10.2307@25081616

Some Recent Works on the Classification of Immature Insects
Author(s): Wm. P. Hayes
Source: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Jan., 1941), pp. 3-11
Published by: Allen Press on behalf of Kansas (Central States) Entomological Society
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ENT.
KANS.
JOURNAL
VOL. 14
NO.
1941
SOC, JANUARY,
OF
SOME RECENT WORKS ON THE CLASSIFICATION
IMMATURE INSECTS1
Wm.
the
orders
and
Flint
of
the
looked
of
the
by
and
periodicals
of
of
that
adult
discovering
the enormous
identi
the
have
in recent
over
easily
of
together
of
the
value.
never
has
stages
forms
because
and
of
the
the
properly
now
known
and
of
bring
papers
There
are
and
prove
immature
with
pace
of
imago
should
to
stages
a bringing
Hence
taxonomy
for
insects.
immature
to
keys
by
recent
keys
of
Metcalf
be well
other
in finding
stages
citations
keep
task
the
the
in the
the
will
of
immensity
young
of
student
in obscure
these
on
comment
entomologist.
of
study
never
probably
are
these
average
important
The
some
useful
of
(1939)
to
keys
and
it would
that
thought
the
comprehensive
Peterson
developmental
a number
Some
years.
aid
will
rather
two
by
the
make
and
various
published
more
come
has
that
kind
this
insects
immature
Illinois
Urbana,
of
publication
references
fication
been
of
(1939)
together
of
recent
the
With
P. Hayes,
1
associating
number
of species
with
the prob
be confronted
always
an
and even
and when
eggs
nymphs
can
we
it is a familiar
unknown
unless
species,
to the tedious
resort
of rearing
and
it to adulthood
process
identify
or else make
use of our available
adult
to the
ing it from
keys,
keys
few
known
who
has
To
anyone
stages.
comparatively
developing
only
lem
of
adult
with
for
table
are no
of this
it is well
known
that
nature,
they
are
to use
chances
difficult
and
often
incompleteness,
a
often
the user may
than
for
identification
have
not,
seen
or studied
has not been
therefore
included
and not
keys
their
that, more
that
specimen
A
in the key.
are
our
further
to
istence
(1932)
medical
have
to
become
pass
stages
are
and
importance
us
and
of
a given
of
Melanoplus
mexicanus
and
to
(1929a
genera
Contribution
it may
the
No.
various
A
all
those
others
that
the
among
by
instars
species
211, Department
of
Such
latter
as
they
is a key
and
are
in ex
Johannsen
to
the
those
instars
Nevin
(1930)
certain
of the odonate
species
as these
studies
indicate
that
in many
necessary
and
Riley
the
which
of
the cyclorrhaphous
Diptera
are keys
to the
instars
various
Shotwell
the
as
such
instar
nature
of
instars
Sympetrum.
be
a key
for
every
few keys
of his
construct
Notable
species.
1929b)
and
Agri?n
eventually
for
keys
to
that
the more
by the fact
the more
forms
necessary
immature
through.
two
kinds,
of
given
is evidenced
difficulty
of these
grows
knowledge
it is going
immature
shall
larvae,
pupae,
is before
us,
identifying
immature
worked
We
stage.
of Entomology,
to
groups
become
instar
construct
known
University
of
before
of
(3)
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Illinois.
we
can
14
VOL.
a
have
in
JOURNAL
completely
life
Such
to
in
more
and
With
the
this
the
to
number
considerable
a
be
have
complete
been
noted.
little
known
of
or
and
Flint
in
in orders
important
like
ornamentation
coloration,
immature
is
insects
institutions
now
being
it
and
unpublished
the University
is being
realized,
studies
in the field.
is
that
little
and
The
announced
the
It
immature
keys
general
nature,
a
having
complete
metamorphosis
the
orders
that
above,
the more
of
intended
is not
by
to
orders
be
may
including
either
and
metamorphosis
which
and
of
those,
are
two
Our
aquatic.
