ACI CT-XX ACI Concrete Terminology

ACI CT For Public Discussion 7/1/2010 – 8/17/2010 1 ACI CT-XX
2 3 ACI Concrete Terminology
4 5 6 Approved by ACI Technical Activities Committee
7 8 9 10 David A. Lange
Chair
Daniel W. Falconer
Secretary
Sergio M. Alcocer
David J. Bird
Chiara F. Ferraris
Ronald J. Janowiak
Michael E. Kreger
Kevin A. MacDonald*
Antonio Nanni
Hani H. A. Nassif
Jan Olek
Michael M. Sprinkel
Pericles C. Stivaros†
Eldon Tipping*
†Chair of CT Task Group.
*Members of CT Task Group.
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 FOREWORD
The ACI Concrete Terminology is an online dictionary containing terms common to the concrete
industry and can be accessed by visiting http://www.terminology.concrete.org. A term may have
more than one definition.
The ACI Technical Activities Committee (TAC) believes this dictionary will be useful,
comprehensive, and up-to-date. It recognizes, however, that the listing may not be complete and
that some definitions may be at variance with some commonly accepted meanings.
These terms and definitions are approved by TAC as of June 11, 2010. Suggestions for changes
and additions may be submitted to ACI Headquarters for consideration in future editions.
1
—A—
1
2
3
absolute specific gravity — see specific gravity,
absolute.
4
absolute volume — see volume, absolute.
5
absorbed moisture — see moisture, absorbed.
6
absorbed water — see moisture, absorbed.
7
absorption — the process by which a liquid is
8
drawn into and tends to fill permeable
9
voids in a porous solid body; also, the
10
increase in mass of a porous solid body
11
resulting from the penetration of a liquid
12
into its permeable voids.
13
27
abutment — in bridges, the end structure (usually
acceleration — increase in velocity or in rate of
28
change, especially the quickening of the
29
natural progress of a process such as setting
30
or strength development (hardening) of
31
concrete. (See also admixture,
32
accelerating.)
33
accelerator — see admixture, accelerating.
34
accidental air — see air, entrapped.
35
acid etching — the removal of a cementitious
36
surface through controlled dissolution to
37
expose sand or aggregates, roughen a
38
smooth cementitious surface in preparation
39
for cementitious coating material
40
application, or create art, design, or an
41
architectural finish.
42
acrylic resin — see resin, acrylic.
addition — a material that is interground or
14
of concrete) that supports the beams,
15
girders, and deck of the bridge, or
16
combinations thereof, and sometimes
17
retains the earthen bank or supports the end
43
18
of the approach pavement slab; in
44
blended in limited amounts into a hydraulic
19
prestressing, the structure against which the
45
cement during manufacture either as a
20
tendons are stressed in producing
46
processing addition to aid in manufacturing
21
pretensioned precast members or post-
47
and handling the cement or as a functional
22
tensioned pavement; in dams, the side of
48
addition to modify the use properties of the
23
the gorge or bank of the stream against
49
finished product.
24
which a dam abuts.
50
25
26
accelerating admixture — see admixture,
accelerating.
51
relatively small amounts to impart or
52
improve desirable properties or suppress
53
undesirable properties.
54
2
additive — a substance added to another in
adhesion — the state in which two surfaces are
55
held together by interfacial effects that may
56
consist of molecular forces, interlocking
57
action, or both.
1
adhesives — the group of materials used to join or
31
admixture, anti-washout — a concrete
2
bond similar or dissimilar materials; for
32
admixture reduces that loss of fine
3
example, in concrete work, the epoxy
33
material from concrete when placed
4
resins.
34
in water.
5
6
adiabatic — a condition in which heat neither
enters nor leaves a system.
7
adiabatic curing — see curing, adiabatic.
8
adjustment screw — see screw, adjustment.
9
admixture — a material other than water,
10
aggregates, cementitious materials, and
11
fiber reinforcement, used as an ingredient
12
of a cementitious mixture to modify its
13
freshly mixed, setting, or hardened
14
properties and that is added to the batch
15
before or during its mixing.
16
admixture, accelerating — an admixture
17
that causes an increase in the rate of
18
hydration of the hydraulic cement
19
and thus shortens the time of
20
setting, increases the rate of strength
21
development, or both.
22
35
23
admixture that causes the
24
development of a system of
25
microscopic air bubbles in concrete,
26
mortar, or cement paste during
27
mixing, usually to increase its
28
workability and resistance to
29
freezing and thawing. (See also air,
30
entrained.)
36
causes a decrease in the rate of
37
hydration of the hydraulic cement
38
and lengthens the time of setting.
39
admixture that either increases
41
slump of freshly mixed mortar or
42
concrete without increasing water
43
content or maintains slump with a
44
reduced amount of water, the effect
45
being due to factors other than air
46
entrainment.
admixture, water-reducing (high-range)
48
— a water-reducing admixture
49
capable of producing large water
50
reduction or great flowability
51
without causing undue set
52
retardation or entrainment of air in
53
mortar or concrete.
54
3
admixture, water-reducing — an
40
47
admixture, air-entraining — an
admixture, retarding — an admixture that
adsorbed water — see water, adsorbed.
1
adsorption — development (at the surface of
31
agent, bonding — a substance applied to a
2
either a liquid or solid) of a higher
32
suitable substrate to create a bond
3
concentration of a substance than exists in
33
between it and a succeeding layer.
4
the bulk of the medium; especially
34
5
formation of one or more layers of
35
agent that induces cross-linking in a
6
molecules of gases, of dissolved
36
thermosetting resin (also hardener
7
substances, or of liquids at the surface of a
37
or initiator).
8
solid (such as cement, cement paste, or
9
aggregates), or of air-entraining agents at
10
the air-water interfaces; also the process by
11
which a substance is adsorbed. (See also
12
water, adsorbed.)
13
14
15
16
17
18
38
39
40
advancing-slope grouting — see grouting,
advancing-slope.
aerated concrete — see concrete, cellular and
concrete, foamed.
agent, parting — see agent, release
(preferred term).
agent, release — material used to prevent
41
bonding of concrete to a surface.
42
(See also bond breaker and oil,
43
form.)
advancing-slope.
advancing-slope method — see method,
agent, curing — a catalytic or reactive
44
agent, surface-active — a substance that
45
affects markedly the interfacial or
46
surface tension of solutions when
47
present even in low concentrations.
48
agent, wetting — a substance capable of
19
A/F ratio — see ratio, A/F.
49
lowering the surface tension of
20
afwillite — a mineral with composition 3CaO
50
liquids, facilitating the wetting of
21
•2SiO2 •3H2O occurring naturally in South
51
solid surfaces, and permitting the
22
Africa, Northern Ireland, and California,
52
penetration of liquid into the
23
and artificially in some hydrated portland
53
capillaries.
24
cement mixtures.
54
agglomeration — a gathering into a ball or mass.
55
aggregate — granular material, such as sand,
25
agent — a general term for a material that may be
26
used either as an addition to cement or an
56
gravel, crushed stone, crushed hydraulic-
27
admixture in concrete, for example, an air-
57
cement concrete, or iron blast-furnace slag,
28
entraining agent.
58
used with a hydraulic cementing medium to
29
agent, air-entraining — see admixture,
59
produce either concrete or mortar. (See also
60
aggregate, heavyweight and aggregate,
61
lightweight.)
30
air-entraining.
4
1
aggregate, angular — aggregate particles
32
aggregate, heavyweight — aggregate of
2
that possess well-defined edges
33
high density, such as barite,
3
formed at the intersection of
34
magnetite, hematite, limonite,
4
roughly planar faces.
35
ilmenite, iron, or steel, used in
36
heavyweight concrete.
5
aggregate, coarse — aggregate
6
predominantly retained on the 4.75
37
7
mm (No. 4) sieve or that portion
38
low density, such as: (a) expanded
8
retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4)
39
or sintered clay, shale, slate,
9
sieve. (See also aggregate.)
40
diatomaceous shale, perlite,
10
aggregate, crusher-run — aggregate that
41
vermiculite, or slag; (b) natural
11
has been mechanically broken and
42
pumice, scoria, volcanic cinders,
12
has not been subjected to
43
tuff, and diatomite; or (c) sintered
13
subsequent screening.
44
fly ash or industrial cinders used in
45
lightweight concrete.
14
aggregate, dense-graded — aggregates
aggregate, lightweight — aggregate of
aggregate, mineral — aggregate
15
graded to produce low void content
46
16
and maximum density when
47
consisting essentially of inorganic
17
compacted. (See also aggregate,
48
nonmetallic rock materials, either
18
well-graded.)
49
natural or crushed and graded.
19
50
aggregate, fine — aggregate passing the
aggregate, normalweight — aggregate
20
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) sieve almost
51
that is neither heavyweight nor
21
entirely passing the 4.75 mm (No.
52
lightweight.
22
4) sieve and predominantly retained
53
23
on the 75 mm (No. 200) sieve; or
54
which the voids are relatively large
24
that portion passing the 4.75 mm
55
when the aggregate is compacted.
25
(No. 4) sieve and predominantly
26
retained on the 75 mm (No. 200)
27
sieve. (See also aggregate and
28
sand.)
29
aggregate, gap-graded — aggregate
30
graded so that certain intermediate
31
sizes are substantially absent.
5
aggregate, open-graded — aggregate in
1
aggregate, reactive — aggregate
30
aggregate interlock — the effect of portions of
2
containing substances capable of
31
aggregate particles from one side of a joint
3
reacting chemically with the
32
or crack in concrete protruding into
4
products of solution or hydration of
33
recesses in the other side of the joint or
5
the portland cement in concrete or
34
crack so as to transfer load in shear and
6
mortar under ordinary conditions of
35
maintain alignment.
7
exposure, resulting in some cases in
36
8
harmful expansion, cracking, or
37
concrete surface consisting of darkened
9
staining.
38
areas over coarse aggregate particles
39
immediately below the concrete surface.
10
aggregate, refractory — aggregate having
11
refractory properties that, when
12
bound together into a conglomerate
13
mass by a matrix, forms a refractory
14
body.
15
aggregate, single-sized — aggregate in
16
which a major portion of the
17
particles is in a narrow size range.
18
aggregate, well-graded — aggregate
19
having a particle-size distribution
20
that produces maximum density,
21
that is, minimum void space.
22
23
two or more aggregates to produce a
24
different set of properties; generally, but
25
not exclusively, to improve grading.
26
27
28
29
40
agitating speed — see speed, agitating.
41
agitating truck — see truck, agitating.
42
agitation —
43
(1) the process of providing motion in
44
mixed concrete just sufficient to prevent
45
segregation or loss of plasticity; and
46
(2) the mixing and homogenization of
47
slurries or finely ground powders by either
48
mechanical means or injection of air. (See
49
also agitator.)
50
aggregate blending — the process of intermixing
aggregate-cement ratio — see ratio, aggregatecement.
preventing segregation of mixed concrete
52
by agitation. (See also agitation.)
53
aids, grinding — materials used to expedite the
54
process of grinding by eliminating ball
55
coating, dispersing the finely ground
56
product, or both.
57
58
59
6
agitator — a device for maintaining plasticity and
51
aggregate gradation — see grading (preferred
term).
aggregate transparency — discoloration of a
air —
air, accidental — see air, entrapped
(preferred term).
1
air, entrained — microscopic air bubbles
32
2
intentionally incorporated in mortar
33
3
or concrete during mixing, usually
34
4
by use of a surface-active agent;
35
5
typically between 10 and 1000
6
(1 mm) in diameter and spherical or
7
nearly so. (See also air
8
entrainment.)
m
9
air, entrapped — air voids in concrete that
10
are not purposely entrained and that
11
are larger, mainly irregular in shape,
12
and less useful than those of
13
entrained air; and 1 mm or larger in
14
size.
15
air blow pipe — air jet used in shotcrete gunning
16
to remove rebound or other loose material
17
from the work area.
18
19
20
36
term).
air content — the volume of air voids in cement
entraining.
air-entraining hydraulic cement — see cement,
air-entraining hydraulic.
air entrainment — the incorporation of air in the
37
form of microscopic bubbles (typically
38
smaller than 1 mm) during the mixing of
39
either concrete or mortar. (See also air
40
entraining and air, entrained.)
41
air-blown mortar — see shotcrete (preferred
air-entraining agent — see admixture, air-
air lift — equipment whereby slurry or dry powder
42
is lifted through pipes by means of
43
compressed air.
44
air meter — see meter, air.
45
air-permeability test — see test, air-
46
permeability and test, Blaine.
47
air ring — see ring, air.
48
air separator — see separator, air.
49
air void — see void, air.
50
air-water jet — see jet, air-water.
akermanite — a mineral of the melilite group,
21
paste, mortar, or concrete, exclusive of pore
51
22
space in aggregate particles, usually
52
Ca2MgSi2O7 . (See also gehlenite, melilite,
23
expressed as a percentage of total volume
53
and merwinite.)
24
of the paste, mortar, or concrete.
25
26
27
54
air-cooled blast-furnace slag — see blast-
55
furnace slag.
56
air entraining — the capability of a material or
28
process to develop a system of microscopic
29
bubbles of air in cement paste, mortar, or
30
concrete during mixing. (See also air
31
entrainment.)
57
58
7
alabaster — a compact crystalline, weakly
textured form of practically pure gypsum.
alignment wire — see wire, ground (preferred
term).
alite — a name used to identify tricalcium silicate,
59
including small amounts of MgO, Al2O3,
60
Fe2O3, and other oxides; a principal
61
constituent of portland-cement clinker. (See
62
also belite, celite, and felite.)
