Transporte y Transformación de los COPs en la Atmosfera

Transporte y Transformación de los COPs en la
Atmosfera
IRMA ROSAS
CENTRO DE CIENCIAS DE LA
ATMSOFERA UNAM
CARACTERISTICAS DE LOS POPs
temperaturas
Fase de vapor
partículas suspendidas
Lluvia
nieve
Suelo
agua
90
Ecuador 0
90
Comportamiento de los COPs en el ambiente
1) Semivolatiles
2) Lipofílicos
3) Degradación
fotoquimica
4) Biodegradación
Transporte y destino de los COPs
Metereológicos: Dinámica atmosférica
Balance de masas y flujos entre compartimentos
transporte
Seca
humeda
Persistencia en el ambiente
Persistencia en el ambiente
Log KoW y el factor de bioconcentración
QUE APRENDIMOS CON ESTA PRESENTACIÒN
POCO
QUE NECESITAMOS DISCUTIR UN PROTOCOLO
PROTOCOLO
Key message :Assessing temporal and spatial trends and regional and global transport of POPs in air.
Backgraund: pilot study, select areas, monitors, POPs, analytical methods
Site ID
Site Type
Latitude
Longitude
Elevation (m a.s.l.)
GR01
BA
22º45'N
83º32'W
47
GR02
RU
19º12'N
96º08'W
BA
09º42'N
83º52'W
2830
RU
7º01'N
70º45'W
100-120
BA
16º16'S
68º08'W
5192
BA
18º13'S
69º10'W
4320
BA
23º09'S
47º10'W
624
AG
38º45' S
62º15'W
BA
45º35'S
72º02' W
19º14'N
99º00' W
00º56’N
29º22’W
GR03
Location
Tapanti NP
GR04
GR05
Huayna Potosí
5200 m a.s.l, La Paz
GR06
GR07
Indaiatuba
(near )
GR08
GR09
Coyhaique
GR10
Tláhuac
GR11
St. Peter and Paul Rocks
Country
BA
2260
SELECCION DEL AREA DE ESTUDIO
DDT emission from
China (overall persistence Poverall = 10 years, effective spatial spreading SSeff = 750 km)
Ocean
Turkey (Poverall = 13 years, SSeff = 1900 km)
Atmosphere
They are mounted approximately two
meters above the ground in an open area
with unobstructed airflow.
Sampling
Two types of PAS are used (Figure 3). The PUF-disk sampler is deployed for three-month
periods to capture seasonal differences and the
XAD sampler is exposed for a full year.
Figure 3. Schematic diagrams of passive air samplers
stainless steel dome
PUF disk
support ring
air circulation
mounting bracket
stainless
stainless steel steel housing
mesh tube
containing XAD
Two sampler types:
‰ The polyurethane foam (PUF) disk sampler (left) is deployed for
3-month periods to capture seasonal differences.
‰ The XAD-type sampler is deployed for 1 full year.
Fig. 2. Schematic representation of a device. (A) According to Lebo et al. [42]. (B) According to Ellis
Monitores Pasivos
Sample analytical procedures
PUF Disk PAS
XAD PAS
1)Field blanks
2) Method blank
3)Instrument blank
4)Surrogate spikes
5)Matrix spikes
6)Field located samples
7)Instruments: OCPs, PCBs, and PBDEs were analyzed on a
Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatograph-5973 mass spectrometer (GC-MS)
using electron impact (EI) for PCBs and negative chemical ionization (NCI) for
OCPs and PBDEs in the selected ion monitoring mode.
8) Intercalibration studies for POPs
Table 2. Exposure times, average temperatures and effective sampling rates during deployment periods for PUF-disk sampling in 2005
#
R = effective sampling rate
* Mean sampling rate calculated based on 4 sampling periods.
