When he was 12, he c. education Franklin’s newspaper, The Franklin’s experiments and brother’s newspaper d. ideas inventions helped improve became a leading paper . His influence brought 1732 ran yearly for more . than 20 years . society The almanac he started in started working at his 3. Vocabulary The word causes in the passage is closest in meaning to b. supports Franklin’s Inventions and Influence Pennsylvania Gazette, . early in life d. introduce Franklin’s activities besides writing a. developments Franklin’s Publishing Business Franklin’s Early Life international support for . American independence . 4. Detail Which is NOT true about Poor Richard’s Almanack? a. Franklin updated it every year. • helped improve society • became a leading paper b. It contained information about planting and weather. • for more than 20 years • independent early in life c. It was published at James Franklin’s printing business. • at his brother’s newspaper • for American independence d. Franklin produced it for over 20 years. 5. Detail What scientific advance made Franklin famous around the world? a. a process for telling the weather in advance b. his work with electricity and the lightning rod c. his improvement of the newspaper printing press Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. d. a stove he invented that warmed people’s houses 6. Inference What can be inferred about Silence Dogood’s work? Benjamin Franklin was one of America’s most famous leaders. Being one of 17 children . When he was 12, he started working at his a. People believed that it was the writing of an adult. made Franklin independent early in life b. James Franklin did not realize how much people liked it. brother’s newspaper c. Readers were not interested in the opinions it expressed. Franklin’s newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, became a leading paper d. People would have liked it more if they had known it was Franklin’s. Poor Richard’s Almanack, which he started in 1732, ran yearly for more than 20 years 7. Why was childhood difficult for Franklin? He was one of 17 children, and most of the time he had to take care of himself. 8. What did Franklin do after he left his brother’s newspaper? He started his own printing business. . Later in life, he started his own publishing business. . . Franklin’s influence extended outside the American colonies. His experiments and inventions helped improve society international support for American independence , and his influence brought . 9. What did Franklin persuade the French to do? 40 He persuaded the French to support the Americans during their war for freedom from Britain. Lesson 5 • Benjamin Franklin 41 Vocabulary Test History [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1. Some houses are so deep in the woods that they do not have a. electricity b. presence 2. Unlike her father, the princess left a a. loss b. warmth 3. Alice did a(n) c. inventor . d. importance of peace and fairness. c. fortune d. legacy Be 6 The Declaration of n j am i n Fr ank lin Independence to see if a butterfly would land on her arm. a. advice b. experiment c. effort d. freedom [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. 4. A good salesperson can persuade you to buy anything. a. desire b. invent c. cause d. own 5. Jeff Bezos is the founder and CEO of the company. a. printer b. follower c. creator d. scientist 6. In 1928, someone made the prediction that future cities would be underground. a. history b. help c. movie d. guess [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. Before You Read 7. I feel very independent when my parents leave me home alone for the weekend. a. false b. careless c. sensitive d. controlled A.Discussion What do you see in the picture? What do you think they are doing? 8. For our science presentation, we will be working as individuals. a. teenagers b. readers c. viewers d. teams 9. The police began to suspect him after he suddenly left town. a. frown b. trust c. guide d. lead 10. Within a(n) decade decade flame published lightning rod , the area was covered by many trees. 11. There is a(n) lightning rod on top of the town hall. 12. The Guardian published an article about exploring the pyramids. 42 B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. ⓐ break ⓑ beat ⓒ document 1. No person should be denied his or her freedom. [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. influenced I see Benjamin Franklin and two other men. It looks like they are creating a document. popularity ⓓ disallow ⓔ version ⓓ 2. My sister helped me write the final draft of my report. ⓔ 3. America wanted to separate from the King of England. ⓐ 4. Napoleon was defeated by Wellington at the battle of Waterloo. ⓑ 5. The colonists wrote a declaration explaining why they wanted freedom. ⓒ Benjamin Franklin History have freedom, and to find happiness. Then they showed how the King of England denied them those rights. According to their argument, any government that limited those rights was a poor government. And it had to be removed. 3 The next summer, the final draft of the Declaration was ready. Important figures from all over the colonies signed their The Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence and its signatures names to it to show support. The day the document was signed, July 4, 1776, became known as Independence Day. 4 06 A famous statement in American history When the Declaration was signed, it gave the American colonists the strength they needed to win the war. They fought for seven more years. Finally, in 1783, they defeated the British and earned their independence. Every year since 1776, Americans have celebrated the feeling of national spirit on July 4. 1 Words 283 Every year on July 4, Americans gather together to set off fireworks and celebrate their national pride. Why is this date so special? To answer this question, we have to go back in time to 1775. In that year, the colonists in North America were tired of paying taxes to the King of England. They wanted to separate from England and start their own country. Leaders in the colonies got together and wrote down all of the reasons why they wanted John Adams, the second president of the U.S. independence from Britain. Their statement became famous in American history. It was called the Declaration of Independence. 2 A small team of men, including John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin, worked together to write the Declaration of Independence. They didn’t only say that they wanted independence. Instead, the writers of the Declaration made a careful and detailed argument. First, they explained that all people have certain rights. These include the right to live, to Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the U.S. 2 The 44 1775 writers , American colonists decided to declare independence from of the Declaration explained why they wanted independence . What rights do you think every person should have? I think that every person should have the right to be happy, be free, and say what they think. Paragraph Summary 1 In Connect to Yourself Britain . 3 Independence Day honors the day that the Declaration of Independence was 4 The signing of the Declaration gave the Americans the strength signed . to win the war. 45 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. the history of Americans’ Independence Day b. biographies of the men who wrote the Declaration Timeline of the Declaration of Independence c. why the colonists went to war with Britain d. how Thomas Jefferson became president 2. Purpose Lead-up to the Declaration of Independence American colonists were tired of paying taxes The main purpose of the second paragraph is to They wanted to separate from England a. attack the leadership of the British Empire to the King of England. . b. explain what was included in the Declaration c. describe the skills of the Declaration writers Writing of the Declaration of Independence d. give reasons for the problems between the Americans and the British Leaders in the colonies listed reasons why they wanted independence They argued that all people have certain basic rights 3. Vocabulary The word rights in the passage is closest in meaning to a. anger b. laws c. arguments . . They showed how the king denied colonists those rights. d. powers 4. Detail Which is NOT mentioned in the Declaration of Independence? Signing of the Declaration of Independence a. All people deserve certain freedoms. The Declaration was signed on July 4, 1776 b. The King of England denied colonists their rights. . Every year since then, Americans have celebrated the day of its signing c. The government of England had to be removed. . d. Americans and British people needed to work together. 5. Detail Which is true about the first Independence Day? a. It was celebrated on July 4, 1783. • the day of its signing • on July 4, 1776 • separate from England • certain basic rights • they wanted independence • paying taxes b. It occurred when Americans won their independence. c. America was still at war with Britain. d. Benjamin Franklin was not alive to see it. 6. Inference What can be inferred about the Declaration of Independence? a. The King of England never read it. b. The first draft was written in 1775. Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. In 1775, the American colonists were tired of paying taxes to the King of England In fact, they wanted to separate from England . Leaders from the colonies gathered c. Its signing was not completed until 1783. and made a list of reasons why they wanted independence d. The final version was finished by one person. that all people have certain basic rights those rights 7. Why did the American colonists write the Declaration of Independence? They wrote it because they wanted to separate from England and start their own country. 8. Which rights are named in the Declaration of Independence? . . They argued . They showed how the king denied colonists . The Declaration was signed on July 4, 1776 . It gave the colonists something to be proud of, and helped them win the war against Britain. So every year since 1776, Americans have celebrated the day of its signing . The right to live, to have freedom, and to find happiness are named in the Declaration of Independence. 9. How long did the war last after the signing of the Declaration? 46 The war lasted for seven years after the signing of the Declaration. Lesson 6 • Benjamin Franklin 47 Vocabulary Test Science [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1. To my birthday, I went out for dinner with my family. a. celebrate b. plan c. gather d. praise 2. The president was elected because she promised to lower a. votes b. dates c. taxes 3. That news article made a great a. rejection b. detail Be 7 The Lightning Rod n j am i n Fr ank lin . d. freedom for building a new library. c. earning d. argument [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. 4. Each team gave an opening statement before the debate started. a. handshake b. question c. reason d. comment 5. World War I started when Austria made a declaration of war against Serbia. a. joke b. prediction c. announcement d. list 6. Students must turn in the first draft of their papers by Friday. a. writing b. team c. experiment d. mistake [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. Before You Read 7. My teacher denied my request to take the exam early. a. allowed b. made c. wrote d. stated A.Discussion What happens when you get struck by lightning? 8. On Saturday, our soccer team defeated last year’s champions. a. called b. lost c. limited It can cause clothing to catch on fire or even stop the heart. d. introduced B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. 9. I separated the candies by color into three baskets. a. showed b. united c. explained d. divided ⓐ come close figure spirit 10. Abraham Lincoln was a well-loved independence figure government ⓔ ⓑ 4. Franklin noticed that electricity and lightning seemed similar. spirit . ⓔ way ⓒ 3. The kite was connected to a long purple ribbon. 11. In 1960, members of the Turkish army removed the government . 48 ⓓ become aware of 2. Lightning takes the fastest path to the ground. rights in American history. 