Entrepreneurship and Innovative Glocal Solutions for New Ruralities

Entrepreneurship and Innovative Glocal Solutions for New Ruralities
Convenor: Malin Gawell, Associated Professor, Södertörn University
Private enterprises, cooperatives, associations and/or public initiatives have through out
time provided innovative solutions for rural, and other, contexts. We currently see how
information technology, innovative partnerships and last but not least creativity among
people, is used to respond to urgent and at times increasing challenges – many times
combines with an increased interest in developing sustainable solutions. Entrepreneurship,
in any of its many forms, is often ascribed amazing properties. In this session we will explore,
problematize and critically reflect on potentials and limitations of entrepreneurship in rural
development – in theory and practice.
New farmers in Portuguese Agriculture: The role of the Younger’s
farmer.
Mª de Fátima Lorena de Oliveira1 and Mª Leonor da Silva Carvalho2
1Instituto
Politécnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Departamento de
Ciências Sociais e Humanas, CERNAS Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal,
[email protected];
2ICAAM,
Departamento de Economia, Universidade de Évora, Largo dos Colegiais 2,
7004-516 Évora, Portugal, [email protected]
Abstract
The number of farms in the EU has increased during 1995-2007 due to the entry of new
holdings in the enlarged EU 27 from 6,803 130 in 1995 to 13.920.180 in 2007, however
from 2007 to 2013 this value decreased 22%. This strong decrease in a short time is
important fact to be considered and should be seen the effect of this reduction in
European rural areas and their meaning. In agricultural terms, Portugal it has a very
small farmer structure but the census of 2009, show that in year 2009 comparing with
1999, one of every four farms had ceased its activity but the surface of farms still
occupies half of the country. The small-sized farms continue to prevail but 2/3 of the
Utilized Agricultural Area is now managed by farms larger than 50 hectares of utilized
agricultural (INE, 2009).
The data show an increase from an average of 9.3 hectares to about 12 hectares, as a
result of the absorption of the surfaces of small farms by the larger ones, bur the size of
farms in Portugal is on average 5 hectares smaller than in the EU. Very important aspect
of the agricultural evolution was that but the number of holdings as a legal entity
(agricultural enterprises) grew 23% and 27% that is an indicator of the
professionalization of the sector. This activity seems to resist better than other sectors
precisely because of its traditional features and the fact that it may represent a
laboratory for several relatively innovative initiatives on the part of urban dweller,
which is gradually returning to the country by economic necessity, by choice of a style
alternative lifestyle and also as new hope for the unemployment crisis, low wages and
low and short-term jobs.
Since of 2010 that the population has suffered an increase unemployment rate, in 2014
the unemployment rate rose the 13,9% of the labor force and for younger people less of
25 years old this value rose 34,8%. For the group age of 25 – 44 the unemployment level
in 2014 was of 15, 5% (INE, database). For those group the unemployment level
decreased from 3,5% from 2013 to 2014, the level of Portuguese emigration was
significantly high in last two years. This paper aims to analyse the role of the economic
crisis on employment in agriculture and the effects of agricultural policies on the
development of agricultural employment and the changes on Portuguese agricultural
structure. The question to be answered is whether agricultural policies help the entry of
new farmers or if the economic crisis is the driving force behind new entries. In fact
there are new entries in agriculture? We use descriptive data analysis of different
support measures for young farmers during the 2007-2013 Rural Development
Programs. We will also analyse the differences between the PDR (Program of Rural
Development) and the old PRODER for the new farmers.
Alternative Food Networks and short food chains: estimating the
economic value of the participation in ethical purchasing groups
Alessandro Corsi1, Silvia Novelli2
Dept. of Economics and Statistics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
([email protected])
2 Dept. of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
([email protected])
1
Keywords: ethical purchasing groups, consumers’ choices, stated preferences,
alternative food networks
ABSTRACT
Direct purchase on-farm and at farmers' markets are important typologies of the socalled Alternative Food Networks. In addition to this two main alternative distribution
channels, it is common to find in many towns in Italy a number of ethical purchasing
groups who buy goods collectively (Gruppi di Acquisto Solidale, GAS). Such groups are
set up by a number of consumers who cooperate in order to buy food and other
commonly used goods directly from producers, at a price that is fair to both parties.
