LA CONSTITUCIÓN COMENTADA. ANÁLISIS ARTÍCULO POR

5!78@
/!< 4<
87=8 )+ += 7 8+ &)',<8 A&)'+ + =,
+,7' +&'8 =,',<8 8: ', &*A,& B 8 K8
+',7+8':&,+87B)'8,'',<!
8 )+7 += ', J) 87 ,7+=: 8,,;7
77'!
8 +&'8 =,',<8 'E7 8',+8 7 &)7'8 ) 8)=&,;7
):,&&,;7<,=7&,BA&'8,78J),=7B!
,+7' + H:,& + &)7' 87=8 8 8,,;7
77'+&++&'8=,',<8!
4
4'!R$$333,7&!R?33$35,7&!5?3,7&!?35,7&!R?Q
!!'!4'8Q
!!!='8!87=84'!/R,7&!?$3,7&!'?1Q
!!!!4'85!Q
!!!!!4'83!3Q
!!!!!!4'83!3
+=,8&8@77+8 K88,7'8
3!7'8+)&&,;7
8,8J)9BJ)LA7&,J)7''*&)89&
8'+,8,&,87,7',8+8,8'D'8&87',')&,87!8'7+8
,++&87',')B7')++&,J)87',,7+=:'78
+ H',8 EA8 + '*&)8 33 ,=),7'4 B + A8
&87',')&,878:&,;7+''+8,7'7&,87B+))'8
B+)7'"7+H:,&!0J)*&,7'+,&+,A7&,
&87 ) 7'&8! ' + 311 ',): 7 ) '*&)8 3$$ 8,:,,++ + += 7 &)',<8 A&)'+ + +,&' +&'8
=,',<83$B8:,=&,;7+'+F+&)7'F87=83$$!
7=7,''))*+,&'7'88:)&87=&,;77'D'8+G1
&88+&')+31159&7'+8)7',7'87+7)7&,
'7+7&, 7', 9&, )7 +,+ 8&,<,++ )'8,K D+,&,;7++&'8=,',<88'+&)',<8*&888&,
7)8 &7,8 + &87'8! E )7 D,' J),7 <)7+8 ) )8 7
7)'87',')&,87887,,7&,;7+'8+',:)&,;7=,
+&)',<83$1!
87',')&,;7+3114'*&)83$$!.87=8)++=78+&)',<8
A&)'++=,+,7'+&'8=,',<88:',B8'C,78J)
&,A,&B)'8,'',<!8+&'8=,',<8'E78',+87&)7'8)
8)=&,;7):,&&,;7<,=7&,BA&'8,78J),=7B
87',')&,;7+3114'*&)833!.87',:)&,87B8:,=&,87+,+7'+
H:,&47&,83!.,&'+&'8=,',<88A)K+B<,+=&,;7+
A&)'+8'+87=8B&87&=8+&)7''
,7:=8EE+&87''&,;7AE&',&8:,7&8&'BD&,<
,&&,;7+'A&)'+)7&87',8&87',')&,87&8+&87'8*
)*+,& &87'8E7 +: &7' 7 D,&&,;7 + 7)7&,+8
&87',')&,87,7&7:8+DC=,B&8&*A,&8
+ 8 +&'8 =,',<8 L7+8 7')K )*+,& + &'8 +
+=&,;7 A,7,++ + ) &87=&,;7 ) 8,&,;7 A7' '8 +
A)7' + +&98 * &88 8,:,,++ ,7''',< J) 'D'8
,'8+8)*+,&8!
!')K)*+,&++=&,;7
'8* 8: 7')K )*+,& + =,&,;7 +=+ )+7
+)&, +84 8 )7 +8 'E7 J),7 &87,+7 +=&,;7 +
8+&88)7'7,,;7+A)7&,87+'+8+=,',<8
&)',<8D+,78&877=8+BB88'8J),77=7+8
'8,:,,++A,7J)))'+=&,;77,++)78+7
,',+8=,',<8J)&)',<8,')778&*A,&7
,7&,,8 =7', 8 J) 7',&,+7' 9 ++8 ,8
7=8J))7B!
