- IES Reino Aftasí

UNIDAD
1
English around the world
En esta unidad aprenderás a:
1. Identificar algunos rasgos socioculturales de dos variedades del Inglés: el Inglés
Británico y el Inglés Americano.
2. Describir la apariencia física y el carácter de las personas.
3. Hablar de hábitos y costumbres en el presente.
4. Expresar tus gustos, intereses y preferencias.
5. Formar palabras a partir de un lexema.
6. Pronunciar la 3ª persona del singular del presente simple.
Por medio de:
Contenidos gramaticales:
1. Presente Simple/presente continuo.
2. Verbos de estado no utilizados en forma continua.
3. Like/love/prefer/hate + gerundio (-ing) o to+infinitivo.
4. Would like/love/prefer/hate+ to+ infininitivo.
5. Want + sustantivo/pronombre + to + infinitivo.
Vocabulario:
1. Inglés Británico/ Inglés Americano.
2. Formación de palabras a partir de la misma raíz.
3. Aspecto físico: edad, pelo, altura, constitución física, ropa y calzado.
4. Personalidad y carácter.
5. Profesiones.
Fonética:
1. Diferencias en la pronunciación de Inglés Británico y Americano.
2. Pronunciación de 3ª persona singular del presente simple: /s/ /z/ /wz/.
16
CONTENIDO
Unit 1. English around the world
GRAMMAR
READING
Varieties of English
Presente Simple/Presente
Continuo.
Verbos de estado.
Like/love/prefer/hate+
gerundio/ to + infinit.
Want+ objeto+ to infinitivo.
WRITING
PRONUNCIATION
Texto descriptivo
Pronunciación del morfema
de tercera persona de
singular /s/ /z/ /wz/.
VOCABULARY
Inglés Británico/Americano.
Formación de palabras.
Aspecto físico/personalidad.
Profesiones.
LISTENING & SPEAKING
Relacionar fotografías con
descripciones físicas.
FUNCTIONS
Identificar rasgos socioculturales del inglés británico y americano.
Hablar de hábitos en el presente.
Describir apariencia física y carácter.
Expresar gustos, intereses, preferencias
Elaborar texto descriptivo.
Unit 2. Sharing your experiences
GRAMMAR
READING
The worst day in my life!
WRITING
Texto narrativo
Pasado Simple/Pasado
Continuo.
Usos de Used to/ to be used
to.
(pág. 30)
VOCABULARY
Adjetivos + preposición.
Prefijación I (Pref.
Negativos)
Cuentos y fábulas.
PRONUNCIATION
LISTENING & SPEAKING
Pronunciación del morfema
de pasado ‘ed’ /t/, /d/, /wd/.
Relacionar textos con títulos
Identificación de palabras.
FUNCTIONS
Hablar de experiencias en el pasado.
Uso adjetivos con régimen preposicional
Formar antónimos con prefijos.
Elaborar texto narrativo.
6
Reading
1. Before you read the text take this quiz and find out what you know about the different
varieties of English spoken in the world (1
)
a) In Great Britain English is spoken in:
Big cities.
England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
Just England.
b) English is also spoken as an official language in:
Canada.
Thailand.
Are the following statements true or false?
c) Grammatical differences between British and American English are few, however
lexical and spelling differences are far more numerous.
True
False
d) "Anglicisms" are words invented by people who are learning English.
True
False
e) English is becoming a world language because about 1,000 million people
speak English all over the world.
True
False
f) People who speak "British English" and "American English" cannot understand
each other.
True
False
g) "RP" or "Received pronunciation" refers to the British standard accent used
in dictionaries and textbooks intended for teaching English as a foreign
language.
True
False
17
UNIDAD
1
ENGLISH AROUND DE WORLD
2. Read and listen to this text about British and American English (2
)(
)
Varieties of English
According to conservative estimates about 1,000 million people speak English all
over the world. Mother-tongue speakers have now reached around 350 million; a further
350 million use English as a second language, i.e. to communicate with other
speakers of the same country where different native languages are spoken; and the
rest use it as a foreign language for international communication. Over the centuries,
other languages such as Greek, Latin, or Spanish have been used as international
instruments for trade, diplomacy or religion, but nowadays the rise
of English to the position of 'lingua franca' is a fact. Its influence
over other languages is so great that a lot of them include several
English words in their everyday conversations. These borrowings
are called anglicisms. Spanish for instance, has fully admitted words
like “fúbol', 'yate' or the more up-to-date 'software', together with
expressions such as 'comida light' or 'ser una fashion victim'.