Within the group, the choice of the products and the farmers usually follow some
guidelines related to the respect for the environment and the solidarity between the
members of the group and the producers.
The aim of the study was to analyse the behavioural characteristics of consumers
choosing to participate in those groups, and to estimate the value they attach to their
participation. The analysis was conducted through an in-person survey. First data were
collected interviewing a sample of 150 members of purchasing groups set in Torino
(Italy) and other neighbouring towns.
A stated preferences methodology (contingent valuation) was employed to estimate the
value consumers buying in such groups attach to this particular channel, in comparison
to the conventional supermarkets. Beside, some information was collected about
participants’ role and commitment in terms of voluntary work within the group, and the
reasons for participation in the buying group.
Preliminary results suggest that GAS members do state a preference for buying with
their organization rather than at a supermarket’s even when the prospected prices are
substantially higher for the purchase through the GAS.
Family farm’s features influencing on socioeconomic sustainability:
An analysis of agri-food system in southeast Spain
Emilio Galdeano-Gómez, Laura Piedra-Muñoz, Juan C. Pérez-Mesa, Ángeles Godoy-Durán
Department of Economics and Business, University of Almería
La Cañada de San Urbano, s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: Family farming, rural development, agri-food system, socioeconomic
sustainability, multifunctionality, southeast Spain
Abstract
The family production structure in rural areas is increasingly recognized as one of the
elements that can promote sustainable development. In particular, the concept of
multifunctionality in farming is widely used to illustrate interrelationships among
economic, social and environmental goals in this activity. Although environmental issues
have traditionally received more attention, the focus in this paper is on the implications
of these family farm characteristics for socioeconomic development. Taking agri-food
system in southeast Spain as a reference, an empirical analysis was done considering
several indicators of socioeconomic performance. The results found show that together
with positive economic factors related to the trend toward larger-scale farming and the
existence of a cluster of auxiliary industries, there are other multifunctional features
that are specific to the farms. Thus, other characteristics related to proactivity for
innovation, the trend towards more ecological production, better educated farmers and
whether they will inherit the farm have a positive influence on a relatively young age
structure, mean income, employment rate and multiculturalism in the agricultural area
analyzed. The study presents an application of multifunctionality characteristics that can
be extensive to other family farm sectors and the study of the impact on socioeconomic
sustainability of rural areas.
The amaranth localized agri-food system in Mexico City: rescuing
traditional crops for territorial development and food security
M. E. Laura Elena Martínez Salvador, PhD Candidate Doctoral Program in Economics at
IIEC- UNAM Mexico.
[email protected]
The rescuing of traditional crops with huge nutritional potential, such as amaranth, remains
a concern for researchers given the latest agricultural and malnutrition problems in Mexico.
The localized agrifood systems (LAFS) approach suggests that territories development, urban
or rural ones where traditional crops like amaranth are produced, depends highly on the
interrelationships among actors from the localized agrifood system.
Amaranth it’s a native Mesoamerican crop that possess a huge historical and cultural
background been widely used in pre-Hispanic food diet; also, Mexican amaranth production
is currently in a super plus condition which implies that healthy food needs can be satisfied
with local production. Amaranth agro industrial activities are of great importance in rural
territories of Mexico City where this crop is harvested, transformed and merchandised.
Therefore this presentation aims to analyze how actor’s collective actions from the
amaranth Localized Agrifood System in Mexico City (aLAFSMxC) may have contributed to the
rescue of amaranth traditional crop given its historical, agronomic, productive and economic
characteristics and how amaranth itself could help to diminish malnutrition and food
security issues in Mexico.