, + ', 9 ,+8 A8)+ 7 L 8 =7&,8 ''8
A,,7+8J)7+=&,;7;=78=,',<89&7'=+)8+
8,=,7,8"8:,78J),')778&87,8<8&88,C
,889):,9&98!7'C,78=7''+F)7&'8+,8,',<8
+,7'&))7)'8A)7+E7+87)8,&8'7&,8<
&&+)7+',7+88:'8',:)B8'888+7&,8
J) 8< + 8+8 '7 =*',8 B A,&K &88 C ,8 && + )7
+',7+',F31!
8)'"&*+7'*'+&87&&,;7+J)7'+8+
&98,=,7&,,8+,7+=:,,+++8''+8J)'7'
:,7877,+++:)8:,=&,87+&')+8&))',')
78)+)'!*+,7,'&,;7+,&'E,=7'8&88
;=78 =,',<8 +,&'E , B!7 7',+8 98'7,+8 78J)9:,,'&)',<87,++)7J),,7'8+&')&,;7
+,7,'&,;7J)&87'):878',<)',,K7+8)8+
=7',8!,7:=88+)&'878',<8',77=8+B878
7K;7+'7+,+8'+8+8+,788J)''+)7A&'8
,=7+87',&,+7'313!
', + "&* + 7'* J) 8 8 +E B8,', 7 7*7)8:+&)7,++&87&'B*+,A*&,7''+:
H!*7LA&)'+++,&'78&877=8+B'E<++
A!"S9,',7!^7'7&,8J)"8:,78=,_)7'&&
+)8+=,&,;7+=+B=,&,;7+)=7&,7H!74F<,'()*+,&
+HF#3!),83!,.D7&,!,D!
B=7&,8!&9887',')&,87,'+A)7'!,3!)&87
311!3$5
A!"+)+8B@S8;7!)8+&98
+,7,'',<8! 8)7!,<,'!+,+3111!RR./37&,RBR/
&)',<88)A'+=,',,+++8&E',&>&8+8J)(A+
"8:,78L8=,+887'8?&)',;7J)78'E7'
7H+87+,+7'+H:,&=,+8+,&'7'8
)A=,8 8)! ,7 :=8 ' 88 +'8 78 78 +: ) 7
J),:8;=787)=,',,+++,&'787=8+B!
+E+'+,&,;79,';,&:8=7A<8+7'8),++
8*',&+J)&&&)',<8!88&88+,*7):,8B7
&887+ 87=8 A&)'+ + +,&' B +=&,;7 +
',:)&,87=,',<+:9&7<*+D&&,;731!
I) B )'8,'',< )7 J),,7'8 +,7,'&,;7 J)
&8':878',<+=,',<8&88A,"&*+7'*
&=8&8&'87&87'D'8L87+87+789:,,'+8
+:&87'78&,',8B,7&,,8J)=,E7!=78:J)
)<+,7,'&,;7L8'&98,,'E7+8&,A,&B
&87&',K8':&,+88=,',<8!,')&,;7788&)7H
)'8 J) 7)'8 '*&)8 3R &87',')&,87 D,= H7,&7' J) B
)'8,'',<L',BK8&*A,&8!+,A7&,7')78B8'8
&87'D'8)<,+7'!7&8)78=8K+,7,'&,;7+)7
*,+,&&,87,++8*',&8:7',+8+=)&,;7J)
97&=+8,7D&+,,'+',BK8!