Peterson
and Met
(1939)
and
include
keys
type
are based
on
these
keys
in his classes
he used
which
general
both
death.
not
but
useful
quite
is
known
are
two
The
without
published
A general
and
Shelford
faults.
an
earlier
work
by Allee
larvae
and
of the fresh
pupae
nymphs,
of North
of the "moist
temperate
region
Press
of Chicago
has
1939)
(Dec.
just
of this
edition
of a revised
and
extended
to
keys
orders
terrestrial
America."
orders
are
are
key
in which
(1923)
water
of
enough,
Strangely
by A. D. MacGillivray
his
before
of
Illinois
key
this
field.
recent
papers
comparatively
on a few
comment
by some
only
accompanied
as mentioned
pupae.
of
versions
in the
papers
and
gradual
include
(1939)
orders
of
those
that
keys,
to
key
all
with
many,
recent
an
at
of
of
kinds?those
those
are
there
calf
the
from
instar,.
to Orders:?Our
two
orders
the
excluding
most
Hence
work
thorough
occur
they
1
keys.
Keys
be
to
all
any
as
changes
to
new
of
bibliography
are
These
older
General
said
instar
in question.
group
of
NO.
the necessity
of more
and better
more,
that
other
in such
will
become
interested
hope
investigators
and to point
not followed
out to others
have
who
the literature
is offered
kind
the following
to indicate
but not
some,
all, of
studies
of
the
is especially
of
changes
the
taxonomy
at a number
students
to
part
developmental
from
1941
SOC, JANUARY,
key
be
should
knowledge
are
there
where
patterns
Classwork
offered
it
studies,
of all
instar.
Lepidoptera
and
setal
ENT.
comprehensive
history
known
making
star
to
KANS.
University
publication
"A laboratory
taxo
to animal
introduction
and
ecology
Allee
Shelford.
and
of Park,
Chrystal
authorship
"Insects
Woodlands"
in an English
entitled
book
of the British
(1937)
a general
insect
larvae.
of
to the principal
has
types
key
produced
or so-called
on food
in part,
habits
It is based,
"biological
types"
entitled
work
under
nomy,"
excludes
and
terous
titled
are
of works
number
A
one
recent
"Trout
Streams"
as
leaf-miner
keys
as well
of P.
in which
(biology
as keys
contain
which
exist
it that
Karny's
distinguished.
Wasserinsekten,"
general
such
forms
specialized
and
unusual
dip
types.
A
orders.
the
R.
and
nymphs
German
(1934)
of water
to
several
insects)
aquatic
to
keys
Needham
(1938)
larvae
of
work
on
is
one
orders.
(4)
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insect
aquatic
en
in a book
aquatic
orders
die
"Biologie
contains
that
An
unpublish
VOL. 14
to
ed key
National
has
orders
Museum
Smaller
of
American
state
the
In
and
the
of
a key
of
of
and
(1931)
Claassen
of
U.
the
1
S.
with
insects
works
taxonomic
the orders
Plecoptera,
been
have
Plecoptera
1935 and
Frison
(1929,
covers
more
the
are
studies
the monographic
extensive
to
limited
not
the
known
to
The
species
the
Odonata,
of North
only
the
fauna
eggs
of
nymphs
has
papers
and
of
the
the
also
but
nymphs
Traver
(1932-1933)
in North
occurring
to
keys
Heptagenine
been
keyed
the
of
species
the
have
Leptophlebia
on
study
the
species
produced
to genera
of
Traver
of Needham,
American
distinguishes
of the order.
the
(1931)
work
North
extensive
volume
Hexagenia
(1933).
recent
(naiads)
NO.
of
orders
nymphs
Frison's
most
to
keys
in other
published
Carolina
and
smaller
noteworthy
1941
Illinois.
(1935)
This
has
genus
while
fauna
workers
the
by
useful.
nymphs
The
by Claassen
work
of
the
SOC, JANUARY,
the
only
aquatic
Ephemeroptera
is our
Tsu
Mayflies.
contains
quite
the
Ephemeroptera.
taxonomically
these
Of
1937).
North
produced
is
Orders:?Among
and
studied
been
which
gradual
metamorphosis
have
been with
the
Odonata
ENT.
KANS.
JOURNAL
Mayflies
by Gordon
(1933).
For
Dragcnflies
Needham
and
America"
work
of
prehensive
treating
have
since.
Some
of these
appeared
the Canadian
of Ophiogomphus
species
and
Byer's
(1936)
A
somewhat
of Corduliinae
and
Libellulinae.
genera
still
set of nymphal
usable
is in Garman's
quite
keys
of Connecticut.
In Europe,
Schmidt
has keyed
(1936)
Leucorrhinia.