1
alkali — salts of alkali metals, principally sodium
32
amount of mixing — the extent of mixer action
2
and potassium; specifically sodium and
33
employed in combining the ingredients for
3
potassium occurring in constituents of
34
either concrete or mortar; in the case of
4
concrete and mortar, usually expressed in
35
stationary mixers, the mixing time; in the
5
chemical analyses as the oxides Na2O and
36
case of truck mixers, the number of
6
K2O. (See also cement, low-alkali.)
37
revolutions of the drum at mixing speed
7
alkali-aggregate reaction — see reaction, alkali-
38
after the intermingling of the cement with
39
water and aggregates. (See also mixing
40
time.)
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
aggregate.
alkali-carbonate rock reaction — see reaction,
alkali-carbonate rock.
alkali reactivity (of aggregate) — see reactivity
alkali-silica reaction — see reaction, alkalisilica.
entrain air in hydraulic-cement mixtures.
allowable bearing capacity — the maximum
19
should be subjected to guard against shear
20
failure or excessive settlement.
21
allowable load — see load, service dead and
22
load, service live.
23
allowable stress — see stress, allowable.
24
alternate-lane construction — see construction,
25
alternate-lane.
26
alumina — aluminum oxide (Al2O3).
27
aluminate cement — see cement, calcium-
28
aluminate.
29
aluminate concrete — see concrete, aluminate.
30
aluminous cement — see cement, calcium-
31
42
mean position in connection with vibration.
aluminate.
8
analysis, dynamic — analysis of stresses in
44
framing as functions of displacement under
45
transient loading.
46
alkyl aryl sulfonate — synthetic detergent used to
pressure to which a soil or other material
amplitude — the maximum displacement from the
43
(of aggregate), alkali.
18
41
analysis, mechanical — the process of
47
determining particle-size distribution of an
48
aggregate. (See also analysis, sieve.)
49
analysis, sieve — particle-size distribution; usually
50
expressed as the mass percentage retained
51
upon each of a series of standard sieves of
52
decreasing size and the percentage passed
53
by the sieve of finest size. (See also
54
grading.)
1
anchor — in prestressed concrete, to lock the
29
(1) length of reinforcement, mechanical
2
stressed tendon in position so that it will
30
anchor, hook, or combination thereof,
3
retain its stressed condition; in precast-
31
beyond the point of nominal zero stress in
4
concrete construction, to attach the precast
32
the reinforcement of cast-in-place concrete;
5
units to the building frame; in slabs on
33
and
6
grade or walls, to fasten to rock or adjacent
34
(2) mechanical device to transmit
7
structures to prevent movement of the slab
35
prestressing force to the concrete in a post-
8
or wall with respect to the foundation,
36
tensioned member. (See also anchorage.)
9
adjacent structure, or rock. (See also
10
11
37
anchor, form.)
anchor, form — device used to secure formwork
12
to previously placed concrete of adequate
13
strength; the device is normally embedded
14
in the concrete during placement.
anchorage, mechanical — any mechanical device
38
capable of developing the strength of the
39
reinforcement without damage to the
40
concrete.
41
anchorage, threaded — an anchorage device that
42
is provided with threads to facilitate
15
anchor bolt — see bolt, anchor.
43
attaching the jacking device and to effect
16
anchorage — in post-tensioning, a device used to
44
the anchorage.
17
anchor the tendon to the concrete member;
45
18
in pretensioning, a device used to maintain
46
19
the elongation of a tendon during the time
20
interval between stressing and release; in
21
precast-concrete construction, the devices
22
for attaching precast units to the building
23
frame; in slab or wall construction, the
24
device used to anchor the slab or wall to the
51
25
foundation, rock, or adjacent structure.
52
47
48
49
50
anchorage, wedge — a device for anchoring a
tendon by wedging.
anchorage bond stress — see stress, anchorage
bond.
anchorage deformation — see deformation,
anchorage or slip.
anchorage device — see anchorage (preferred
term).
26
anchorage, dead-end — the anchorage at that end
53
anchorage loss — see deformation, anchorage.
27
of a tendon that is opposite the jacking end.
54
anchorage slip — see deformation, anchorage or
28
55
anchorage, end —
9
slip.
56
anchorage zone — see zone, anchorage.
57
angle float — see float, angle.
1
angle of repose — the angle between the
31
area of steel — the cross-sectional area of the steel
2
horizontal and the natural slope of loose
32
reinforcement. (See also effective area of
3
material below which the material will not
33
reinforcement.)
4
slide.
34
arenaceous — composed primarily of sand; sandy.
argillaceous — composed primarily of clay or
5
angular aggregate — see aggregate, angular.
35
6
anhydrite — a mineral, anhydrous calcium sulfate
36
shale; clayey.
7
(CaSO4); gypsum from which the water of
37
8
crystallization has been removed, usually
38
formed at the junction of two planes or
9
by heating above 325 °F (160 °C); natural
39
surfaces.
10
anhydrite is less reactive than that obtained
11
by calcination of gypsum.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
40
arrissing tool — see tool, arrissing.
41
artificial pozzolan — see pozzolan, artificial.
42
asbestos-cement products — products
anhydrous calcium chloride — see calcium
chloride, anhydrous.
anti-washout, admixture — see admixture, antiwashout.
apparent specific gravity — see specific gravity,
arris — the sharp external corner edge that is
43
manufactured from rigid material
44
composed essentially of asbestos fiber and
45
portland cement.
46
ashlar — see masonry, ashlar.
47
ashlar, patterned — see masonry, ashlar.
48
ashlar masonry — see masonry, ashlar.
absolute.
architect-engineer or engineer-architect — the
19
architect, engineer, architectural firm,
20
engineering firm, or architectural and
49
ashlar, random — see masonry, ashlar.
21
engineering firm issuing project drawings
50
aspect ratio, fiber — the ratio of length to
22
and specifications, administering the work
51
diameter of a fiber in which the diameter
23
under contract specifications and drawings,
52
may be an equivalent diameter. (See also
24
or both.
53
fiber, equivalent diameter.)
25
26
27
architectural concrete — see concrete,
architectural.
arc spectrography — spectrographic
54
asphalt — a dark brown to black cementitious
55
material in which the predominating
56
constituents are bitumens that occur in
28
identification of elements in a sample of
57
nature or are obtained in petroleum
29
material heated to volatilization in an
58
processing.
30
electric arc or spark.
59
asphalt cement — see cement, asphalt.
60
asphaltic concrete — see concrete, asphaltic.
10
1
2
3
atmospheric-pressure steam curing — see
curing, atmospheric-pressure steam.
autoclave — a pressure vessel in which an
4
environment of steam at high pressure may
5
be produced; used in the curing of concrete
6
products and in the testing of hydraulic
7
cement.
30
31
autoclave curing — see curing, autoclave.
9
autoclave cycle — see cycle, autoclave.
axle-steel.
32
—B—
33
34
35
36
8
axle-steel reinforcement — see reinforcement,
37
b/bo — see factor, coarse-aggregate (preferred
term).
bacillus, cement — see ettringite (preferred
term).
38
backfill concrete — see concrete, backfill.
39
back form — see form, top (preferred term).
40
back plastering — plaster applied to one face of a
10
autoclaved — see curing, autoclave.
11
autoclaving — see curing, autoclave.
12
autogenous healing — see healing, autogenous.
41
lath system following application and
13
autogenous length change — see length change,
42
subsequent hardening of plaster applied to
43
the opposite face. (See also parge.)
14
15
16
17
autogenous.
autogenous shrinkage — see volume change,
autogenous.
autogenous volume change — see volume
44
back stay — see brace (preferred term).
45
backshores — shores placed snugly under a
46
concrete slab or structural member after the
18
change, autogenous.
47
original formwork and shores have been
19
automatic batcher — see batcher.
48
removed from a small area without
20
auxiliary reinforcement — see reinforcement,
49
allowing the entire slab or member to
50
deflect or support its own mass or existing
51
construction loads.
21
auxiliary.
22
average bond stress — see bond stress, average.
23
average compressive strength — see
24
25
compressive strength, average.
axis, neutral — a line in the plane of a structural
26
member subject to bending where the
27
longitudinal stress is zero.
28
axle load — see load, axle.
29
axle steel — see steel, axle.
52
bacterial corrosion — see corrosion, bacterial.
53
bag (of cement; also sack) — a quantity of
54
portland cement: 94 lb (43 kg) in the
55
United States; for other kinds of cement, a
56
quantity indicated on the bag.
57
balanced load — see load, balanced.
58
balanced moment — moment capacity at
59
simultaneous crushing of concrete and
60
yielding of tension steel.
11
1
balanced reinforcement — an amount and
31
bar, high-bond — see bar, deformed
2
distribution of reinforcement in a flexural
32
3
member such that in working-stress design
33
4
the allowable tensile stress in the steel and
34
end bent into a hook to provide
5
the allowable compressive stress in the
35
anchorage.
6
concrete are attained simultaneously; or
7
such that in strength design, the tensile
8
reinforcement reaches its specified yield
9
strength simultaneously with the concrete
10
in compression reaching its assumed
11
ultimate strain of 0.003.
12
ball mill — see mill, ball.
13
ball test — see test, ball.
14
band iron — thin metal strap used as form tie,
15
16
hanger, etc.
bar — an element, normally composed of steel,
17
with a nominally uniform cross-sectional
18
area used to reinforce concrete.
19
bar, coated — a bar on which a coating
20
has been applied, usually to increase
21
resistance to corrosion.
22
bar, deformed — a reinforcing bar with a
23
manufactured pattern of surface
24
ridges intended to reduce slip and
25
increase pullout resistance of bars
26
embedded in concrete.
27
bar, epoxy-coated —a reinforcing bar
28
coated by an epoxy-resin system,
29
usually to increase resistance to
30
corrosion.
36
(preferred term).
bar, hooked — a reinforcing bar with the
bar, standard hooked — a reinforcing bar
37
with the end bent into a hook to
38
provide anchorage.
39
bar, plain — a reinforcing bar without
40
surface deformations, or one having
41
deformations that do not conform to
42
the applicable requirements.
43
bar, reinforcement — see reinforcement.
44
bar, tie — bar at right angles to and tied to
45
reinforcement to keep it in place.
46
bar bender — a tradesman who cuts and bends
47
steel reinforcement; or a machine for
48
bending steel reinforcement.
49
bar-end check — a check of the ends of
50
reinforcing bars to determine whether they
51
fit the devices intended for connecting the
52
bars. (See also mechanical connection.)
53
bar mat — see mat (1).
54
bar schedule — a list of the reinforcement,
55
showing the shape, number, size, and
56
dimensions of every different element
57
required for a structure or a portion of a
58
structure.
12
1
bar spacing — the distance between parallel
27
bars, stem — bars used in the wall section of a
2
reinforcing bars, measured center to center
28
cantilevered retaining wall or in the webs
3
of the bars perpendicular to their
29
of a box; when a cantilevered retaining wall
4
longitudinal axes.
30
and its footing are considered as an integral
31
unit, the wall is often referred to as the stem
of the unit.
5
bar support — hardware used to support or hold
6
reinforcing bars in proper position to
32
7
prevent displacement before and during
33
8
concreting. (See also bat; bolster, slab.)
34
previously placed and hardened or freshly
35
placed, on which floor topping is placed in
9
barite — a mineral, barium sulfate (BaSO4), used
base — a subfloor slab or “working mat,” either
10
in either pure or impure form as concrete
36
a later operation; also the underlying
11
aggregate primarily for the construction of
37
stratum on which a concrete slab, such as a
12
high-density radiation shielding concrete;
38
pavement, is placed. (See also mud slab
13
designated “barytes” in United Kingdom.
39
and subbase.)
14
barrel (of cement) — a quantity of portland
40
base bead — see base screed (preferred term).
base coat — any plaster coat or coats applied
15
cement: 376 lb (4 bags) in the United States
41
16
(obsolete); also wood or metal container
42
before application of the finish coat.
17
formerly used for shipping cement.
43
base course — a layer of specified select material
18
barrel-vault roof — see roof, barrel-vault.
44
of planned thickness constructed on the
19
barrier, moisture — a vapor barrier.
45
subgrade or subbase of a pavement to serve
20
barrier, vapor — membranes located under
46
one or more functions, such as distributing
47
loads, providing drainage, or minimizing
48
frost action; also the lowest course of
49
masonry in a wall or pier.
21
concrete floor slabs that are placed on
22
grade to retard transmission of water vapor
23
from the subgrade.
24
bars, bundled — a group of not more than four
25
parallel reinforcing bars in contact with
26
each other, usually tied together.
50
base plate — a plate of metal or other material
51
formerly placed under pavement joints and
52
the adjacent slab ends to prevent the
53
infiltration of soil and moisture from the
54
sides or bottom of the joint opening; also a
55
steel plate used to distribute vertical loads,
56
as for bridge beams, building columns, or
57
machinery.
13
1
base screed — a preformed metal screed with
32
batched water — the mixing water added by a
2
perforated or expanded flanges to provide a
33
batcher to a cementitious mixture either
3
guide for thickness and planeness of plaster
34
before or during the initial stages of mixing
4
and to provide a separation between plaster
35
(also called batch water).
5
and other materials.
36
batcher — a device for measuring ingredients for
6
basic creep — see creep, basic.