Milk candy handicraft tradition at Toluca, México. Familiar enterprise
viability analysis
Jesús Gastón Gutiérrez Cedillo1, Luis Guadarrama García2, Angélica Espinoza Ortega3
1Faculty
of Geography, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. e-mail:
[email protected]
2 Master in Rural Agro-Industry, Territorial Development and Agro-food tourism,
Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de
México. e-mail: [email protected]
3Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de
México. E-mail: [email protected]
Key words: familiar enterprise, handicraft tradition, milk candy, viability analysis
Summary
The aim of the study was to elaborate the viability analysis of a microenterprise
dedicated to the elaboration of a regional traditional candy at Toluca municipality, in the
State of México. Guadarrama Candy Shop is a microenterprise already working that
produces traditional candy, but being familiar, handicraft and traditional, has being
functioning in empirical and practical way; this is because this investigation allows
reflexing and contextualizing in a participative form about potentials this familiar
handicraft tradition has for activating economically and socially to their region.
The study was made based on the Methodology for Activating Localized Agri-food
Systems (SYAL) (Boucher and Reyes 2011) and to go deep inside was contrasted with
the Methodology of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN-OEA, 1999);and related to a geographic
approach, taking theoretical support of some branches like regional geography and
economic geography. The SYAL and NAFIN methodologies were considered in the study
as a General Methodological Framework.
The pre investment stage of NAFIN methodology, proposes a series of studies that
allows to know desired conditions for the enterprise and their environment: 1)
Environmental Study, 2) Socioeconomic Municipality Study, 3) Technical study, 4)
Management Study, 5) Marketing Study and 6) Financial Study. Based on these studies,
was made the enterprise components identification; the obtained results were
homologated with a SYAL characteristics to define if this economic activity could be
considered for SYAL activation.
At Toluca municipality were located producers and sale points, and was elaborated a
socioeconomic characterization. Geographic conditions of the municipality are adequate
for milk candy production, sale and consumption. Over a half population is at adequate
age for eating these milky products.
Management and financial studies were elaborated with data from Guadarrama Candy
Shop, in which normally work two persons that are family parents; and three adult sons
that occasionally help to the familiar enterprise. For financial study were registered
incomes and expenses of the candy shop; and was found that obtained profits are
enough to satisfy the family basic needs and allows reinvestment to continue working,
this is because it is considered an auto sustainable and profitable enterprise.
The marketing study shows that the offered products has variety and were identified all
the handicrafts elaborated products at candy shop, was calculated the average of
produced candies in row material function and was calculated the product demand. The
milk candy micro enterprise at Toluca could be studied with the Boucher methodology.
NAFIN methodology that is very concrete, allows boarding this study in specific way;
while SIAL Activation methodology seems very general, but useful to stablish in
proposal form the territorial economic development; and is possible to adapt it to an
enterprise that is already working.
Earth, Food and Glocal Entrepreneurship - Lush Ingredients in Rural
Development?
Malin Gawell, Associated Professor, Södertörn University
Entrepreneurship, innovation and economic aspects of development have been
highlighted in studies of and politics for regional and local development in recent
decades (Malecki, 1994; Bygrave & Minniti, 2005; Christensen & Kempinsky, 2004;
Tödtling & Trippl, 2005; von Friedrichs & Boter, 2009; Arbuthnott & von Friedrichs,
2012). In addition, aspects such as employment, functioning welfare, and attraction
highlights have also been recognized (Andersson et al., 2008).
The view on entrepreneurship has expanded and an interest in societal and social
entrepreneurship has arisen (Dees, 2001; Mair, et al., 2006; Nicholls, 2006; Steyaert &
Hjorth, 2006; Borzaga et al., 2008; Gawell et al., 2009; Berglund et al., 2012). This
increased interest calls for reflections about the role, or roles, of societal and social
entrepreneurship, in particular in relation to local development in which these concepts
are increasingly being ascribed a ‘vital role’ for development (Eikenberry & Kluver,
2004).