Hemiptera:?Most
the
aquatic
of
nymphs
lies
European
on
volumes
work
with
deal
larval
the
families
tlr's
of
larval
Forbes
genera
been
Lepidoptera
These
(1923).
and
published
are
order
species
by
of
are
various
Gerasimov
keys
to
the
fami
no
Two
Neuroptera.
Killington
with
instar
(1937).
a key
This
(1936-37).
and gives
a
key
family
to the
this
to
key
larval
a key
to
families
(1937a)
families.
exist.
in the
A
A
identification
number
new
German
and
order
families.
for
the
general
keys
older
works
of Fracker
the
but
fifth
of Mitis
of Plannipennia
another
are
earlier
concerned
and
us
on
the
Britain.
has
(1934)
us
that
given
of the
of
those
stages
in Great
standard
Lepidoptera:?Our
has
fourth
articles
(1933)
to
key
Odonata
(1927)
the nymphs
of
are
order
the
is
subfamilies
immature
Trichoptera:?Betten
has given
(1939)
to
key
Gerris
(1935)
found
Milne
this
to
keys
of
species
Neuroptera:?Townsend
in some
and
instances
table
to
nymphal
A
recent
species.
com
the
remains
smaller
Only
of Walker
stages.
works
are
the
of
"Handbook
Heywood's
in 1929
published
immature
and
(1915)
to
of keys
family
language.
(5)
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key
has
This
14
VOL.
key has
students
imov
on
been
translated
in
identifying
to be the
appears
larval
forms
1937c
and
and
the
of
of
ly recent
American
studies
(1939)
and
the
of
beetle
be
overlooked:
and
the
in scope,
Craighead
of
A
in great
covering
Papers
numerous
A
lately.
are
those
known
generally
which
(1928)
and Lehner
of
in pine
beetle-larvae
to
work
extensive
to
keys
produced
German
important
of
families
the
1940)
Phyllophaga
on a more
will
issued
be
(1923)
forests
of
are
published
an extensive
key
soon.
work
to
on
Van
this
to
to
and
genus
(1939a
larvae
at
one
present
and Henderson
B?ving
on larval
Hydrophilidae
have
larvae
are
families;
account
an
(1938)
and
Rymer
(1938)
Henning
to
Dr.
B?ving
which
grubs
most
the
of
is that
the
sub
of Patter
genera
(1938
genus
is at work
have
of Denmark.
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of
larvae
Emden
larvae
(6)
not
and
(1934)
aquatic
(1938)
that
extensive
of certain
species
Ritcher
and
1939b).
of
scarabaeid
the
of white
of
difficult
that
Karny
Chrysomelidae
of Voris
keys
published
in Kentucky
found
inclusive
keys
of
structure.
than
curculionid
keys
been
works
are
and
genera
species
A
little
known
key
of
we
details
keys
the larval Eryotilidae.
has
the
coleopterous
a more
general
Finland;
of
American
those
has
of
has
(1903)
beetle
of
the
keyed
subfamilies,
recent
Starjhylinidae
and
have
groups
rather
(1931-33),
works
to
study
for
categories
cannot
works
Both
European
extensive
Chrysomelidae.
and pupae
larvae
Two
(1931).
others
larvae
lower
consider
their
groups
Guignot
Craighead
a standard
and
to families,
which
is rather
key
of
Saalas
certain
has
of
are
(1939) has treated
Roberts
son
of
(1933)
forests;
in pine
and
(1934)
on habits
number
Hanson
This
(1932).
A more
extensive
families.
restricted
been
soil
common
the
part,
more
the
the
Other
general
of MacGillivary
by Balfour-Browne
of Blair
but
Butovitch
with
order.
mouthparts
recent
fairly
is that
Bertrand
to
stimulus
deal
the
overlooked
based,
A key to European
published
by
Fiedler
(1937).
of Rymer-Roberts
(1930).
of Rymer-Roberts
and
particularly
novice
to use.
been
of
only
is that
key
a
that
Hepialidae
and
of B?ving
will
be
Cole?ptera
which
beetle
keys
This
comprehensive
been
apparently
old
treats
simplified
key
to families
work
key
family
somewhat
revised
and
by
American
appearing
other
any
than
been
of Agrotis
cases
the
republished
for
(Noctuidae)
is a general
work
subfamilies.