*'7+8+',7+',8:&)+:78&)',<8
)+ 8' + &)+8 ) & 8 &87<7,7&, 8 )7 ) 8'
8,7'&,;78*',&,7J)8)+8:'+8!78':B
)'8,'',<+:L&'8&,A,&8+,++>8&,)*+,&
'&!? 8: &) +: 78 &)',<8 8 78 A8 &88 +:
9&8>+&,J)C&,',88,7&,,8,&?=8K7+8'&'8
++,&&,87,++315!
@,77'&8,7&,+,8&87''87LJ),:,7A)7&,8787
+:8&)78)+7)7&,+=&,;7+8''++
+,&' 78 &87 7=8 + B )87 )7 J):7',7'8 =*',8 +
,7&,,8 + ,7+=:,,++ + 8''+ ++8 8 8,8 'D'8
&87',')&,8731R! * &87A8 98 L+8 K87 8 &)
&:9:78+7,7'8)78+)7)'7',&8'+8+8+
87 H7 A)' J) 7 &87'D'8 L8 ,7 J) ' 9&98 .
'+88+=&,;7.)+)',=*',8!
5!+&'8=,',<8!8,&,;77,'+A)7'
A!&,B7,J)!87',')&,;7B8&,++8*',&!+87+
+,'8!,31$5J),7A,87=8L74F7C'E77'+8
+,< 8,&,/7 8*',& &87',')B7+8 [ A88 8 7&, + ',&,&,;7 + ,78* +[ ),8 +8&E',&8 B 7 <,')+ + 8 + 8,:,,++ + )7 ,
7'&,;7+8,&,87F>!55?!
8: 8&7,8 +&87'8 + =,&,;7+=+ 78A,8 ,7A 7[
'+8+7)'8&87',8
B=7&,8!:!,'!3$5!7+87++EA,J)4F7=J)
9B)7<+++=&,;777',+8'C&7,&8+'C,788J)9&&87'87
+&98&87',')&,878,',<8)7'8*&87'),+=7+CF>!3$R?!
8+)&'8 78',<8 + &)',<8 7 <,')+ +=&,;7 + ;=78
=,',<8+78,7+&'8=,',<8!CK8B8A,J))'7',<8
+&'88:+&8&+7&,+78 B+',<8=,',<8
A)K + B + J) 'E ,7<',+831! ,7 :=8 7 8+7,7'8
)78 +',<8 =,',<8 78 ,,& , A)K + B )'7',<8 J) 8 &8LQ * 8 8 '8+ 8)&,87
=,',< + 87=831/! 8 8 &: )87 J) +78,7&,;7
F+&'8=,',<8F9=A7&,8+8;=78J),7'<,777)
:8&,;74=,',<87))'8,K&,;7B&)',<87A,&,;7+)
&87'7,+8!:8=A<8+89&98+J)8+&'8+)=7&,
=H7 '*&)8 33$ ,7&,8 31 ',77 A)K + B B 87 :8+8
D&),<7'8&)',<8!
87'8J)&8H77'&A)K+B+8+&'8=,',<8
78++)&+9&98+J)'',8+787,7&),++7'8+
,'+J),:+&&,;7+,7&87',')&,87,++=H7'*&)8
,7&,8R&87',')&,87!E:,78,8'*&)83RJ)78+,&
J)F8+&'8=,',<8'E78',+87&)7'8)>!!!?<,=7&,B
A&'8 , 78 J) ,=7 BF! J),+8 B
=8K7 + ,8 7=8 J) B 8 8 '7'8 'E7 8 +:8 + 87',')&,;7B87&,+'8+78+8+7,7'831!,,8
,=7 8 ,7&,,8 + =7,++ <,=7&, ,7+,' ,'8&',<,++31$!
98:,7&:==J)*J)),7=8BA)K+B+8
+&'8=,',<8788&87,7&,,8+,&*+B8,8
+ '+8 + &98! 7 A&'8 , :,7 ' 78 + &)',<8 87
J),+B8''+=,',<,+7H',,7'7&,7
7'8 B J) 7&,' , + 9:,,'&,;7 7', '<C+)7B!*8''+78',<&877=8=+&)',<878
)';78311!