English is used as an official or semi-official language in over 60
countries, and has a prominent place in a further 20 in all five
continents. Great Britain, USA, Australia, Canada, South Africa and
India as well as the Caribbean are some of these countries. That's
why there are so many varieties of English; nevertheless, there are
two national standards that are overwhelmingly predominant: British English and
American English.
The English language was brought to America by colonists from England who
settled along the Atlantic seaboard in the seventeenth century. There
are differences between the English spoken in the United Kingdom,
i.e. England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland; and the English
spoken in the United States of America. The differences are mainly
in grammar (eg: got / gotten), spelling (eg: centre / center), vocabulary
(eg: autumn/fall) and accent. Nevertheless these differences
are not so great as to stop people who speak "British English" or
"American English" understanding each other.
Grammar differences are the tiniest part of British-American
variation. Spelling differences are more noticeable and many of them
date back to the early nineteenth century when the dictionary-maker
Noah Webster determined not to follow British standards in spelling,
which he regarded as needlessly complex, and proposed the
spelling system which is still in use in USA. Differences in vocabulary are in part due to
America's rich immigrant stream that brought a host of words into the American
language unknown for 'Britishers'.
With regard to pronunciation, the English spoken in America shows a higher
degree of uniformity. British English, however, has more dialectal differences.
There is a lower-class London pronunciation variant known as Cockney; and
'RP' or 'Received Pronunciation' is the type of pronunciation which enjoys the
status of 'standard' because it is the accent associated with the older schools
and universities of England and has traditionally been the variety used when
teaching English as a foreign language.
18
Comprehension
3. Answer the following questions about the text above (3
)(
)
a) How many people speak English in the world?
b) What is the difference between English spoken as a second language and
English spoken as a foreign language?
c) Try to explain the concept of 'lingua franca'.
d) What is an anglicism? Find examples different from the ones given in the text.
e) How many countries have English as an official language?
f) Who brought English language to USA?
g) What are the main differences between the two national standards discussed
in the text?
h) Why is Noah Webster mentioned in the text?
i) What is Cockney? Where is it spoken?
j) What does 'RP' stand for?
BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH
Ha quedado claro que además de pequeñas diferencias gramaticales como el uso del
participio 'gotten' en inglés americano en vez de 'got' que es el utilizado por los británicos,
existen diferencias en la escritura (spelling), en la pronunciación, y en el vocabulario. Vamos
a revisar algunas de estas particularidades.
1. Escritura
Las palabras que terminan en -our en BrEng. terminan en -or en AmEng.
Colour (BrEng.) / color (AmEng.)
Favour (BrEng.) / favor (AmEng.)
Las palabras que terminan en -re en BrEng. terminan en -er en AmEng.
Centre (BrEng.) / center (AmEng.)
Theatre (BrEng.) / theater (AmEng.)
Los verbos que terminan en -ize en AmEng. se pueden escribir -ise o -ize en BrEng.
aunque la primera forma es la más frequente.
Realise-realize (BrEng.) / realize (AmEng.)
Recognise-recognize (BrEng.) / recognize (AmEng.)
2. Pronunciación
En BrEng. la consonante 'r' sólo se pronuncia delante de sonido vocálico y normalmente
no se pronuncia a final de palabra. En AmEng. sin embargo, la 'r' se pronuncia en
todas las posiciones en las que se halla escrita
Beer /bwc/ (BrEng.) / beer /bwcr/ (AmEng.)
En AmEng. las consonantes 't' y 'd' se pronuncian como una 'd' suave entre vocales
Saturday /t/ (BrEng.)/ Saturday /d/ (AmEng.)
Algunas palabras que en BrEng. tienen el sonido /ju:/ se pronuncian /u:/ en AmEng.
New /nju:/ (BrEng.) / new nu:/ (AmEng.)
