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El estado no jurídico, es decir, aquel en que no hay ninguna justicia distributiva,
se llama estado natural (status naturalis). A este estado se opone, no el estado
social , que pudiera llamarse un estado artificial (status artificialis), sino el estado
civil (status civilis) sometido a la justicia distributiva; porque en el mis-mo estado
natural puede haber sociedades legítimas (por ejemplo, la sociedad conyugal,
paternal, doméstica en general y otras varias), respecto de las cuales no cabe
esta ley a priori "Tu debes entrar en este estado", como puede decirse del estado
jurídico que todos los hombres, cuyas relaciones pueden ser jurídicas (aun
involuntariamente) deben entrar en él 11 .
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El conjunto de leyes, que exige una promulgación general para producir un
estado jurídico constituye el derecho público. El derecho público es, pues, un
sistema de leyes para un pueblo, es decir, para una multitud de hombres, o para
una multitud de pueblos que, constituidos de tal manera que ejercen los unos
sobre los otros una mutua influencia, tienen necesidad de un estado jurídico que
los reúna bajo una influencia única; esto es, dé una Constitución a fin de ser
partícipes en el derecho. Este estado de relación mutua de los particulares
reunidos era un pueblo, se llama el estado civil (status civilis); y el todo de este
estado con relación a sus propios miembros se. llama ciudad (avilas). La ciudad
a causa de su forma (hallándose unidos-los ciudadanos por el interés común de
mantenerse en el estado jurídico) -se llama en un sentido más extenso cosa
pública (res publica, latius sic dicta) 14 .
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El acto por el cual el pueblo se constituye en una ciudad, y propiamente la simple
idea de este acto, según la cuál únicamente se puede concebir la legitimidad del
acto mismo, es el contrato primitivo, según el cual todos (omnes et singulí) se
desprenden de su libertad exterior ante el pueblo, para volverla a recobrar al
instante de nuevo como miembros de una república, es decir, en calidad de
miembros de una comunidad o del pueblo como ciudad. Y no puede decirse que
la ciudad, que el hombre en sociedad haya sacrificado a un fin una parte de su
libertad exterior natural; sino que ha dejado enteramente su libertad salvaje y sin
freno, para encontrar toda su libertad en la dependencia legal, es decir, en el
estado jurídico; porque esta dependencia es el hecho de su voluntad legislativa
propia 15 .
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Puesto que el estado natural de los pueblos, como el de los hombres en
particular, debe abandonarse para entrar en un estado legal, antes que esto
suceda, todo derecho de los pueblos, todo mío y tuyo exterior de los Estados,
que por la guerra puede adquirirse o conservarse, es únicamente provisional; no
puede tener valor perentorio, ni convertirse en un verdadero estado de paz más
que en la unión universal de las ciudades (análogamente a los medios que un
pueblo emplea para llegar a ser un Estado) 19 .
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Así una paz perpetua (último fin de todo derecho de gentes) es sin duda una idea
impracticable. Pero los principios políticos que tienden a realizar estas reuniones
de ciudades, como para favorecer la aproximación sin fin a este estado de paz
perpetua, no son imposibles; y esta aproximación es una cuestión fundada en el
deber, y por lo tanto también en el derecho de los hombres y de los Estados, es
sin duda practicable 22 .
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