12. All of the students wore red to the school festival to show their school ⓒ put 1. A metal rod was placed on top of a building. [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. firework ⓑ attach ⓓ 5. When a storm approached, Franklin tested his idea about lightning. ⓐ Benjamin Franklin Science The Lightning Rod 07 Protecting houses since the 18th century Franklin thought of a way to protect people’s houses from lightning. His invention became known as the lightning rod. 3 Franklin placed a metal rod on the roof of a building. One end pointed toward the sky and the other was connected to a wire. The wire ran down the building to a piece of metal buried underground, away from the house. Lightning always looks for the fastest way to get to the ground. The purpose of the metal rod and the wire was to give lightning a fast but safe path to Lightning rod leads lightning to the ground safely. the ground. If lightning struck near the house, it would travel through the rod and wire instead of hitting the building directly and setting it on fire. 4 Franklin wanted his inventions to be useful to others. So he would be happy to know that lightning rods still protect people and buildings today. In Franklin’s case, lightning sparked a truly brilliant invention. Words 299 1 You’re outside in the middle of a storm. The wind is howling. Suddenly, white fire shoots down from the sky. A roar shakes the ground. Just like us, people in the 18th century were frightened of lightning. They knew it caused fires that damaged buildings. Unlike us, they believed lightning was a sign of evil. However, that changed when Benjamin Franklin figured out what lightning really was. 2 Franklin noticed that lightning acted like electricity and wanted to test the idea, so he designed an experiment. It was actually quite dangerous. He tied a metal key to the string of a kite. The key would show the presence of electricity by making Frankin did an experiment by using a key and the string of a kite. sparks. Next, Franklin went outside as a storm approached to fly his kite. Lightning hit the kite, traveled down the string to the key, and made sparks. Knowing that lightning was a form of electricity, Connect to Yourself Can you think of a location where it would be good to put a lightning rod? It would be good to put a lightning rod on top of the tallest buildings in a city. Paragraph Summary 1 People thought lightning was a sign of evil until Franklin learned what lightning was. 2Franklin did an experiment using a key to show that lightning was a form of electricity and used that information to invent the 50 lightning rod. 3 Lightning would strike Franklin’s lightning rod and go to the 4Franklin would be happy ground instead of hitting a building. that people still use lightning rods because he wanted his inventions to be useful . 51 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. why people did not like Franklin’s ideas about lightning b. how Franklin’s inventions improved people’s lives Franklin’s Study of Lightning c. Franklin’s scientific discoveries related to lightning d. Franklin’s beliefs about what caused lightning 2. Purpose The Key Experiment The main purpose of the first paragraph is to Franklin thought that lightning a. explain what people thought of lightning in Franklin’s time to a kite d. inform readers of the signs of a lightning strike with a wire connected to it. and It could protect buildings by giving flying it in bad weather. 3. Vocabulary The word designed in the passage is closest in meaning to c. explained . He tested his idea by tying a key c. give examples of how dangerous lightning can be b. created The lightning rod was a metal rod acted like electricity b. introduce scientists that influenced Franklin’s work a. painted The Lightning Rod lightning a safe path to the ground The key experiment produced . sparks, showing that lightning was d. studied electricity 4. Detail How would the key in Franklin’s experiment show the presence of electricity? Today, people still find Franklin’s . . invention useful a. It would produce sparks. b. It would heat up and melt. • acted like electricity • find Franklin’s invention useful c. It would break into pieces. • a metal rod • tying a key to a kite d. It would break the string of the kite. • a safe path to the ground • lightning was electricity 5. Detail Which is NOT true about Franklin’s lightning rod? a. It lowers the risk of fire due to lightning. b. It sends electricity through a wire to the ground. c. It should not be used near houses. Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. d. It is still being used today. 6. Inference What can be inferred about Franklin’s key and lightning rod? Before Franklin began studying lightning, people did not understand it, and they were a. They created sparks even when the weather was clear. afraid of it. Franklin thought that lightning acted like electricity b. They would not have worked if they were not metal. his idea by tying a key to a kite and flying it in bad weather c. They caused Franklin serious harm during a storm. experiment produced sparks, showing that lightning was electricity d. They could not have caused much lightning. Franklin the information he needed to develop the lightning rod. This invention was 7. What did Franklin notice about lightning before performing the key experiment? He noticed that lighting acted like electricity. 8. Where does the wire connected to a lightning rod end? It ends at a piece of metal buried underground, away from the house. . He tested . The key . It gave a metal rod with a wire connected to it . It could protect buildings by giving lightning a safe path to the ground . Even today, people still find Franklin’s invention useful . 9. What did Franklin hope his inventions would do? 52 He hoped that his inventions would be useful to others. Lesson 7 • Benjamin Franklin 53 Vocabulary Test ial Studies Soc [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1. The wind a. shot all night, so I had a hard time falling asleep. b. howled 2. A squirrel a. roared d. pointed 8 Fran lin’s Virtues n j am i n Fr ank lin a pile of nuts beside the tree. b. caused 3. Jayden used a(n) a. ability c. sparked Be c. acted d. buried to tie the tomato plant to a stick. b. rod c. belief d. string [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. 4. She needed her keys but couldn’t remember where she placed them. a. knew b. found c. put d. shook 5. When my headphones broke, I couldn’t figure out how to fix them. a. report b. decide c. explain d. understand 6. As soon as Mr. Volkaw walked into the classroom, we noticed he had shaved his head. a. saw b. formed c. told d. admitted [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. Before You Read 7. Isaac Newton is one of the most brilliant scientists in history. a. unknown b. stupid c. actual d. useless A.Discussion What virtues do you think Benjamin Franklin tried to follow? 8. The boy got more and more nervous as the lion approached the bus. a. backed away b. moved toward c. set off I think he might have tried to have patience with people. d. closed in B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. 9. If you get too frightened during the movie, tell me and we can leave. a. independent b. helpful c. calm d. confused ⓐ belief struck path presence protected ⓒ encourage ⓓ stress 1. It took a lot of restraint to say no to that delicious dessert. [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. yelled ⓑ control 2. He lived by the principle that all people deserve equal rights. wire ⓔ too much ⓑ ⓐ 3. Sweets are okay in small amounts but not when eaten in excess. 10. My mother says that a good education is the 11. The car spun off the road and struck path to success. 54 4. He promoted the idea that being positive increases one’s happiness. a telephone pole. 12. The outdoor light stopped working because a cat chewed through the ⓔ wire . 5. In his speech, Dr. King emphasized words like “freedom” and “now.” ⓒ ⓓ Social Studies Fran lin’s Virtues 08 Modeling self-betterment should always complete it. There were 13 virtues in all. For the most part, they promote personal development and emphasize self-discipline in all matters. 3 Franklin knew that in order to live by these virtues, he would have to work very hard. So he made himself a schedule and practiced one virtue a week. He graded himself at the end of the week, and after 13 weeks he started over again. At first, he did not earn very high grades, but with practice, he got better. 4 Benjamin Franklin 1. TemperanceEat not to dullness and drink not to elevation. 2. SilenceSpeak not but what may benefit others or yourself. Avoid trifling conversation. 3. OrderLet all your things have their places. Let each part of your business have its time. 4. ResolutionResolve to perform what you ought. Perform without fail what you resolve. 5. FrugalityMake no expense but to do good to others or yourself: i.e., Waste nothing. 6. IndustryLose no time. Be always employed in something useful. Cut off all unnecessary actions. 7. SincerityUse no hurtful deceit. Think innocently and justly; and, if you speak, speak accordingly. 8. JusticeWrong none, by doing injuries or omitting the benefits that are your duty. 9. ModerationAvoid extremes. Forebear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve. 10. CleanlinessTolerate no uncleanness in body, clothes or habitation. 11. ChastityRarely use venery but for health or offspring; never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another’s peace or reputation. 12. TranquilityBe not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable. 13. HumilityImitate Jesus and Socrates. the 13 virtues of Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin was not always able to meet the high standards he set for himself. However, we can admire his attempts, and we can follow his example. Everyone has room for betterment. Consider making your own list of virtues that you want to live by. 1 Words 276 Benjamin Franklin is regarded as an important historical figure. His hard work and character played a major role in his success. But his moral values may have been a contributing factor as well. We have a good idea of what principles guided Franklin during his lifetime. In his autobiography, he wrote about the virtues he wanted to live by. 2 At the very top of his list, Franklin put the virtue of showing restraint with food and drink, which he felt affected the senses when taken in excess. Second, Franklin valued the virtue of silence. He wanted to avoid unimportant conversation and only the first English edition of the autobiography of Benjamin Franklin speak when he had something useful to say. Order was the third virtue on the list, as Franklin thought everything should have its own time and place. Fourth, Franklin listed the virtue of determination. When he set out to do something, he thought he Connect to Yourself If you made your own list of virtues, what virtues would you put there? I would put the virtue of thinking about others’ feelings on my list. I would also add the virtue of helping other people. Paragraph Summary 1 The virtues that guided Franklin may have contributed to his success 2Most of the 13 56 virtues . Franklin wanted to live by were related to personal development and self-discipline . 3Franklin practiced each virtue according to a(n) schedule and checked his progress by grading himself every 4Even though Franklin did not always meet his own high standards , all of us can respect his attempts week . and learn from his example. 57 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. how events in Franklin’s life affected his character b. what people consider Franklin’s greatest strengths to be Franklin’s Virtues c. Franklin’s attempts to live by certain virtues d. the virtues that were most important to people in Franklin’s time 2. Purpose What They Were moral values that guided Franklin The main purpose of the third paragraph is to a. give examples of some of Franklin’s top virtues Examples b. give details about Franklin’s performance in school c. show that Franklin was not a very virtuous person d. explain how Franklin graded how well he followed each virtue 3. Vocabulary The words set out in the passage are closest in meaning to a. occurred b. assisted c. turned in Restraint: He avoided having too much food and drink . Silence: He spoke only when he had something useful to say . Order: He thought everything should have its own time and place . Determination: He did his best to complete something once he started it. d. started Practicing Them 4. Detail How do we know about the virtues Franklin wanted to live by? a. He wrote about them in his autobiography. b. His son published them in his newspaper. Every week, Franklin practiced one virtue and graded himself . Although his grades were low at first, they got better with practice . c. He described them in letters to his brother. d. A newspaper wrote about Franklin’s moral character. 