37
a batch of concrete.
7
basket — see load-transfer assembly (preferred
38
(1) manual batcher — a batcher equipped
39
with gates or valves that are operated
40
manually, with or without supplementary
8
9
term).
bassanite — calcium sulfate hemihydrate,
10
2CaSO4 H2O. (See also hemihydrate and
41
power (pneumatic, hydraulic, or electrical),
11
plaster of paris.)
42
the accuracy of the weighing operation
43
being dependent on the operator’s
44
observation of the scale.
45
(2) semiautomatic batcher — a batcher
46
equipped with gates or valves that are
47
separately opened manually to allow the
48
material to be weighed but that are closed
49
automatically when the designated quantity
50
of each material has been reached.
12
13
14
bat — a broken brick sometimes used to support
reinforcement. (See also bar support.)
batch — 1. quantity of material mixed at one time
15
or in one continuous process; or 2. to weigh
16
or volumetrically measure and introduce
17
into the mixer the ingredients for a quantity
18
of material.
19
batch, trial — a batch of concrete prepared to
20
establish or check proportions of the
21
constituents.
22
batch box — container of known volume used for
23
measuring constituents of a batch of either
24
concrete or mortar in proper proportions.
25
batch mixer — see mixer, batch.
26
batch plant — an installation for batching or for
27
batching and mixing concrete materials.
28
batch weights — the quantities of the various
29
ingredients (cement, water, the several
30
sizes of aggregate, and admixtures if used)
31
that compose a batch of concrete.
14
1
(3) automatic batcher — a batcher equipped
32
batter boards — pairs of horizontal boards nailed
2
with gates or valves that, when actuated by
33
to wooden stakes adjoining an excavation;
3
a single starter switch, will open
34
used as a guide to elevations and to outline
4
automatically at the start of the weighing
35
the building.
5
operation of each material and close
36
batter pile — see pile, batter.
6
automatically when the designated quantity
37
of each material has been reached,
bauxite — a rock composed principally of hydrous
7
8
interlocked in such a manner that: (a) the
9
charging mechanism cannot be opened
38
aluminum oxides; the principal ore of
39
aluminum and a raw material for
40
manufacture of calcium-aluminate cement.
10
until the scale has returned to zero; (b) the
11
charging mechanism cannot be opened if
12
the discharge mechanism is open; (c) the
13
discharge mechanism cannot be opened if
14
the charging mechanism is open; (d) the
15
discharge mechanism cannot be opened
16
until the designated quantity has been
17
reached within the allowable tolerance; and
47
18
(e) if different kinds of aggregates or
48
load and flexure but primarily to flexure;
19
different kinds of cements are measured
49
also the graduated horizontal bar of a
20
cumulatively in a single batcher,
50
weighing scale on which the balancing
21
interlocked sequential controls are
51
poises ride. (See also beam, spandrel;
22
provided.
52
girder; girt; joist; ledger; purlin; and
53
stringer.)
23
batching, cumulative — measuring more than one
41
bay — the space, in plan, between the centerlines
42
of adjacent piers, mullions, or columns; a
43
small, well-defined area of concrete placed
44
at one time in the course of placing large
45
areas, such as floors, pavements, or
46
runways.
beam — a structural member subjected to axial
24
ingredient of a batch in the same container
54
beam, double-tee — a precast-concrete
25
by bringing the batcher scale into balance
55
member composed of two stems
26
at successive total weights as each
56
and a combined top flange,
27
ingredient is accumulated in the container.
57
commonly used as a beam but also
58
used vertically in exterior walls.
28
batten (also batten strip) — a narrow strip of
beam, drop-in — a precast element simply
29
wood placed over the vertical joint of
59
30
sheathing or paneling; also used to hold
60
supported on adjacent cantilevered
31
several boards together. (See also cleat.)
61
elements.
62
63
15
beam, edge — a stiffening beam at the
edge of a slab.
1
beam, grade — a reinforced-concrete
32
beam hanger — a wire, strap, or other hardware
2
beam, usually at ground level, that
33
device that supports formwork from
3
strengthens or stiffens the
34
structural members.
4
foundation or supports overlying
35
beam pocket — opening left in a vertical member
5
construction.
36
in which a beam is to rest; also an opening
37
in the column or girder form where forms
for an intersecting beam will be framed.
6
beam, simple — a beam without rotational
7
restraint or continuity at its
38
8
supports; also known as a simply
39
9
supported beam.
40
10
beam, slender — a beam that, if loaded to
11
failure without lateral bracing of the
12
compression flange, would fail by
13
buckling rather than in flexure.
14
beam, spandrel — a beam in the perimeter
15
of a building, spanning between
16
columns and usually supporting a
17
floor or roof.
18
beam-and-slab floor (roof) — a reinforced-
19
concrete system in which a slab is
20
supported by and is often monolithic with
21
reinforced-concrete beams.
beam bottom — soffit or bottom form for a beam.
23
beam-column — a structural member subjected to
term).
41
beam side — vertical or sloping side of a beam.
42
beam test — a method of measuring the flexural
43
strength (modulus of rupture) of concrete
44
by testing a standard unreinforced beam.
45
46
47
bearing capacity — see allowable bearing
capacity.
bearing stratum — the soil or rock stratum on
48
which a concrete footing or mat bears or
49
that carries the load transferred to it by a
50
concrete pile, caisson, or similar deep
51
foundation unit.
52
22
beam saddle — see beam hanger (preferred
belite — a name used to identify one form of the
53
constituent of portland-cement clinker now
54
known when pure as dicalcium silicate
24
axial load and flexure forces but primarily
55
(2CaO SiO2). (See also alite; celite; and
25
axial load.
56
felite.)
26
beam form — a retainer or mold so erected as to
27
give the necessary shape, support, and
28
finish to a concrete beam.
29
57
belled pier — see pier, belled.
58
bench — see pretensioning bed.
59
bending moment — see moment, bending.
beam form-clamp — any of various types of tying
30
or fastening units used to hold the sides of
31
beam forms.
16
1
bending-moment diagram — a graphical
31
(2) chemical treatment applied to fibers to
2
representation of the variation of bending
32
give integrity to mats, roving, and
3
moment along the length of the member for
33
fabric.
4
a given stationary system of loads.
34
5
beneficiation — improvement of the chemical or
35
attenuate or absorb nuclear radiation, such
biological shielding — shielding provided to
6
physical properties of a raw material or
36
as neutron, proton, alpha and beta particles,
7
intermediate product by the removal or
37
and gamma radiation; the shielding is
8
modification of undesirable components or
38
provided mainly by the density of the
9
impurities.
39
concrete, except that in the case of neutrons
40
the attenuation is achieved by compounds
10
bent, pile — two or more piles driven in a row
11
transverse to the long dimension of the
41
of some of the lighter elements (for
12
structure and fastened together by capping
42
example, hydrogen and boron). (See also
13
and (sometimes) bracing.
43
concrete, shielding.)
14
bent bar — a reinforcing bar bent to a prescribed
44
bituminous cement — see cement, bituminous.
15
shape. (See also hook; bar, hooked;
45
Blaine apparatus — air-permeability apparatus
16
stirrup; and tie.)
46
for measuring the surface area of a finely
47
ground cement, raw material, or other
product. See ASTM C 204.
17
bentonite — a clay composed principally of
18
minerals of the montmorillonoid group,
48
19
characterized by high adsorption and very
49
20
large volume change with wetting or
50
materials such as cement and pozzolans,
21
drying.
51
expressed as surface area per unit mass
52
usually in square meters per kilogram,
22
Berliner — a type of terrazzo topping using small
Blaine fineness — the fineness of powdered
23
and large pieces of marble paving, usually
53
determined by the Blaine apparatus. (See
24
with a standard terrazzo matrix between
54
also surface, specific.)
25
pieces, also called Palladiana.
55
Blaine test — see test, Blaine.
blanket, curing — a covering of sacks, matting,
26
billet steel — see steel, billet.
56
27
binary mixture — see mixture, binary.
57
burlap, straw, waterproof paper, or other
28
binder —
58
suitable material placed over freshly
59
finished concrete. (See also burlap.)
29
(1) material forming the matrix of
30
concretes, mortars, and sanded grouts; or
17
1
blast-furnace slag — the nonmetallic product
33
bleeding capacity — the ratio of volume of water
2
consisting essentially of silicates and
34
released by bleeding to the volume of paste
3
aluminosilicates of calcium and other bases
35
or mortar.
4
that develops in a molten condition
36
5
simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace.
37
released from a paste or mortar by
6
(1) blast-furnace slag, air-cooled — the
38
bleeding.
bleeding rate — the rate at which water is
7
material resulting from
39
8
solidification of molten blast-
40
visible variation from a consistently smooth
9
furnace slag under atmospheric
41
and uniformly colored surface of hardened
10
conditions; subsequent cooling may
42
concrete. (See also bug holes;
11
be accelerated by application of
43
efflorescence; honeycomb; joint, lift;
12
water to the solidified surface;
44
laitance; popout; rock pocket; sand
45
streak.)
13
(2) blast-furnace slag, expanded — the
14
low density, cellular material
15
obtained by controlled processing of
16
molten blast-furnace slag with
17
water, or water and other agents,
18
such as steam, compressed air, or
19
both;
20
(3) blast-furnace slag, granulated — the
21
glassy, granular material formed
22
when molten blast-furnace slag is
23
rapidly chilled, as by immersion in
24
water; and
25
(4) blast-furnace slag, ground-granulated
— obsolete term; see cement, slag.
26
blemish — any superficial defect that causes
46
blended cement — see cement, blended.
47
blinding — the application of a layer of lean
48
concrete or other suitable material to reduce
49
surface voids or to provide a clean, dry
50
working surface; also the filling or
51
plugging of the openings in a screen or
52
sieve by the material being separated. (See
53
concrete, lean.)
54
blistering — the irregular raising of a thin layer at
55
the surface of a placed cementitious
56
mixture during or soon after completion of
57
the finishing operation, or, in the case of
58
pipe, after spinning; also bulging of a finish
27
bleed — to undergo bleeding. (See bleeding.)
59
coat as it separates and draws away from a
28
bleeding — the autogenous flow of mixing water
60
base coat.
29
within, or its emergence from, a newly
61
30
placed cementitious mixture caused by the
62
31
settlement of solid materials within the
63
32
mass.
64
18
bloated — swollen, as in certain lightweight
aggregates as a result of processing.
block, concrete — a concrete masonry unit,
usually containing hollow cores.
1
block, end — an enlarged end section of a member
33
bolster, slab — continuous wire bar support used
2
intended to reduce anchorage stresses to
34
to support bars in the bottom of slabs; top
3
allowable values and provide space needed
35
wire is corrugated at 1 in. centers to hold
4
for post-tensioning anchorages.
36
bars in position. (See also bar support.)
5
block, wood — a solid piece of wood used in
37
bolt, anchor — a metal bolt or stud, headed or
6
concrete formwork to fill space or prevent
38
threaded, either cast in place, grouted in
7
movement of the formwork.
39
place, or drilled into finished concrete, used
40
to hold various structural members or
individual blocks that are joined together
41
embedments in the concrete, and to resist
10
by prestressing. (See also member,
42
shear, tension, and vibration loadings from
11
segmental.)
43
various sources, such as wind and machine
44
vibration; known also as a hold-down bolt
45
or a foundation bolt.
8
9
12
block beam — a flexural member composed of
blockout — a space within a concrete structure
13
under construction in which fresh concrete
14
is not to be placed, called core in United
46
bolt, foundation — see bolt, anchor.
15
Kingdom.
47
bolt, hold-down — anchor bolt provided near the
48
ends of shear walls for transferring
49
boundary-member loads from the shear
50
wall to the foundation. (See also bolt,
51
anchor.)
16
17
18
blowholes — see surface air voids (preferred
term).
blowpipe — a long pipe used to direct a
19
compressed air stream that cleans a rock
20
face or removes possible entrapped
52
21
shotcrete rebound while placing shotcrete.
53
which the end fastenings are threaded into
54
the end of the bolt, thus eliminating cones
55
and reducing the size of holes left in the
56
concrete surface.
22
blowup — the raising of two concrete slabs off the
bolt, she — a type of form tie and spreader bolt in
23
subgrade where they meet as a result of
24
greater expansion than the joint between
25
them will accommodate; typically occurs
57
26
only in unusually hot weather where joints
58
concrete wall to prevent concrete from
27
have become filled with incompressible
59
adhering to the bolt and acting as a spreader
28
material; often results in cracks on both
60
for the formwork.
29
sides of the joint and parallel to it.
30
board butt joint — construction joint in shotcrete
31
formed by sloping the sprayed surface to a
32
1 in. (25 mm) board laid flat.
19
bolt sleeve — a tube surrounding a bolt in a
1
bond — (1) adhesion of concrete or mortar to
33
2
reinforcement or other surfaces against
34
created when a plastic cementitious
3
which it is placed, including friction due to
35
mixture is placed and hardens to
4
shrinkage and longitudinal shear in the
36
conform with the surface texture of
5
concrete engaged by the bar deformations;
37
the existing solid material.
6
(2) adhesion of cement paste to aggregate;
38
7
(3) adhesion or cohesion between plaster
39
bond stress resulting from the
8
coats or between plaster and a substrate
40
transfer of stress from the tendon to
9
produced by adhesive or cohesive
41
the concrete.