R!K87+A7;78+=,&,;7+=+
&8&87<7=AD,87987'+7'78:E',&+8
&7,8+&87'88:K878&)87'87
=7 ',7+7 += &87 8 ,7 +8 7 'D'8 &87',')&,87 A&)'++,',78&877=8+B!
A!S0(<,!)8+&9887',')&,87!&,87+,+!
$!
7D&&,;7+,&9=8887J)8)&,87=,',<+,7'
&)',A,&78''+8,7'7&,87
A!'*&)83+87',')&,;7)7<,=7'
A!8'*&)8358+,A,&+88B#$5$1031+87',')&,;7
A!S.S),!87&'8+BB',8+B!74F<,'L8+
&9887',')&,87F#R+,+31$$!$$!)+,L&87'8D,'7&,
7H+8+78,7+8&'8+=7&,J)787&,'7+9:,,'&,;7
=,',<=)7,7:=8,,'+<,=7&,J)'78+:7'78<&78
',77?78,778<7+777'8+7,7'8,78'7888)7+7
'87',',7+8,&&,;7+<++78+D&&,;7!
)7'<,=7&,+87',')&,;7+315587=8)',,K;A,=)+=,&,;7
+=+,7+87'D'8&87',')&,87!A!""@7&,&8!+=&,;7+
A7;78+=,&,;7+=+8:++&'8=,',<8!7
A&'8&87''':,C7)7&'8++=&,;77'+8+A&)'+
+ 87=8 8,,;7 77' + &)+8 '*&)8 33
&87',')&,873!
) :,7 8 78 9& E J) +8' J) &87',')B7' 9 ,+8
&87&,7' + J) ,++ 8&, 7&,' + 78 E,+ B
&,,K+ &&'*',& J) 8&+,,7'8 =,',<8 8+,7,8 78
)+=)!
8)7+87'8)7;=787+87+,+:'+,+B
+8&,;7++&,,87:8,7&,,8B8,',8!88'8
87=8A88+7'&,;7&,)++78&87=,'7887=7'
&87&878&,,7'8'C&7,&8B&,,K+8J)*8',7'&78&&,+
+,7,'&,;7''!7<,')++8,+KB&,,K&,;787+8+
K87:8K+D,&A7;78+=,&,;7+=+
'7'8A<8+8,,;777'&88+&)',<8!
9 =)7'+8 J) +'E + A7;78 + +=&,;7 ):B& &8,++ + ' + '+8 8&,! A&',<7' '+8 <)<E&88E'C&7,&8BJ),)'ED+,',<
7&8+8*',&H:,&!,7:=8'<&,;7*+'8+8
&87<,7&7' , +8' J) ', 8, + =,&,;7 +
'+8 8&, >,=)++ ', +,',:)&,;7 + ,J)K )',&, 8&,
+&98 &87;,&8 B 8&, '&!? 87 =,+ 8 &)',<8 B
&87',87)',J)78878,788+E7+=+
C! ,++ 78 +)' J) 7 &87'D'8 )78 ', +=87+,<,7,8',&887+7878&87'7,+8+'+8
8&,5!
98 :,7 8,:,,++ + J) 87=8 )+ += ' + )
A)7&,87 78 +: )87 7 :8)'8 )7 7)7&, =7 ) A)7&,;7
=,+8!
88&87',')B7'9':&,+8)7<7=',<+&,)7
,+',J)',77J)7&,7'+:',+8B<8'+8
,7',8+87=8,7J)J)8,:,,++=)7++=&,;7B8
)'7' 8J) ' ', 8 J),7 + )7 &,7' +:' 8
A&)'+=,',<8+&)',<848+8&87',')&,87B)8:+
,&&,;7Q7F8'8+)7+8&&,,7)A,&,7'!,KL8+C=,7&87',')&,87
7H431$.311F!8,,;77+,7+(),'!,3113/!