5. Detail Which is NOT true about Franklin’s attempt to master his virtues? • got better with practice • food and drink • complete something • graded himself • its own time and place • something useful to say a. He practiced 13 virtues every week. b. He gave himself a grade at the end of the week. c. His schedule started over again every 13 weeks. Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. d. His grades improved over time. 6. Inference What can be inferred about Franklin from the virtues he chose to practice? We know from Franklin’s autobiography that he was guided by certain moral values. a. He valued fairness above all other qualities. The principles of restraint, silence, order, and determination b. He did not think he needed to change very much. his list. He avoided having too much food and drink c. He valued direct conversation over writing. something useful to say d. He sometimes consumed too much food and drink. 7. What was Franklin’s opinion about order? He thought everything should have its own time and place. 8. What were Franklin’s virtues generally related to? They were generally related to personal development and self-discipline in all matters. place were at the top of . He spoke only when he had . He thought everything should have its own time and . Also, he did his best to complete something once he started it . Every week, Franklin practiced one virtue and graded himself . His grades , but they got better with practice . His attempts were low at first at self-betterment are a good example for all of us. 9. What do Franklin’s attempts at following the virtues show us? 58 It shows us that everyone has room for betterment. Lesson 8 • Benjamin Franklin 59 Vocabulary Test [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1 Concept Map 1. The fact that she practices the piano every day shows her a. ownership b. factor 2. I think we have a a. nervous c. impact d. determination responsibility to help poor countries. b. better 3. The fans’ shouting was a a. contributing . c. moral d. unimportant What did you learn from each lesson? Benjamin Franklin factor to my headache at the soccer game. b. reliable c. shocking Benjamin Franklin’s Life great influence being independent and clever as a child printing newspapers and almanacs d. enjoyable experiments, inventions, and causes lasting legacy [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. The Declaration of Independence 4. She admired the way her sister jumped off the rope swing without fear. a. respected b. affected c. sensed d. graded independence declared over taxes rights the government can’t limit 5. The weather reporter emphasized that winds will be very strong tomorrow. a. understood b. checked c. entertained signed on July 4, 1776 d. highlighted seven years to win their freedom 6. The man’s comment made Scott angry, but he showed restraint and said nothing. a. knowledge b. calmness c. development d. advice The Lightning Rod lightning as a sign of evil [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. testing the theory that lightning was electricity 7. On Mr. Kato’s desk, everything is in perfect order. a. sickness b. greed lightning rods c. lines d. messiness 8. The students had an excess of energy after riding on the bus all day. a. character b. standard c. lack d. damage Franklin’s Virtues 9. The comic book promotes friendship because the heroes save the planet together. a. discourages b. sells c. earns Franklin’s virtues in his autobiography d. angers thirteen virtues self-improvement scheduling and grading an example to follow [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. avoided self-discipline lifetime 10. When it comes to making snowballs, Aria is 11. After many attempts regarded regarded figures as the champion. attempts , my brother passed his driving test. 2 Talk Together Talk about what you learned from this chapter with your partner. “I learned that …” 12. I just don’t have the self-discipline to go running every day after school. 60 Chapter 2 • Benjamin Franklin 61 CHAPTER 3 9 10 Camera Obscura Red-eye Effect Why do you thin people What happens to your invented the camera? eyes in bright sunlight? ce I blink my eyes to block out the sunlight. Sci e e nc I think people invented the camera because they wanted a way to make images of themselves and their environment. Scie n Photography 12 Photo Manipulation to ry I enjoy taking pictures of animals because they are cute and do interesting things. Ar Hi s I think it’s okay to change photographs. It would only be wrong if a person did not admit that the photograph had been changed. t Photography 11 Ansel Adams’ Photography Think BIG Why do you take pictures? I take pictures to save a happy memory for all of time. Do you thin it is o ay to change photographs? What inds of things do you enjoy ta ing pictures of? Bac ground Knowledge Lesson 9 The First Camera Obscura Lesson 10 The history of the camera began with an object called the camera obscura. An Arabian scientist, astronomer, and mathematician named Alhazen lived around 1000 A.D. and designed the first camera obscura. He proved that when light rays from an object pass through a small hole, they form an upside-down image. Using this idea, he was able to project an image from outdoors onto a screen indoors. Science How Your Eyes Work Light enters your eye through the pupil, the dark hole in the center of your eye. The colored part of your eye, called the iris, can open and close to control the amount of light that is let in. When light hits the back of your eye, it makes an image on a sensitive layer of cells called the retina. The retina sends a message to the brain, and the brain turns that information into vision. camera obscura Ph 9 Camera Obscura otography Iris object Retina Pupil Hi s to r Sci e A rt Scie n ce e nc image y Before You Read A.Discussion How do you usually take photos? I usually use my smartphone to take photos because it’s convenient. B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. Lesson 12 Photo Manipulation Before the Digital Age Before there were computers, photographers could change a photo by using the “doubleexposure” setting on some cameras. Or they could use a filter to cover part of the lens while taking a photo. Then, he or she would take a second photo while covering another part of the lens. It was also possible to change a photograph in the darkroom, making parts of the photo lighter or darker by hand. Lesson 11 Ansel Adams’ Youth Ansel Adams was born in San Francisco, California in 1902. In early age, he was a curious child. He liked collecting bugs. Also, he loved the beach near his home. Playing there developed his love of nature. He continued to be interested in nature throughout his teenage years. During that period, his parents took him on a trip to Yosemite National Park. It was a trip that deeply influenced his career as a nature photographer. ⓐ useful ⓑ word 1. Scientific terms are difficult to learn. ⓒ move ⓓ change ⓔ recreate ⓑ 2. The company redesigned the product to make it more practical for consumers. 3. You should transfer your notes to your computer later. ⓐ ⓒ 4. The artists reproduces realistic images that look exactly like the actual photos. 5. I had to replace my digital camera when it broke five months after I bought it. ⓔ ⓓ Photography Science Camera Obscura 09 3 A room-sized camera In the 16th century, some improvements made the camera obscura more practical. The hole was replaced by a glass lens, which made images sharper and brighter, and a mirror was used to flip the images right-side up. Artists found the improved camera obscura to be a good tool. They laid paper beneath the image and drew over the scene. Then, they could paint on top of the lines they had drawn. This technique helped artists make extremely lifelike paintings. Growing interest in reproducing realistic images inspired the idea behind modern photography. 4 The film camera was developed when people discovered a way to transfer images onto film. Soon after, film cameras became available for the mass market. Later, digital cameras became another step in the evolution of the camera obscura. What will cameras of the future look like? 1 Nowadays a camera can fit in the palm of your hand, yet in film camera Words 294 ancient times, it was the size of a room. The word “camera” is a reference to that fact. It comes from the Latin term “camera obscura,” meaning “dark chamber.” The “dark chamber” was an invention that led to the development of the modern camera. how the camera obscura works 2 The camera obscura was a dark room with a tiny hole in one wall to let in light. The light shined on a piece of paper. Someone inside the room could see an image of the outside on the piece of paper. But it wasn’t a very good image. If the hole was large, the image was bright but blurry. If the hole was small, the image was sharp but dim. The image was also upside-down. Early Glasses are another use of lenses. They make images sharper, which helps people to see better. astronomers found a use for the camera obscura, though. They could watch the sun during a solar eclipse without looking at it directly. Connect to Yourself Early astronomers used the camera obscura to watch a solar eclipse safely. What other uses of lenses do you know of? What do they do? Paragraph Summary 1 Modern cameras come from an ancient tool called the camera 66 2The camera obscura produced an image from not very good. light 3 Improvements were made to the camera obscura in the 16th century with the addition of a glass obscura , which was a dark chamber . that entered the room through a small hole , but the image was 4 lens Film cameras became popular after people discovered how to transfer images onto film, and later cameras were created. and mirror. digital 67 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. the development of the camera obscura The Evolution of Photography b. how the camera obscura was first invented c. how photography changed astronomy and the arts d. the process for developing images using a camera obscura 2. Purpose The main purpose of the first paragraph is to It consisted of a dark room a. give details about setting up a camera obscura d. explain the origin of the name “camera obscura” . hole produced an image A mirror flipped images . the right way The digital camera was the . inside the room. d. colorful process to transfer images onto film Light entering through the 3. Vocabulary The word dim in the passage is closest in meaning to c. dark The film camera used a to let in light. c. give an example of a historical use of the camera obscura b. huge Film and Digital Cameras A glass lens sharpened and brightened images with a tiny hole b. show how similar the camera obscura and modern cameras are a. soft The Camera Obscura After the 16th Century The Early Camera Obscura next step in the evolution of . photography The images were either 4. Detail Where could a viewer see the image produced by a camera obscura? sharp but dim or a. on the mirror attached to the camera obscura bright but blurry . b. through the hole in the side wall of the camera obscura c. on a piece of film removed from the camera obscura d. on a piece of paper inside the camera obscura 5. Detail Which is NOT mentioned as a negative point of the early camera obscura? • the right way • transfer images onto film • produced an image • brightened images • bright but blurry • a dark room with a tiny hole • the evolution of photography a. It sometimes produced images that were blurry. b. It could only be used in bright light conditions. c. Some of the images it created were too dim. Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. d. The images it made were not right-side up. 6. Inference What can be inferred about astronomers before the 16th century? The early camera obscura, which meant “dark chamber,” consisted of a dark room with a . Light entering through the hole produced an image a. They looked at solar eclipses upside-down. tiny hole to let in light b. They didn’t like the idea of the camera obscura. inside the room c. They were using glass lenses in their tools. either sharp but dim or bright but blurry d. They watched the sky with only the naked eye. were made to the camera obscura. A glass lens sharpened and brightened images 7. What effect did the addition of a glass lens have? It made images sharper and brighter. 8. How did artists use the camera obscura? They laid paper beneath the image and drew over the scene. . It was not a perfect image, however. The images were A mirror flipped images the right way . After the 16th century, improvements . . The film camera was created when people developed a process to transfer images onto film camera was the next step in the evolution of photography . The digital . 