42
bond area — the nominal area of interface
43
between two elements across which
44
adhesion develops or may develop, as
45
between cement paste and aggregate.
46
bond breaker — a material used to prevent
10
properties of plaster or supplemental
11
materials; (4) patterns formed by the
12
exposed faces of masonry units, for
13
example, running bond or flemish bond.
14
bond, ceramic — the development of fired
bond, mechanical —physical interlock
bond, transfer — in pretensioning, the
15
strength as a result of thermo-
16
chemical reactions between
17
materials exposed to temperatures
18
approaching the fusion point of the
19
mixture such as that which may
20
occur, under these conditions,
21
between calcium-aluminate cement
52
bond plaster — a specially formulated gypsum
22
and a refractory aggregate.
53
plaster designed as first-coat application
54
over monolithic concrete.
23
bond, chemical — bond between materials
47
adhesion of newly placed concrete to the
48
substrate. (See also oil, form and agent,
49
release.)
50
51
bond length — see length, development
(preferred term).
bond prevention — measures taken to prevent
24
that is the result of cohesion and
55
25
adhesion developed by chemical
56
adhesion of concrete or mortar to surfaces
26
reaction.
57
against which it is placed.
27
bond, flexural stress — in structural-
58
bond strength — see strength, bond.
bond stress — see stress, bond.
28
concrete members, the stress
59
29
between the concrete and the
60
30
reinforcing element that results
61
divided by the product of the
31
from the application of external
62
perimeter and the development
32
load.
63
length of the bar.
20
bond stress, average — the force in a bar
1
bond stress, development — see stress,
29
brace — a structural member used to provide
2
anchorage bond (preferred term).
30
lateral support for another member,
3
bonded hollow-wall masonry — see masonry,
31
generally for the purpose of ensuring
32
stability or resisting lateral loads.
4
5
bonded hollow-wall.
bonded member — a prestressed-concrete
33
bracing — see brace (preferred term).
bracket —
6
member in which the tendons are bonded to
34
7
the concrete either directly or through
35
(1) an overhanging member projecting
8
grouting.
36
from a wall or other body to support weight
37
acting outside the wall or a similar piece to
38
strengthen an angle; and
9
10
bonded post-tensioning — see post-tensioning,
bonded.
11
bonded tendon — see tendon, bonded.
39
(2) formed shapes of channel or pencil rod
12
bonder — a masonry unit that ties two or more
40
used as structural reinforcement in erecting
furred assemblies. (See also corbel.)
13
wythes (leaves) of a wall together by
41
14
overlapping. (See also header and wythe
42
15
(leaf).)
43
silicate (2CaO SiO2), occurring naturally
44
at Scawt Hill, northern Ireland; and at the
45
Isle of Muck, Scotland; also in slags and
46
portland cement.
16
bonding agent — see agent, bonding.
17
bonding layer — see layer, bonding.
18
bored pile — see pier, drilled.
19
boring — the removal by drilling of rock; a
20
21
sample of soil or concrete for tests.
boron frits — clear, colorless, synthetic glass
22
produced by fusion and quenching,
23
containing boron. (See also concrete,
24
boron-loaded.)
25
26
27
28
boron-loaded concrete — see concrete, boronloaded.
box out — to form an opening in concrete by a
box-like form.
47
bredigite — a mineral, alpha prime dicalcium
breeze — usually clinker; also fine divided
48
material from coke production.
49
brick, calcium-silicate — a concrete product
50
made principally from sand and lime that is
51
hardened by autoclave curing.
52
53
54
brick, concrete — solid concrete masonry units of
relatively small prescribed dimensions.
brick, rubbing — a silicon-carbide brick used to
55
smooth and remove irregularities from
56
surfaces of hardened concrete.
57
58
21
brick, sand-lime — see brick, calcium-silicate
(preferred term).
1
brick seat — ledge on wall or footing to support a
31
buckling — failure by lateral or torsional
2
course of masonry.
32
instability of a structural member,
3
bridge deck — see deck, bridge.
33
occurring with stresses below the yield or
4
briquette (also briquet) — a molded specimen of
34
ultimate values.
bug holes — see surface air voids (preferred
5
mortar with enlarged extremities and
35
6
reduced center having a cross section of
36
7
definite area, used for measurement of
37
8
tensile strength.
38
usually rubber-tired, for transporting small
term).
buggy — a two-wheeled hand or motor-driven cart
9
broadcast — to toss granular material, such as
39
quantities of concrete from hoppers or
10
sand, over a horizontal surface so that a
40
mixers to forms; sometimes called a
11
thin, uniform layer is obtained.
41
concrete cart.
12
broom finish — see finish, broom.
13
brown coat — see coat, brown.
14
brown out — to complete application of base coat
15
plaster.
16
brown oxide — see oxide, brown.
17
brownmillerite — a ternary compound originally
18
regarded as 4CaO Al2O Fe2O3 (C4AF)
19
occurring in portland and calcium-
20
aluminate cement; now used to refer to a
21
series of solid solutions between
22
23
24
42
building official — the official charged with
43
administration and enforcement of the
44
applicable building code, the duly
45
authorized representative of the official.
46
build-up — spraying of shotcrete in successive
47
layers to form a thicker mass; also the
48
accumulation of residual hardened concrete
49
in a mixer.
50
bulk cement — see cement, bulk.
51
bulk density — see density, bulk.
2CaO Fe2O3 (C2F) and 2CaO Al2O3
52
bulk loading — see loading, bulk.
(C2A).
53
bulk modulus — see modulus, bulk.
54
bulk specific gravity — see specific gravity,
brucite — a mineral having the composition
25
magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, and a
55
26
specific crystal structure.
56
27
brushed surface — see surface, brushed.
57
28
buck — framing around an opening in a wall; a
58
29
door buck encloses the opening in which a
30
door is placed.
22
absolute and density, bulk.
bulk specific gravity (saturated-surface dry) —
see specific gravity, absolute.
bulkhead —
1
(1) a partition in formwork blocking fresh
32
bush-hammer finish — see finish, bush-
2
concrete from a section of the form, or a
33
3
partition closing a section of the form, such
34
butt joint — see joint, butt.
4
as at a construction joint; or
35
butter — to spread mortar on a masonry unit with
5
(2) a partition in a storage tank or bin, as
36
a trowel; also the process by which the
6
for cement or aggregate.
37
interior of a concrete mixer, transportation
hammer.
7
bulking — increase in the volume occupied by a
38
unit, or other item coming in contact with
8
quantity of sand in a moist condition over
39
fresh concrete is provided with a mortar
9
the volume of the same quantity dry or
40
coating so that fresh concrete coming in
completely inundated.
41
contact with it will not be depleted of
mortar.
10
11
bulking curve — graph of change in volume of a
42
12
quantity of sand due to change in moisture
43
13
content.
44
buttress — a projecting structure to support either
a wall or a building.
14
bulking factor — see factor, bulking.
45
15
bull float — see float, bull.
46
odorless material (C17 H35 COOC4 H9) used
16
bundled bars — see bars, bundled.
47
as an admixture for concrete to provide
burlap — a coarse fabric of jute, hemp, or less
48
dampproofing.
17
49
18
commonly flax, for use as a water-retaining
19
covering in curing concrete surfaces; also
50
20
called Hessian.
51
21
22
burnishing—
23
(1) to hard trowel the surface of concrete or
24
plaster up to final set; and
25
(2) to otherwise produce a very smooth
26
surface.
27
bush-hammer — a hammer having a serrated
28
face, as rows of pyramidal points used to
29
roughen or dress a surface; to finish a
30
concrete surface by application of a bush-
31
hammer.
butyl stearate — a colorless, oily, and practically
—C—
cabinet, moist — an upright and compartmented
52
case having doors and shelves of moderate
53
dimensions for storing and curing small test
54
specimens of cement paste, mortar, and
55
concrete in an atmosphere of about 73 F
56
(23 C) temperature and at least 95 %
57
relative humidity. (See also moist room.)
58
cable — see tendon (preferred term).
59
cage — a rigid assembly of reinforcement ready
60
23
for placing in position.
1
caisson — part of a foundation, a watertight
30
calcium chloride, hydrous (CaCl2·2H2O) — a
2
chamber used in construction underwater,
31
solid, usually 77 % calcium chloride, in
3
or a hollow floating box used as a floodgate
32
flake form.
4
for a dock or basin.
33
calcium chloride solution — an aqueous solution
5
caisson pile — see pile, caisson.
34
of calcium chloride (usually at a specified
6
calcareous — containing calcium carbonate or,
35
concentration so that a given amount can be
7
less generally, containing the element
36
gauged to provide a specific concentration)
8
calcium.
37
usually expressed as a percent calcium
38
chloride by mass of portland cement.
9
10
11
calcine — to alter composition or physical state by
heating below the temperature of fusion.
calcite — a mineral having the composition
39
calcium hydroxide — see lime, hydrated.
40
calcium stearate — Ca(C18H35O2)2, commonly
12
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and a specific
41
marketed in powder form, insoluble in
13
crystal structure; the principal constituent
42
water, used as a water repellent admixture
14
of limestone, chalk, and marble; a major
43
in concrete.
15
constituent in the manufacture of portland
44
16
cement.
45
17
calcium — a silver-white metallic element of the
46
18
alkaline-earth group occurring naturally
47
19
only in combination with other elements.
48
20
21
calcium-aluminate cement — see cement,
calcium-aluminate.
calcium-silicate brick — see brick, calciumsilicate.
calcium-silicate hydrate — see hydrate,
calcium-silicate.
caliche — gravel, sand, and desert debris
49
cemented by calcium carbonate or other
50
salts.
22
calcium chloride — a crystalline solid, CaCl2; in
51
California bearing ratio (CBR) — the ratio of the
23
various technical grades, used as a drying
52
force per unit area required to penetrate a
24
agent, as an accelerator of concrete, as a
53
soil mass with a 3 in.2 (1940 mm2) circular
25
deicing chemical, and for other purposes.
54
piston at the rate of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) per
26
(See also admixture, accelerating.)
55
min to the force required for corresponding
27
calcium chloride, anhydrous (CaCl2) — a solid,
56
penetration of a standard material; the ratio
28
usually 94 % calcium chloride, typically in
57
is usually determined at 0.1 in. (2.5 mm)
29
pellet form.
58
penetration.
24
1
calorimeter — an instrument for measuring heat
33
capillarity — the movement of a liquid in the
2
exchange during a chemical reaction, such
34
interstices of concrete, soil, or other finely
3
as the quantity of heat liberated by the
35
porous material due to surface tension. (See
4
combustion of a fuel or hydration of a
36
also flow, capillary.)
5
cement.
37
capillary flow — see flow, capillary.
38
capillary space — see space, capillary.
39
cap, pile —
6
camber — a deflection that is intentionally built
7
into a structural element or form to improve
8
appearance or to nullify the deflection of
9
the element under the effects of loads,
10
11
shrinkage, and creep.
canister-type anchor bolt — anchorage assembly
12
that includes a sleeve, a threaded rod, and
13
means of removing the rod and adjusting
14
rod location, projection, and tension.
40
(1) a structural member that is placed on
41
top of a group of piles and used to transmit
42
loads from the structure through the pile
43
group into the soil; the piles may be
44
connected to the cap with reinforcement to
45
resist uplift or with reinforcement to resist
46
moment so as to form a bent; also known as
15
cant strip — see strip, chamfer (preferred term).
47
a rider cap or girder; also a masonry,
16
cap — a smooth, plane surface of suitable material
48
timber, or concrete footing resting on a
17
bonded to the bearing surfaces of test
49
group of piles; and
18
specimens to distribute the load during
50
(2) a metal cap or helmet temporarily fitted
19
strength testing.
51
over the head of a precast pile to protect it
52
during driving; some form of shockabsorbing material is often incorporated.
20
cap cables — short cables (tendons) introduced to
21
prestress the zone of negative moment
53
22
only.
54
cap, rider — see cap, pile (preferred term).
55
carbon black — a finely divided form of carbon
23
capacity — a measure of the rated volume of a
24
particular concrete mixer or agitator,
56
produced by the combustion or partial
25
usually limited by specifications to a
57
decomposition of hydrocarbon, used as an
26
maximum percentage of total gross
58
admixture to color concrete.
27
volume; also the output of concrete,
28
aggregate, or other product per unit of time
29
(as plant capacity or screen capacity); also
30
load-carrying limit of a structure.
31
32
capacity-reduction factor — see strengthreduction factor (preferred term).
25
1
carbonation — reaction between carbon dioxide
29
2
and a hydroxide or oxide to form a
30
protection wherein one metal is caused to
3
carbonate, especially in cement paste,
31
corrode in preference to another, thereby
4
mortar, or concrete; the reaction with
32
protecting the latter from corrosion.
5
calcium compounds to produce calcium
33
caulk — to place a material in a crack or joint with
6
carbonate.
34
the intent of retarding entry of dirt or water.
35
(See also filler, joint or sealant, joint.)
7
8
9
carbonation shrinkage — see shrinkage,
carbonation.
cast-in-place — referring to a cementitious
cathodic protection — the form of corrosion
36
cavitation damage — see damage, cavitation.
37
celite — a name used to identify the calcium
10
mixture that is deposited in the place where
38
aluminoferrite constituent of portland
11
it is required to harden as part of the
39
cement. (See also alite, belite, felite, and
12
structure, as opposed to precast concrete.
40
brownmillerite.)