It
in some
larvae
1
Comparative
been
have
those
(1935).
just
monumental
has
groups
new works
higher
more
has
and
has
of North
of Psychidae,
Tischeria.
larvae
cutworms
Notodonta
genus
one to four
species
and
B?ving
structure
on
the
:?The
Cole?ptera
on the larvae
(1930)
to come.
for years
have
the
key
(Nepticula)
(1929 and 1934) and Whelan
of
families
and
Stigmella
species
NO.
be used
by the writer's
Geras
semester.
coming
worker
is publishing
who
only active
regularly
recent
this
Three
of his
order.
papers
(1937b,
genera
of Crumb
1941
SOC, JANUARY,
and will
into English
immature
insects
this
discuss
1937d)
ENT.
KANS.
JOURNAL
we
hope
recently
The
JOURNAL
VOL. 14
recently
Emden
by Von
able
to American
the
this
that
and
Brues
of
earlier
work
rather
than
a
recent
few
of
order
has
The
Melander
(1932)
on the
(1922)
of the
also
the
larvae
done
this
of
of
task
in all
and
are
of
for
is a not
the
is
the
habits
Only
One
generally
families
of
is Ritcher's
key
(1933)
in England,
studied
to
keys
the
the
of
pupae
instead
primary
He
genera.
parasitic
parasites
the
on
in part,
on the
and
treats
several
the
for
keys
as general
a nature
far
such
families
which
(1938)
working
out
and worked
(1939)
there
and
the
Clistogastra.
have
appeared.
order
parasitic
that
cocoons
and
as
of
is based,
Another
moth
same
the
that
except
avail
appear
Chalogastra
of
families
(1934)
pea
soon
neglected
work
only
which
common
Bakkendorf
of
been
has
to divisions
keys
the genera
of two
parasites
mature
larvae,
larvae
translation
up
1
in English.
Trichogrammidae.
Cameron
bumblebees.
larval
NO.
translation
the
it will
that
concerned.
structures
the
miner
is hoped
it
Yuasa
to
pertaining
known
work
by
and
Mymaridae
carabid
work
to make
over
the
looking
Emden
has
taken
Van
be published
Hymenoptera:?This
are
to families
keys
on
German
earlier
Dr.
and
will
1941
planning
but after
students
key
SOC, JANUARY,
been
specimens,
probabilty
to
had
and
available
revising
an
translated
writer
ENT.
KANS.
Leaf
Holly
cocoons.
of
a
writer
has
Diptera:?The
1938-39)
recently
(Hayes,
published
in this order
that
to the immature
contains
of works
keys
bibliography
were
to older
forms.
Some
citations
not
overlooked
included
papers
in this
list.
of bots
the
published
(1937)
has
us
a recent
Psectrocladius
and
Anopheline
to
list
DeMeijere
vetch
mosquitoes
the
larval
to
keys
a key
to
those
the
of
fourth
by
It
instar
and
a
larval
Evans
(Vicia).
(1938)
of Ethiopia
; Carpenter
of
mosquitoes
of Minnesota.
cited.
African
and
third
larval
and
key
of
Some
here
to West
has
(1939)
recent
other
(1938)
that
is hoped
can be brought
are
key
second
corres
a few
list.
original
this order
have
(1938)
Knipling
in horses.
Thienemann
inhabiting
Agromyzidae
a few
to my
attention
on mosquitoes.
more
recent
papers,
supplement
in the
included
given
and
genus
group
called
works
a
of
not
Wells
to
keys
chironomid
of
form
has
(1939)
been
obscure
addition
the
papers
mosquitoes.
to species
larval
are
the
in
together
the recent
Leeson
have
These
Most
pondents.
with
these,
keys
pupal
on
the
papers
to species
a key
has
( 1939)
while
Arkansas,
of
to
has
Owen
to immature
recent
works
with
the most
keys
important
Perhaps
are
in the bibliography
th?
to above
referred
cited
American
Diptera
on aquatic
series
of papers
(1934,1935,1937)
Diptera
by Johannsen
Ento
text
"Medical
in Riley
and Johannsen's
those
and
(1932)
book,
mology"
classic
needs
that
in
this
revision
distinguish
is
order
and
whose
of medical
larval
the
Diptera
work
early
second
part
of Malloch
has
never
importance.
which
(1927)
been
published
(7)
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The
now
that
VGL. 14
was
to
JOURNAL
have
division
the
families
the
one
and
Most
of
to those
pertain
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for
Allee,
C.
and
This
V.
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