9. What led to the development of the film camera? 68 It was developed when people discovered a way to transfer images onto film. Lesson 9 • Photography 69 Vocabulary Test Science [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1. The airplane did tricks such as flying a. scale . b. upside-down c. palm 2. I love those shoes, but they aren’t very a. practical b. modern d. right-side c. digital b. viewer otography for everyday wear. 3. My teacher said that Shakespeare invented the a. chamber 10 Red-eye Effect Ph d. mass “brave new world.” c. fiction d. term [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. 4. Fortunately, watching the movie again did not reproduce the terror I felt the first time. a. fall b. copy c. let d. place 5. You’ll have to transfer all your contact numbers from your old phone to your new one. a. send b. mean c. post d. develop 6. When I lost my book, Mom offered to replace it with another copy. a. fit b. follow c. find d. switch [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. Before You Read 7. Maybe you need glasses if your vision is blurry. a. useful b. ancient c. tiny d. clear 8. After a month of rain, we saw an improvement in the weather this week. a. worsening b. evolution c. poorness d. discovery 9. Talking with my cousin inspired me to study engineering in college. a. clarified b. forced c. discouraged d. reached available eclipse extreme flip Yes, I do. We took a family photo at the Grand Canyon, but everyone’s eyes are red in the picture. B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. ⓐ narrow ⓑ coat 1. The pupil appears black in normal light. [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. astronomer A.Discussion Do you have red eyes in any of your photos? reference ⓒ look ⓓ lower ⓒ 2. The iris contracts to let less light into the eye. ⓐ 3. She covered the paper with a thick layer of red paint. 10. Is this jacket available in a smaller size? 11. Copernicus was the astronomer who realized that Earth moved around the Sun. 12. At dinner, Mr. King made a(n) 70 reference to the fact that he was planning to change jobs. ⓔ shine 4. Sunlight reflected off the water, making it hard to see. ⓑ ⓔ 5. My doctor said that exercising regularly will help reduce my weight. ⓓ Science Red-eye Effect 10 Why our eyes appear red in photos 3 Photography The red-eye effect is not as easy to notice in everyone. For example, people who are not standing directly in front of the flash are not as susceptible to the effect. In addition, there is a natural variety in how the pupil reacts to changing light conditions. Some people have pupils that become very wide. These people are more likely to experience the red-eye effect. Those who have smaller pupils are less likely to experience it. 4 The red-eye effect can be reduced by backing away from the subject of the photograph. The further the camera is from the Backing away from the subjects of the photograph helps reduce the red-eye effect. retina, the less reflected light it will detect. New cameras come with a special “red-eye reduction” setting, which causes the camera to flash twice instead of once. The first flash shrinks your pupil, and the second takes the photo. The smaller your pupil, the less red light it will reflect back to the camera. 1 iris Words 294 Have you ever taken a perfect picture—and then noticed that everyone’s eyes were glowing red? Why do our eyes sometimes look retina red in photographs? pupil 2 the red-eye reduction setting on a camera It is an effect that happens when a flash is used. Under normal conditions, the eye’s iris contracts in bright light. This makes the function of the human eye the pupil small, and does not let much light into the eye. When a flash is used, however, conditions are different. When a flash goes off, the iris does not have enough time to react. Thus, the pupil stays wide open for the photo. The flash is so bright that some of its light reflects off the retina, a layer of cells at the back of the eye. Because of all the blood vessels in the retina, the light that it reflects is red. This is why the pupil appears red in the photo. Connect to Yourself What other function would you want to add to a camera if you were designing it? I would want to add a function that could create 3-D photos. The woman’s pupils appear red in the photo because of the red-eye effect. Paragraph Summary 1 Sometimes, people’s eyes 2 When a flash goes off, the 72 look red in photographs . pupil stays wide open, and 3 The red-eye effect is most obvious when people are directly in light that enters the eye bounces back. 4 Standing further from the subject front of the camera, or when they have very wide pupils . and using the red-eye reduction setting on a camera help limit the red-eye effect. 73 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. how the eye and brain produce vision from light Red-eye Effect b. what causes eyes to look red in photographs c. the different parts of the eye and their functions Causes of the Red-eye Effect d. how the red-eye effect can make photographs look bad 2. Purpose The main purpose of the fourth paragraph is to The iris does not have time to a. mention the ways to reduce the red-eye effect react when a flash goes off b. describe how changing light affects vision . c. understood . the subjects Light reflects off the retina Use the red-eye reduction setting and back to the camera. 3. Vocabulary The word susceptible in the passage is closest in meaning to . flash Move the flash further away from during the photo. d. explain what happens when light enters the pupil b. likely Do not stand directly in front of the The pupil stays wide open c. give a definition of the red-eye effect a. affected To Reduce the Red-eye Effect on the camera. Larger pupils are more likely to d. common experience the red-eye effect 4. Detail Which is NOT true about the retina? . a. It is a layer of cells at the back of the eye. b. It contains blood vessels. • in front of the flash • stays wide open c. The light it reflects is red. • when a flash goes off • reflects off the retina d. Its size changes with different light conditions. • from the subjects • the red-eye reduction setting • experience the red-eye effect 5. Detail Why do some people experience the red-eye effect less than others? a. Their retinas have fewer blood vessels than others’ retinas. b. Their irises work better than others’ irises. c. Their pupils are smaller than others’ pupils. d. Their eyes react slower to changing light conditions. Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. 6. Inference When using the red-eye reduction setting, what happens after the first flash? a. The eye reflects the light before it reaches the retina. The red-eye effect is caused by the use of a flash when taking a photo. The iris does b. The pupil stays wide open during the photo. not have time to react when a flash goes off c. The iris reacts by controlling the amount of light. the photo d. The light that bounces back becomes white, not red. contains many blood vessels, the light the retina reflects is red. Larger pupils are more 7. Why doesn’t the iris contract when a flash goes off? It does not have enough time to react. 8. What makes the pupil appear red in photos? Because of all the blood vessels in the retina, the light that it reflects is red. , so the pupil stays wide open during . Light reflects off the retina and back to the camera likely to experience the red-eye effect effect, do not stand directly in front of the flash away from the subjects . Since it than smaller pupils. To reduce the red-eye . You can also move the flash further , and use the red-eye reduction setting on the camera . 9. Why does moving the camera away from the subjects reduce the red-eye effect? 74 The further the camera is from the retina, the less reflected light it will detect. Lesson 10 • Photography 75 Vocabulary Test Art [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1. The I like to photograph are birds and butterflies. a. pupils b. effects c. conditions 2. The balloons we put up for the party a. shrank overnight. b. noticed c. backed 3. My computer screen a. accepted d. subjects d. struck 11 Ansel Adams’ Ph otography Photography too much light from the window, so I closed the curtains. b. reflected c. remained d. created [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. 4. We started a recycling program at school to reduce waste. a. vary b. direct c. change d. decrease 5. Everyone leaving the movie appeared shocked. a. liked b. seemed c. felt d. experienced 6. The smoke alarms will go off if they detect smoke in the building. a. sense b. suppose c. produce d. charge [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. Before You Read 7. The country’s economy has contracted 2% over the last year. a. increased b. adapted c. divided d. remained A.Discussion What do you think the man is doing in the picture? 8. On a school night, my normal bedtime is 10 p.m. a. smaller b. unusual c. brave He is taking a picture. I think he is a professional photographer. d. early 9. When a mosquito landed on my brother’s neck, I reacted automatically and slapped it. a. hoped b. damaged c. wondered d. ignored cell variety glowed layer ⓐ remember ⓑ rule ⓒ ruin ⓓ saving 1. Her email reminded me that band practice starts early on Thursday. [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. limited B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. likely 2. The preservation of this forest will protect many old trees. glowed orange in the darkness. 11. According to the weather forecast, it is 12. There was a thin 76 layer likely 4. When cities grow, forests are destroyed to make room for buildings. to rain tomorrow. of snow on our driveway in the morning. ⓐ ⓓ 3. Adams photographed waterfalls, mountains, and other landscapes. 10. The campfire ⓔ scenery ⓔ ⓒ 5. Keeran spoke with members of government, hoping to influence policy. ⓑ Photography Art Ansel Adams’ Photography to affect policy. For example, he traveled to Washington in 1936 to win support for a wilderness area in California. It eventually became Kings Canyon National Park. 11 The beauty and power of nature 4 The effect of his art was very powerful. “Not everybody trusts paintings but people believe photographs,” Adams once said. His pictures, like The Tetons and the Snake River, changed how Americans saw nature. Looking at his photographs, people Kings Canyon National Park in California realized that nature was a form of art. It was something to protect and care for. 5 However, Adams had critics. They said it was wrong to photograph and fight for nature when there was so much human suffering in the world. But Adams believed that understanding the world of nature would help heal people. At the very least, his 1 Water thunders over the edge of a cliff. It drops more than 700 meters into a cloud of white mist. You can almost hear the water nature photography saved the American wilderness for future generations to enjoy. Words 293 roaring like thunder as it falls. But there’s no sound. It’s not a real waterfall but a photograph of Yosemite Falls, taken by one of the world’s most famous nature photographers: Ansel Adams. 2 The Tetons and the Snake River , 1942 Adams likely first saw the waterfall on a trip to Yosemite National Park in 1916, when he was 14 years old. The beauty of the national park must have inspired him greatly. He spent much of his career photographing it. 3 Yosemite Falls The beautiful images that Adams made were more than art. The most beautiful natural environment I’ve ever seen was Iguazu Falls in Brazil. Its beauty was powerful. They showed the power and importance of nature. This was something the country needed to be reminded of. During Adams’ lifetime, natural landscapes were being destroyed to make room Connect to Yourself for roads, farms, and growing cities. Adams believed strongly in What is the most beautiful natural environment you’ve ever seen? the preservation of America’s wild space, and used his influence Paragraph Summary 1 The famous nature photographerAnsel Adams photographed Yosemite Falls. 2 In 78 1916 , Adams first visited Yosemite National Park and it inspired him throughout his photography career. 3 Adams used his photography to remind people of the power and importance of nature and to affect 4 Adams changed 5Adams believed how Americans viewed nature by presenting it as a form of nature could help heal human suffering . art policy . . 