=7+J))7;=78,7'78+8,887=8878+<,'H+J)
''+)7)'C7',&8&'8++=&,;7)'8J)8''+=,',<9,+8&87A,+
788'8',+++;=78=,',<8B78'+C&8888,,;777'
A!0',&,!8+&'8=,',<87H!@87+8+,'8,+87=8
+H!
,3!!10!0:,:,8=A**&,'+7&,!5
+;,&7' +8 + 8 +&'8 =,',<8 E &87'8<',+8 8',87'
++8 ,7 A&'8 8 ,:)7 87',')&,87 >A? ')<,87 A,+8 =),++
&,)++7 &87' +,7&)7&, &8H7 J) 7 ' + =) ' 8 + 8
'7+,+8,:'F8&,F!
A!&'8=,',<8#$10$1
J),7 + )7 =,',,++ +8&E',& + ' =+8 J) 78 +,' )
8:&,;7,7+:'77'8R!
!87'8+=,&,;7+=+
7=8J)&&',K+&'8=,',<8)78&887,A'8
),+,&&,87,++8*',&J)=8K&)',<887'8+
:88! 7 7)'8 * 78 8&) &88 7 L B @7&, 8:,='8,+++J)78+=7'&87'7=8,7&,,8B&,',8 J)+:E7+8+8<*+&'8=,',<8!+,&&,87,+++
7)'8&)',<89&7&,8&7''7&,;78:8&7,8+
&87'8+',7',')&,;7!
,+=&,;7)877,7&,,8)77)7&,<8)7',+87=8)
A)7&,;7 + =, +: &87+ J) 8 &7,8 + &87'8 &7'7 7 8+)&'8 78',<8 + &)',<8 < +&, 7 +&'8
=,',<8&88'!
8 8 78 &7 +,,: 8 &87'8 7',8 D+,&,;7 +
+,&9 78! 887 &87'8 7',8 ) ):,&&,;7 J) )
&87'7,+8 7,K+8 B +,&)',+8 &87 &)',<8 '7' 78 88 &87 '7+,+,+KJ))',A,&,78J)&87<,'"8:,787)78
7'+8+8B&'887=8!,78:8+8&)',<8
78 =8K + <,=7&, ,7+,' +=&,;7 + A&)'+ '7+* &
)',,++!
8&8&+,,:A,&,;7<,+&,',8B,7&,,8J)
&)',<8+:+8'<C++&'8=,',<8!,8J)J),
J) &)',<8 ,' 78 + +88 8 J) +: 9& 8:)7B7'E,'8+,7,8.7'88+*,7A)7&,"8:,78
'<C + 8B&'8 + B + ','&,;7 )=7'. B 8+7 J) =7'+ <* +&'8 )8! A,&,;7 + &,',8 &,A,&8 8
F:F)7KL8,87E,,'&)',<8J)',
&,A,& B K8/! * ':,C7 , '78 7 &)7' J) &'8 +
+=&,;7D'<C+)7BB&87&)7'7'+,&)8
'8+8'E,'7',88+,7,8+,&),;7B8:&,;7+:
&,',8=78,7&,,8&87'7,+8778+=7'BJ)+:7
=), &')&,;7 + &)',<8 9&7 J) '7+,+ ,+K 7 D+,&,;7+8+&'8=,',<8E7'J)!7,7+87
&)7'87+8:')J)+,&)'B<8''8',+++B8
88788&'8E<7'8J),778<78+7,7'8!8
7D&&,;78+,&98'E&87'7,+7'*&)8$J)DJ),8B&'8+
B+))'8788:+8B,',+8&)',<8)8)=&,;77'+5
+78<,:7'7<,=7&,)8B&'88,=,78)=+88+&'8=,',<8!