Soci(et)al entrepreneurship is increasingly being seen as a glocal phenomenon since
local aspects many times are intertwined with global aspects. This paper will discuss of
social entrepreneurship, and the concepts societal entrepreneurship that can be used
synonymously with community entrepreneurship. The paper draws on results from a
study of societal entrepreneurship in rural Sweden on the topic “Societal
Entrepreneurship in Sparsely Populated Areas” (SESPA) (Gawell, Pierre, von Friedrichs
2014), and also empirics from a so called livelihood program in rural Ethiopia. In these
rural areas, agriculture and different types of food initiatives are essential, but not the
only aspects for the development of entrepreneurship and the new ruralities.
This paper addresses the question of how societal entrepreneurship is understood in
relation to local and regional development in this particular setting. As Berglund et al.
(2012) discusses, “the understanding of societal entrepreneurship signals that the shape
it takes is sensitively dependent upon context”, which Welter (2011) also confirms by
saying; “context matters”. The paper furthermore addresses how these contextual
aspects, interplay with glocal influences that at times are as particular in its framing of
local entrepreneurship.
Género, maíz y políticas sociales en la transición de los patrones
alimentarios y nutrimentales de hogares indígenas en México.
Ivonne Vizcarra Bordi, Angélica Espinoza Ortega, Humberto Thomé Ortiz, Sergio
Moctezuma Pérez
Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de
México.
[email protected]
Desde la puesta en marcha de las reformas estructurales económicas en México en la
década del 80, la cual dio inicio al modelo de desarrollo Neoliberal, los hogares y
comunidades indígenas de México establecieron una nueva relación con el Estado a
través de la creación de la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (1992). Sus programas
sociales de corte asistencial y con un excipiente enfoque de género, poco a poco han
cubierto una gran parte de la población indígena rural y campesina. Estos programas
que incluyen la educación, la salud y la alimentación, han tenido influencia política en la
captación de votos, por lo que han sido bien acobijados por todos los gobiernos,
modificando relativamente su operatividad institucional, pero que en su esencia su
objetivo no cambia: romper el círculo vicioso de la pobreza. Son programas que ignoran
la importancia del maíz en la reproducción social de estos hogares, por lo contrario,
establecen esquemas que marginan su producción y consumo. Ofrecen transferencias
monetarias directas condicionadas a la asistencia escolar de menores de 15 años y al
sometimiento de un esquema básico de salud familiar y orientación alimentaria, además
distribuyen constantemente canastas básicas, donde las madres mujeres responsables
del hogar se convierten en las beneficiarias. Los argumentos que justifican estas
intervenciones, además de la pobreza extrema, validan por sí mismo su existencia: Las
mujeres son más responsables en la distribución de beneficios dentro del hogar; por las
desigualdades sociales y de género en las que viven requieren de apoyos
gubernamentales para mejorar sus condiciones de vida y la de sus familias;
desnutrición infantil; improductividad agrícola; bajos niveles de escolaridad; elevada
prevalencia de infecciones gastrointestinales y respiratorios y altas tazas de fecundidad.
A más de 15 años de vigencia de estos programas, la economía de mercado
agroalimentaria, junto con la globalización y la desaparición completa de políticas
alimentarias basadas en los subsidios y apoyos a la producción y consumo del maíz y
las tortillas, han transformado la realidad rural. En la actualidad, se presenta un nuevo
fenómeno de la pobreza del campo: elevadas prevalencias de obesidad, diabetes mellitus
2; insuficiencia renal e hipertensión arterial. Sin duda, este rostro debe formar parte del
debate sobre la nueva ruralidad.
Nuestra ponencia tiene el objetivo de mostrar que dichas transformaciones no
corresponden al remplazo completo de los patrones de consumo alimentario indígenas
y campesinos basados en maíz, sino a la adhesión de productos provenientes de los
circuitos agroindustriales y alimentarios globales, gracias a cuatro arenas de acceso: 1)
aumento en la capacidad de compra que ahora tienen las mujeres con los apoyos
gubernamentales; 2) contenido de las canastas básicas; 3) disponibilidad mercantil de
alimentos procesados con altos contenidos de azúcares, sodio y grasas, y; 4)
feminización del campo.