79 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. how Ansel Adams learned to photograph nature Ansel Adams b. the ability of art to change public opinion c. the importance and benefits of national parks The Inspiration for Adams’ Photos d. a nature photographer’s work to preserve nature 2. Purpose A trip to Yosemite National Park The main purpose of the first paragraph is to a. describe one of Adams’ photographs He gained support for a wilderness inspired b. help readers see the power and beauty of nature Adams throughout his career. c. show the challenges of being a nature photographer He was worried about the destruction d. explain what Adams did in Yosemite National Park a. in turn b. on time c. by accident that nature was a form of art . His art inspired people to protect around him. . and care for nature He believed in preserving the d. in the end in California. area His photography showed Americans of natural places 3. Vocabulary The word eventually in the passage is closest in meaning to The Effect of Adams’ Photos He helped save the wilderness . wilderness for future generations. 4. Detail Which is NOT true about Adams’ relationship with Yosemite National Park? a. Adams first visited it when he was 14. b. Adams was inspired by the landscape there. • preserving the wilderness • save the wilderness c. Adams photographed it throughout his career. • a trip to Yosemite National Park • a wilderness area d. Adams helped convince the government to make it a park. • protect and care for nature • a form of art • the destruction of natural places 5. Detail Why did Adams go to Washington in 1936? a. to photograph a national park that had just opened b. to get support for a wilderness area in California c. to encourage people to visit Yosemite National Park Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. d. to ask the government to make California attractive to tourists 6. Inference What can be inferred about Adams’ critics? a. They did not visit national parks. A trip to Yosemite National Park when he was young inspired Adams throughout his career . Adams was worried about the destruction of natural places around him b. They thought the growth of cities was necessary. and believed in preserving the wilderness c. They thought he should photograph human subjects. gained support for a wilderness area in California d. They did not consider photography to be a real art. Americans that nature was a form of art 7. Why was nature being destroyed during Adams’ lifetime? It was being destroyed to make room for roads, farms, and growing cities. 8. What did Adams say was the difference between photographs and paintings? He said that not everybody trusted paintings but people believed photographs. . On a trip to Washington in 1936, he . Adams’ photography showed . Critics thought there was more to do than save nature, but Adams knew his work was important. Adams’ art inspired people to . In this way, Adams helped save the wilderness for protect and care for nature future generations . 9. What effect did The Tetons and the Snake River have on the public? 80 It changed how Americans saw nature. (People realized that nature was a form of art, which was something to protect and care for.) Lesson 11 • Photography 81 Vocabulary Test History [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1. The changed from mountains to fields as we drove east. a. landscape b. inspection 2. The school has a new a. climate c. waterfall otography requiring all students to study a foreign language. b. edge c. policy 3. Every week, she has to a. improve d. protection 12 Photo Manipulation Ph d. career her son to take out the trash. b. remind c. warn d. forget [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. 4. At night, the mist makes it difficult to see. a. air b. shadow c. light d. fog 5. The ancient pottery was destroyed by the earthquake. a. melted b. broken c. photographed d. inspired 6. The doctor hopes the knee surgery will end her suffering. a. surgery b. comfort c. relief d. pain [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. Before You Read 7. My dad loves to go camping in the wilderness of northern Canada. a. city b. image c. farm d. country A.Discussion Do you think these photos have been manipulated? 8. Members of my class fought for the preservation of Baxter Park. a. influence b. emptiness c. damage Yes, I think that someone took one photo of the tree and used a computer to make it look like the pictures were taken in different seasons. d. area B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. 9. Critics of the law have said that it will not cut down on people speeding. a. directors b. supporters c. judges d. experts generation government cliff realized ⓑ image ⓒ people ⓓ describe 1. This report represents the current situation in our society. [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. thunder ⓐ changing roared ⓔ kill ⓓ 2. Presidents usually look serious and thoughtful in their portraits. ⓑ 3. The nation was shocked when President Lincoln was assassinated. 10. At first, I was too scared to jump off the 11. The train roared cliff into the river. as it sped by, and I had to cover my ears. 12. We want to leave the next generation a planet with clean air and water. 82 ⓔ 4. The leader of the Soviet Union did not want the public to know certain things. ⓒ 5. The government used photo manipulation to remove people from historical records. ⓐ Photography History Photo Manipulation 12 When seeing is not believing 3 The Soviets were not the first to manipulate photos to influence the public. In 1865, when President Lincoln was assassinated, newspaper publishers wanted to represent the late president as a hero to the nation. They looked for a photo that showed Lincoln’s leadership and strength but couldn’t find anything that worked. What they found, however, was a very heroic photo of an old vice president, John Calhoun. So they took Calhoun’s body and pasted Lincoln’s head onto it. The the original photo of John Calhoun image was presented as a real portrait of the president. The irony is that, politically, Calhoun and Lincoln were opposites. Calhoun was a famous supporter of slavery, while Lincoln’s greatest achievement was ending slavery. 4 Photo manipulation remains common today, and technology makes it easier than ever before. People should learn to identify 1 Everyone knows that photographs cannot lie. Or can they? manipulated images and question the intent of the people using Photo manipulation can change a photograph to show something them. Everyone must think critically, otherwise they may be other than the truth. Through darkroom tricks or software like manipulated by these messages. Words 288 Photoshop, a photo editor can make an image tell a lie. 2 the original photo of Joseph Stalin with Nikolai Yezhov a portrait of President Lincoln after retouching the photo In fact, throughout history, people have used photographs to tell lies. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1953, is one example. He was known to manipulate photos in order to keep the public from seeing certain images. In many cases, the images he wanted to hide were images of people. At that time, people who did not agree with the Soviet government were seen as enemies. When Stalin considered someone an enemy, he had that person killed and removed from all records and photographs. Nikolai Yezhov disappeared after retouching the photo. Essentially, he erased them from history. I think people sometimes use photo manipulation to create a unique photo, which looks like an art piece Connect to Yourself Can you think of any case in which photo manipulation is used for a good purpose? Paragraph Summary 1 Photo manipulation is the process of changing a(n) photograph to show something that is not true. 2 Joseph Stalin manipulated photos to remove his 84 enemies from historical records . 3 After Lincoln’s assassination, a photo of 4 Photo manipulation remains (John) Calhoun was manipulated to make a(n) portrait common , which is why everyone should learn to identify manipulated of Lincoln. images . 85 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. the history of photo editing techniques b. the development of photo manipulation software Photo Manipulation in the Past c. the use of photo manipulation in the Soviet Union <Stalin> <Lincoln> Stalin used photo manipulation to keep Newspaper publishers wanted a heroic d. how photo manipulation has been used throughout history 2. Purpose The main purpose of the first paragraph is to the public from seeing certain images a. criticize the use of photo manipulation by the media c. show that photo manipulation can give people false information records . 3. Vocabulary The word late in the passage is closest in meaning to c. current . for Lincoln’s body. Calhoun and Lincoln had opposite He erased his enemies from historical d. give background information about the benefits of photo manipulation b. famous . people he had killed portrait of the late President Lincoln They used a photo of Calhoun The images he wanted to hide were of b. introduce a historical example of photo manipulation a. dead . . political viewpoints Photo Manipulation Today d. loved 4. Detail When did newspapers publish the manipulated portrait of Lincoln? Photo manipulation is easier to do because of technology . People should think critically in order not to be manipulated by photos . a. before Lincoln’s election b. after Lincoln’s assassination c. before Calhoun became the vice president d. after Lincoln and Calhoun met for the first time 5. Detail Which is true about Calhoun? • because of technology • the late President Lincoln • historical records • a photo of Calhoun • people he had killed • seeing certain images • political viewpoints • manipulated by photos a. He was the vice president to Lincoln. b. His political views were similar to Lincoln’s. Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. c. He created a manipulated portrait of Lincoln. d. His body was used in a portrait of Lincoln. 6. Inference What can be inferred about Stalin’s government? Photo manipulation has been used throughout history to tell lies. During the Soviet era, Joseph Stalin used photo manipulation to keep the public from seeing certain images . The images he wanted to hide were of people he had killed a. It was larger than any government that had come before it. . He erased . Photo manipulation was used in a b. It encouraged photography as an art form. his enemies from historical records c. There were many photos that the government did not allow the public to see. different way after Lincoln’s assassination. Newspaper publishers wanted a heroic portrait d. It kept very detailed records of its activities. of the late President Lincoln 7. What did Stalin do to people who disagreed with him? He had them killed and removed from all records and photographs. 8. Why kind of photo of Lincoln did newspaper publishers want to print? They wanted to print a photo that showed Lincoln’s leadership and strength. body . They used a photo of Calhoun for Lincoln’s . Ironically, Calhoun and Lincoln had opposite political viewpoints . Today, technology makes photo manipulation easier. People should think critically in order not to be manipulated by photos . 9. What should people do when they identify manipulated images? 86 They should question the intent of the people using them. Lesson 12 • Photography 87 Vocabulary Test [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1 Concept Map 1. My What did you learn from each lesson? is to study history at Charles Darwin University. a. argument b. trick c. impression 2. Let’s buy our tickets today, a. while the box office might sell out. b. otherwise 3. We need to think a. commonly d. intent c. likely d. differently Photography camera = chamber in Latin about the film to understand its social impact. b. nationally c. truly Camera Obscura using a hole to shine light on paper d. critically replacing the hole with lens and adding mirrors to the chamber [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. Red-eye Effect 4. Macbeth assassinates the King of Scotland, and a ghost haunts him. a. succeeds b. lies c. murders d. finds glowing red eyes in photos blood vessels in the retina 5. The painting was identified as a work by the Dutch painter Vermeer. a. used b. told c. known differences in reactions d. changed stopping the red eye effect 6. There is a portrait of Queen Elizabeth on Canadian money. a. government b. picture c. term d. supporter Ansel Adams’ Photography inspired by Yosemite as a child [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. preserving nature through photography 7. In the movie Men in Black 3, some aliens are allies and some are enemies. a. friends b. leaders c. people the power of photographs d. teenagers 8. She changed her name to represent her African roots. a. manipulate b. hide c. consider d. notice Photo Manipulation 9. My sister and I are opposites when it comes to taste in fashion. a. progress b. images c. members changing truth through photo manipulation d. same removing people from photos putting Lincoln’s head on another’s body thinking critically about manipulation [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. achievement 10. The public essentially late politically presentation public has a right to know how tax money is spent. 