13
cast-in-place concrete — see concrete, cast-in-
41
cellular concrete — see concrete, cellular.
42
cellular construction — see construction,
14
place.
15
cast-in-place pile — see pile, cast-in-place.
43
16
cast-in-situ — see cast-in-place (preferred term).
44
17
cast stone — see stone, cast.
45
capable of binding aggregate particles
18
castable refractory — see refractory, castable.
46
together. (See also cement, hydraulic.)
19
catalyst, negative — a substance that slows a
47
cement, air-entraining hydraulic —
cellular.
cement — any of a number of materials that are
20
chemical reaction and which, itself, does
48
hydraulic cement containing
21
not enter into the reaction; inhibitor.
49
sufficient amounts of air-entraining
50
agent to produce a cementitious
51
mixture containing entrained air
52
within specified limits.
22
catface — blemish or rough depression in the
23
finish plaster coat caused by variations in
24
the base coat thickness.
25
cathead — a notched wedge placed between two
26
formwork members meeting at an oblique
27
angle; a spindle on a hoist; the large, round
28
retention nut used on she bolts.
53
cement, aluminous — see cement,
54
calcium-aluminate (preferred
55
term).
56
cement, asphalt — asphalt that is refined
57
to meet specifications for use in the
58
manufacture of bituminous
59
pavements.
26
1
cement, bituminous — a black solid,
32
cement, chemically prestressing — a type
2
semisolid, or liquid substance at
33
of expansive cement containing a
3
natural air temperatures and
34
higher percentage of expansive
4
appreciably soluble only in carbon
35
component than a shrinkage-
5
disulfide or some volatile liquid
36
compensating cement, when used in
6
hydrocarbon, being composed of
37
concretes with adequate internal or
7
mixed indeterminate hydrocarbons
38
external restraint, that will expand
8
mined from natural deposits,
39
sufficiently, due to chemical
9
produced as a residue in the
40
reactions within the matrix, to
10
distillation of petroleum, or
41
develop the stresses necessary for
11
obtained by the destructive
42
prestressing the concrete. (See also
12
distillation of coal or wood.
43
cement, expansive.)
cement, expanding — see cement,
13
cement, blended — a hydraulic cement
44
14
essentially consisting of portland
45
expansive (preferred term).
15
cement, slag cement, or both,
46
cement, expansive — a cement that, when
16
uniformly mixed with each other or
47
mixed with water, produces a paste
17
a pozzolan through intergrinding or
48
that, after setting, increases in
18
blending.
49
volume to a significantly greater
50
degree than does portland-cement
19
cement, bulk — cement that is transported
20
and delivered in bulk (usually in
51
paste; used to compensate for
21
specially constructed vehicles)
52
volume decrease due to shrinkage
22
instead of in bags.
53
or to induce tensile stress in
54
reinforcement (post-tensioning).
23
cement, calcium-aluminate — the product
24
obtained by pulverizing clinker
25
consisting essentially of hydraulic
26
calcium aluminates resulting from
27
fusing or sintering a suitably
28
proportioned mixture of aluminous
29
and calcareous materials; called
30
high-alumina cement in the United
31
Kingdom.
27
1
1. cement, expansive, Type K — a
33
cement, high-fineness — a hydraulic
2
mixture of portland cement,
34
cement of substantially higher
3
anhydrous tetracalcium trialuminate
35
specific surface and substantially
4
sulfate (C4A3S), calcium sulfate
36
smaller mean particle diameter than
5
(CaSO4), and lime (CaO); the
37
typical for products of similar
6
C4A3S is a constituent of a
38
composition, produced by
7
separately burned clinker that is
39
additional grinding or by separation
8
interground with portland cement or
40
by particle size.
9
alternately, it may be formed
41
10
simultaneously with the portland-
42
cement that has not had an
11
cement clinker compounds during
43
opportunity to cool after burning
12
the burning process;
44
and grinding of the component
13
2. cement, expansive, Type M —
45
materials.
14
interground or blended mixtures of
46
cement, hydraulic — a binding material
15
portland cement, calcium-aluminate
47
that sets and hardens by chemical
16
cement, and calcium sulfate suitably
48
reaction with water and is capable
17
proportioned; and
49
of doing so underwater. For
18
3. cement, expansive, Type S — a
50
example, portland cement and slag
19
portland cement containing a high
51
cement are hydraulic cements.
20
computed tricalcium aluminate
52
cement, hydrophobic — unhydrated
21
(C3A) content and an amount of
53
cement treated so as to have
22
calcium sulfate above the usual
54
reduced tendency to take up
23
amount found in portland cement
55
moisture.
24
cement, high-alumina — see cement,
56
cement, hot — newly manufactured
cement, Keene’s — a cement composed of
25
calcium-aluminate (preferred
57
finely ground, anhydrous, calcined
26
term).
58
gypsum, the set of which is
59
accelerated by the addition of other
60
materials.
27
cement, high-early-strength — portland
28
cement characterized by attaining a
29
given level of strength in mortar or
30
concrete earlier than does normal
31
portland cement; referred to in the
32
United States as Type III.
28
1
cement, low-alkali — a portland cement
31
cement, modified — a portland cement for
2
that contains a relatively small
32
use when either moderate heat of
3
amount of sodium or potassium or
33
hydration, moderate sulfate
4
both; in the United States a portland
34
resistance, or both, is desired, now
5
cement containing not more than
35
referred to as Type II (an obsolete
6
0.60 % Na2O equivalent, that is,
36
term).
7
percent Na2O + 0.658 x percent
37
cement, natural — a hydraulic cement
8
K2O.
38
produced by calcining an
9
cement, low-heat — a portland cement for
39
argillaceous limestone at a
10
use when a low heat of hydration is
40
temperature below the sintering
11
desired, referred to in United States
41
point and then grinding to a fine
12
as Type IV.
42
powder.
13
cement, masonry — a hydraulic cement
43
cement, nonstaining — a masonry cement
14
used for masonry and plastering
44
that contains not more than a
15
construction, containing one or
45
stipulated amount of water-soluble
16
more of the following materials:
46
alkali as measured by a stipulated
17
portland cement, slag cement,
47
test method.
18
portland-pozzolan cement, natural
48
19
cement, slag cement, or hydraulic
49
portland cement, referred to in the
20
lime; and, in addition, usually
50
United States as Type I.
21
containing one or more materials
22
such as hydrated lime, limestone,
23
chalk, calcareous shell, talc, slag, or
24
clay as prepared for this purpose.
25
cement, moderate sulfate-resisting — a
51
cement, normal — general purpose
cement, oil-well — hydraulic cement
52
suitable for use under high pressure
53
and temperature in sealing water
54
and gas pockets and setting casing
55
during the drilling and repair of
26
portland cement for use when either
56
wells; often contains retarders to
27
moderate sulfate resistance or
57
meet the requirements of use.
28
moderate heat of hydration or both
29
is desired, now referred to as Type
30
II.
29
1
cement, ordinary portland — the term
32
2
used in the United Kingdom and
33
cement consisting of an intimate
3
elsewhere to designate the
34
and uniform blend of portland
4
equivalent of American normal
35
cement or portland blast-furnace
5
portland cement or Type I cement;
36
slag cement and fine pozzolan
6
commonly abbreviated OPC.
37
produced by intergrinding portland-
38
cement clinker and pozzolan, by
7
cement, plastic — a cement manufactured
cement, portland-pozzolan — a hydraulic
8
for plaster and stucco applications
39
blending portland cement or
9
consisting of a blend of cement and
40
portland blast-furnace slag cement
10
lime that may include pozzolans,
41
and finely divided pozzolan, or a
11
fillers, or additives to increase
42
combination of intergrinding and
12
plasticity, workability, and crack
43
blending, in which the pozzolan
13
resistance of the cement and the
44
constituent is within specified
14
plaster.
45
limits.
15
cement, portland — a hydraulic cement
46
cement, regulated-set — a hydraulic
16
produced by pulverizing clinker
47
cement containing fluorine-
17
formed by heating a mixture,
48
substituted calcium aluminate,
18
usually of limestone and clay, to
49
capable of very rapid setting.
19
1400 to 1600 °C (2550 to 2900 °F).
50
20
Calcium sulfate is usually ground
51
hydraulic cement made by calcining
21
with the clinker to control set.
52
a natural mixture of calcium
53
carbonate and clay, such as
22
cement, portland blast-furnace slag — a
cement, Roman — a misnomer for a
23
hydraulic cement consisting of an
54
argillaceous limestone, to a
24
intimately interground mixture of
55
temperature below that required to
25
portland-cement clinker and
56
sinter the material but high enough
26
granulated blast-furnace slag or an
57
to decompose the calcium
27
intimate and uniform blend of
58
carbonate, followed by grinding; so
28
portland cement and fine granulated
59
named because its brownish color
29
blast-furnace slag in which the
60
resembles ancient Roman cements
30
amount of the slag constituent is
61
produced by use of lime-pozzolan
31
within specified limits.
62
mixtures.
30
1
2
3
4
5
cement, self-stressing — see cement,
expansive.
cement, shrinkage-compensating — see
cement, expansive.
cement, slag — granulated blast-furnace
6
slag that has been finely ground and
7
that is hydraulic cement.
8
cement, sticky — finished cement that
26
27
cement made by intimately
28
intergrinding a mixture of
29
granulated blast-furnace slag,
30
calcium sulfate, and a small amount
31
of lime, portland cement, or
32
portland cement clinker; so named
33
because the equivalent content of
34
sulfate exceeds that for portland
35
blast-furnace slag cement.
9
develops low or zero flowability
10
during or after storage in silos, or
11
after transportation in bulk
12
containers, hopper-bottom cars, etc.;
13
may be caused by: (a) interlocking
14
of particles; (b) mechanical
15
compaction; (c) electrostatic
16
attraction between particles. (See
41
17
also set, warehouse.)
42
18
cement, sulfate-resistant — portland
cement, supersulfated — a hydraulic
36
cement, white — portland cement that
37
hydrates to a white paste; made
38
from raw materials of low iron
39
content, the clinker for which is
40
fired by a reducing flame.
cement-aggregate ratio — see ratio, aggregatecement.
43
cement bacillus — see ettringite (preferred term).
cement-bound macadam — see macadam,
19
cement, low in tricalcium
44
20
aluminate, to reduce susceptibility
45
21
of concrete to attack by dissolved
46
22
sulfates in water or soils, designated
47
in a concrete, mortar, or grout preferably
23
Type V in the United States.
48
expressed as mass per unit volume of
49
concrete, mortar, or grout.
24
25
cement, sulfoaluminate — see cement,
expansive, Type K.
50
51
cement-bound.
cement content — quantity of cement contained
cement factor — see cement content (preferred
term).
52
cement gel — see gel, cement.
53
cement gun — see gun, cement.
54
cement kiln — see kiln, cement.
55
cement paint — see paint, cement.
31
1
cement paste — binder of concrete and mortar
31
2
consisting essentially of cement, water,
32
3
hydration products, and any admixtures
33
central mixer — see mixer, central.
4
together with very finely divided materials
34
5
included in the aggregates. (See also
centrifugally cast concrete — see concrete,
6
cement paste, neat).
7
35
central-mixed concrete — see concrete, centralmixed.
centrifugally cast.
36
centrifugal process — see process, centrifugal.
37
ceramic bond — see bond, ceramic.
cement paste, neat — a plastic mixture of
8
hydraulic cement and water both before and
9
after setting and hardening.
38
chair — see bar support (preferred term), bat.
10
cement plaster — see plaster and stucco.
39
chalk — a soft limestone composed chiefly of the
11
cement rock — natural impure limestone that
40
calcareous remains of marine organisms.
chalking — formation of a loose powder resulting
12
contains the ingredients for production of
41
13
portland cement in approximately the
42
from the disintegration of the surface of
14
required proportions.
43
concrete or of applied coating, such as
44
cement paint.
15
cementation process — the process of injecting
chamfer — either a beveled edge or corner formed
16
cement grout under pressure into certain
45
17
types of ground (for example, gravel,
46
in concrete work by means of a chamfer
18
fractured rock) to solidify it.
47
strip.
19
cementitious — having cementing properties.
48
chamfer strip — see strip, chamfer.
20
cementitious material — see material,
49
charge — to introduce, feed, or load materials into
21
22
cementitious.
cementitious mixture — a mixture (mortar,
23
concrete, or grout) containing hydraulic
24
cement.
25
centering — falsework used in the construction of
50
a concrete or mortar mixer, furnace, or
51
other container or receptacle where they
52
will be further treated or processed.
53
checking — development of shallow cracks at
54
closely spaced but irregular intervals on the
55
surface of plaster, cement paste, mortar, or
56
concrete. (See also cracks and crazing.)
26
arches, shells, space structures, or any
27
continuous structure where the entire
28
falsework is lowered (struck or decentered)
57
chemical bond — see bond, chemical.
29
as a unit. (See also falsework and
58
chemically prestressing cement — see cement,
30
formwork.)
59
32
chemically prestressing.
1
chemically prestressing concrete — see
26
clay — natural mineral material having plastic
2
concrete, chemically prestressing.
27
properties and composed of very fine
3
chert — a very fine-grained siliceous rock
28
particles; the clay mineral fraction of a soil
4
characterized by hardness and conchoidal
29
is usually considered to be the portion
5
fracture in dense varieties, the fracture
30
consisting of particles finer than 2
6
becoming splintery and the hardness
31
clay minerals are essentially hydrous
7
decreasing in porous varieties, and in a
32
aluminum silicates or occasionally hydrous
8
variety of colors; it is composed of silica in
33
magnesium silicates.
