b y 0 H Wal l i s er , P Bul t ync k, K We ddi ge , R T Bec k er and M R Hous e De ini f t i on of t he Ei f e l i a n-Gi ve t i an St age bo undar y T he bo u ndar y f or t he Ei f e l i a n-Gi v e t i an St a ge Gl o ba l St r at ot y pe Se ct i o n a nd Poi n t ( GSS P) i n t he Mi ddl e De v oni an h as b e e n r at i fe d勿 t he I CS an d t he I UGS a nd i s pl ac e d i n a s e c t i o n at J e be l Me c h I r da ne i n t he T a il f al t o f Mor oc c o . T he po s i t i o n o f t h e bou n dar y was s e l e c t e d 妙t he S ub c ommi s s i on on De v oni a n St r at i gr a p勿i n 1 9 92 t o c oi n c i de wi t h t h e l e v e l at whi c h Pol ygn a t h us ps e ud o - f o l i a t us c ha nge s t o Po l ygna t hus he mi a ns a t us as d e s c r i be d h e r e i n . The bo u nd ar y c or r e s po n ds c l os e l y wi t h t he b as e o f t he go ni at i t e Ma e ni oc e r a s St u f e us e d as a Mi ddl e De v on i an di v i s i on , an d wi t h t he e nt r y o f t he d ac r yo c o nar i d Nowa ki a ot o ma r i . Al t h ou gh s po r e s a r e n ot d e s cr i be df r om t he s e c t i o n o wi n g t o t he r mal mo di f- c at i o n, t he l e v e l i s t hou g ht t o l i e be l o w t h e a ppe a r a nc e o f Gemi no s po r a l e mur a t a t he e n t r y o f whi c h h as be e n wi d e l y u s e d e l s e whe r e i n s por e - be ar i n g r e gi o ns as a gui de t o t he Gi vet i an. Comment s ar e made on t he r el a- t i o n s o f t h e GS SP l e v e l t o t he as s o c i at e d Ka e d k or ot om ari Event . A K M N 0 丁 二 7 } ' z R i f , S o M il f o二二 共 CRETACEOUS CARBONI FEROUS DEVONI AN OUT CROP PRE-DEVONI AN 苏火" 石 一 : 鑫 二 派 笋子 a K州 ..一 。.。.。气 ‘ 场夕论三 M a i d e 少么兮- 燕 Tata 几 A s s a A . k k aZ e m o u l 益6一 Ti ndouf 袱 ‘M 、 a r ' r a ' k 巴 e s h S k o e u -/ r a- , T a f i l a ( t 八 gaai rl 600 l et几 ・ 厂 ・ : ・ : ・ X 二{ The cl as si c ar ea for t he Gi vet i an i s i n t he Ardennes of s out her n Be l gi u m a n d n or t he r n Fr a n c e wh er e t he t e r m Gi v e t i e n ha s b e e n a va i l a bl e f o r r at he r o ve r a c e n t ur y b e i n g i n t r o du c e d b y Gos s e l e t ( 1 8 79 ) f o r t he Ca l c a i r e de Gi v e t or Ca l c a i r e a S t r i n goc e ph al u s bu r - t i ni . Howe ve r , e v en i n t h e t y pe a r e a t he r e ha s b ee n no c on s i s t e nt de f - i n i t i o n of a ba s e ( Er r e r a a n d ot he r s , 1 97 2) . S ome ha v e p l a c e d t h e l o we s t 5 -6 m of da r k bl u i s h l i me s t on e s i n t he Ei f e l i a n ( l oc a l l y Cou- vi ni a n, Ca r t e g6 ol og i q ue d 6 t a i I I 6 de l a Fr a nc e , Gi ve t , 1 97 0) ; a n d o t h- 勺S Rabat 七 , / . } o u R e g r e g 厂. ) P仁, } A z r o u The De v on i a n Sys t e m h a s be e n di v i de d i n t o t hr e e s e r i e s , Lo we r , Mi d dl e a nd Upp e r , e s s e nt i a l l y s i n c e t he Bol og na Con gr e s s of Ge o l - ogi s t s i n 1 8 88 r e c omme nd e d t h i s pa t t e r n f o r al l g e ol og i c s ys t e ms . Th e Su bc ommi s s i on on De von i a n St r a t i gr a p hy ( SDS) h a s a l r e a d y r e co mmen de d Gl oba l St r a t i g r a phi c Se c t i o n a nd Poi nt ( GSSP) bo un da r i e s f or b ot h t he u ppe r a n d l owe r l i mi t s of t he Mi dd l e De v on- i a n a nd t h e s e ha ve be e n r a t i ied f b y t he I CS a nd l UGS ( Zi e g l e r a nd Ma pp e r , 1 98 5; Ma pp e r a nd ot he r s , 1 98 7) . The c hr on os t r at i gr a p hi c di vi s i on of t he Mi dd l e De v oni a n i s i n t o a l owe r Ei f e l i a n s t a g e, a nd a n u pp e r Gi ve t i a n s t a g e. Thi s pa pe r gi v e s de t ai l s o f t h e GSSP r e c - or nme n de d b y SDS t o de ine f t he ba s e o f t h e Gi v e t i a n: i t wa s f o r - mal l y r a t i i f e d by l UGS a t a Lo nd on me e t i n g of t h e Exe c u t i ve Com- mi t t e e he l d i n J a nu a r y 1 99 4. 目口皿 圆 日. 。 。 1 ‘ 一卿: 一 ’ : 户 Introduct i on 加些 李 H a n 躲a g h d a d ,月 J、 s l / 5 9 0 M d o r a A I a 衔 ! r d a n e G 9 " k . i ' s 6 1 0 I a ' m . Y . 运盆 缅Uzi . Zemmour 气 系 : : r M t S Q 1 . ~ 一 .口 声 . . R . " . 一 . - , : . - * . - , - . * : . - , . T . a t o . u . z . l . k 4 . 1 C - Fi gu r e I A, Ma p s howi ng t he o ut c r o p o fDev oni a n r o c ks i n Mo r o c c o and ad j ac e nt ar e a s s ho wi n g妙 a s ma l l r e c t a ngl e i n t he Ta il f a t f t he ar e a c ov e r e d i n t he de t ai l e d ma p. B, De t a i l e d ma p s howi n g t he ge o l o g y o f t he Er fo ud ar e a an d t hep o s i t i on o f t he Ei fe l i a n-Gi v e t i an GSS P at Je be l Me c h I r da ne . ( Bas e d on ma psp ub l i s he d b y t he Mi ni s Mr e de l ' Ene r gi e e t d e s Mi ne s , Ra hat ; a f t e r Be ck e r a nd Hous e , 1 9 9 4a) . E pi s o de s , V oL 1 8 , n o. 3 108 蔽二成攀 馋 ‘ 擎 曦鬓鬓馨 ,,鲜犷! 撰130黔羚溅 篆 忍忿纵乡礁 磷 71 ' -e- 熬 溯 缨黔兼 . W6 械蒸丫『 韶 _ 溅醚盔 轰‘毕 粉 篡 户乞 罪赞材 一 厂分介 互 妙娜橇 1 黔盗 流产 缀 嗡瓣 岩粉 曝 蘸 傲外伪 入贫之 未簿宪 火 蘸 舒彝夔蘸 黔 夔 蕊 黔 成俪 r 于军 缘毋 法 I欢 _ 石 筹 甲 粼 护一 夕 奈磊渭努声 矛 卿 礁 确、资笋抽, 攀蘸 缪 茹习笋 《 i l ! } } , 1 孙瞬; 扩漏 飞 撇 羲 黔 飞 ‘知峪加 13 忿一 匆 里 彝 } - ql }Q薰猛{ 福一 彝缨馨馨 毅 藻 故 璧泌 _ 携 稗1 9一 鬓家黝一 石宁澡伽爷赞 摸 、 鑫戈 } 琳一 袱逐 靴杀谕舞蒸 奢 嘿溉 奋 艺 三 矜澡老 鑫纂黔{ 七二 沂叫 、令撇 越黝鹅渺 荞黔哥 滩 资谬辫缪 , 浸减砂 蒸 发 熟券 认娜 训少《 碳 尸 弓 必 ,岛 分 彝 、 释 哪翼 Fi gar e2 Pho t o gr a phs i l l us t r at i ng t he pos i t i o n o f t he GSSP Ei fe l i a n-Gi v e t i an bo unda r y l e v e l , Be d 1 23 , a t Je be l Mec h I r d ane , 2 5 ki n SSW o f Er foud and 12 km SW of Ri s sani , Tqf il al t , Mor occo ( Phot os bv 0 H Wal l i ser) . Se pt ember 1 995 109 be r e l a t e d t o a l e ve l i n a n e v ol u t i on a r y s eq ue n c e wh e r e Pol y gn ai hu s ps e ud o fo hat us c ha n ge s t o Pol y gn ai hus he mi ans at us by a c ha n ge f r om a s t e e p out e r a nt e r i o r pl a t f o r m ma r gi n t o a n ob l i q u el y de c l i ni n g one . Po t e n t i a l s e c t i o ns ha d b e en c o ns i de r e d i n Ge r ma ny a n d e r s no t ( Bul t y r i c k, 1 97 0, 1 98 7) . An ot he r bo un da r y u s e d ha s b e e n t h e e n t r y of St r i ng oc e ph al us bur