11. Finishing the race was an incredible achievement for me. 12. We have different reasons behind our arguments, but we both want essentially the same thing. 88 2 Talk Together Talk about what you learned from this chapter with your partner. “I learned that …” Chapter 3 • Photography 89 CHAPTER 4 Star 13 14 Different Kinds of Stars What do you now about Why do stars glow? Scie n van Gogh’s life and art? ce A rt I think stars glow because of the great amount of heat that they have. Van Gogh and Stars I have heard that van Gogh was a troubled artist. I know some of his art is very colorful and bright. Constellation Legends: Capricorn ure Hi st at r 16 Li t e I know of the Big Dipper, which is in the shape of a cup with a handle. or y Star In my culture, the star and crescent has a powerful meaning that symbolizes Islam. 15 Pentagram Think BIG How many stars can you see at night? I can see thousands of stars on a clear night. The darker the sky gets, the more stars I can see. Do you now of any What symbol has a powerful constellations? meaning in your culture? Bac ground Knowledge What Stars Are Made of Lesson 14 There have been stars for as long as the universe has existed. In the Galaxy, there are around 400 billions stars. The average star contains about 73% hydrogen and 25% helium. The remaining 2% consists of heavier elements like oxygen and carbon. Compared to the average star, the Sun has more of these heavier elements. In spite of this, the ratio of hydrogen and helium in the Sun is still close to the average. Vincent van Gogh was a Dutch painter born in 1853. In his early 30s, he moved to the town of Arles in southern France. In that sunny region, van Gogh began experimenting with the bright, bold colors that he would later become famous for. Throughout his life, van Gogh struggled with mental illness. In 1889, he went to live in a mental hospital but never fully recovered. He died the next year at the age of 37. 13 Different Kinds of Star Stars or y e tu r Science Ar t ce Scie n Lit ra A Short Biography of Van Gogh e Hi st Lesson 13 Before You Read A.Discussion How many different kinds of stars do you think there are? I think there are three different kinds of stars. B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. Lesson 16 Zodiac Constellations Some groups of stars, called constellations, look like a particular shape. Over the year, the Sun, Moon, and planets appear to travel through an imaginary circle in the sky known as the Zodiac. The 13 constellations they pass through are called the stars of the zodiac. The names of constellations come from ancient Greece and Rome. However, they are based on ideas from Babylonian and Sumerian culture. Lesson 15 Ancient Sumer The Sumerians were a group of people that settled in southern Mesopotamia, which is now known as Iraq, between 4500 and 4000 B.C. Sumer is known for its many achievements in learning and education. One of its greatest inventions was the first written language, which the Sumerians used for record keeping. More than a thousand years later, Sumer was taken over in the south by the Babylonians and in the north by the Assyrians. Even so, Sumerian culture survived. ⓐ ball ⓑ burst ⓒ force 1. Gravity pulls a star toward its center. ⓓ give off ⓔ unchanged ⓒ 2. Stars and planets are both shaped like spheres. 3. For much of its life, a star’s size remains constant. ⓐ ⓔ 4. As a star burns, it releases energy that pushes outward. ⓓ 5. Some stars blow up in a large explosion at the end of their lives. ⓑ Star Science Different Kinds of Stars 13 The three types of stars in the night s y they use hydrogen at their cores through fusion. When all the hydrogen gas at the core becomes helium, fusion stops, and gravity takes over again. The core gets so hot that the gas shell surrounding it starts to burn. The energy that is put out by the burning gas causes the outer layers of the star to expand. In other words, the star grows into a “giant.” 4 red giant Neutron stars are actually dead stars. These only form from stars that were very large to begin with. When smaller stars die, they simply become small and dense. Larger stars, on the other hand, die in a massive explosion known as a supernova. The core that is left over after a supernova is a neutron star. 5 These three categories of stars are quite broad, and each category contains many types. All the points of light you see in 1 If you chose one star in the sky tonight, could you find it again the night sky include a wide variety of stars. Words 301 tomorrow night? It would be difficult, since most stars look alike neutron star in the night sky. Generally speaking, they’re all similar: hot, bright spheres made mostly of hydrogen and helium gas. However, they can be broken down into three types: dwarfs, giants, and neutron stars. 2 Dwarfs are the smallest type of star. Gravity is related to a star’s size, but even in these small stars, its inward pull is extreme. It compresses the hydrogen gas that makes up the center of the star. The compressed hydrogen at the core gets so hot that it turns into helium. This process, called fusion, releases enough outward force to balance the inward force of gravity. When everything is in white dwarf balance, the star maintains a constant size. 3 Giants, as their name hints, are large stars. Like dwarf stars, Connect to Yourself What effect does gravity have on your daily life? Gravity keeps me from floating away into space. Paragraph Summary 1 Stars are generally similar 2 In dwarf stars, the inward force of 94 but can be divided into three types, which include dwarfs, gravity is balanced by the outward force of fusion. giants , and neutron stars. 3 When 4 A(n) fusion neutron stops at the core of a giant star, the outer gas shell starts to star forms after a(n) large 5 Within each category of star, there is a great burn and expand. star goes through a supernova. variety of stars. 95 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. an introduction to three types of stars b. how dwarf stars and giants are similar Three Types of Stars c. an overview of the lifespan of a star d. a history of the solar system 2. Purpose Dwarf Stars The main purpose of the fifth paragraph is to a. ask readers to look for a specific star b. give information about the end of a star’s life Giant Stars the smallest type of star large stars Fusion and gravity are When fusion stops, gravity form from very large stars . A neutron star is the core in balance, and the star c. explain what category of star the Sun is The core heats up, the gas . shell burns and expands 3. Vocabulary The word massive in the passage is closest in meaning to a. old b. strange c. huge dead stars takes over again maintains a constant size d. point out that each category contains a variety of stars Neutron Stars that that is left over after a . supernova . d. loud 4. Detail What happens during the process of fusion? a. The star slowly gets smaller. • a constant size • dead stars • after a supernova • gravity takes over again • the gas shell burns and expands • the smallest type of star b. Hydrogen gets so hot that it becomes helium. c. Helium cools down at the core of the star. d. The gases that make up the star move toward its center. 5. Detail Which is NOT true about giants? a. Giants are larger than dwarfs. b. They produce outward energy through fusion. c. They get larger when their outer shell burns. Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. d. They have less gravity than dwarfs. 6. Inference What can be inferred about neutron stars? a. They go through fusion, like dwarfs and giants. b. They do not form from dwarf stars. There are a lot of stars in the sky. All of them are generally similar, but they can be divided into three categories: dwarfs, giants, and neutron stars smallest type of star d. They are the most common type of star. 7. What are stars mainly made of? Stars are mainly made of hydrogen and helium gas. 8. What happens before giants start to expand? . In dwarf stars, the forces of fusion and gravity are in balance , and the star maintains a constant size c. They have a shorter lifespan than other stars. stops in a giant star, gravity takes over again . When fusion . The core heats up, and the gas . Neutron stars are dead stars that form from shell burns and expands . A neutron star is the core that is left over after a very large stars supernova . Dwarfs are the . Fusion stops, gravity takes over again, and the core gets so hot that the gas shell surrounding it starts to burn. 9. What happens to smaller stars when they die? 96 They simply become small and dense. Lesson 13 • Star 97 Vocabulary Test Art 14 [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1. The Moon is a hard, round object but not a perfect a. force b. sphere 2. The fans . c. hydrogen d. dwarf Star Van Gogh and Stars the stage door hoped to see the rock group. a. burning b. chasing 3. The fog was so c. surrounding d. forming that I couldn’t see my hand stretched out in front of me. a. bold b. dense c. alike d. general [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. 4. Scientists think that Earth’s core may be as hot as the surface of the Sun. a. category b. crust c. hint d. middle 5. I compressed a handful of snow into a ball and threw it at Josh. a. squeezed b. examined c. selected d. tossed 6. The average speed of the car remained constant. a. fast b. steady c. various d. outward [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. Before You Read 7. The new director plans to make extreme changes to the school play. a. minor b. related c. inward d. possible A.Discussion Do you have a favorite van Gogh painting? 8. At break, the kids ran around on the playground to release some energy. a. represent b. help out c. balance Yes, my favorite van Gogh painting is the Starry Night. I think it looks really beautiful. d. take in B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. 9. Mohamed wanted to expand his baking skills and learn to make pastries. a. interact b. cause c. lessen d. leave ⓐ creativity gravity broad maintain massive ⓒ setting ⓓ sparkle 1. I couldn’t open my eyes because of the swirling dust. [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. explosion ⓑ looking simply ⓔ spinning ⓔ 2. The painter preferred to sit outdoors and paint by observation. ⓑ 3. The backdrop of the painting is a deep blue sky with bright stars. 10. In space there is no 11. I couldn’t maintain gravity, , so astronauts float. my starting pace through the whole race. 12. Many buildings were damaged by the 98 explosion . 4. Van Gogh worked at night, when his imagination was most active. 5. The artist painted the glitter of city lights on the surface of the river. ⓒ ⓐ ⓓ Star Art Van Gogh and Stars 14 Stepping into a dream world 3 Soon after, van Gogh made another scene with stars, this one titled Starry Night Over the Rhone. In the picture, the sky is full of stars, and at the horizon gas lamps from Arles reflect off the river. Showing the color and sparkle of the nighttime world was deeply important to van Gogh. He worked outside by the light of the stars and the distant city, where he was able to study the scene Starry Night Over the Rhone , 1888 carefully to catch its glitter. 4 The Starry Night was made several months later and was not based on observations but on memory. The painting has a dreamy, swirling quality. Some consider the unsteady lines and forceful color in The Starry Night a reflection of van Gogh’s mental state at that time. He had suffered a mental breakdown and went to live in a hospital. Through his work, van Gogh attempted to express the mystery and strangeness he perceived around him. Indeed, the world of The Starry Night does seem more like a dream than reality. 