El estudio se realizó a través de la etnografía institucional multisituada de los
programas PROGRESA (1998-2001) Oportunidades (2002-20014) Prospera (2015-) y
Cruzada Nacional Contra el Hambre o SinHambre (2013-), PESA (2008-) que han
intervenido en tres comunidades indígenas del Estado de México: Mazahua, Otomí y
Matlazinca.
La Producción del Queso de Prensa en la Pequeña África de México
Fernando Cervantes Escoto1, Fabiola Sandoval2 Alarcón, Alfredo Cesín Vargas3, Abraham Villegas de
Gante 4
1
Centro de Investigaciones Económicas, Sociales y Tecnológicas de la Agroindustria y la Agricultura Mundial.
Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, México. [email protected]
2
Unidad Académica de Estudios Regionales, UNAM, Jiquilpan, México.
3
Departamento de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, México
Resumen
La región de la Costa Chica forma parte de los Estados de Guerrero y Oaxaca, México y se caracteriza
por ser una franja costera con una amplia vocación ganadera y agrícola, cuenta también con una
importante presencia de población afromexicana, de ahí el nombre de “Pequeña África de México",
por lo cual, el territorio y todos sus componentes comparten una enorme riqueza cultural que se
manifiesta en múltiples aspectos de la vida en las comunidades. Uno de éstos son los productos
alimenticios que bajo una perspectiva de análisis de sistemas agroalimentarios localizados (SIAL),
permite desentrañar y descubrir los diversos factores del territorio que se expresan en características
únicas que le confieren atributos de tipicidad y genuinidad, aspectos que se perciben como ventajas
competitivas para los productos locales en un ambiente económico globalizado y competitivo. El
objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la trayectoria tecnológica y la transmisión del saber-hacer
en la producción de este tipo de queso. Para el trabajo se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad a
actores clave de la cadena productiva del queso de prensa que se elabora principalmente en el
municipio de Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero. Se utilizó para el análisis, la propuesta metodológica del SIAL
modificada por Grass et.al., (2012). Se encontró que el queso tiene un reconocimiento histórico y un
valor simbólico que data de más de 100 años, enfrentando diversas modificaciones en el saber-hacer
tradicional, sin embargo, la artesanalidad y la tradición siguen vigentes, impartiendo al producto un
sello de originalidad dado por su anclaje territorial, derivado de factores inmateriales propios del
territorio de Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero. Se concluye que aunque se han adoptado a lo largo del tiempo
algunas modificaciones, como el uso de leche entera en vez de descremada y, el empleo de cuajo
sintético en vez de natural, el queso de prensa de la Costa Chica, es uno de los que más conservan la
tradición del proceso en México, adquiriendo con ello importantes características de tipicidad y
genuinidad, que le confieren una calidad ligada al origen.
Diagnóstico del sistema alimentario comunitario de la comunidad
agraria Redención del Campesino, en la Región del Usumacinta en
México.
Myriam Poisot Cervantes, Técnica de la red temática “Inteligencia Territorial” del CentroGeo,
Centro de Investigación en Geografía y Geomática “Ing. Jorge L. Tamayo” A.C.
http://www.centrogeo.org.mx/
[email protected]
La propuesta para realizar el diagnóstico del sistema alimentario comunitario, con el
caso de estudio de la comunidad agraria de Redención del Campesino, forma parte de un
conjunto de proyectos propuestos por el CentroGeoi como parte de la Iniciativa Nacional
para la Sustentabilidad Alimentaria en México en la que participan once centros de
investigación y cuyo objetivo es converger, dialogar y facilitar el acceso a la información
y conocimiento derivados de las investigaciones e iniciativas entorno a la
sustentabilidad alimentaria en el país, con el fin de incidir y posicionar el tema en las
agendas de política pública. Dicha iniciativa, así como las líneas de investigación e
instituciones participantes se pueden consultar mediante la plataforma geoweb:
http://asam.centrogeo.org.mx/index.php.