t i ni , whi c h a pp e a r s a bo ve t he ba s e o f t he Gi v et Li mes t o ne i n t h e t yp e ar e a, a nd i n t he Lo og h For ma t i on i n t he Ei f e l Moun t a i ns o f a d j a c e nt Ge r man y ( St r u v e, 1 98 2a ) . Wi t h t h e i nc r e a s i n g d omi n a nc e o f hi ghl y d i s c r i mi na t i ng go ni a t i t e bi os t r a t i g - r a p hy i n mo r e p e l a g i c f a c i e s , es pe c i a l l y de v e l op e d i n Ge r man y e a s t o f t h e Rh i n e , o t h e r f a u n al gu i d es ha v e be e n u s e d s u c h a s t he Zone o f Ca br i e r oc e r as c r i s pi f or me( =r ou vi l l e i ) but t h a t s pe c i e s gr o up i s n ow kn own t o oc c u r as e a r l y a s t he c on od on t au s t r al i s Zon e ( Be c k e r a n d Ho us e, 1 9 9 4a ) a n d wel l wi t h i n t he Ei f e l i a n of t h e r ev i s e d d ef in - Mor occo. Af t er much di s cuss i on, t he SDS r ec ei ved t hr ee f or mal submi s si ons f or t he GSSP, al l i n s out her n Morocco, at Ou Dr i s s, Bou Tc hr a in f e a n d J e b e l Me c h I r da n e. Af te r al l t hr e e we r e vi s i t e d by t he SDS i n Dec ember 1991 al l but Jebel M ech I r dane we r e wi t hdr awn an d t hi s wa s un a ni mou s l y a c ce pt e d a t a Bu s i ne s s Me e t i ng a n d ac c ep t e d i n t h e s u bs e qu e nt po s t a l v ot e wi t h 2 0 v ot es i n f a v ou r a n d one a ga i ns t . The a dv a nt a ge s o f t he Mor o c c an s e c t i o ns l i e i n t he i r a s s o c i a t i o n wi t h a wi de r a n ge of o t he r f a un a l el e me nt s l i k e l y t o be o f v a l u e f or i nt e r n a t i on a l c o r r el a t i on . Some d e t a i l s r el a t i ng t o t h e de in f - i ng c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s a r c gi ve n l a t e r i n t h i s a cc o un t . I n pa r a l l e l wi t h t h e wo r k of t h e SDS o n i nt e r n a t i o na l c or r e l a t i on a t a bou t t hi s l e ve l h a s b e e n t he r e c og ni t i on of t he i mpor t a nc e o f a wi d e s p r e a d hy po xi c s e di me nt a r y p er t u r b a t i on ne a r t he Ei f e l i a n -- Gi v e t i a n bo und a r y whi c h ha s be e n n a med t h e Ka Mk Ev en t ( Hou s e , i t i on. Anot her i ndex, Maenecer as ( now Maeni ocer as) undul at um wa s s ug ge s t e d by S c hmi d t ( 1 95 8, p. 3 09) , a n d t ha t c l o s e l y c o r r e - s pon ds t o t he bo un da r y n ow r e c o mmen de d. Ho we v e r i t ha s b e e n t he gr owt h i n c o n o don t s t u di e s whi c h ha s cont ri but ed most t o t he det ai l e d cor r el at i on of Ei f el i an-Gi vet i an b ou nda r y s e c t i on s i n t e r n a t i on al l y a nd d e mo ns t r a t e d t h e ne e d f o r c l e a r d ef i ni t i o n. Th e s e qu e nc e of t he cl a s s i c Ar de nn e s a r e a wa s de s c r i be d b y Bul t y nc k ( 1 97 0, 1 9 87 ) an d wa s c l ar i ie f d b y h i s wor k i n 1 985) or , af ter as s oci at ed f aunal i ndi cat or s, t he ot oi nar i or rouvi l l ei Mor oc c o. Th e s e qu e nc e of t h e Ei f el a r ea wa s de s c r i be d by We ddi g e ( 1 977 , 1 98 8, 1 98 9) . Thi s l e d t o pr o pos a l s t ha t t h e bo un da r y s h oul d 0 0 0 . . . . . . . Eve n t ( Wa l l i s e r , 1 98 4, 1 98 5) . At J e be l Me c h I r d an e i t i s r e pr e s e nt e d 己 乙挤 书 } ; 1 0 ` 0 1 N ' J ) N W ) r a o l - r o 4 - " ( D 台 L - a C W . ) U C z 1 W - 1 C O . . . . . .… … 0 . . . . … 色 … ,电 产 I I 广 I _ ! , 、 J 叫场 , KOCKELI ANUS ( pars) Fi gur e3 Tab l e s ho wi n g t he r an ge s o f t ax a ac r os s t he Ei fe l i an -Gi v e t i an bo und ar y at Je be l Me c h I r da ne ( Modi fe df ioi n Wal l i s e r , 1 991 ) . 即i s od e s , Vol . 1 8, no. 3 110 by a b l a c k s h a l e i nt e r c a l at i o n ne a r t he l e ve l o f t h e p r o po s e d de in f i - t i on. Some comment s on t hi s ar e made l at er . Re comme nde d s t r at ot ype s t r on gl y bo we d o ut wa r ds , t hu s f or mi ng a s p oo n- l i k e s he l f . Thi s s poo n- l i k e s t r u c t ur e c a n be l e s s pr o no unc ed i n e a r l y va r i e t i e s ( Fi gu r e 4 d) a nd ev e n mo r e s t r o ngl y p r on oun c e d i n l a t e va r i e t i e s ( Fi gu r e 4e ) . A f urt her char act er i s t i c f eat ur e i s a di st i nct cons t ri ct i on of t he out er p l a t f or m j u s t po s t e r i o r t o t he g e ni c ul a t i o n p oi nt wh er e i t s up pe r ma r - g i n f or ms a hi gh ' s h ou l d er ' whi c h a r i s e s a b ov e t he g e ne r a l p l a t f o r m The r ecommended l evel f ort he GSSP t o def ine t he bas e of t he Gi vet - s ur f ace. i a n i s at J ebel Mech I r dane, 25 kni SSW of Er f oud and 12 kr n SW of The o pp os i t e e xt r e me a l s o s hows a f l a t s l op e o f t h e a n t e r i o r o ut e r pl a t f o r m. The s he l fs t r uc t ur e , ho we v e r , i s i n t h i s c as e na r r o we r , wi t ho ut a di s t i n c t s po on - l i ke e x pa ns i on, a c o ns t r i c t i on on t h e ou t e r pl a t f or m, o r a p r o mi n e nt ' s ho ul de r ' ( Fi gu r e 4c ) . Thi s va r i e t y oc c u r s a t t h e be gi nn i n g o ft h e r a n ge of Po. he mi a ns at u s a n d, i n ou r s a mpl e s f r o m pe l a gi c r e a l m f a c i es , i s a l r e ad y a c c o mpa ni e d by t h e ir f s t s p e c i - me ns of t he Po . he mi a ns at u s mo r ph ot yp e wi t h a mo de r a t e l y de v e l - ope d s p oon - l i ke s t r uc t ur e. The a nc e s t or s o f Po . he mi a ns at u s , whi c h a r e s t i l l pr e s e n t wi t h t h e e a r l y Po. h e mi an s at us mo r pho t y pe s , ha v e a s t e e p o ut e r a nt e r i o r pl a t f or m ma r g i n ( Fi g ur e 4a , b) . The y a r e i nc l ude d i n t h e Po . ps e u do- f o l i at u s Gr ou p, t y pi ca l r e pr e s e nt a t i v e s o f whi c h a r e c ha r a c t er i s e d by de e p a n d n a r r ow a nt e r i o r a d ca r i na l t r ou ghs . I mme di a t e a nc e s t or s , ho we v e r , a l r e a dy de mo ns t r a t e a s l i g ht ex pa n s i on of t he o ut e r a