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1
UNIDAD
ENGLISH AROUND DE WORLD
Practice
4.Write the American English equivalent to the following words (4
apologise
Behaviour
A NA LYS E
METRE
L i t r e
F l a v o u r
)
Marbour
honour
Localise
O R G A N I S E
Learning Vocabulary
5. Here are a few of the more common words which are different in British and
American English. This is only meant to highlight some of the variety which exists
within English. It is not a complete list by any means. (5
)
Meaning
Autumn
Fall
Otoño
Lift
Elevator
Ascensor
Flat
Sweet
Apartment
Candy
Piso
Dulce, caramelo
Pram
Baby carriage
Cochecito de bebé
Film
Movie
Película
Biscuit
Cookie
Galleta
Single ticket
One-way ticket
Billete sencillo
Chips
Petrol
Fries
Gas(oline)
Patatas fritas
Gasolina
Motorway
Highway
Autopista
Queue
Line
Cola
Post
Mail
Correo
Ground floor
First floor
Planta baja
Rubbish
Windscreen
Garbage
Windshield
Basura
Parabrisas
Holiday
Vacation
Vacaciones
Car park
Parking lot
Aparcamiento
20
Working with words
6. Complete the following gaps with some of the words you have just learnt. Use the
two equivalents in British and American English (6
)
a) This summer has been very hot but next…………….………… will get colder.
b) We run out of………………………………...……….……. and our car stopped.
c) We do not have to work because we are on…………...…………....................
d) I've got to send this parcel by………………………..…………………………….
e) We were very tired that's why we used the…….…….........rather than going
up the stairs
7. Look up in a dictionary the British equivalent to these American words (7
)
Cab,vest, sidewalk, subway, faucet, truck, pants,
8. Complete the following chart that contains words from the text 'Varieties of English'.
Knowing the different parts of speech can help you with reading and writing. Use a
dictionary to help you to understand the words you do not know (8
)(
)
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Conservative
Communicate
Variety
Overwhelmingly
Noticeable
Propose
Prominent
Include
Different
21
1
UNIDAD
ENGLISH AROUND DE WORLD
Grammar
PRESENTE SIMPLE (PRESENT SIMPLE)
Afirmativa
Sujeto + Infinitivo sin to
Sujeto + Infinitivo sin to + s (3ª persona singular)
I eat
He eats
Negativa
Suj. + DO NOT+ Infinitivo sin to
Suj. + DOES NOT + Infinitivo sin to (3ª sing.)
I do not eat
He does not eat
Interrogativa
DO + Sujeto + Infinitivo sin to?
DOES + Sujeto + Infinitivo sin to (3ª pers. sing.)?
Do you eat?
Does he eat?
Este tiempo verbal se emplea:
a) Para expresar verdades generales o hechos que siempre se cumplen.
Water boils at 100 degrees
El agua hierve a 100 grados
b) Para expresar hábitos o costumbres.
He has lunch in this restaurant every day
El come en este restaurante cada día
c) Para indicar planes futuros. Suele referirse a horarios o programas.
Our plane leaves in an hour
Nuestro avión sale en una hora
d) Para contar acontecimientos deportivos, historias, chistes, etc.
Maradonna kicks the ball, and it's a goal!
Maradona golpea el balón, ¡y gol!
Reglas ortográficas
En la tercera persona del singular se añade una s al infinitivo sin to excepto en los
siguientes casos:
a) Los verbos que acaban en s, ss, sh, ch, x, y o añaden es
Pass
passes
Watch
Wash
washes
Mix
watches
mixes
Go
Kiss
goes
kisses
b) Los verbos que acaban en y precedida de consonante cambian la y por i y
después añaden es
Cry
cries
Fly
flies
c) Los verbos que acaban en y precedida de vocal, no experimentan ningún
cambio y siguen la regla general de añadir s
Play
plays
Say
22
says
PRESENTE CONTINUO (PRESENT CONTINUOUS)
Afirmativa
Sujeto + BE + verbo-ing
Negativa
Sujeto + BE NOT+ verbo-ing
Interrogativa
BE + Sujeto + verbo-ing?
I am eating
She is eating
I am not eating
She is not eating
Are you eating?
Is he eating?