** Sample not available
NS = No deployment in 2005
2005
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
Site ID
Exposure Time
(Days)
Average
Temp (°C)
R# (m3/day)
Exposure Time
(Days)
Average
Temp (°C)
R# (m3/day)
Exposure Time
(Days)
Average
Temp (°C)
R# (m3/day)
Exposure Time
(Days)
Average
Temp (°C)
R# (m3/day)
GR01
139
24
3.9
53
27
5.5
77
27
3.9
91
27
3.8*
GR02
**
**
**
91
27
2.7
**
**
**
**
**
**
GR03
91
23
3.9
94
23
3.8*
92
22
3.8*
91
22
3.8*
GR04
102
13
4.5
92
28
3.1
91
25
2
92
27
2.5
GR05
28
2
3.9
102
1.5
3.9
108
-0.2
2.5
74
1.5
2.3
GR06
106
22
5.6
147
17
1.2
232
6
3.1
232
6
3.1
GR07
**
**
**
104
22
2.4
92
19
1.5
91
22
3.8
GR08
97
21
3.5
**
**
**
**
**
**
94
15
5
GR09
232
6
3.9
232
6
3.9
120
17
5
120
10
4.7
GR10
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
GR11
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
RESULTS
Table 3. Air concentrations (pg/m3) of OCPs, PCBs and PBDEs for Periods 1 and 2 in 2005 using PUF-disk samplers
#
Sum of 48 PCB congeners
Sum of PBDE-47, 99, 100
##
NA = PUF disk not deployed during the period/sample not available
MDL = method detection limit (pg/m3)
BDL = below detection limit
2005 – Period 1
Site ID
α-HCH
γ-HCH
HEPT
HEPX
TC
CC
TN
Endo I
Endo II
EndoSO4
Dieldrin
ppDDE
ppDDT
PCBs#
PBDEs##
GR01
1
2
BDL
BDL
0.2
0.3
0.2
39
6
2
BDL
BDL
BDL
32
1
GR02
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
GR03
BDL
5.5
BDL
54
0.3
0.4
0.2
22
3.3
1.3
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
6
GR04
BDL
3.1
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
280
93
5.4
0.8
2.1
BDL
8
BDL
GR05
BDL
26
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
1585
85
81
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
GR06
BDL
6
BDL
BDL
0.2
0.3
BDL
261
1.9
1.9
5.4
4
BDL
BDL
BDL
GR07
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
GR08
0.9
3
63
1.8
1.2
BDL
0.5
14635
4103
1
5.3
BDL
BDL
9
8
GR09
0.8
3.3
BDL
BDL
0.2
0.5
0.1
29
0.2
BDL
1.2
0.5
BDL
5.6
BDL
Site ID
α-HCH
γ-HCH
HEPT
HEPX
TC
CC
TN
Endo I
Endo II
EndoSO4
Dieldrin
ppDDE
ppDDT
PCBs#
PBDEs##
GR01
2
4
BDL
BDL
1.9
2.6
2.5
306
52
BDL
19
BDL
--
BDL
BDL
2005 – Period 2
GR02
24
25
BDL
BDL
4.6
2.6
3.3
397
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
--
399
2.17
GR03
12
BDL
BDL
27
0.16
0.31
0.15
43
10.1
1.3
BDL
BDL
--
BDL
3.03
GR04
0.6
2.1
BDL
BDL
0.2
0.3
0.2
54
2
0.1
2.2
8
--
11
0.97
GR05
11
12
BDL
249
1
2
1
1078
21
18
BDL
BDL
--
BDL
BDL
GR06
BDL
7.5
BDL
BDL
0.3
0.4
0.1
348
2.5
2.6
7.4
5.7
--
BDL
0.81
GR07
10.6
30.2
BDL
BDL
3.5
1.2
0.9
1907
783
132.1
44
BDL
--
145
BDL
GR08
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
--
NA
NA
GR09
0.8
3.3
BDL
BDL
0.2
0.5
0.1
29
0.2
BDL
1.2
0.5
--
6.4
BDL
MDL
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.14
0.1
0.5
0.12
3.7
Monitores activos: Estudios Transversales