nt e - Ri s s a n i , Mo r oc c o ( Fi g ur e 1 ) ( 1 : 1 0 0, 00 0 Ca r t e du Ma r o c , Fe ui l l e NH- 30 - XX- 2, Er f ou d, La mb e r t ' s c o or d i n a t e s : x=59 9 2, y=4 706 ) . Jebel M ech I r dane t ransl at es as ' Hi l l of t he Li t t l e M ous e' . The l ocal - i t y i s a bou t 6 k m f r o m t h e me t a l l e d Ms i s s i r o ad we s t o fR i s s a m ( Fi g - ur e 1 ) a n d e a s i l y r e a c he d b y f ou r - wh e e l - d r i v e v e hi cl e s . Th e r i dg e t h e r e gi ve s c on t i nu o us ex po s u r e. The p r op os e d l ev e l i s a t t h e ba s e o f Be d 1 23 i n t he s uc c e s s i on ( Fi gu r es 2a -c ) The r i d g e o fJ e b el Me c h I r da n e i s 4 k m l on g a nd e xp os es a f u l l and f os si l i f er ous success i on f r om t he Em s i a n i nt o t he Fr as ni an. Exp os ur e i s c omp l e t e a nd e a c h be d ma y b e e xa mi ne d i n nu me r ous pl a c es a l on g t he r i dg e. The a ct ua l p r o po s e d s t r a t o t y pe s e qu e nc e i s on t h e ge nt l y s l op i n g wes t e r n s i de of a k no l l whi c h g i v es e a s y a c c e s s t o a l l be ds . Ar o und t h e GSSP t h e s e c t i on i s p r i ma r i l y o ne of p e l a g i c cal ci l ut i t es and mi cr i t es wi t h s hal es at t he Ka}Ak Event l evel . The r i o r pl at f or m ( f o r e x a mpl e , i n Bu l t yn c k, 1 9 89, p l . 2 , ig. f 5 ) . Al s o t he s l o pe o f t he a n t e r i or ou t e r ma r g i n o f s uc h Po . ps e ud o f ohat us s pe c i - de t a i l e d f a u na l r e c o r d of t h e s e c t i o n i s g i v e n i n Fi gu r e 3 ( mo di ie f d me ns t e n ds t o b e c ome s h a l l owe r , t hus i nd i c a t i ng t h e t r a ns i t i o n t o t h e f r om Wa l l i s e r , 1 9 91 ) . The a r e a i s e x t r e me l y i s o l a t e d a nd u nl i k e l y t o be t hr e a t e ne d i n a n y wa y. Ac c e s s i s a va i l a b l e t o s c i e nt i s t s b ut a ut ho- r i s a t i on pa p e r s s h ou l d be s o ug ht f r o m t he Bu r e a u of Mi n es , Ra ba t . Th e b ou nd a r y pr o pos e d r e pr e s e nt s t he l e v e l at whi c h Pol yg - na t h us ps eu d o f ol i at u s c ha n ge s t o Pol y gn at h us he mi an s at u s by a c ha n ge f r om a s t e e p o ut e r a n t e r i o r p l a t f ann ma r g i n t o a n ob l i qu e l y de c l i ni n g one a n d i n pa r t i c ul a r t h e n e w f o r m r e c ogn i s e d a s Pol yg- 、 趁型竺芝 n at hu s he mi a ns at u s ; t hi s l e v e l , o f Be d 1 23 a t J e be l Me c h I r da ne , i s wi t hi n t h e u pp e r Fr e i l i n ge n Fo r ma t i on i n t he Ei f e l ( Bu l t yn c k a nd o t h e r s , 1 9 91 ) . The S t r i n goc e pha l u s e n t r y l e ve l i n t he Ei f e l l i e s a t t h e o ve r l yi ng Ah ba c h -Loo gh b o und a r y, t hus t h e r a ng e of t he t r u e St r i n go c e ph al us i s whol l y wi t h i n t he Gi ve t i a n u nd e r t he p r o po s e d d e ini f t i on. Th e ma i n de v e l o pme n t o f bl a c k l i me s t o ne s i n t h e Od e r - s h5 us e r Fo r ma t i on of t he ea s t e r n Rhe n i s h Sc hi e f e r ge b i r g e l i es b el ow t he n e w bo un da r y ( Bul t y nc k an d ot he r s , 1 991 ;We d di ge , 1 9 90) , a s 纂淤翅 does much of t he Ka}jk M ember of t he Sr bs ko For mat i on i n t he Pr a g ue Ba s i n; t he s e un i t s c o r r es po nd t o t h e e nt r y of Nowak i a ot omar i a nd ma r k t he ot omar i Ev e nt ( Wa l l i s e r , 1 98 5) o r Ka } & Ev e nt ( Hou s e , 1 98 5 ) , a nd he nc e t o t he u ppe r pa r t o f t he c l a s s i c a l c r i s p晌 r me( =r ouv i l l e i ) Zo ne ( MD- 1 - F2 of Be c ke r a n d Ho us e, 1 9 9 4a ) , t h e t o p p a r t o f wh i c h r e pr e s e nt s a ma r k e d e x t i n c t i on e ve n t f o r go ni a t i t e s ( Hou s e, 1 98 5, 1 993 ; Be c ke r a nd Hous e , 1 9 94a ) . The 二夕气、 1 经1 争 l a t t e r s eems t o l i e wi t hi n beds 117 and 119 i n t he M ech I r dane sec- t i o n. Th e pr o po s e d bo un da r y l e v el a p pe a r s t o bej u s t a bo ve t he e n t r y of t he ge n us Mae n i o c er a s an d h e nc e c l os e t o t he b a s e of t h e wi d el y us e d Mae ni oc e r as St uf e of t he gon i a t i t e t e r mi no l o gy b ut no w t o b e us e d e x c l u di ng t h e Ca br i e r oc e r as c r i s pi f or me l ev e l s . B Conodont record The c on od on t de in f i t i o n of t h e Ei f e l i a n- Gi v e t i a n bo un da r y i s ba s e d o n t h e e nt r y o fa d e ini f t i ve f o r m of t he c o nod on t s p ec i e s Pol y gn at h u s A he mi a ns at us Bul t y nc k ( 1 98 7 ) whi c h a pp ea r s i n Be d 1 23 of t h e GSS P a t Me c h I r d a ne . Th e Po . h e mi an s at u s l i ne a g e wa s d e r i ve d mos t pr o ba b l y f r om t he Po. ps e u do f ol i a t u s Gr ou p. Th e c r i t i c a l po i nt i n t he de v e l o pme n t f r o m Po . ps e u do f o l i at u s Wi t t e ki n dt ( 1 9 66) t o Po. he nua ns at us i s t h e t r a ns f o r ma t i o n f r o m a s t e e p ou t e r a n t e r i or ma r gi n t o a n ob l i qu e l y de c l i ni ng one ( Fi gu r e 4 ) . Wi t hi n t h e s uc ce e di n g d e ve l o pme n t of Po. he mi a ns at us t he ou t e r a d c a r i n a l t r o ug h i n f r on t of t he ge ni c ul a t i on poi nt la f t t e n s i nc r e a s i n gl y. Va r i a t i o ns i n t hi s la f t t e n i n g c a n be us e d f o r mo r ph o- met ri c di f f er ent i at i on wi t hi n Po. hemi ans at us. Two ext r emes ar e o bv i o us . On e i s r e p r e s e n t e d, f or i ns t a n c e , by t he hol ot yp e of Po h e mi an s a t u s ( Bul t y nc k, 1 98 7, pl . 