5 These paintings are what van Gogh is best known for today. Although he died more than a century ago, his starry paintings The Starry Night , 1889 Van Gogh painted Hospital at Saint-Rémy when he lived in a hospital in 1889. live on, like stars, and delight everyone who sees them. Words 293 1 Read this list of paintings by Vincent van Gogh: Café Terrace at Night, Starry Night Over the Rhone, and The Starry Night. What do these paintings all have in common? They all feature stars. 2 Night scenes with bold, starry backdrops are one of van Gogh’s signatures as an artist. For van Gogh, nighttime was a special, almost magical time. Working outdoors at night helped him access the world of spirits and dreams that inspired his imagination. He painted his first starry scene, Café Terrace at Café Terrace at Night, 1888 Night, on a street in Arles, France. Connect to Yourself Are there any specific times, places, or things that inspire you, as nighttime inspired van Gogh? I am inspired by stormy days. When the sky is very dark, it gives everything an unusual color. Paragraph Summary 1 There are starry backgrounds in some of van Gogh’s 2 Café Terrace at Night was van Gogh’s first 100 starry paintings . scene, and night scenes would become his 3 Van Gogh worked signature . 4 The dreamy, swirling outside quality 5 Even though he died over a(n) to catch the sparkle of gas lamps reflecting off the of The Starry Night seems to reflect van Gogh’s century river mental to paint Starry Night Over the Rhone. state when he painted it. ago, van Gogh’s paintings are still well known today. 101 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. why van Gogh preferred nature scenes b. the café culture of France during van Gogh’s lifetime Three of Van G ogh’s Starry Paintings c. the reasons why van Gogh’s art remains popular today d. the starry paintings for which van Gogh is well known 2. Purpose The main purpose of the first paragraph is to a. introduce van Gogh’s most famous painting In this painting, van Gogh b. present examples of paintings that share a theme backdrop d. mention the artists that inspired van Gogh’s style c. release reflecting off the water. . He worked outside to catch night on a street in Arles d. outline the color and sparkle . The Starry Night This painting has a dreamy quality that might reflect lights of Arles He painted it outdoors at 3. Vocabulary The word feature in the passage is closest in meaning to b. attempt Van Gogh observed the included his first starry c. give background information about van Gogh’s life a. contain Starry Night Over the Rhone Café Terrace at Night van Gogh’s mental state . In it, he tried to show the strangeness he saw of the nighttime world. in the world. 4. Detail Which is NOT true about Café Terrace at Night? a. It was van Gogh’s first starry painting. • on a street in Arles • the lights of Arles b. Van Gogh painted it from his memory. • his first starry backdrop • the strangeness he saw c. It was based on a real street in Arles. • van Gogh’s mental state • the color and sparkle d. It showed van Gogh’s signature painting style. 5. Detail What light source did van Gogh use to see while working on Starry Night Over the Rhone? a. the street lamps outside a café b. a gas light that he brought outdoors c. starlight and the city of Arles Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. d. a lamp in his hospital room 6. Inference What can be inferred about van Gogh’s decision to move into a hospital? a. It was supported by his family members. Stars are common in some of van Gogh’s signature paintings. Van Gogh included his first starry backdrop in Café Terrace at Night , which he painted outdoors at night . For Starry Night Over the Rhone , van Gogh went b. It prevented him from working on his art. on a street in Arles c. It was the source of his interest in painting stars. to the river at night and observed the lights of Arles reflecting off the water . d. It occurred after he finished Starry Night Over the Rhone. He worked outside to catch the color and sparkle of the nighttime world . 7. Why did van Gogh like to work outside at night? It helped him access the world of spirits and dreams that inspired his imagination. 8. What do some people think about the lines and colors in The Starry Night? The Starry Night has a dreamy quality that might reflect van Gogh’s mental state when he painted it. In it, van Gogh tried to show the strangeness he saw in the world . Some consider them a reflection of van Gogh’s unstable mental state at the time. 9. While van Gogh was in the hospital, what did he attempt to express through his work? 102 He attempted to express the mystery and strangeness he perceived around him. Lesson 14 • Star 103 Vocabulary Test History [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1. I downloaded the song but couldn’t a. appear b. feature 2. As the sun dropped below the a. memory b. outdoors it on my phone. c. sparkle d. access b. spirit Star , the sky slowly turned orange. c. horizon d. avenue 3. After the singer got popular, that funny hat became his a. signature 15 Pentagram . c. force d. state [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. 4. The glitter of the fireworks made people excited. a. festival b. show c. time d. light 5. The city skyline would be a nice backdrop for a family picture. a. quality b. freedom c. background d. mystery 6. Bees can perceive colors that the human eye cannot see. a. represent b. notice c. assist d. study [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. Before You Read 7. When I got an A on my science project, my mom was delighted by the news. a. titled b. deepened c. saddened d. considered 8. I reminded him to be careful on the ladder because it was a little unsteady. a. fixed b. bold c. colorful d. based 9. I heard a distant howl and worried it might be a wolf. a. common b. nearby c. magical d. apart inspiring imagination observation strangeness I think the heart symbol is the most famous symbol in the world. B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. ⓐ connection ⓑ direction ⓒ relate 1. Each point on the star indicates a different planet. [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. scene A.Discussion What do you think is the most famous symbol in the world? swirling ⓓ part ⓔ represent ⓔ 2. The lecture was about the five elements of a successful business. ⓓ 3. The Star of David is the symbol that is most commonly associated with Judaism. 10. The surface of Venus is hidden by a cloud of swirling gases. 11. I learned through observation that dogs do not like when you pull their tails. 12. You have to have a good imagination to be a science fiction writer. 104 4. Fire and metal have a relationship that is different from fire and water. 5. The orientation of the tower shadow changed as the day went on. ⓑ ⓐ ⓒ History Pentagram Star changing. They have different relationships and effects on one 15 fire another. Fire, for example, can melt metal; water can put out fire. A symbol with global roots When the elements are drawn in their traditional arrangement wood earth and the relationships between each are marked down, the shape that results is a pentagram. In European folklore, the pentagram had magical properties. 4 The orientation of the star affected its significance. With one point facing upward, the pentagram represented “white” magic (good). In reverse, with two points facing upward, the same water metal Wu Xing symbol stood for “black” magic (evil). Today, the pentagram is more closely associated with music 5 subcultures than with any of its ancient meanings. Some rock fans seem to like the pentagram’s European link to evil. It is fine 1 The five-pointed star with five lines is known today as the pentagram. It is an ancient symbol that has held different to wear a pentagram as a fashion statement, but it is good to know the history of the symbol. Words 287 meanings. Today, we can see the pentagram worn as jewelry or as The meaning of the pentagram is different depending on its direction. designs on clothing. 2 The Sumerians were the first to use the pentagram. They wrote about the symbol in records that date back to 3000 B.C. In the context of that civilization, the pentagram was a character in a writing system. It stood for a word that had a handful of meanings, including “corner” and “room.” The Babylonians, a culture with close historical links to Sumer, used the pentagram in reference to the planets. The pentagram’s five points indicated five planets—Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. five planets, which represent the pentagram’s five points 3 Connect to Yourself In ancient China, the pentagram corresponded to Wu Xing, the five elements that make up the world: metal, wood, fire, earth, and water. In ancient Chinese thought, these elements are always If you had to choose a symbol to represent you, what would you choose and why? I would choose a four-leaf clover because it means good luck, and I feel like a lucky person. Paragraph Summary 1 The ancient star symbol known as the pentagram has held different meanings . 2 In 106 Sumer , the pentagram referred to a mark in a writing system, while in Babylon it symbolized five 3 In ancient China, the pentagram represented the five planets . 4 In Europe elements of Wu Xing and the relationships between each of them. , the pentagram could symbolize either white or black 5Although the pentagram is mostly used as a symbol in the symbol’s history. music magic , depending on its orientation. subcultures nowadays, it is good to know 107 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. why the pentagram is popular in so many cultures b. the meaning of a star-shaped symbol in various cultures Historical Meanings of the Pentagram c. how the pentagram is used in modern times Sumer/Babylon d. what caused the pentagram’s meaning to change 2. Purpose In the Sumerian writing The main purpose of the fourth paragraph is to was used as a character b. show that the pentagram is still often used today planets 3. Vocabulary The words stood for in the passage are closest in meaning to b. detected c. represented . an element of Wu Xing upward, the pentagram . The relationships between pentagram to represent five d. explain the double meaning of the pentagram in European folkore With one point facing pentagram stood for The Babylonians used the c. give background information about the religions of Europe European Folklore Each point of the system, the pentagram a. give examples of some different styles of pentagrams a. stated Ancient China . . represented good The reverse symbolized all the elements created . the opposite–evil . a five-lined star Meaning of the Pentagram Today d. supported The pentagram is still used today, mainly as a symbol in music subcultures 4. Detail Which is NOT true about Wu Xing? . a. The world is thought to be made up of five elements. b. Wood and water are some of the elements that make up the world. • a five-lined star • the opposite–evil c. Stars are made up of the elements fire and metal. • represented good • an element of Wu Xing • used as a character • a symbol in music subcultures d. The relationships between the elements form a pentagram. • represent five planets 5. Detail How is the pentagram mainly used today? a. to represent one of the planets in our solar system b. as a character in various writing systems c. to show the relationship between five Chinese elements Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. d. as a symbol for some music fans 6. Inference What can be inferred about the pentagram? The five-pointed star known as the pentagram has held many meanings. In the a. Some people wear it upside down on purpose. Sumerian writing system, the pentagram was used as a character b. It is an evil symbol and people are scared of it. The Babylonians used the pentagram to represent five planets c. Chinese people like to use it in various ways. ancient China, each point of the pentagram stood for an element of Wu Xing d. Every culture shares the same meaning about it. The relationships between all the elements created a five-lined star 7. When did the Sumerians first write about the pentagram? The Sumerians first wrote about the pentagram in records that date back to 3000 B.C. 8. How did Babylonians use the pentagram? They used the pentagram in reference to the planets. The pentagram’s five points indicated five planets—Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. one point facing upward, the pentagram represented good folklore. The reverse symbolized the opposite–evil is still used today, mainly as a symbol in music subcultures . . In . . With in European . The pentagram . 