Desde este enfoque, el diagnóstico del sistema alimentario en el nivel comunitario busca
no sólo ser un marco conceptual y metodológico para caracterizar la estructura y
funcionamiento del sistema alimentario de las comunidades agrarias del país (ejidos y
comunidades indígenas) desde una perspectiva de sistemas complejos, sino además una
herramienta y un conjunto de indicadores que permitan identificar la capacidad de estas
comunidades para alcanzar la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria, así como la
sustentabilidad alimentaria entendida como la capacidad para asegurar la producción, el
acceso y disponibilidad de alimentos para toda la población sin deteriorar los recursos
naturales, ni los ecosistemas y los servicios que ofrecen, mediante el uso eficiente de los
recursos energéticos y económicos y el impulso de prácticas agrícolas sustentables,
capaz de adaptarse al cambio climático y al cambio ambiental global.
El primer caso piloto para el diagnóstico del sistema alimentario comunitario se aplicó
en la comunidad de Redención del Campesino, un ejido ubicado en la entidad federativa
de Tabasco una de las más afectos por eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos, con
frecuentes problemas de inundaciones y de alta vulnerabilidad ante el cambio climático,
que a su vez se encuentra dentro de la Región Usumacinta en México, la cual es clave por
la biodiversidad, ecosistemas y servicios ecosistémicos que aporta al país al mismo
tiempo que es prioritaria de atención por sus problemas asociados a la marginación,
pobreza, inseguridad alimentaria, deforestación y migración internacional.
Algunos resultados preliminares del proyecto así como material de divulgación se
pueden encontrar en los siguientes enlaces: http://www.sigt.info/#!transectos/c4vw,
http://asam.centrogeo.org.mx/index.php/linea-7
Motivos de Elección de los Alimentos del Consumidor del Centro de
Mexico
Angélica Espinoza-Ortega*, Carlos Galdino Martínez-García, Humberto Thome-Ortiz e Ivonne VizcarraBordi
Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Instituto
Literario No 100, Colonia Centro, Toluca Estado de México, México. CP 50000
Autor de correspondencia: [email protected]
Palabras clave: Food choice questionnaire, México, consumidores, alimentos.
Resumen
Los estudios sociológicos sobre alimentación humana tienen poco más de treinta años, el mayor
avance se ha dado en las escuelas francófona y anglosajona, no obstante diversos trabajos se han
venido desarrollando en otras partes del mundo para determinar la forma en que los consumidores
construyen sus preferencias y patrones alimentarios. En México se esta proponiendo por la academia
y más recientemente por algunas instancias gubernamentales, llevar a cabo procesos de valorización
de productos locales, para lo cual es fundamental llevar a cabo estudios sobre la percepción del
consumidor de alimentos. Sin embargo en México el estudio de la alimentación humana se ha
estudiado desde la economía política, la nutrición y la antropología, pero no se ha atendido el análisis
de las preferencias alimentarias, lo que hace necesario investigar el comportamiento que orienta el
consumo alimentario. El objetivo fue segmentar a los consumidores mexicanos a partir de los
motivos de elección de los alimentos, mediante el Food Choice Questionaire y a través de análisis de
factores y clúster. Se identificaron diez factores: i) Cuidado de peso y salud, ii) Sensibilidad social, iii)
Practicidad, iv) Economía, v) No industrializado, vi) Hedonismo, vii) Tradicionalidad A, viii)
Familiaridad, ix) Tradicionalidad B y x) No azúcar. Los grupos resultantes del análisis de clúster fueron
denominados como: a) Tradicional, b) Saludable, c) Consciente y d) Descuidado. Se observaron
diferencias significativas (p<0.05) por grupo para sexo, edad, estado civil y nivel educativo, no así
para Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC). Aparecen unos visos de un consumidor diferente, con cierto
nivel de conciencia social, pero pareciera que los consumidores mexicanos tiene otras prioridades,
específicamente el gusto, siendo de manera general poco sensible a aspectos de salud y
alimentación, aún más sobre bienestar animal y productos amigables con el medio ambiente, es
necesario considerar esta información para llevar a cabo procesos de valorización de productos
alimentarios.