7, ig. f 2 6) wh i c h de mon s t r a t e s a la f t c onv e x e x pa ns i on o f t he a n t e r i o r out e r pl a t f or m whi c h i s Fi gu r e 4 Mo r pho t y pe s o f t he c o no do nt s Pol ygna t hus ps e udof o l i a t us -Po l y gnat hus be mi a ns a t us l i ne a ge . A, B, Po. ps e udof o l i a t us Wi t t e ki nd} wi t h s t e e p o ut e r a nt e r i or p l at fo r m mar gi n ; i n B, t he out e r ant e r i or adv a r i nal t r ou gh i s a l r e ad y l e s s nar r ow t han i n A. C, D, Po. he mi ans at us Bul t ync k , wi t h o bl i q ue l y de c l i ne d o ut e r ant e r i o rpl at f or m ma r gi nj or mi ng a s po on- l i ke s t r uc t ur e ; t he l at t e r be co me s g r ad ual l y mor e e v i de nt fr om C t o E; D c o i nc i de s wi t h t he hol ot y pe o f Po. he mi ans at us . Al l ma gni ic f a t i ons c a . x 60 . ( Fr om Bul t y uck and o t he r s , 1 991 ) . Se pt ember 1995 厂 一 刁 〔山 s e l l i a l l ve s of尸0. ( mwns i s , t i l e a l l i e l i ol - pk i l f ol - i l l ol w1 l i di i s s t i - o l l " I k I s e n- a t e c l oi l b ot h s i d es , } n v i - at l i V CI V t i - e C I L I C1 1 1 i l l 1 CV C 1 S \ 60 1 " , Po ol ) mol - pb ot yp e s , of ' Po/ , ‘ ml an s a j l l . } . FUr t l i er i n( l i c} i l oi - s t oic‘ 、 1 一 1 一 c卜、 t l 戈 , ‘ 飞 } we } , - i vel l 1 1 V Com) ( i oi l l ' s of , 1 1 1 C O e nu s / c r i o di t , v - pa r t i c uk i dy‘ 们l i e l j j l e } i , ( e 1 . r e gi dar i c r e l c c i m Bi l l - mi c k( 1 97 0) t o 1 . ob l i ql l i mar , } i i wms Bi s cl i ol I ' a n ( f Zi e vl e j( ] 9} 7) , Tr n ns i t i o na l 1 } ol - l j l s( ) !h ol l i s p e ci e s mW cm- 1 v mor p h ot N p e s ol ' 1 . ‘ ) 乃 1 1 仔1 1 1 / ) I ( I , 几 钾 mal i t s oc c m- wi l f i l f i e c mli e i - r e p i - c s e n t a t i v es of ' I l e ) he Mi WI } e MI A . . RU I t h e moi - e t vpi c A mor p ho t v pe s of ' 1 . Obl i qui l l i m. - } ! hi e mo, wh i ch } a v c 1 mr a ct e f - i , , e d b y ohf i L j L l C I ) OS ( Cf - i ol C I C 1 1 6C[ C s , } W c c ol l l pa n , v O l e s p oo l ) mol - p f l o t ) , Pc s‘ ) }Po. 1 1 c mi a l m( d i e s ' . Goni at i t e record Fi gur e 6 Suf u r a l di ag r ams o fMi ddl e De v oni an gon i a t i f e s r e / C v ant 阳t he E} I e l i ai 卜Gi v e l i a n b ound ar y . A- D, Moe i i i o t - ei - a t i d, i e, v l i o; i , , i i t gpr o gr e . v v . i i , e e l a bo r a t i o n o ft he v e nt r o- l at e r al adv e nt i t i o us l o be , - A, Ma e nj o c er as琪 koe ne ni ( Fr e c h) f r o m Be d, T} VV I . Je be l Ai ne l ane ( AI D I I - A) , O- K f or d Uni v e r s i t y Mus e u m, Hous e Co l l e c t i on, No. 247 6 , X 3. 5. B, s ut ur e o f Mae ni o c e r as c f . koe ne m ( Fr e c h) b as e d on Be 1 51 7 , Be c ke r Co l l e c t i on, I ns t i t ut e o f Pal ae on t ol og y , Fr e e Uni v e r s i t y Be r l i n, at who r l he i ght o f9 mi njus t be f or e t he ons e l qf v e nt r o- l at e r al jur r o ws , i f r o m Be d I f 9 , Me c h I r dan e ( , WD H- A) , X 4 . 6 . C, Mae ni o c e r as mol ar i um ( Whi dbo r ne ) r e v e r s e d s ut ur al d i agr ai n o . f as pe c i me n i l l us t r at i ng an e a r l y Gi v e t i an z onef im i l ( AI D I I - B) 加i n Wo l b or o ugh Qu ar r y, s out h Dev on, Ge ol o gi c a l Sur v e y可 6re at Br i t ai n Va. GS 7112, X 4. 6; D,阿‘ , ‘ , } , , ‘ ) ‘尸j 了 1 、/ ‘r ebr al l i m ( G. & V Sand be r ge r ) s u t ur e i l l u s t r at t a g t he nz i d- 6i v e l i a n z one i) f s s i l ( AI D I I - C) , e nl a r ge d. E, F, To r noc e r at i d ae s howi n g t he de v e l o pme nt o ft he l at e r al adv e nt i t i o us l o be .凡 Par odi c er a s di s c oi de t i m ( Hal l ) , s ut ur e bas e d on t he ho l o t y pe tom f t he Che r r y Val l e y Li me s t one , Ne w Yo r k , Ne w Y or k Va t e Al u s e ul n 40 5, 1 , X . 3 . 3 . Tor no c er as me s opl e ur on Hou s e , t he ho l o t y pe斤0 1 1 1 The df 6r d, Ont ar i o. f r o m be d s r e j} , r e d t o t he e ar l y Gi v e t i a n, A 1 . 3 . MI C P0 ./ 1 〔 ・ ] ) ] ; ‘ 1 ] , 人 ( 1 1 1 1 、 t yp e. FO ) I - I J I CI - l y.山e s e t r a ns i t i o na l f ol - I ns ha v e b e en r eg a r de d: i s e ar l y v ar i c t i c s of尸。 ) .he mi an s a ms ( f or e xa mpl e . Bul t y nc k , 1 98 7, pl . 7, h, , . 22: Wc ddi p e} 1 98 8 i n i a n- c c h ar t o f t h e H ei l i m- ' el l For mat i on) . The尸0. henj i ml s( I l I t s evA l l i ol l cal l be dcm( ) 门、t r at ed i l l t wo s ec- ( 1 01 1 S OfS OL I t her n Mor occo. at Jbcl Oi l Dri s s and Jbel Mcch i- f dane, a} } wel l as i n t he Bl auer But ch S ect i on i n Ger many. i n t he A chel Ou Dr i s s s e c t i on( Bu l t yn c k, 1 98 9) , a s out h- we s t er n o ut l i er oft h e Ma ' I de t Ba s i n , t i l e t wo e ar l i e s t mo r p h ot ype s ( s e n s u Fi 2 ur c 4 c. d) oc c u l - i l l , , a mpl c ODE 7 - 1 1 a n d s p ec i men s s i mi l a r t o t h e h ol ol yp e i n " a mpl e ODE 7- 1 3 . I n t he N l e c h I r o : me s e c t i on, s p e c i me n s of ' P0 . h e mi l t I l ml - ms a r e f i r s t r e c o- ni s e d i n s a mp l e 1 23, c qL l i V a i C nt S o f t i l e h ol ot yp e i l l s a l l l pl c ' } ,! 25} 1 27 an d 1 29 , a n d [ I l e y 0l - I n g es t mo r p h ot ypc s , wi t h e xt r emel y d ev e l op cd ' s po on s I . i n s ampl e 1 31 .I l l t i l e s e c t i on of Ma u e r Br u c h, Po. he mi an s a t u s a p pe a r s } , vi t h i n t h e Up pe l - I l l oS t p a r t of f i l e Od e r s h; i L l s e r Li mes t o ne ( i n s amp l e a o ft h e c ol l e c t i on of 、 Wal l i s e i a nd s mi l pl e D2 i l l t h e c o l l e c t i on o f 、 We d山} , . C) . I l i e V i r s t ' S p ool ] Mo t - - p hol yp e s ' o c cu r wi t hi n t h e ir f s t ma s s i ve l i me s t on e be d oft h e ov e r l y- i n , I , di s co i d c s Li mes t o ne ( s a mpl e d of Wal l i s e r , s a mpl e C4 of We d - di ( I , c) . J l I t Cl I Si VC St Udi eS Of t he di f f er ent conodont S CqL I CI I CCS i n I l l t i l e l a s t C C I MI I A F l ol l ap I cl(1 8 95) 1 - c c o l - ni s e d t i l e i mp or t a n c e of a g ol l i at i t e l i c I ' Ct c i . ] . C ( l l o t i l e L C I I L I ' , Me I C I I C ( (1 88 4) ( r c i l amc d A l ae ni e wvt w. } hy Sch i n d c"ol t i l l 1 9 - ) 3) , f or d e il f l i l l " t i l e l a t e mi ddI c Dev ol l i a l l . ' I 一 h i s h a s l e d l o t h e wi de l y r e c o} , , u i s c d A M。 