Este tiempo verbal se emplea:
a) Para acciones que están ocurriendo en el momento de hablar
Mum is cooking now
Mamá está cocinando ahora
b) Para acciones incompletas que están ocurriendo, aunque no necesariamente en el momento
de hablar
We are building a new garage
Estamos construyendo un nuevo garaje
c) Para indicar planes o preparativos en un futuro próximo
We're having dinner together tonight
Vamos al cenar juntos esta noche
d) Para acciones que se repiten de forma regular y que suelen llevar implícito un sentido de queja
They are always complaining
Siempre se están quejando
Reglas ortográficas
a) Los verbos que acaban en consonante+ e, la pierden al añadir -ing
Arrive
arriving
b) Los verbos que acaban en ie cambian este final por y al añadir -ing
Die
dying
c) Los verbos cuyo acento cae en la última sílaba y acaban en consonante + vocal +
consonante doblan la última consonante al añadir -ing
Run
running
Pero si la última sílaba no está acentuada, no la doblan
Open
opening
Verbos de estado
Frente a los verbos que indican acción estos verbos no se usan en presente continuo.
Now the farmer is owning that land
Now the farmer owns that land
El granjero posee ahora esa tierra.
Algunos de los más frecuentes son: belong (pertenecer), cost (costar), exist (existir), hate
(odiar, detestar), know (saber), like (gustar), mean (significar), own (poseer), remember (recordar),
see (ver), seem (parecer), understand (comprender). Si estos verbos se usan con un
significado o matiz diferente pueden usarse en formas continuas.
Now I think you're wrong
Ahora creo que estás equivocado
Now I'm thinking of buying a car
Ahora estoy pensando comprarme un coche
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1
UNIDAD
ENGLISH AROUND DE WORLD
Grammar Exercises
9. Fill in the blanks with the Present Simple or Present Continuous form of the verbs
in brackets (9
)
a) I usually…………………..…..(not like) parties but tonight I………...…………..
(enjoy) your party very much.
b) ………………….(you/wait) for someone? Yes I………………..………… (wait) for
my sister. We…………..………….………(walk) home together most days.
c) Normally I……………………………….………….(start) work at 9 o'clock but
tomorrow I………………………………(start) at half past 7.
d) She…………………………..………..…(not get on with) her parents but at the
moment she………………………………….(live) with them.
e) Your father……………………………..(lie) on his bed because he's very tired.
f) Where…………………………(she/live)? She….….………….. (live) in London for
the time being, but she……………………….(move) to Liverpool soon.
g) What……………………………………...(the kids/do)? They………..…………
(draw) in the garden.
h) The train……………….....…(leave) in an hour but the bus…………..…………
(not/leave) until two hours later.
Listening
10. You will hear four of these people being described. Match the descriptions you
hear to the photos below (10
)(
)(
)
NUMBER 1
NUMBER 2
NUMBER 3 NUMBER 4
NUMBER 5
NUMBER 6
NUMBER 7
NUMBER 8
These are some of the words you will need to understand the physical description of
these people: smile (sonreir), look like (parecer), granny (abuelita) sleeves
(mangas), pearl-grey (gris perla), pullover (jersey), to be about to (estar a punto
de),laugh (reirse), sort of (como), cute (lindo), fringe (flequillo), hang over (colgar
por el borde, sobresalir), forehead (frente), underneath (debajo, por debajo)
24
Learning Vocabulary:
Describing a person´s apperance
AGE: young (joven), old (viejo), middle-aged (de mediana edad), twenty-something
(veintitantos), mid-fifties (en la mitad de los cincuenta), over seventy (más de
setenta, pasados los setenta), in his teens (adolescente), in his late twenties or
early thirties (al final de los veinte o principios de la treintena)
FACE: a moustache (bigote), a beard (barba), wrinkles (arrugas), a double chin
(papada), brown/blue/hazel/dark eyes (ojos marrones/ azules/avellana/oscuros),
tanned skin (piel bronceada)
HAIR: long (largo), short (corto), wavy (ondulado), straight (liso), curly (rizado), a
fringe (flequillo), bald (calvo), blonde (rubio), shoulder-length hair (por los
hombros)
HEIGHT AND BUILD: tall (alto), short (bajo), medium-height (de mediana estatura),
fat (gordo), slim (esbelto), thin (delgado), chubby (regordete), athletic (atlético),
strong (fuerte), weak (débil), in good physical shape (en buena forma física)
CLOTHES AND FOOTWEAR: casual/smart/conventional clothes (ropa informal/
elegante/ convencional), jeans (vaqueros), skirt (falda), T-shirt (camiseta), dinner
jacket (esmoquin), suit (traje), sweater (jersey), cardigan (rebeca), dress
(vestido), scarf (bufanda), tie (corbata), trainers (zapatillas de deporte), sandals
(sandalias), flowery (con flores) striped (a rayas) checked (a cuadros)
Writing: A Description
11. Follow this model composition to describe the physical appearance of one of the
famous people you can see in the pictures below. Use some of the expressions you
have just learnt in the previous section (11
)(
).