9. What did the pentagram mean in European folklore when one point faced upward? 108 It meant “white” or “good” magic. Lesson 15 • Star 109 Vocabulary Test ratu Lite re [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1. In Irish a. result , selkies are spirits that can take human form and seal form. b. folklore c. collection 2. There was a beautiful flower a. context on the table. b. link c. statement 3. Jewerly and bowls from the Stone Age a. habit d. element d. arrangement 16 Constellation Legends: Star Capricorn were found throughout the area. b. civilization c. property d. entrance [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. 4. At the museum, we learned about the significance of the statue. a. importance b. signature c. critic d. thought 5. Shakespeare used story elements from a book about British history. a. effects b. shapes c. changes d. pieces 6. The orientation of the stars we can see at night changes with the seasons. a. position b. reference c. corner d. tradition [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. Before You Read 7. Lung cancer is often associated with cigarette smoking. a. denied b. linked c. combined d. unrelated A.Discussion Do you enjoy looking at stars? 8. Only a handful of students stayed behind to talk with Ms. Wright. a. lot b. secret c. supply d. meeting 9. The number on your key corresponds to the number on your locker. a. participates b. differs c. closes d. draws indicates magic 10. Astronomers are searching for new 11. There is a saying that gray hair planets planets indicates relationship subcultures around other stars. wisdom. 12. There is a close relationship among some of the languages of Eastern Europe. 110 B.Vocabulary Use context clues to guess what each word in bold means. Choose the words with similar meanings from the box. ⓐ fight ⓑ inform ⓒ hurt ⓓ legend ⓔ origin 1. Many people watched the battle between the two boxers in the ring. [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. crosses Yes, I do. I have a telescope, so I use it to see different constellations in the sky on weekends. 2. More than one hundred people were injured in the accident. 3. These stories have their roots in ancient Greece. ⓐ ⓒ ⓔ 4. Greek mythology is filled with stories of gods and wars. ⓓ 5. He warned them that the river might be dangerous at this time of year. ⓑ Star Literature his fellow gods. He told them to turn into animals, so the monster could not recognize them. Pan started to turn himself into a goat, but he was in the river. So instead of becoming fully goat, he made his lower half a fish. Zeus, the Olympians’ leader, fought Typhon. When Zeus got seriously injured, Pan helped Constellation Legends: Capricorn 16 Capricorn the Goat-fish heal him so that he could finish the battle. 4 When it was over, Zeus honored Pan by moving the stars to create a portrait of Pan as a goat-fish. It is an image we now know as the constellation Capricorn. You can find Capricorn yourself, especially if it is early in the evening in September and October. It is the second-dimmest Zodiac constellation and has very old roots in an ancient Greek myth. 1 Words 293 What would you call a creature that has the head of a goat and the tail of a fish? You could call it a goat-fish. Or, if you are familiar with Greek mythology, you could call it Capricorn. 2 Greek stories tell about a war in heaven that started when a group of younger gods challenged the ruling group of gods. The younger gods, known as the Olympians, defeated the ruling Titans. Olympian gods from the Academy of Athens Pan, the god of nature, the wild, shepherds and flocks In revenge, the Titans created Typhon, a dragon-like monster with 100 heads, which they sent to attack the Olympians. 3 The attack of the ruling Titans might have been successful without the quick thinking of one of the younger gods named Pan. Pan was an unlikely hero. He was best known for chasing women, not for strength or bravery. One day, Pan was in the river, trying to get a date with a beautiful water spirit. He happened to be the first Typhon is the most deadly monster in Greek mythology. Olympian to notice the arrival of Typhon. So he quickly warned Paragraph Summary 1 In Greek mythology, Capricorn is a figure with the head of a goat and the tail of a(n) 2 After the Olympians defeated the Titans, the Titans sent the monster Typhon to 112 attack fish . the Olympians. Connect to Yourself What is a legend from your culture? In my culture, there are many legends about cowboys who lived on the frontier. The legends tell about their independence and bravery, but they are usually not very truthful stories. 3 Pan told the Olympians to change into 4Zeus’s constellation to honor Pan animals and he also healed Zeus during Zeus’s battle with , Capricorn, is the second-dimmest constellation in the Typhon Zodiac . . 113 Graphic Organizer & Summary Reading Comprehension 1. Main Idea What is the passage mainly about? Step 1 Fill in the blanks to best describe the main text. a. how each Zodiac constellation got its name The Story of Capricorn b. why Pan became the leader of the Olympians c. the story behind the constellation Capricorn War of the Gods d. Greek legends about famous war heroes 2. Purpose The Olympians fought a war with the Titans The main purpose of the second paragraph is to In anger, the Titans created a monster called Typhon to attack the Olympians a. explain the origin of the term “Capricorn” b. describe Pan’s position among the younger gods Pan was the first Olympian to see d. give background information about a war between gods 3. Vocabulary The word spirit in the passage is closest in meaning to b. warrior c. monster . Pan the Hero c. show that Typhon was a difficult enemy a. animal and beat them. Typhon coming and warned everyone. The Olympians turned into animals, and Pan started to turn into a goat . But since he was in the river, he made half his body a fish . d. fairy Pan’s Recognition 4. Detail Which is NOT true about the war of the gods? a. It started when the Olympians challenged the Titans. After the battle, Zeus recognized Pan’s important work . b. The Olympians created a monster to attack the Titans. Zeus made a constellation for Pan that is now known as Capricorn . c. Typhon was a dragon-like monster that had 100 heads. d. The younger gods were the winners. 5. Detail What was Pan doing before Typhon showed up? a. turning the other gods into animals • known as Capricorn • half his body a fish • a war with the Titans • Pan’s important work • turn into a goat • attack the Olympians • the first Olympian to see b. preparing for a war with the Titans c. trying to persuade someone to date him d. talking with Zeus near the river 6. Inference What can be inferred about Zeus’s feelings after the battle with Typhon? a. He was excited to tell the Titans about the fight. b. He was thankful for Pan’s help. c. He was ashamed that he had not acted like a hero. d. He was angry with Pan for drawing the monster’s attention. Step 2 Complete the summary based on the above graphic organizer. According to Greek stories, the Olympians once fought a war with the Titans and beat them . In anger, the Titans created a monster called Typhon to attack the Olympians . The attack was unsuccessful because of Pan. He was the first . The Olympians Olympian to see Typhon coming and warned everyone . But since he was turned into animals, and Pan started to turn into a goat 7. What does the constellation Capricorn look like? It has the head of a goat and the tail of a fish. 8. Why did Pan decide not to fully turn himself into a goat? He was in the river, so he made his lower half a fish. in the river, he made half his body a fish Pan’s important work . After the battle, Zeus recognized . He made a portrait of Pan in the stars. The goat-fish constellation is now known as Capricorn . 9. When can Capricorn be viewed best? 114 It can be viewed best early in the evening in September and October. Lesson 16 • Star 115 Vocabulary Test [1-3] Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. 1 Concept Map 1. The symbol has What did you learn from each lesson? a. attention in ancient Roman culture. b. failure 2. Nearly all of my a. half c. tails classmates were worried about finishing their reports on time. b. dim 3. The d. roots c. fellow d. well-known Star dwarfs, giants, and neutron stars in the movie was too silly to be scary. a. creature b. strength c. defeat Different Kinds of Stars compressing hydrogen to maintain size d. section giants caused by a burning outer layer neutrons leftover from supernovas [4-6] Choose the words with similar meanings to the underlined words. Van Gogh and Stars 4. Lisa warned her sister not to put off her homework until the last minute. a. attacked b. provided c. challenged d. advised stars in van Gogh paintings imagination 5. The battle scenes in the movie were too terrible to watch. a. war b. agreement c. meeting nighttime color and sparkle d. conversation express the mystery around him 6. Three people were injured in the storm on Sunday night. a. harmed b. released c. tried d. noticed Pentagram ancient symbol with many meanings [7-9] Choose the words with opposite meanings to the underlined words. five points for five planets to Babylonians five points for five elements in China 7. The ruling class had a lot of money but the poor had nothing. a. serious b. lower c. familiar black and white magic in Europe d. younger today’s fashion statement 8. Brian seemed like an unlikely choice for class president. a. possible b. creative c. brave d. favorite Constellation Legends: Capricorn 9. On Memorial Day, we honor the soldiers who serve our country. a. destroy b. finish c. inspire a goat mixed with a fish d. disrespect Typhon sent by the Titans to fight the Olympians Pan, the unlikely hero the constellation Capricorn to honor Pan [10-12] Complete each sentence with one of the words from the box. action heal charged challenge mythology recognized 2 Talk Together 10. Juno is one of the key goddesses in Roman mythology . 11. I recognized the English team by the color of their uniforms. 12. If you want your ankle to 116 heal Talk about what you learned from this chapter with your partner. “I learned that …” , you’ll have to rest for three weeks. Chapter 4 • Star 117 Vocabulary List Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 7 Lesson 9 Lesson 11 method addiction individual howl reference thunder encounter substance founder frightened term cliff production in spite of influence figure out blurry mist humid behavior independent notice dim roar cultivate chemical suspect design upside-down remind necessity remain publish string astronomer landscape demand sensitive decade approach eclipse destroy boom craving almanac protect improvement preservation run satisfy prediction place practical policy plantation symptom experiment connect replace wilderness labor lack electricity wire lifelike eventually slave depression lightning rod bury reproduce realize consumption challenging cause path inspire critic industry advice persuade strike transfer suffering poverty avoid legacy brilliant available generation Lesson 2 118 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 6 Lesson 8 Lesson 10 Lesson 12 dissolve resist celebrate regard glow manipulation concentration molecule tax moral normal public thermometer run into separate contributing contract enemy property presence statement principle pupil essentially mixture as a result declaration virtue react assassinate temperature evolution instead restraint reflect represent relate provide argument excess layer late hardness consist of right order blood vessel portrait thread modern deny determination appear politically crack gene government set out susceptible opposite liquid receptor draft promote likely achievement flavoring species figure emphasize reduce identify mold trait strength self-discipline subject intent desired ancestor defeat admire detect critically remove nutrient spirit attempt shrink otherwise 119 Lesson 13 sphere civilization gravity stand for extreme handful compress planet core indicate fusion correspond release element maintain relationship constant arrangement surround mark down expand folklore to begin with orientation dense significance massive associate explosion subculture Lesson 14 120 Lesson 15 Lesson 16 feature creature backdrop be familiar with signature mythology access ruling imagination revenge horizon unlikely distant spirit glitter warn observation fellow swirling recognize unsteady injure breakdown heal perceive battle indeed honor delight root