一 I l i O C CI - ON Sl l f i C 01 F C C C I I I 1 1 1 C MI L H - C I C I ) L I C HI L t i l e OI JC F一 St I l l e、 } 。 、 maci l l(cl a. } l er chr aI I I I I I , of Fr ech (1 902) . For ni crk * , l i e Macni o- C eRI A St Ut e k \ a l , a j 1 j ) r oXi l l l a t CI \ C ( j U i \ a l Cl l t t o t i l e Gi \ ct i a i l b u t t h e SDS/ I UGS ( f e ci " i ol l oi l t h e mi ( I C I I C / t 一 pp c r F ) e\ on i a n , cr i c , ; h oul l d a l - V t r ans) ' er r ed f i l e t or mcf - Fr aal i en Vi a , \s , , i , , c c i c I } r ol l i c f el l n e, ,( ) (Bel - Ol ui l l , al l d t i l e 八山nhan l u of ' Gcr man} t o ( l i eMi ddl e Dc%oni an ( Kl ap p er a nd o t I l c r , , . 1 98 7) :HoL i , . , c( 1 985 ) t h e r e f or e wp a l a l cd t i l e / ol l al e qu i v a i c i l t: 、 、t i l e Phar u i ( e r as SI L 1 1 C: 、 、' 1 1 1 u p pc r山、 1 1 1 1 01 1 、 ) !t i l e Gi voi an, Th e p i e c t , , c d ebu i t i o n o l t h e l o, , \ c t ho un da v y ha " ' , k u l t i l v c e e l l l}. f be el l: 。 ma t i crof t j n c c r ut i nt } ( HOL I S C, 1 9 78) . Th e ( f c f i l mw Ich a l a c l e t I ; t I c ( 们h e - I 1 0I MS, 、l h e p h N ( ) ‘ al l d ds ' C i l l i t i OU' , s C1 1 1 1 - 0 - l a t e : 一 川l o be ( I ・ i " ! L I I C } A, 1 3 ) , 1 I MS C h a i l "H - l W " J l f JMC S 1 1 - a l d 1 l d l - C C S t i d p at i ent , i n xhi c h t i l e l a i c r a l J o b e of , t h e a du l t l i l k - ' r a t e " kt l c r } dl v du r - 1 1 1 - 1 1 ol l t o( , } C[ J V, b Ut t i l e V C 1 1 0 - 0- l a t C l - a l、Odi e i , L l 1 1 ( h, 7 i C I C ( j . r r he i c he i Mu c h f i - c l an e s l r a t o t }p c , t og e t h c r wi t h t h e a d j a c en t、 I c he l八l i l da l l e S e ct i on Mcc } cv a l l ( ( I f o l l s v, ( 99( ,I I J 94a) , p r o\ i de 、 t i l e ir f } t de t a i l e d d oc l i men t at i on of , t i l e ex a c t I cv cI ( ) }c l i f r v of山。ge l l 。 , 、认 1 〔 1 ] ; ‘ ) ( 、) 丫 1 、 a n d C a l i l i l s / Ma C I I I O ) C CI - at i da C d hON C t a L la f S v s 一 i i h Ago i i . ‘ w vt dc m( , } a n d Cu br i c r o( c j a, v 0h a t i , , , a r o un d h e c k 1 1 2 t o 1 1 4) . Th e - m - c en a n d 1 1 1 , 1 1 I N , L I PP C Y I N1 1 - t Of h C d I I 〔 ) of t h e J oh e l Me ch h - d an e , e ct i on \ i ci d e d a r i ch - } ' Or l i a l k 1 " I t I l l a \ A1 1 1 1 I I HMUOL I ' ) PU , 一 ‘ ul i ( cr a S , l J o l , ( t j ? 1 ( , 1 0( C ) Y l % , 滩9 ‘ ) 1 1 “1 1 1 1 ( L “( . ( ) S I 1 1 / 。 1 1 1 1 丫 ( c f ' Ar c hi a c al l d VC HI C L I H) Wi t h f a l -C- C\ C d p ha c opi d t r i l obi t c. , , . A, , , , o ci a i e d k vi t h t hi , , I ' a u na } h t i t l i o l nu - C , i " t i l e cal - l i c' o of t i l e M acni occ, 一 : l l j dac. mm } ] , ‘ ) ‘cr a' s cj - . koe weni ( Fl e ch) : i t ha , ; a d i el l s ha p e s i mi l ar t o山a t i n Mu c ni o( ‘ 1 V y I C I 一 ‘ ) j I 丫 1 I I I I I I ( G d I I L I I - S a nd be r - cr ) ( TI L ' U r e 51 - ) ) bi l l wi t h: 、%C l - } ' S I MI l Ok k } t d\ e l l t i l i Ol l , ` l oh e oi l t i l e V C I I I I - O- L uC l - i l l S h oul d er s . ' I ’ l i e t yp e o(Mac ni o . k oe m, n i ( Fr e c h) wa s f r om t i l eM01 1 1 ; T 1 1 1 CN( ) I 1 - C赫 wi l i o . 1 1 1 01 1 1 al l t m M ol z a pl el ) l l oj u Gcr i n al l y i s S omcwh a卜n i l l l i l f - b ut‘ 、, , } I i d ( 0 Po ) s s e, , F ou n de d I - , ' I t [ I C I t hau angul ai l at er ni l obes.! ; , , 、 : 、 }dOl eF nnWf li 0n MUN t: 1 1 A' dn: 、r ex 1 1 1 1 0n a n d i l l t ] S l r } 1 601 1 of t h e ol d er s p e ci e s of X l ae i i i o c cr o s . A d et e r mi n a t i on of s pe c i men s f r o m J e h e l An i cl a n e ( Fi gu r e 5A)by Becker and Hous e(1 994a) l i as heen as M acni o. af t . i me l i damm bi l l t h ey ma y h e b e t t er r e t er e d t o Mac n i ( , 一 c l 几k o e ne m. Re l a t e d f o r i ns( ) ! a b ou 曰l i e s ame a I , , c ar e ako kn own i n t he: 甲p e r pa r l of 一 t i l e Ka } J k Sh a l e ofBoh en na Mo l / a pf eJ i n h a l u ) , 1 903 : Ch l u p a L 1 96 0) h ut t h c \ h a v e n o t b e en il f pr c d. The ol d e s t l e v el \ v i 山Mac n i m c r a , } i n 1 1 1 C I: , ) ] - k i l t d oe s n ot c o ) lai f n L i l l y t y pi c a l Ei f e l i a n a mmo no i d - ( 1 1 - O UJ : 、 ,1 ' 0 1 exampl e Wer ner ocer at i nac ( Mt 1 ? t mat cco(、 、 Cabi i c, 一 。 ) ‘erav) ol Mo r oc c oan d Cen t r al Lu r op c l e d t o t he p r e f e r r e d u s e . "h i ch h as b e en a cc e p t e d, o f t h e l i n e a g I e ( i t ’ Po. he n j i m) s , wi t s r a t he r t ha n t h at of Po . c i i s e n s i s Zi e- l e r a n d Kl a pp e i( 1 97 6) wh i ch f or nl c r l v b a d b e en t a k en i nt o c on s i de r a t i on a s , a h ou nd a r y i n de x ( f or c xa mpl e , We ddi - ( , e 1 98 9) . I l l t i l e s v c t i ol l s s t ud i e d. 1 1 o, c nS e l l s i ' s、 、di s t i n c t l y l e s s f r e que n t t h a n P0 . he mi ol v V wu、 一Thi s ex pl a i n s wh y U n de r s t a ndi no of ' t he ev o - Pi n a ci t i d a c, b ut on l y g e ne r a k no wn t o b l o s s ( ) 川: i n d r a nL c I nL l f i c i i n t h e Gi v et i an . A s i -ni ic f a r i t f a l un a l c l i a i wc i n a mmon oi d i f a l - 1 1 1 , ' 1 1 ; U l l uti on of 11 1 ). el l sel l si s i s l es' s wel l Known that ] that of Po. hem i ti f l . m- s el l l evel f or t i l e base Oft hC Gi Veli 是 l n} Mi d S UCh a s mal l山Vel Let i cc 1 " 1 I t o. Up t o t he p r e s e n t i t h as b e e n r e c o l I - ni s e d t h a t t h e t y pi c al r e p r e - Epi s odes, Vol . 1 8,, , 。 ,_ 矛 M or occo s eci l l s t o l i e Wi t hi n t i l e KaO k Event j nl cv }al , at ( l i e hound- a r y b et we e n p yl - i t i c " I mi cs( Be d 1 1 7 , " i t h t h e l a s t o hmi c i mn i Cahr h- r oc c r i m) a n d s uh s e q ue n t da cr yoc o na l - i d- r i c h c : 1 1 - b ol l a t e s . Thu s t h e b a s e of ' t i l e Ma e ni m c r as St ul e l i e s onl y f r a c t i on a l l y h el o" li f c c ho - a cc e p t a bl e . j/2 I n t h e Ta hl a l t . l or ms whi c h a p pe a r t o h cc ome e xt i n c t b ef or e t h e en t r y Of M是 I C I I i O ) C C F } t s H I C I L K I C t hel , 1 1 了 ‘ 1 ‘ 7 1 亡 万 一 五犷 了 ) 1 ) l j l ‘ 1 〔 了 1 “ 、 Gr oup , l ur e l o t - f u t ur e L l , C al t h OL I I , } h t h e l ev e l l o: 一 : mal ys i s i s l i k el y t o d e p en d ( ) I t hi o s t r a t i I o r a ph i c e vi d en c e . sl f bal l ar cesl (、 ,Fi deht e, s , and t he l ast Anci occr at i na e ( Kokei i i a) I t i c To r no c c r a t i da c a pp e ar wi t h Mt r o di ( c r a s i n ( h e Ei f c l i a n, at 记 Parodi cer ay i s common hel mv t he GSSP l evel at Mech I r dane i n t he ko(kehamo /one. I n New Yor k, Por odi cer as occur s川 t he Che r r yVa l l e y Li me s t on e ( Fi gu r e 5 1)wh e r e T or noc e ao i S a l s o r e po r t e d Mou s e , 1 9 65) bi l l t he t y pi ca l b i c o nv e x g r o wt h l i n e p a t t e r n I S n ot I nC ( u nt i l山c ( m ) v Cr l }i V l l l , " C 1 1 i t t e MI 1 1 20 1 SI MI C. SO i t Wou l d S C eI l l 山' i t f i l e t r ue Ior , nocer as ent ers i n t he earl i es t Gi vet i an, but t hi s i s 1 1 01 C l OCL I F F I CI l t ed i n M ech l t - c l anc. 56c 1 i der t z (1 987) has shown t hat i n 八I L , cr i a , lor i l m‘ r a. s cn t ci , , , t o( - , c t h cr wi t h / c r i odi t s ob l i ql 1 c l i j e l l - gi , 1 1 1 - t i o. a n a l t e r mi t i N e Vu i c l e t ort h e ea r l i es t Gi v et i a n. L ' a r l y Gi \ c t i a l l l i nl e S t ol i c s a hme山C h OU n d a r v ; i t J e be l Mc c h l i - d an c ha v e t y p i c a l a ( , on i a t i t i d s a nd s ubs e qu e nt l y t h er e i s a n i mpo r - l an t r egi o ua l mar k e r l e v c] wi t h S mal l We de k i mI c Ni t a l T . ps i l l m i mi Radi ome t r i c and OFT dat i ng No S t l i d} pr o%i dc s r a di on i ct r i c da t e s cl os e t o山C GSSp f or t h e ha s e of ' t he Gi k e t i a n . I ’ l i e r e v i e w of ' F or d ha i n( 1 9 92) S U . - ( 1 1 , 1 C S t S } t ( k i t e of a b out 3 88 Ma l o r t h e b ou nd ar y. v e r y山f t , c r e i l l f r o nt t h e es t i ma t e ol , 38 0 Ma b y Har l a nd a n d o t h e r s( 1 98 9) . Al l h OM1 1 1 MI eS t u Mn t e l o r Gi v c t i an t i me of 6- 5 Ma ha s b e e n gi v e n b y [ l o us e( 1 99 5) L I S i 1 1 1 1 } I M- C - C C S S 1 0 ) 1 1 , 1 1 ' JI - Mi l t Ur e s f or d i i Or b i t a l For c i n- I i ni c s ca l c ( 01 - T) . mi d es t i mat es l i } oc been oken f or t he ( J UNI t i On、 ) ! 一 conodont /ones t or t he s t a g e , S UC h Wor k h a s n ot v e t b ee n c a r r i e d dmvi i i nt o t h e Ei j el i a n} ( Becker and HOL I SC, 1 994} 0. Eve nt s t r at i gr aphy Dacr yoc onar i d r e c or d I t i s n o\ \ , a p pr e c i a t e d山} i t } 1 S e di u) C HI M- y h yl ) OXi C PC I U1 1 - 1 1 , 1 t i on O c cu r s i mme di a t el y p r e c e di n g I t h e p r op os e d de ini f t i on 1 or t h e ha s e of ' t h e Gi v et i a n. Th i s ot omar i Ev en t wa s r c c o- ni s at b y Wal l i s c i i n 1 98 0 mi d l i e o a} c t h e n a m。川 ! 98 3} l i e ( I c t i n es t h e t er i n a s t h e h or i / on of I a ' c i cs c h a n' , , c t o bl a ck s e di me nt s . Th e t e r m Ka e L i k Ev e nt MOL I S C , 1 98 5) h a s h e e n a p pl i e d t o t h e w, h ol e h ypo xi c i n l e r % al . Th e ot omor i o r Ka c J i k E ' v en t h as be e n i nc r e a s i nI g l y r e g I a r de d a s i mp or t a nt i l l t h e l a s t f c k N } ca r s a nd i t i s n ow r e c o gni s e d i n Ger man y ( Wal l i s e r , 1 98 4} We ddi o c, 1 98 8. 1 9 90} Wc ddi , , e a n d St I UV C, 1 98 8) 一 Sp } t i l l ( ' I ' I - L l y 0l S - Ma s s on j a n d ot he r s , 1 9W BU I - 2i s Ch : 1 1 1 ( 1 Ot h er s , 1 98 2) C ' / C CI I Rep ubl i c( Hous e , 1 98 5} Ch l u pa c a n d Kuk a l , 1 98 6) , Nor t h Mr i c a De t 川e l l S I L I C I V 01 ' t hi s 2 1 I O L I J ) i l l t h e a r c } i ol ' t h c GSS1 1 i s s t i l l n e e de d. NowaAi e t ol ol l i ari BOU} ck and Pr and occur s i l l Jebel Mech 1 1 - dal l e a n d i n t h e Ta t i l al t l c\ 一 c l b u t t h e N i t h o l a l o l o mar i /on e h OU I ) d Z H - } ': l s us e d h \ BOU C c k( 1 96 4) I t I l 。 曰“ 6t k e( 1 9 79) poh a bi v l i c , i 1 cl o, t h , Cssf ) l evel and at t he has e of山e KaLl k ] ' \cut i nt er val . Al heni (1993) i ndi cat es t hat t heCSSP l evel i s "i 山i l l t he ot omar i Zone i n t er v a l . The h a s e of '山。S u c ce e di n g I paml l omar i Zon e i s N Vi l hil l the I ' M ( HA /Ol IL - ( \ 7 v al l i s el ,1 9W Becker and HOUS e I 994a) and i n S OL 1 1 1 1 一west As i a i n Spor e r e c ord For S p or e s , i t i s t i l e e nt r y of t h e Ge mi l l OS I ) M" I/ ‘ mur al a Bal me 〔 ・ ) ) , ‘ , , ‘ / .Pl a yl o r d " v i l i c h i s: ,v e r } i mp or t a n t t i c i nt o t c r i - e s t r i al I ' a c i e s al t ho ug h S U I ) S C C I UC I I I I N ( l i e s p e ci e s i s v e r y 1 01 1 2 i a nLi n, } . No s p or e s ha \ e }c t b ee n ob t : 日 l i e ( [ f r om [ l i e J c hc I ' I v l e ch i r dl i n e s e c t i on , bu t ( 1 C Mi W) S / ) M( 1 1 ( ' M1 1 1 Y 1 1 ( 1 OC C UF 、川 八1 ( ' C F I } l ( Bl U u 1 e HL l J C1 a n d ot he r s , 1 9 88) . I n t h e Fi l el t hi s s p or e e n t e r s i n t i l e mul l e r l di } i s i on o f , t he t h e J AH J j i 1 1 2 , s e c t i on of ' GL K I l l " I X i ( KL K 1 1 1 1 I 1 a n d ot he r s , 1 98 9) . I t ) s h el f a r c z i s t h e r e i s c\ i de n c c t ha t t h e Ka c , ' l k o r womor i Ev e nt i t ) p e l a oi c s e di me nt s i s mor c or l e s s c o c\ a l wi t h an i n t cr v 川o f "a I p s \ Al l i c h S1 1 - M C( 1 982 h) de s c r i be d a s: 、Gr e a t Ga p' I t o r n t h e ne r i t i c Mi d dI c I )CVOl MUl Ol ' SOUl h- WCS( Fngl and, Ai dcnnes, Ei f el andcvel l Vi et 日: Hn ( We ddi -c I ' 1 988 } Wc c l di } , , c a n d St l - L I V C, 1 9 88) . I n c on t i n en t a l f a ci es , on e of L l s ( , % / ] Rf l ) ha s S L l , 1 gC , ` l C C 1 t I Mt ( h e C A T1 1 1 ma y h e r e pi e s en t e d i n t he Ol d Red Sands t one h\ t he Sandwi ch: i n( ]八cl l : l r l : 1 1 ‘ : 1 、 、Fi sh beds Magnet