This person is in her late twenties or early thirties.
She has got blonde wavy hair and blue eyes. She
also has a nice smile, with nice teeth. In fact she's
very beautiful. She has a very content look on her
face that's why she looks cheerful. With regard to
her height and build I guess she's rather tall and
slim, but I can't really tell from the picture. Finally I
would say she's wearing a smart dress, perhaps to
go to a party. She' s definitely a very gorgeous and
pretty girl.
Russell Crowe
Jennifer López
25
Bono
1
UNIDAD
ENGLISH AROUND DE WORLD
Working with words
12. The following group of adjectives can be used to describe the personality and
behaviour of a person. The adjectives in the blue square are the opposites of the
ones in the red square. Match them up (12
)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
13. Match the synonyms (13
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
1)Sad
2)Rude
3)Conceited
4)Stupid
5)Suspicious
6)Nervous
7)Unpleasant
8)Prejudiced
9)Stingy
Confident
Generous
Open-minded
Clever
Happy
Polite
Friendly
Relaxed
Modest
)
1)Loquacious
2)Trustworthy
3)Silly
4)Introvert
5)Mature
6)Direct
7)Intolerant
8)Faithful
9)Intelligent
Bright
Frank
Reserved
Foolish
Talkative
Inflexible
Grown-up
Reliable
Loyal
Using English
MODOS DE EXPRESAR GUSTOS, INTERESES Y PREFERENCIAS
1. Like (gustar), love (adorar), prefer (preferir), and hate (odiar)
Detrás de estos verbos se puede utilizar infinitivo con to o gerundio
She likes to take/taking photos
I love to swim/swimming
We prefer to travel/ travelling by car
I hate to fly/ flying
Le gusta hacer fotos
Adoro nadar
Preferimos viajar en tren
Odio volar
El verbo like (gustar) suele ir seguido de gerundio cuando lleva implícita la
idea de que se disfruta con la acción. Va seguido de infinitivo con to cuando
simplemente se expresa que es una buena idea más que un placer
I like skiing
Me gusta esquiar (Lo disfruto)
I like to clean the kitchen after I use it
Me gusta limpiar la cocina
después de usarla (No significa que lo disfrute simplemente creo que es
bueno hacerlo así)
26
2. Would like/ would love /would prefer/ would hate. Cuando estos verbos
aparecen con el condicional would van seguidos de infinitivo
I would like to meet you
Me gustaría conocerte
She would love to live in London
Adoraría vivir en Londres
I would prefer to have lunch now
Preferiría comer ahora
I would hate to live in a city
Odiaría vivir en una ciudad
* Would suele aparecer en forma contraída: 'd
La estructura negativa es: Suj + Would + not + infinitivo sin to
I would not like to fail
No me gustaría suspender
* Would + not suele aparecer en forma contraída: wouldn't
La estructura interrogativa es: Would + Suj + infinitivo sin to?
Would you like to go to the cinema?
¿Te gustaría ir al cine?
3. Want (querer) + sustantivo/pronombre + to + infinitivo. Cuando queremos
indicar nuestro deseo de que alguien haga algo con el verbo 'want' debemos
hacerlo con esta estructura
I want Mary/her to come
I want that Mary comes
Quiero que María/ella venga
My father wants me to study harder
My father wants that I study harder
Mi padre quiere que yo estudie más
Para decir que se quiere que una persona no haga algo con el verbo 'want'
se utiliza la misma estructura con 'not' delante del infinitivo
They want me not to go out so much
Quieren que no salga tanto
She really wants him not to get angry
no se enfade.
