Characterization of Deep and Long Landings and of the
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EOFDM Conference January 2012 Characterization of Deep and Long Landings and of the Runway Excursion Risk Capt. Michael WENDT Powerpoint Templates Pere FABREGAS Moderated by Capt. Bertrand de Courville Page 1 How far are we from an accident? Runway condition Runway Length Thrust Reverse MEL Items Landing Weight Tailwind Visual/Instr. Approach Vref Deviation A/B Mode G/S Deviation FLAP Config. Manual Thrust Risk assessment should be based on the ILLNESS rather than the SYMPTOMS Laurie, Hugh. House M.D. Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Pere FABREGAS Flight Data Analysis EOFDM Conference 2011 Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Building the tool… 12 2150x45 30 Building the diagram… Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Building the tool… The Touchdown point 250 240 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 Aircraft Safety Margin Stop 70 60 50 Ground Roll Air Distance 40 30 20 2150x45 12 10 30 Velocidad relativa a la pista, [V] [kts] Groundspeed at Touchdown, [V] [kts] Velocidad relativa a la pista, [V] [kts] Velocidad en la toma [kts] 230 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 Longitud de pista disponible para realizar la frenada, [D] [m] Remaining runway lenght, [D] [m] Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Building the tool… Where is the limit? Runway Excursion Zone 12 2150x45 30 Safety Zone Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Building the tool… 12 2150x45 30 Non‐optimal braking conditions Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Building the tool… How far from the Limit? 250 240 230 210 200 Risk Indicator 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 2150x45 12 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 30 Velocidad relativa a la pista, [V] [kts] Groundspeed at Touchdown, [V] [kts] Velocidad relativa a la pista, [V] [kts] Velocidad en la toma [kts] 220 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 Longitud de pista disponible para realizar la frenada, [D] [m] Remaining runway lenght, [D] [m] Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Results Real application 250 240 230 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 2150x45 12 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 30 Velocidad relativa a la pista, [V] [kts] Groundspeed at Touchdown, [V] [kts] Velocidad relativa a la pista, [V] [kts] Velocidad en la toma [kts] 220 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 Longitud de pista disponible para realizar la frenada, [D] [m] Remaining runway lenght, [D] [m] Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Results 250 240 230 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 2150x45 12 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 30 Velocidad relativa a la pista, [V] [kts] Groundspeed at Touchdown, [V] [kts] Velocidad relativa a la pista, [V] [kts] Velocidad en la toma [kts] 220 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 Longitud de pista disponible para realizar la frenada, [D] [m] Remaining runway lenght, [D] [m] XX 2550x45 YY Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Results Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Results >1 DOT ABOVE THE GLIDE SLOPE XX 2550x45 YY Risk Indicator +15% Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Results ANY TAILWIND COMPONENT XX 2550x45 YY Risk Indicator +25% Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Results HEAVY LANDING WEIGHT or Vref DEVIATION XX 2550x45 YY Risk Indicator +5/+10% Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Results VISUAL APPROACH XX 2550x45 YY Risk Indicator +10% Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Results FLAP 3 AT LANDING YY XX 3350x45 YY Risk Indicator +0% Runway Excursion Risk Assessment Diagram Conclusion: Why is it worthwile? Why is it effective? • Subjectivity reduced • Global solution • Hotspots quickly detected • Risk factors assessed • Accurate mitigation actions defined Landing Technique – FODA Analysis Flight Safety Department Lufthansa January 2012 12.06.2006 FRA CF FODA Nur für den internen Dienstgebrauch/Informationen für Besatzungsmitglieder des Seite 20 LandingVervielfältigung, Technique Lufthansa-Konzerns. Copyright: Weiterleitung an Dritte und Verwendung von Informationen, auch auszugsweise, nur mit ausdrücklicher Genehmigung durch FRA CF Scenarios of high Risk for a Landing-Overrun Fast into the Red Lights 80 kts / 600 m Critical Dispatch Buffer < 20 % 10.11.2006 Seite 21 FRA CF FODA Landing Technique Long Flare > 3000 ft Scenarios of high Risk for a Landing-Overrun Fast into the Red Lights 80 kts / 600 m 1 Puffer < 20 % 10.11.2006 Seite 22 FRA CF FODA Landing Technique x per quarter Critical Dispatch Long Flare > 3000 ft Reasons for Additional Consumption of Runway-Length against Demonstrated Landing Distance HEIGHT 1% OVERSPEED 30% FLARE TECHNIQUE 38% Only critical Landings (Buffer < 20%) BRAKE / REVERSE 31% Demonstrated Landing Distance Proportions of additional Consumptions? Additional consumption of RWY-Length Runway used 10.11.2006 Seite 23 FRA CF FODA Landing Technique Overspeed over Threshold compared to the Speed Cursor Candleplot: Min / Standard deviation / Mean / Standard deviation / Max B747 B737 A340 A330 A320 A300 -5 0 5 10 Overspeed at Threshold (Vapp) kts 10.11.2006 Seite 24 FRA CF FODA Landing Technique 15 Touchdown Point MUC Runway 08L 600 m / 2000 ft 300 m / 1000 ft 10.11.2006 Seite 25 FRA CF FODA Landing Technique Touchdown Point by Fleet Candleplot: Min / 2x Standard deviation / Mean / 2x Standard deviation / Max A330 Touch Down Zone A340 B747 A300 95 % of all Landings A320 B737 0‘ 10.11.2006 Seite 26 FRA CF FODA Landing Technique 1000‘ 2000‘ 3000‘ Touchdown Point against Runway Length Mean Touchdowndistance _ 2x Standard deviation 2500 Touchdown (ft) 2000 1500 1000 In average the Touchdown is shorter on critical Runways 500 The variance (risk) remains the same 0 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 Puffer (% der Landing Distance Available) 10.11.2006 Seite 27 FRA CF FODA Landing Technique 20 15 10 5 0 Average Consmuption of Margin against Landing Distance Required Landing Distance Required = Landing Distance Available Candleplot: Standard Deviation / Mean / Standard Deviation Required Landing Distance Demonstrated Landing Distance B737 A320 During critical Dispatch Landings usually ca. 40% of the margin contained in the LDR are used up! A300 Margin B747 Mean Value for non-critical runways A340 0 0% 10.11.2006 Seite 28 20 40 FRA CF FODA Landing Technique 60 80 100% 100 120 140 167 % 160 200 % EOFDM Conference January 2012 Thanks for your attention!