os t r at i gr aphy of Sc ot l a nd . Ne i t h er c on od ont no r go ni a t i t c c \ i d et i c c pl a c e s i t p r e - c i s c l y i n ca s t e r n Nor t h Ame r i ca . b Ut t h e a c i ne of ' t h e ev e nt ma v h c t he c l e e pe n i n- a n d en n - v of ' Ma ck s ha l es a s s o ci a t ed wi t h t h e Chi t t c - n a nL , o Sh al e of t h e e ar l y Ha mi l t o n Gr ou p i n New }or k 0 l ou s e , 1 98 3} Be ck e r an d HOU. ' , C , 1 99 4a } p . I I ( ) ) . I ' r u} ol 、 一 Ma s s oni a n d o t h er s( 1 9 9 0 ) dr e w a t t e nt i on 1 0 1 1 0W l o os el y t he c } en 曰c r i ns a t t hi s l ev e l ha v e h e e n a pp l i e d i n r c c e r n l i t e r - a t ur e. Th i s i s p a r t I N , dL I C t o f i l e S U C C e S S i V C s t a - e s i n t h en - r c c oL mi l i on hU t I ) c% ol l i } m h yp ox i c e v en t s ar c de r n on s t r ah l y p ol y ph a s e ( Hou s e. Be c au s e of 1 - C Li on a l r en 1 } 1 ' ( 1 1 C 1 1 s : i t i o ) n , P0k J r i ( V c ur v e s I h I V C 1 1 01 b e e n ( o ) 1 ( , } of 、 ' c l c j } j i l e d e nv i r onme n t a l hi s t or y i s onl y , l owk h ei no e l I L l ] c i - Ahha ch For mat i on.: ,l i t t l e ahm e t he GSSP 1 c%cl (Lohozi ak and ot h- e r s , 1 9 9 0} Wc ddi L c, 1 9 90) . Th e e n t r y h a s be e n wi ddy L I S C C I el s e - \ } hc r c i n s p o r e - h e a r i n , r c , I , i on s: , 、} t 1 1 1 . 1 i ( I C t o t i l e G j ke t i Ml ( Ri c ha r d - 、 ( ) , :a n d Mc Gr c L oi ,1 98 6} St r e e l a nd ot h er s ,] 987): i n ( ] t hi s US } 1 ( , ' C i s l i t t l e al t e r e d hy t i l e ( I ch ni l i on p l op os e d. l V0dUCCd t or t he Tal i ki l l . Nevcr t hcl css . new met hods ol , 1 - na' - mi ct i c S us c e p t i bi l i t y{ N I S) l o. - Li r w h a ve b e en u n dc r ( Ac i i h\ Cr i c k a n d ot h- CY S(1 995) . YhC. S C st udi es Sho\ A t i l e Mos t CX1 1 - Cl ue l evel . , , of ' l ow sus- 1 985: Schi ndl er , 19( ) ( ) 二Becker and HOL I S C, 1 994h) and t he chr onol - dat e〔 土 .So ) i f a r as t he GSSP s ect i on i s concer ned, t he 之 l 1 C 1 1 C WOUl d a pp e a r t o h e k k h er e t h e py r i t i c l ev el s a r e h e s t d ev e l op e d a r oun d h e ds }}7 1 o 1】9 c c pt i b i l i t y a s s oc i a t e d "i t h t he Ka c a k Ev e nt i n t he Ta t i l a l t wi t h: , C( ) 川par abl e ext r eme r ecor ded al so ai t he s ame l evel i n t he Mai der Bas i n. Such st udi es } 1 1 - C Cout i nL I HI L I . Cor r e l at i on of t he pr opos e d boundar y l evel Che mos t r at i gr aphy Dc t a i l e d I , c o ch e mi c a l S t Ud i Cs 1 1 1 1 - 01 - M I I l l t h es t r a t ot V I ) c h a v e n ot y e t - V I eVel arc been at t ei lpt f Cd. I S Ot OI ) i C J I L I Ct Uat i Ol P , aCI - OS S山 C hO)LH)daI C L H - r en t l % , b ei m, i n , } es t i -a t e d i n t h e Br ok enRi ver ar ea, QUCCI I Sl and AL L ' 41 - al i a ( TaI C1 1 tai l dot hel - S 1 903)andt hes ame I ' ' l - OUI )i swor ki ng i n t he Mo nt ; i gn e Noi r e b ut r e s ul t s m- e no t aN a i l a hl e. Onl y pr e l i mi n a r y r e s u l t s l ot - t h e Ba i r a ndi u m a r c、 。 )I m- p ub l i s h e d ( I l l adi l ov a a nd ot h- e i - , , , 1 99 4) . l l owcv c , 一Wi t h S L I C h a n Oh Vi OU S I f 山ol ogi c a l P a r ox ys i n a t t he Kacac I C\el i t S CCI I I S Unl i kCI V t hat山i s wi l l [ l ot pr ovi de a si I gna- 川1 W, bCCI I f i l e \ i C" Of t he SUI ) COHI I I I i S Si on山at s ect i ons i f ) pel agi c r e al m f a c i e s a r e l i k e l v t o h e mor e C ompl e t e t h an t ho s 。川 I I C I ' I t i c l a ci e s a n d i t h a s S OU L 1 1 1 t po t e n t i al s t r at o t yp e s e c t i ons Ahi c h a r e f i t p el a I o i c f l , i ci e s wi t h - g - oo d c o no do nt r e c or ds a nd wi t h a s ma n y ot h el l a t - I n al a nd lo f r al ( , r o up s r e pr e s en t e d a s po s s i bl e . Fol l owi no woi 火by Bul t ynck and Hol l ar d门980) i t was cl ear t hat s ect i ons i n t he Taf il al t a r e a o f Mor o c c o wer e I I I L I C I I S Up e r i O F t o t h os e kn own el s e wh e i c . Thr e e pr op o s a l s we i - e i - e c ei v e d f or po t e n t i al s t n a t o t N f i c s t h e r e . a t J e be l On Dr i s s ( Bu l t yn c k. 1 98 9: Wal l i s e r , 1 9 90. p p. 1 7 -2 3) 、BOU Tch r a l i n e ( Bu l t vn c k a n d Wal l i s e r i n Wal l i s e r , 1 9 91 , p p. 4 9- 5- 7 } Se pl ember 199一 5 i bl e c aus at i ons : Cour i er For s chungs i n st i l ut Sencken ber g, %. 1 69, pp. Becker and Hous e, 1 994a) and Jebel Mech I r dane ( Wal l i s er, 1 991, s p p, 25 -2 9) . J e be l Ou Dr i s s , al t hou gh a t hi c ke r s e c t i on , a nd c on t a i n- 45-77 i n g mor e ne r i t i c e l eme n t s t h a n J e b el Mec h I r d a ne , wa s p oo r e r i n go ni a t i t e s . Bo u Tc hr a in f e r a i s ed pr o bl ems b e ca u s e t he r e a r e n o l i me - s t on e be ds i n t er c a l a t e d i n t h e c o r r es p on di n g u pp e r pa r t o t t h e ot omar i bl a cks h a l e s a nd t h e c l i t f e xp os ur e s a r e l e s s a c c e s s i b l e. J e be l Me c h I r da ne , i n t he e v e nt , wa s p r e f e r r e d b e c a us e of t he g r e a t e r a b ut i - d a n c e o t pe l a gi c a n d h emi p el a gi c f a un a s a nd e xc el l e n c e of t h e s e c - t i OD s a b ove a n d b e l ow t he bou n da r y. Whi l s t a s por e r e c or d i s n ot a va i l a bl e, i t s e e ms pr o ba bl e t ha t t h i s wi l l be f o r t h c omi n g i n r e a di l y c or r e l a t a bl e l o c a l i t i e s i n vi e w o f t h e r e c or ds i n s o ut he r n Al ge r i a ( Bl umen d j e l a nd o t h e r s , 1 98 8) . I n a dd i t i on t he s e c t i on a t Me c h I r da n e pr ov i d e s hi gh po t en t i al f o r o t h e r f os s i l g r o ups , e s p e ci a l l y t r i l ob i t e s a n d os t r a c o ds . bu t a l s o pe l e c yp ods , g a s t r op ods , t hi n- s he l l ed br a c hi op ods a nd ev e n c o r a l s . Be c a us e of t he wi d e r an g e of f a un a l a n d lor f al c ha n ge s a t