Ella realmente quiere que él
Practice
14. Write sentences about yourself saying the activities you like or you hate the most.
Choose one of these activities for each sentence: going to the cinema, playing cards,
watching a football match, lying on the beach all day, going shopping, studying for an
exam, doing the ironing (14
)
a) I don't like…………………………………………………………………………….
b) I love………………………………………………………………………………….
c) I hate………………………………………………………………………………….
d) I would like…………………………………………………………………………...
e) I would prefer………………………………………………………………………...
f) I would hate……………………………………………………………………….....
g) I would love……………………………………………………………………….…
27
UNIDAD
1
ENGLISH AROUND DE WORLD
15. How would you feel about doing these jobs? Use these expressions in your sentences:
"I'd like/ I wouldn't like/ I'd love/ I'd hate/ I'd prefer" and explain why (15
)(
)
a) A fireman
b) A doctor
c) A prostitute
d) An engineer
e) A singer
f) A dustman
g) A clown
h) A clerk
I wouldn't like to be a fireman because it is very dangerous
………..……………………………………………………………
........…....................................................................................
....…........................................................................................
..…........................................................................................
.……………………………………………………………………
…............................................................................................
….………………………………………………………………….
16. Say what the boss wants everybody to do and not to do in the office (16
a) Anne
d) Peter
b) Mary
e) Rob
)(
c) John
f) His secretary
a) The boss wants Anne to post some letters
b) He wants Mary…………………………………………………………………...….
c) He……………………………………………………………………………………..
d) He……………………………………………………………………………………..
e) He……………………………………………………………………………………..
f) He……………………………………………………………………………………..
Pronunciation
El fonema de 3ª persona de singular: /s/ /z/ /wwz/
's' se pronuncia como /s/ (s sorda, similar a la s española de 'escaño') cuando
va detrás de sonido sordo; y se pronuncia como /z/ (s sonora similar a la s
española de 'asma') cuando va detrás de sonido sonoro.
Talks /t]:ks/
Goes /gcz/
'es' se suele pronunciar /iz/ (i corta + s sonora). Pero hay excepciones como
con el verbo 'do'.
Watches /wZt•wz/
Does /dz/
Nota: recuerda que los sonidos sordos son aquellos con los que las cuerdas
vocales no vibran al ser pronunciados (p, t, k, t•, f, ›, s, • ) y los sonidos sonoros
son aquellos que al ser pronunciados hacen vibrar las cuerdas vocales (b, d,
g, ®, v, x, z, ¥, m, n, †,l, r, j, w, y vocales).
28
)
17. Put the following verbs in the correct column according to how the third person singular
's' is pronounced: gets, sums, passes, feels, washes, sees, thinks, reads, finishes,
helps, changes, stops, adds, drinks, runs, writes, kisses, eats, swims. (17
)
/wz/
/z/
/s/
Gets,...
18.Now listen and check your answers (18
Vocabulary
)(
)
According to /c’k]:dw† tc/: según
Britisher /‘brwtw•cr /: forma americana
Regard /rw’g Y:d/ (-ed): considerar
de referirse a los británicos
Run out of /rn at cv/: quedarse sin
Date back /‘dewt ‘bæk/ (-ed):
remontarse a
Seaboard /‘si:b]:d/: litoral
Degree /dw’gri/: grado
Rise /rawz/: alza
Settle /‘setl/ (-ed): establecerse
Spelling /‘spelw†/: ortografía
Due to /dju:/: debido a
Estimate /‘estwmwt/: estimación
Fact /fækt/: hecho
Stream /stri:m/: corriente
Tiny /‘tawnw/:diminuto
Tongue /t†/: lengua
Fully /‘flw/: completamente
Get on with /get Zn wwx/: llevarse
bien con
Host /hcst/: anfitrión
Intend /wn’tend/ (-ed): proponerse,
pretender
Mainly /‘mewnlw/: principalmente
Trade /trewd/: comercio
Unknown /‘n’ncn/: desconocido
Up-to-date /ptc’dewt/:
actual, a la última
With regard to /wwx rwgY:d/: con
respecto a
Needlessly /‘ni:dlwslw/:
innecesariamente
Noticeable
notable
/‘nctwscbl/:
moderno,
evidente,
Nowadays /‘na dewz/: en la
actualidad
Overwhelming /cvc’welmw†/:
abrumador
Prominent /‘pr Zmwncnt/: prominente
Reach /ri: ±/ (-ed): alcanzar
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