,78)7'"7+H:,&7<,')++'*&)8$3&87',')&,87
78+=7'87+78,7+7&98&8+8FB+:F8F
B&8F8J)&87',778*,'+7'8+8&)D+,E78+&'8
=,',<8!,7:=8788:+&87'+78,7&,;77H78=)+7
&,;7=)7&87'&87&'8!*)+<B&8+,',:)',8J)
)'7')7+&'8=,',<88B++&7',K&,;778+
87=8J)78&87',7+=&,;7=)7&)',<8!
7&87'887878',77'',',:)',""@7&,&8!:!
&,'!!31/031
+E8&,A,&8B++88E&8'+88',87'8
&)',<877,<=7',8+78!7'K;78,'
+,&&,87,++ B ,:'+ + "8:,78 7 &87A,=)&,;7 + 8 +&'8
=,',<8 &88 8&) 7 &'),++ 8 ,7' ), +,&9
,7',')&,;7+7)'8,')*+,&8!
9* ) J) &87'8 + 8 +&'8 =,',<8 +: ,
8',8 B 8 '<C + +8 &7,84 7',8 B ),+,&&,87! &87'8 8',8)87 7'+ 7 <,=7&, + +&'8
=,',<8)7&)7+8'+8K&+D&87',+=+8+
,7&8',:,,++&8787',')&,;7!
,7:=8')7&&'*',&+B7=7788
)B,7&8',:J)'&878+7<,=7')=),ED,',7+8B
,=,7+8 9' J) ++ ,7 A&'8 8 ,:)7 87',')&,87 8
+8=+88'B!
&87'8),+,&&,87+7<)<7+,<8&'8!8)7+8
&87'8 + &87',')&,87,++ )87 ':,C7 )7 ),&,8 + +&)&,;7 +
+&'8=,',<8)78+=7'7'7'8J))7<,8&,;7'
)87+*)7<,&,8+,7&87',')&,87,++7+,+J)87',')&,;7
J)':&,7<,8:,,+++',+=+!B)'8,'',<8
78+=7'))778,7')'7'+&'8=,',<8B
87',')&,;7!
&'8;=787&=+8++,&9<)&,;7&87A8,'+)8
8+),+,&&,;7&87',')&,87&887+'7'88+)+,&,&88
,:)7 87',')&,87! 7 A&'8 7 <,')+ + '*&)8 3 8 )&
8+,7,8 )+7 ,7,& +&'8 =,',<8 J) &87,+7
,7&87',')&,87 ,7 J) 8 ,8' ) +8=&,;7! ,8 8+8 +
&)+8'*&)8,7&,8R,:)787',')&,87&878&&&,87
+ ,7&87',')&,87,++ 88<,+ &87' 8 +&'8 =,',<8 8
<,&,8+A87+88+A8!
8 8' ' 'E &87'8 7',8 J) '+)& 7 )7 &87'8
8*',&8! +8=&,;7 8',8 + +&'8 =,',<8 )7 &)7+8 'C
:+87&,',8)*+,&888,7&87',')&,87,++8D&87
',8K8+=+8E,)7&87'88*',&88J)D
7)7&'8+,7')K4B!&87'88*',&88,7'+,&98
&7'7<)&,;7+8&,;78*',&+&)',<8+&,7)7
),&,8&&+88')7,++8&87<7,7&,8*',&7'78',<
7&=+!
&&'*',&+78,7')'&887'87E'8+&87'8
+&87',')&,87,++97,+8)'+,<8+=!8,7')'
7&&,;7+,7&87',')&,87,++>[&8)78?!74()7 =B+=8K8
>88+,7+8?F7')7'8+')'B)',&,&87',')&,87!8,+ 87=8
:8,&78+&9887',')&,87F!CD,&8!3/0!D+8
,:)787',')&,87J),7&87',')&,87,+++)7B)'8,'',<,8'
,7&87',')&,87,++8,=,7,++&'8=,',<8J)9++88,=7!A!D!#.
3.2!
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