t he p r op os e d l ev e l , i t i s c on s i de r e d t ha t t h e i n t e r n a t i ona l c or r e l a t i on pos - s i bl e a t t h e en t r y o f Pol y g not hu s h e mi an s at u s i s s u p e r i or t o an y ot h e r l e v e l c on s i de r e d by t he Su b co mmi s s i on f o r t h i s GSSP. ' t h e ma i n a dv a n t a ge of Po . he mi ans at us a s a n i n de x f o r t he Gi v e t i a n -Ei f el i a n b oun d a r y i n c o mpa r i s on wi t h o t h er c on o don t t a x a, i s i t s wo r l d - wi de g e og r a phi c di s t r i b ut i o n. Oc c ur - r e nc e s a r e kn own f r om t he Taf il a l t a nd Ma i } d e r of Mo r oc c o ( Bu l t yn c k, 1 98 7, 1 9 89; Wa l l i s er , 1 98 8) ; f r om t he Ca n t a b r i a n Moun t a i ns o fS pa i n ( Ga r c i a - Lo pe z , 1 9 87 ) ; f r o m P i c d e Bi s s ou s i n t h e Mon t a gu e No i r e ot Fr a n c e ( Wa l is f e r , 1 99 0) ; f r o m Couv i n i n t h e Ar de nn e s of Be l g i u m ( Bul t ync k , 1 97 0, p l . 1 5 i, f , . 5, i d en t i ie f d a s P. x yl a) ;的 m Bl a u e r Br u ch i n t h e e a s t e r n Rhe n - i s h Mo un t a i ns a nd t h e Ei f e l Mou nt a i ns o f Ger ma n y ( We dd i g e, 1 98 9) } f r om Gu a ng xi Pr ov i nc e o f Chi na ( Si l ho ng s h a n s ec t i o n i n Zi e gl e r a nd Wa ng , 1 98 5, s e e Bul t yr i c k, 1 9 87, pl . 8 , f i g . 5 ) } a nd f r om t he Br ok en Ri ve r Di s t r i c t of Qu e e ns l a n d, Au s t r a l i a ( Ma ws on a n d Ta l e n t , 1 98 9) . The p r op os e d bou n da r y c oi n c i d e s c l os e l y wi t h t h e up pe r b ou n da r y o ft h e cl a s s i c a l gon i at i t e c r i s f i } f or me Zo n e b ut i s b e l o w t he e n t r y ot St r i n yo ce pha l u s a n d t he b as e o ft h e Ca l c a i r e d e Gi v e r whi c h h as b e en t h e mos t c ommo n Be l gi a n a nd Fr e nc h s t a nda r d. I n t hi s a r e a Bi s c hof f , G, and Zi egl er , W, 1 957, Di e C( ) 门odont enc hr onol ogi e des Mi t - t el devons un d des t i e t s i en Ober devons : Abl i andl ungen des Hes s i s chen La ndes ar nt es f ur Bo denf or s c hUn g, v. 22, l i p. I 一1 36. Bl u mendj el , K, Lobozi a k, S, Par i s , F, St eeni an s, P, an d St r e el , N 4. 1 988 Bi os t r at i gr aphi e des i ni os por es e t d es chi t moz oar es du Si l ur i en SUper i c ur e t du D6voni en dan s l e Bas s i n d' 1 1 1 i 川 SE do Sahar a Al g 6r i en) : G6obi os , v.2l ,pp.329-357. BOU&k, B, 1 9 64, The Te nt a cul i t cs ol ' Bohemi a} t hei r mor phol ogy, t axonom- N a nd bi os t r a t i gr a phy: Publ i s hi ng Hous e( 们 he Cze chosl ova k Aca deni ) of t he ea rl i es t oc cur ence of Po. hemi ans at us i s 42 m bel ow t he bas e of Ch l u p d } .! .1 9 6 0 . S t r a t i g r a p h i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n ol ' t h c S r b s k o Be d s i Gi } c t i a n) t h e Ca l c a i r e de Gi v e t . Howev e r , i t s ho ul d be s t r e s s e d t ha t a s a c on - s eq u en c e of t h e s ha l l o w- wa t e r f a ci e s , Po . h e mi an s at u s i s r a r e a n d I c r i od us o bl i q ui ni ar gi na t u s i s t he mos t va l ua bl e bou n da r y i n de x f o r r e gi on a l c o r r e l a t i on ( Bu l t yn c k, 1 99 3) . Li t t l e wo r k h as be en do ne o n t h e pr e c i s e d oc umen t a t i o n o f g r ou ps ot he r t ha n c o no don t s , gon i a t i t es a n d da c r yo c on a r i d s a c r os s t h e bou n da r y i n o t h e r ar e as , e s p e ci a l l y whe n c ompa r e d wi t h t h e i n t e r e s t g e ne r a t e d by t h e Fr a s ni a n-Fa me n ni a n e xt i n c t i on ev e n t . Ne v e r t h el e s s i t do e s a pp e a r t o be a n e x t i nc t i on e ve n t o f s ome i mpo r - t a n c e a n d, as ha s be e n s hown, i t f a l l s wi t hi n t he r a ng e o f t h e v ar i ou s d e ini f t i on s u s e d i n Be l g i u m a n d Ge r ma ny h i t he r t o . Howev e r i t i s t o b e ex pe c t e d t h a t t h e pr e c i s i on o f t h e n e w c on odo nt d a t a wi l l e na bl e i t t o be p l a c e d wi t h a c c ur a c y i n ma ny a r e a s of t he gl o be . 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Mont pel l i er , 4 pp. Se pt ember 1995 115 DrKa r s t e n We dd i ge , af or me rpu pi l o fP r o f e s s or Wi l l i Zi e gl er a t t he Uni - v e r s i t y o fM ar b ur g, ha s t au ght at t h e Uni v e r s i t y o f Mu ni c h, a nd i s n ow at t h e Re s e ar c h I ns t i t u t e o f t he Se n c k- e nb e r g Mu s e u m, Fr an k f ur t . He i s e nga ge d i n Lowe r and Mi ddl e Pr 可e s s o r Mi c hae l R Ho us e i s Pr o- j e s s or o f Ge o l o g y at t he Uni v e r s i t y o f S out ha mpt o n. He ha d pr e v i ou s l y t aught at t he Uni v er s i t i es o f Dur ham, Ox for d and Hu l l . Hi s r e s e ar ch e s hav e mai nl y co nc en - Devoni an conodont st udi es and was t i o nal c or r e l at i on an d r e gi o na l a nd e ve nt s ynt he s i s , mai nl y us i ng ammo no i d s . He i s c u r r e nt l y Chai r - man o f t he Sub c ommi s s i on on De v o ni an St r at i gr a ph y. i nvol ved i n t he GSSP r ecommenda- t i ons on sever al Devoni an bound- ar i e s . Cur r e n t l y h e i s a Me mbe r o f t he Subcommi ssi on on Devoni an St r a t i gr a ph y a nd Ch ai r man o f t he Ge r ma n Su bc o mmi s s i o n f or De v o n- i a n St r at i gr ap梅・ 刀r R Thomas Becker works at t he Pal aeo nt ol ogi c al I n s t i t ut e o f t he Fr e e Uni v e r s i t y Be r l i n.刀£r e c e i v e d hi s do ct or a t e i n 19 91 ,户o m t he Ruhr - Uni v e r s i t y o f Boc hum, Ge r - man y , andfr oi n 1 988 -9 0 wor k e d at t he Uni v er s i t y o f Sou t h a mpt on on Devoni an ext i nct i on event s. Cur- r e nt l y he i s wor ki n g on g l o bal f a ci e s s h i f t s and e v ol ut i o nar y e c o l o g y i n 幼pe r De v o ni an ou t e rs he 扩s e t t i n gs . He i s a Co r r e s pon di ng Me mb er o f t he Subcommi ssi on on Devoni an St r a t i gr a ph y. Epi s odes, Vol . 18, no. 3 t r at ed on mi d- Pal aeozoi c i nt er na-