9
the form of chalcedony, cryptocrystalline or
34
10
microcrystalline quartz, or opal, or
35
that has as the essential constituent hydrous
11
combinations of any of these minerals.
36
silicates of aluminum with or without free
12
chipping — treatment of a hardened concrete
37
silica, plastic when sufficiently pulverized
38
and wetted, rigid when subsequently dried,
39
and of suitable refractoriness for use in
40
commercial refractory products.
13
14
surface by chiseling.
chips — broken fragments of marble or other
15
mineral aggregate screened to specified
16
sizes.
17
chord modulus — see modulus of elasticity.
18
chute — a sloping trough or tube for conducting
19
concrete, cement, aggregate, or other free
20
flowing materials from a higher to a lower
21
point.
22
clamp — see coupler (preferred term).
23
class (of concrete) — an arbitrary characterization
24
of concrete of various qualities or usages,
25
usually by compressive strength.
41
m;
clay, fire — an earthy or stony mineral aggregate
clay content — mass fraction of clay of a
42
heterogeneous material, such as a soil or a
43
natural concrete aggregate or crushed stone.
44
cleanout — an opening in the forms for removal
45
of refuse, to be closed before the concrete
46
is placed; a port in tanks, bins, or other
47
receptacles for inspection and cleaning.
48
cleanup — treatment of horizontal construction
49
joints to remove surface material and
50
contamination down to a condition of
51
soundness corresponding to that of a
52
freshly broken surface of hardened
53
concrete.
54
cleat — small board used to connect formwork
55
members or used as a brace. (See also
56
batten.)
57
33
climbing form — see form, climbing.
1
clinker — a partially fused product of a kiln,
32
coat, finish —
2
which is ground to make cement; also other
33
(1) final thin coat of shotcrete in
3
vitrified or burnt material. (See also
34
preparation for hand finishing; and
4
clinker, portand-cement.)
35
(2) final exposed coat of plaster or
36
stucco.
5
clinker, portland-cement — a partially fused
6
ceramic material consisting primarily of
7
hydraulic calcium silicates and calcium
8
aluminates. (See also clinker.)
9
clip — wire or sheet-metal device used to attach
10
various types of lath to supports or to
11
secure adjacent lath sheets.
12
13
closed-circuit grouting — see grouting, closedcircuit.
37
coat, flash — a light coat of shotcrete used
38
to cover minor blemishes on a
39
concrete surface.
40
coat, scratch — the first coat of plaster or
41
stucco applied to a surface in three-
42
coat work; usually cross-raked or
43
scratched to form a mechanical key
44
with the brown coat.
14
coarse aggregate — see aggregate, coarse.
45
coated bar — see bar, coated.
15
coarse-aggregate factor — see factor, coarse-
46
coating —
16
aggregate.
47
(a) (on concrete) — material applied to a
17
coarse-grained soil — see soil, coarse-grained.
48
surface by brushing, dipping, mopping,
18
coat — a film or layer as of paint or plaster applied
49
spraying, troweling, etc., to preserve,
19
in a single operation.
50
protect, decorate, seal, or smooth the
20
coat, brown — the leveling coat of plaster,
51
substrate;
21
either the second coat of plaster in a
52
(b) (on aggregate particles) — foreign or
22
three-coat application or the entire
53
deleterious substances found adhering to
23
base coat of plaster in a two-coat
54
the aggregate particles; or
24
application.
55
(c) (on architectural concrete) — material
56
used to protect a concrete surface from
25
coat, dash-bond — a thick slurry of
26
portland cement, sand, and water
57
atmospheric contaminants and those that
27
flicked on surfaces with a paddle or
58
penetrate slightly and leave a visible clear
28
brush to provide a base for
59
or pigmented film on the surface. (See also
29
subsequent portland cement plaster
60
sealer.)
30
coats; sometimes used as a final
31
finish on plaster.
34
1
coating, polysulfide — a protective-
25
2
coating system prepared by polymerizing a
26
load per unit area of horizontal surface of a
3
chlorinated alkyl polyether with an
27
mass of soil, to (2) corresponding
4
inorganic polysulfide.
28
settlement of the surface; determined as the
5
coating, form — a liquid applied to
29
slope of the secant, drawn between the
6
formwork surfaces for a specific purpose;
30
point corresponding to zero settlement and
7
to promote easy release from the concrete,
31
the point of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) settlement, of
8
to preserve the form material, or to retard
32
a load-settlement curve obtained from a
9
setting of the near-surface matrix for
33
plate load test on a soil using a 30 in. (762
10
preparation of exposed-aggregate finishes.
34
mm) or greater diameter loading plate; used
11
cobble — in geology, a rock fragment between 2-
35
in the design of concrete pavements by the
12
1/2 and 10 in. (64 and 256 mm) in
36
Westergaard method; also called subgrade
13
diameter; as applied to coarse aggregate for
37
modulus. (See also modulus of subgrade
14
concrete, the material in the nominal size
38
reaction.)
15
range 3 to 6 in. (75 to 150 mm).
16
cobblestone — a rock fragment, usually rounded
17
or semirounded, with an average dimension
18
between 3 and 12 in. (75 and 300 mm).
39
coefficient of subgrade reaction — ratio of: (1)
coefficient of thermal expansion — change in
40
linear dimension per unit length or change
41
in volume per unit volume per degree of
42
temperature change.
43
coefficient of variation (V) — the standard
19
coefficient of subgrade friction — the coefficient
20
of friction between a slab and its subgrade,
21
commonly used in design of slabs-on-grade
22
to estimate the force induced in the slab due
46
23
to volume changes and elastic shortening if
47
reinforcement, cold-drawn wire.
24
prestressed.
48
cold face — the surface of a refractory section not
44
deviation expressed as a percentage of the
45
average. (See also standard deviation.)
cold-drawn wire reinforcement — see
49
exposed to the source of heat; surface of
50
concrete or masonry exposed to low
51
ambient temperatures.
52
35
cold joint — see joint, cold.
1
cold-joint lines — visible lines on the surfaces of
32
colloidal particle — see particle, colloidal.
2
formed concrete indicating the presence of
33
colorimetric value — an indication of the amount
3
discontinuities where one layer of concrete
34
of organic impurities present in fine
4
had hardened before subsequent concrete
35
aggregate.
5
was placed. (See also joint, cold.)
36
column — member with a ratio of height-to-least
6
cold strength — see strength, cold.
37
lateral dimension exceeding 3 used
7
cold-water paint — see paint, cold-water.
38
primarily to support
8
cold weather — a period when the average daily
39
axial compressive load.
9
ambient temperature is below 40 °F (5 °C)
40
column, composite — a concrete
10
for more than three successive days. Note:
41
compression member reinforced
11
The average daily temperature is the
42
longitudinally with structural steel shapes,
12
average of the highest and lowest
43
pipe, or tubing with or without longitudinal
13
temperature during the period from
44
reinforcing bars.
14
midnight to midnight. When temperatures
45
above 50 °F (10 °C) occur during more
column, long — a column whose load
15
46
16
than half of any 24-hour duration, the
capacity is limited by buckling rather than
47
period shall no longer be regarded as cold
strength. (See also column, slender.)
17
18
weather.
48
column, pipe — column made of steel
49
pipe; often filled with concrete.
50
column, short — a column whose load
51
capacity is limited by strength rather than
52
buckling; a column that is customarily so
53
stocky and sufficiently restrained that at
54
least 95% of the cross-sectional strength
55
can be developed.
56
column, slender — a column whose load
57
capacity is reduced by the increased
58
eccentricity caused by secondary deflection
59
moments.
19
cold-worked steel reinforcement — see
20
reinforcement, cold-worked steel.
21
colemanite — a mineral, hydrated calcium borate
22
(Ca2B6O11 5H2O). (See also concrete,
23
boron-loaded.)
24
colloid — a substance that is in a state of division
25
preventing passage through a
26
semipermeable membrane, consisting of
27
particles ranging from 0.1 to 0.001
28
diameter.
m in
29
colloidal concrete — see concrete, colloidal.
30
colloidal mixer — see mixer, colloidal.
31
colloidal grout — see grout, colloidal.
36
1
column, spirally reinforced — a column
31
2
in which the vertical bars are enveloped by
32
dividing the observed mass of concrete that
3
spiral reinforcement, that is, closely spaced
33
fills a container of standard size and shape
4
continuous hooping.
34
when allowed to fall into it under standard
5
column, tied — a column laterally
35
conditions of test, by the mass of fully
6
reinforced with ties.
36
compacted concrete which fills the same
37
container.
7
column capital — an enlargement of a column
compacting factor — the ratio obtained by
compaction — the process of reducing the volume
8
below a slab intended to increase the
38
9
shearing resistance.
39
of voids in a material such as soil by input
40
of mechanical energy (see also
41
consolidation).
10
column clamp — any of various types of tying or
11
fastening units to hold column form sides
12
together.
13
14
15
column side — one of the vertical panel
components of a column form.
column strip — the portion of a flat slab over the
16
columns and consisting of the two adjacent
17
quarter panels on each side of the column
18
center line.
19
20
combined-aggregate grading — see grading,
combined-aggregate.
42
component, expansive — the portion of an
43
expansive cement that is responsible for the
44
expansion, generally one of several
45
anhydrous calcium aluminate or
46
sulfoaluminate compounds and a source of
47
sulfate, with or without free lime, (CaO);
48
the expansive component may be produced
49
separately and later ground or blended with
50
a normal portland-cement clinker, in other
51
instances, produced by firing in a kiln with
21
combined footing — see footing, combined.
52
the constituents of portland cement.
22
come-along —
53
composite — engineering materials—for example,
23
(1) a hoe-like tool with a blade
54
concrete or fiber reinforced polymer—
24
approximately 4 in. (100 mm) high and 20
55
made from two or more constituent
25
in. (500 mm) wide and curved from top to
56
materials that remain distinct, but combine
26
bottom, used for spreading concrete; or
57
to form materials with properties not
27
(2) a colloquial name for a device (load
58
possessed by any of the constituent
28
binder) used to tighten chains holding loads
59
materials individually; the constituent
29
in place on a truck bed.
60
materials are generally characterized as
61
matrix and reinforcement or matrix and
62
aggregate.
30
compacted strand — see strand, compacted.
37
1
composite column — see column, composite.
32
compression test — see test, compression.
2
composite concrete flexural members —
33
compressive strength — see strength, concrete
3
concrete flexural members consisting of
34
4
concrete elements constructed in separate
35
compressive strength, average — the average
5
placements but so interconnected that the
36
compressive strength of a given class or
6
elements respond to loads as a unit.
37
strength level of concrete; in ACI 214,
38
defined as average compressive strength
39
required to statistically meet a designated
composite pile — see pile, composite.
40
specific strength.
10
composite sample — see sample, composite.
41
compressive stress — see stress.
11
compound, curing — a liquid that can be applied
42
concentric tendons — see tendons, concentric.
12
as a coating to the surface of newly placed
43
concordant tendon — see tendon, concordant.
13
concrete to retard the loss of water and, in
44
concrete — mixture of hydraulic cement,
14
the case of pigmented compounds, to
45
aggregates, and water, with or without
15
reflect heat so as to provide an opportunity
46
admixtures, fibers, or other cementitious
16
for the concrete to develop its properties in
47
materials.
17
a favorable temperature and moisture
48
environment. (See also curing and curing,
concrete, aerated — see concrete,
18
19
membrane.)
7
8
9
20
composite construction — see construction,
composite.
compound, joint-sealing — an impervious
21
material used to fill joints in pavements or
22
structures.
compressive.
49
foamed and concrete, cellular.
50
concrete, aluminate — concrete made
51
with calcium-aluminate cement;
52
used primarily where high-early-
53
strength and refractory or acidresistant concrete is required.
23
compound, sealing — see sealer.
54
24
compound, waterproofing — material used to
55
concrete, architectural — concrete that
25
impart water repellency to a structure or a
56
will be permanently exposed to
26
constructional unit.
57
view and therefore requires special
27
compression flange — see flange, compression.
58
care in selection of the concrete
28
compression member — see member,
59
materials, forming, placing, and
60
finishing to obtain the desired
61
architectural appearance.
29
30
31
compression.
compression reinforcement — see
reinforcement, compression.
38
1
2
3
concrete, asphaltic — a mixture of asphalt
cement and aggregate.
concrete, backfill — nonstructural
21
concrete, cellular — a low-density product
22
consisting of portland cement,
23
cement-silica, cement-pozzolan,
4
concrete used to correct over-
24
lime-pozzolan, or lime-silica pastes,
5
excavation, fill excavated pockets in
25
or pastes containing blends of these
6
rock, or prepare a surface to receive
26
ingredients and having a
7
structural concrete.
27
homogeneous void or cell structure,
28
attained with gas-forming chemicals
29
or foaming agents (for cellular
30
concretes containing binder
31
ingredients other than, or in addition
32
to, portland cement, autoclave
33
curing is usually employed).
concrete, central-mixed — concrete that is
8
9
concrete, boron-loaded — high density
concrete including a boron-
10
containing admixture or aggregate,
11
such as the mineral colemanite,
12
boron frits, or boron metal alloys, to
13
act as a neutron attenuator. (See
14
also biological shielding and
34
15
concrete, shielding.)
35
completely mixed in a stationary
36
mixer from which it is transported
37
to the delivery point.
16
concrete, cast-in-place — concrete that is
17
deposited and allowed to harden in
18
the place where it is required to be
38
19
in the completed structure, as
39
compacted by centrifugal action, for
20
opposed to precast concrete.
40
example, in the manufacture of pipe
41
and poles. (See also process,
42
centrifugal.)
43
concrete, centrifugally cast — concrete
concrete, chemically prestressing —
44
concrete made with expansive
45
cement and reinforcement under
46
conditions such that the expansion
47
of the cement induces tensile stress
48
in the reinforcement so as to
49
produce prestressed concrete.
50
concrete, colloidal — concrete in which
51
the aggregate is bound by colloidal
52
grout.
39
1
concrete, confined — concrete containing
32
concrete, exposed — concrete surfaces
2
closely spaced special transverse
33
formed so as to yield an acceptable
3
reinforcement that is provided to
34
texture and finish for permanent
4
restrain the concrete in directions
35
exposure to view. (See also
5
perpendicular to the applied stress.
36
concrete, architectural.)
concrete, fair-face — a concrete surface
6
concrete, cyclopean — mass concrete in
37
7
which large stones, each of 100 lb
38
that, on completion of the forming
8
(50 kg) or more, are placed and
39
process, requires no further
9
embedded in the concrete as it is
40
(concrete) treatment other than
10
deposited. (See also concrete,
41
curing. (See also concrete,
11
rubble.)
42
architectural.)
12
concrete, decorative — concrete that has
43
concrete, fiber-reinforced — concrete
13
received treatments to create
44
containing dispersed, randomly
14
aesthetic effects. These treatments
45
oriented fibers.
15
may include coloring, polishing,
46
16
texturing, embossing, molding,
47
17
etching, applying cementitious
18
toppings, embedding items, or a
19
combination of these.
20
21
22
23
concrete, dense — concrete containing a
minimum of voids.
concrete, dry-packed — concrete placed
by dry packing.
48
concrete, fibrous — see concrete, fiberreinforced.
concrete, field — concrete delivered or
49
mixed, placed, and cured on the job
50
site.
51
concrete, flowing — a cohesive concrete
52
mixture with a slump greater than 7-
53
1/2 in. (190 mm).
54
concrete, foamed — low-density concrete
24
concrete, epoxy — a mixture of epoxy
55
made by the addition of a prepared
25
resin and catalyst (binder), fine
56
foam or by generation of gas within
26
aggregate, and coarse aggregate.
57
the unhardened mixture.
27
(See also concrete, polymer,
58
mortar, epoxy, and resins, epoxy.)
concrete, fresh — concrete that posses
28
29
concrete (mortar or grout), expansive-
59
enough of its original workability so
60
that it can be placed and
30
cement — a concrete (mortar or
61
consolidated by the intended
31
grout) made with expansive cement.
62
methods.
40
1
2
3
concrete, gap-graded — concrete
containing a gap-graded aggregate.
concrete, gas — lightweight concrete
33
concrete, heavy — see concrete, high-
34
density (preferred term).
35
concrete, heavyweight — see concrete,
4
produced by developing voids with
36
high-density (preferred term).
5
gas generated within the fresh
37
concrete, high-density — concrete of
6
mixture (usually from the action of
38
substantially higher density than
7
cement alkalies on aluminum
39
that made using normal-density
8
powder used as an admixture). (See
40
aggregates, usually obtained by use
9
also concrete, foamed.)
41
of high-density aggregates and used
42
especially for radiation shielding.
10
concrete, granolithic — concrete suitable
11
for use as a wearing surface finish
43
12
to floors, made with specially
44
which, through the use of high-
13
selected aggregate of suitable
45
early-strength cement or
14
hardness, surface texture, and
46
admixtures, attains a given level of
15
particle shape.
47
strength earlier than normal
48
concrete does.
16
17
18
19
20
concrete, green — concrete that has set but
not hardened appreciably.
concrete, grouted-aggregate — see
concrete, preplaced-aggregate.
concrete, gypsum — concrete in which the
49
concrete, high-early-strength — concrete
concrete, high-strength — concrete that
50
has a specified compressive strength
51
for design of 8000 psi (55 MPa) or
52
greater.
21
cementitious constituent is partially
53
22
dehydrated calcium sulfate (plaster).
54
meeting special combinations of
55
performance and uniformity
23
concrete, hardened — concrete that has
concrete, high-performance — concrete
24
developed sufficient strength to
56
requirements that cannot always be
25
serve some purpose or resist
57
achieved routinely using
26
breaking under stipulated loading.
58
conventional constituents and
27
concrete, heat-resistant — any concrete
59
normal mixing, placing, and curing
60
practices.
28
that will not disintegrate when
29
exposed to constant or cyclic
61
30
heating at any temperature below
62
31
that at which a ceramic bond is
32
formed.
41
concrete, in-situ — see concrete, cast-inplace (preferred term).
1
concrete, insulating — concrete having
29
concrete, negative-slump — concrete of a
2
low thermal conductivity; used as
30
consistency such that it not only has
3
thermal insulation. (See also
31
zero slump but still has zero slump
4
concrete, lightweight and
32
after adding additional water. (See
5
concrete, low-density.)
33
also concrete, zero-slump and
34
concrete, no-slump.)
6
concrete, lean — concrete of low
35
concrete, no-fines — a concrete mixture
36
containing little or no fine
substantially lower density than that
37
aggregate.
10
made using aggregates of normal
38
11
density. (See also concrete,
39
which neither an air-entraining
12
insulating and concrete, low-
40
admixture nor air-entraining cement
13
density.)
41
has been used.
7
8
9
cementitious material content.
concrete, lightweight — concrete of
concrete, nonair-entrained — concrete in
14
concrete, low-density — concrete having
42
15
an oven-dry density of less than 50
43
(1) a floor, pavement, or walkway
3
3
concrete, nonslip —
16
lb/ft (800 kg/m ). (See also
44
of concrete the surface of which has
17
concrete, insulating and concrete,
45
been roughened, before final set,
18
lightweight.)
46
either by sprinkling fine particles of
47
abrasive material thereon and then
19
concrete, mass — any volume of concrete
20
with dimensions large enough to
48
troweling or by swirling with either
21
require that measures be taken to
49
a coarse-bristled brush or a trowel;
22
cope with generation of heat from
50
or
23
hydration of the cement and
51
(2) after final set, by acid etching,
24
attendant volume change to
52
mechanically abrading, or grooving.
25
minimize cracking.
26
concrete, monolithic — concrete cast with
53
concrete, normalweight — concrete
54
having a density of approximately
27
no joints other than construction
55
150 lb/ft3 (2400 kg/m3) made with
28
joints.
56
normal-density aggregates.
57
concrete, normalweight refractory —
58
refractory concrete having a bulk
59
density greater than 100 lb/ft3 (1600
60
kg/m3).
42
1
concrete, no-slump — freshly mixed
31
concrete, popcorn — no-fines concrete
2
concrete exhibiting a slump of less
32
containing insufficient cement paste
3
than 1/4 in. (6 mm). (See also
33
to fill voids among the coarse
4
concrete, zero-slump and
34
aggregate so that the particles are
5
concrete, negative-slump.)
35
bound only at points of contact.
36
(See also concrete, no-fines.)
6
concrete, pervious – concrete containing
7
little, if any fine aggregate that
37
8
results in a sufficient voids to allow
38
9
air and water to easily pass from the
39
10
surface to underlying layers.
40
11
concrete, plain — structural concrete with
41
concrete, precast — concrete cast
elsewhere than its final position.
concrete, prepacked — see concrete,
preplaced-aggregate.
concrete, preplaced-aggregate —
12
no reinforcement or with less
42
concrete produced by placing coarse
13
reinforcement than the minimum
43
aggregate in a form and later
14
amount specified in the applicable
44
injecting a portland cement-sand
15
building code for reinforced
45
grout, usually with admixtures, to
16
concrete.
46
fill the voids.
17
concrete, polymer — concrete in which an
18
organic polymer serves as the
19
binder.
47
concrete (mortar, grout), preshrunk —
48
(1) concrete that has been mixed for
49
a short period in a stationary mixer
20
concrete, polymer-cement — a mixture
50
before being transferred to a transit
21
comprising hydraulic cement and
51
mixer, or
22
aggregate combined at the time of
52
mixing with organic monomers or
(2) grout, mortar, or concrete that
23
53
polymers that are dispersed in
has been mixed one to three hours
24
54
water.
before placing to reduce shrinkage
25
55
during hardening.
26
concrete, polymer-impregnated — a
27
hydrated portland-cement concrete
28
that has been impregnated with a
29
monomer that is subsequently
30
polymerized.
56
concrete, prestressed — Structural
57
concrete in which internal stresses
58
have been introduced to reduce
59
potential tensile stresses in concrete
60
resulting from loads.
43
1
concrete, pumped — concrete which is
32
concrete, roller-compacted — concrete
2
transported through hose or pipe by
33
compacted by roller compaction;
3
means of a pump.
34
concrete that, in its unhardened
35
state, will support a roller while
being compacted.
4
concrete, ready mixed — concrete
5
manufactured for delivery to a
36
6
purchaser in a fresh state. (See also
37
7
concrete, central-mixed; concrete,
38
1. concrete similar to cyclopean
8
shrink-mixed; and concrete,
39
concrete except that small stones
9
transit-mixed.)
40
(such as one person can handle) are
concrete, rubble —
10
concrete, recycled — hardened concrete
41
used.
11
that has been processed for reuse,
42
2. concrete made with rubble from
12
usually as aggregate.
43
demolished structures. (See also
44
concrete, cyclopean.)
13
concrete, refractory — hardened
14
hydraulic-cement concrete that has
45
15
refractory properties and that is
46
made with a combination of
16
suitable for use at temperatures
47
expanded clay, shale, slag, or slate
17
between 600 and 2400 °F (315 to
48
or sintered fly ash and natural sand;
18
1315 °C).
49
its density is generally between 105
50
and 120 lb/ft3 (1680 and 1920
kg/m3).
19
concrete, refractory-insulating —
20
refractory concrete having low
51
21
thermal conductivity.
52
22
concrete, reinforced — structural concrete
concrete, sand-lightweight — concrete
concrete, sawdust — concrete in which
53
the aggregate consists mainly of
sawdust from wood.
23
reinforced with no less than the
54
24
minimum amount of prestressing
55
concrete, self-consolidating — fresh
25
steel or nonprestressed
56
concrete that can flow around
26
reinforcement as specified in the
57
reinforcement and consolidate
27
applicable building code.
58
within formwork under its own
59
weight without vibration and that
60
exhibits no defect due to
61
segregation or bleeding.
28
29
concrete, resin — see concrete, polymer
(preferred term).
30
concrete, rich — concrete of high cement
31
content. (See also concrete, lean.)
44
1
concrete (mortar or grout), self-stressing
30
concrete, siliceous-aggregate — concrete
2
— expansive-cement concrete
31
made with normal-density
3
(mortar or grout) in which
32
aggregates having constituents
4
expansion, if restrained, induces
33
composed mainly of silica or
5
persistent compressive stresses in
34
silicates.
6
the concrete (mortar or grout); also
35
7
known as chemically prestressed
36
(preferred term).
8
concrete.
37
concrete, spun — see concrete,
9
concrete, shielding — concrete, employed
10
as a biological shield to attenuate or
11
absorb nuclear radiation, usually
12
characterized by high density or
13
high hydrogen (water) content or
14
boron content, having specific
15
radiation attenuation effects. (See
16
also biological shielding.)
17
concrete, shrink-mixed — ready mixed
18
concrete mixed partially in a
19
stationary mixer and then mixed in
20
a truck mixer. (See also concrete,
21
preshrunk.)
22
concrete, shrinkage-compensating —
23
concrete containing expansive
24
components usually based on
25
formation of calcium
26
sulfoaluminate (ettringite) in a
27
mixture of calcium aluminate and
28
gypsum. (See also cement,
29
expansive.)
concrete, sprayed — see shotcrete
38
centrifugally cast (preferred term).
39
concrete, structural — plain or reinforced
40
concrete in a member that is part of
41
a structural system required to
42
transfer gravity and/or lateral loads
43
along a load path to the ground.
44
concrete, structural lightweight —
45
structural concrete made with low-
46
density aggregate; having an air-dry
47
density of not more than 115 lb/ft3
48
(1850 kg/m3) and a 28 day
49
compressive strength of more than
50
2500 psi (17.2 MPa).
51
52
53
concrete, subaqueous — see concrete,
underwater.
concrete, terrazzo — marble-aggregate
54
concrete that is cast-in-place or
55
precast and ground smooth for
56
decorative surfacing purposes on
57
floors and walls.
58
concrete, transit-mixed — concrete, the
59
mixing of which is wholly or
60
principally accomplished in a truck
61
mixer.
45
1
concrete, translucent — a combination of
32
concrete breaker — a compressed-air tool
2
glass and concrete used together in
33
specially designed and constructed to break
3
precast and prestressed panels.
34
up concrete.
4
5
6
concrete, truck-mixed — see concrete,
transit-mixed.
concrete, underwater — concrete placed
35
concrete brick — see brick, concrete.
36
concrete cart — see buggy.
37
concrete containment structure — a composite
7
underwater by tremie or other
38
concrete and steel assembly that is designed
8
means.
39
as an integral part of a pressure retaining
40
barrier, which in an emergency prevents the
41
release of radioactive or hazardous
42
effluents from nuclear power plant
43
equipment enclosed therein.
44
concrete finishing machine — a machine
9
10
11
12
13
concrete, unhardened — see concrete,
fresh (preferred term).
concrete, unreinforced — see concrete,
plain.
concrete, vacuum — concrete from which
14
excess water and entrapped air are
45
mounted on flanged wheels that ride on the
15
extracted by a vacuum process
46
forms or on specially set tracks, used to
16
before hardening occurs.
47
finish surfaces such as those of pavements;
48
or a portable power-driven machine for
49
floating and finishing of floors and other
50
slabs.
17
concrete, vermiculite — concrete in which
18
the aggregate consists of exfoliated
19
vermiculite.
20
concrete, vibrated — concrete
51
concrete flatwork — see flatwork, concrete.
concrete masonry unit — see masonry unit,
21
consolidated by vibration during
52
22
and after placing.
53
23
24
25
concrete, visual — see concrete, exposed
and concrete, architectural.
concrete, zero-slump — concrete of stiff
26
or extremely dry consistency
27
showing no measurable slump after
28
removal of the slump cone. (See
29
also slump; concrete, no-slump;
30
and concrete, negative-slump.)
31
concrete.
54
concrete paver — see paver, concrete.
55
concrete pile — see pile, cast-in-place and pile,
56
57
concrete block — see block, concrete.
46
precast.
concrete pump — see pump, concrete.
1
concrete reactor vessel — a composite concrete
31
cone, flow — a device for measurement of
2
and steel assembly that functions as a
32
grout consistency in which a predetermined
3
component of the principal pressure-
33
volume of grout is permitted to escape
4
containing barrier for the nuclear fuel’s
34
through a precisely sized orifice, the time
5
primary heat extraction fluid (primary
35
of efflux (flow factor) being used as the
6
coolant).
36
indication of consistency; also the mold
37
used to prepare a specimen for the flow
7
concrete, specified compressive strength of (fc′)
8
— compressive strength of concrete used in
38
test.
9
design.
39
cone, pyrometric — a small, slender,
40
three-sided oblique pyramid made of
41
ceramic or refractory material for use in
42
determining the time-temperature effect of
43
heating and in obtaining the pyrometric
44
cone equivalent (PCE) of refractory
45
material.
46
cone, slump — a mold in the form of the
47
lateral surface of the frustum of a cone with
48
a base diameter of 8 in. (203 mm), top
49
diameter 4 in. (102 mm), and height 12 in.
50
(305 mm), used to fabricate a specimen of
51
freshly mixed concrete for the slump test; a
10
concrete spreader — see spreader, concrete.
11
concrete strength — see strength, concrete
12
compressive; strength, fatigue; strength,
13
flexural; strength, shear; strength,
14
splitting tensile; strength, tensile; and
15
strength, ultimate.
16
concrete vibrating machine — a machine that
17
consolidates a layer of freshly mixed
18
concrete by vibration.
19
20
condensed silica fume — see silica fume
(preferred term).
21
conductance, thermal — time rate of heat flow
52
cone 6 in. (152 mm) high is used for tests
22
through a unit area of body induced by a
53
of freshly mixed mortar and stucco.
23
unit temperature difference between the
24
body surfaces; the thermal conductance is
25
the reciprocal of the thermal resistance.
26
conductivity, thermal — the property (of a
27
homogeneous body) measured by the ratio
28
of the steady-state heat flux (time-rate of
29
heat flow per unit area) to the temperature.
30
54
cone bolt — a type of tie rod for wall forms with
55
cones at each end inside the forms so that a
56
bolt can act as a spreader as well as a tie.
57
confined concrete — see concrete, confined.
58
confined region — region with transverse
59
cone —
47
reinforcement within beam-column joints.
1
connection, scarf — a connection made by
31
(2) the consistency of cement paste
2
precasting, beveling, halving, or notching
32
satisfying appropriate limits defined
3
two pieces to fit together; after overlapping,
33
in a standard test method (for
4
the pieces are secured by bolts or other
34
example, ASTM C 187).
5
means.
35
6
consistency — the degree to which a freshly
consistency, plastic —
36
(1) the consistency at which a
7
mixed concrete, mortar, grout, or cement
37
mixture subjected to a constant
8
paste resists deformation. (See also
38
stress undergoes increasing
9
consistency, normal; consistency, plastic;
39
deformation without rupture; or
40
(2) the consistency at which mixture
41
properties satisfy appropriate limits
42
defined in a standard test method.
10
and consistency, wettest stable.)
11
consistency, flowable — the consistency at
12
which a grout will form a nearly
13
level surface when lightly rodded;
14
the consistency of a grout with at
15
least 125% at five drops on the
16
ASTM C 230 flow table and an
17
efflux time through the ASTM C
18
939 flow cone of more than 30
19
seconds.
20
consistency, fluid — the consistency at
21
which a grout will form a nearly
22
level surface without vibration or
23
rodding; the consistency of a grout
24
that has an efflux time of less than
25
30 seconds from the ASTM C 939
26
flow cone.
43
44
condition of maximum water
45
content at which cement grout and
46
mortar will adhere to a vertical
47
surface without sloughing.
48
consistency, normal —
28
1) the consistency exhibited when a
29
mixture is considered acceptable for
30
the purpose at hand; or
consistency factor — a measure of grout fluidity,
49
roughly analogous to viscosity, which
50
describes the ease with which grout may be
51
pumped into voids or fissures; usually a
52
laboratory measurement in which
53
consistency is reported in degrees of
54
rotation of a torque viscosimeter in a
55
specimen of grout.
56
27
consistency, wettest stable — the
consistometer — an apparatus for measuring the
57
consistency of cement pastes, mortars,
58
grouts, or concretes.
48
1
consolidation — the process of reducing the
33
2
volume of entrapped air in a fresh
34
3
cementitious mixture, usually accomplished
35
laminar construction comprising a
4
by inputting mechanical energy. (See also
36
combination of alternating
5
compaction, vibration, rodding, and
37
dissimilar simple or composite
6
tamping.)
38
materials assembled and intimately
39
fixed in relation to each other so as
40
to use the properties of each to
of constructing soil-supported
41
attain specific structural and thermal
10
concrete roads, runways, building
42
advantages for the whole assembly.
11
floors, or other paved areas, in
43
construction joint — see joint, construction.
12
which alternate lanes are placed and
44
construction loads — the loads to which a
13
allowed to harden before the
45
permanent or temporary structure is
14
remaining intermediate lanes are
46
subjected during construction.
15
placed.
7
8
9
16
construction —
construction, alternate-lane — a method
construction, cellular — a method of
17
constructing concrete elements in
18
which part of the interior concrete is
19
replaced by voids.
20
construction, composite — a type of
construction, structural sandwich — a
47
contact ceiling — a ceiling that is secured in direct
48
contact with the construction above without
49
use of furring.
50
contact pressure — pressure acting at and
51
perpendicular to the contact area between
52
soil and a concrete element.
21
construction using members
22
produced by combining different
23
materials (for example, concrete
24
and structural steel), members
25
produced by combining cast-in-
56
26
place and precast concrete, or cast-
57
27
in-place concrete elements
58
continuous footing — see footing, continuous.
28
constructed in separate placements
59
continuous grading — see grading, continuous.
29
but so interconnected that the
60
continuous mixer — see mixer, continuous.
30
combined components act together
31
as a single member and respond to
61
continuous mixing — see mixing, continuous.
32
loads as a unit.
62
continuous sampling — see sampling,
53
contact splice — see splice, contact.
54
containment grouting — see grouting,
55
63
49
perimeter.
continuous beam — see continuous slab or
beam.
continuous.
1
continuous slab or beam — a slab or beam that
30
conveyor — a device for moving materials;
2
extends as a unit over three or more
31
usually a continuous belt, an articulated
3
supports in a given direction.
32
system of buckets, a confined screw, or a
33
pipe through which material is moved by
air or water.
4
continuously reinforced pavement — a
5
pavement with uninterrupted longitudinal
34
6
steel reinforcement and no intermediate
35
7
transverse expansion or contraction joints.
36
or finish on top of a wall, pier, pilaster, or
chimney.
8
contract documents — see documents, contract.
37
9
contraction — decrease in either length or
38
coping — the material or units used to form a cap
coquina — a type of limestone formed of sea
10
volume. (See also expansion; shrinkage;
39
shells in loose or weakly cemented
11
swelling; volume change; and volume
40
condition, found along present or former
12
change, autogenous.)
41
shorelines; used as a calcareous raw
42
material in cement manufacture and other
43
industrial operations.
13
contraction, thermal — see thermal contraction.
14
contraction joint — see joint, contraction.
15
contraction-joint grouting — see grouting,
16
17
contraction-joint.
contractor — the person, firm, or corporation with
18
whom the owner enters into an agreement
19
for construction of the work.
20
21
22
23
control joint — see joint, contraction (preferred
term).
control-joint grouting — see grouting,
contraction-joint.
24
controlled low-strength material (CLSM) —
25
self-consolidating cementitious mixture
26
that is intended to result in a compressive
27
strength of 1200 psi (8.3 MPa) or less.
28
29
conveying hose — see hose, delivery (preferred
term).
44
corbel — a projection from the face of a beam,
45
girder, column, or wall used as a beam seat
46
or a decoration.
47
core (n.) —
48
(1) the soil material enclosed within a
49
tubular pile after driving (it may be
50
replaced with concrete);
51
(2) the mandrel used for driving casings for
52
cast-in-place piles;
53
(3) a structural shape used to internally
54
reinforce a drilled-in-caisson;
55
(4) a cylindrical sample of hardened
56
concrete or rock obtained by means of a
57
core drill;
58
(5) the molded open space in a concrete
59
masonry unit or precast concrete unit (see
60
also blockout); or
50
1
(6) the area enclosed by ties or spiral
32
2
reinforcement in a concrete column.
33
(1) a device for connecting reinforcing bars
3
core (v.) — the act of obtaining cores from
34
or prestressing tendons end to end;
coupler —
4
concrete structures, rock foundations, or
35
(2) a device for locking together the
5
soils.
36
component parts of a tubular metal scaffold
37
(also known as a clamp); or
6
core test — compression test on a concrete sample
7
cut from hardened concrete by means of a
38
(3) internal threaded device for joining
8
core drill.
39
reinforcing bars with matching threaded
9
cored beam — a beam whose cross section is
40
ends for the purpose of providing transfer
10
partially hollow or a beam from which
41
of either axial compression or axial tension
11
cored samples of concrete have been taken.
42
or both from one bar to the other. (See also
12
coring — the act of obtaining cores from hardened
43
coupling sleeve, end-bearing sleeve,
mechanical connection.)
13
concrete or masonry structures, rock, or
44
14
soil.
45
15
16
corner reinforcement — see reinforcement,
corner.
coupling agent — a substance used between the
46
transducer and test surface to permit or
47
improve transmission of ultrasonic energy.
coupling pin — an insert device used to connect
17
corrosion — destruction of metal by chemical,
48
18
electrochemical, or electrolytic reaction
49
lifts or tiers or formwork scaffolding
19
within its environment.
50
vertically.
20
corrosion, bacterial — destruction of a material
51
coupling sleeve — device fitting over the ends of
21
by bacterial processes brought about by the
52
two reinforcing bars for the eventual
22
activity of certain bacteria that consume the
53
purpose of providing transfer of either axial
23
material and produce substances, such as
54
compression or axial tension or both from
24
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and sulfuric
55
one bar to the other. (See also coupler,
25
acid.
56
end-bearing sleeve, mechanical
57
connection.)
26
corrosion inhibitor — a chemical compound,
27
either liquid or powder, usually intermixed
58
course — in concrete construction, a horizontal
28
in concrete and sometimes applied to
59
layer of concrete, usually one of several
29
concrete, and that effectively decreases
60
making up a lift; in masonry construction, a
30
corrosion of steel reinforcement.
61
horizontal layer of block or brick. (See also
62
lift.)
31
cotton mats — see mats, cotton.
51
1
cover — the least distance between the surface of
31
cracked section — a section designed or analyzed
2
embedded reinforcement and the surface of
32
on the assumption that concrete has no
3
the concrete.
33
resistance to tensile stress.
4
5
6
cover block — see spacer and spreader
(preferred terms).
crack — a complete or incomplete separation, of
34
35
cracking —
cracking, diagonal — development of
36
diagonal cracks. (See also tension,
7
either concrete or masonry, into two or
37
diagonal.)
8
more parts produced by breaking or
38
cracking, map —
9
fracturing. (See also fracture.)
39
(1) intersecting cracks that extend below
40
the surface of hardened concrete; caused by
10
crack, diagonal — in a flexural member,
11
an inclined crack caused by shear
41
shrinkage of the drying surface concrete
12
stress, usually at about 45 degrees
42
that is restrained by concrete at greater
13
to the axis; or a crack in a slab, not
43
depths where either little or no shrinkage
14
parallel to either the lateral or
44
occurs; vary in width from fine and barely
15
longitudinal directions.
45
visible to open and well-defined; or
16
crack, hairline — a concrete surface crack
46
(2) the chief symptom of chemical reaction
17
with a width so small as to be barely
47
between alkalies in cement and mineral
18
perceptible.
48
constituents in aggregate within hardened
19
crack, longitudinal — a crack that
49
concrete; due to differential rate of volume
20
develops parallel to the length of a
50
change in different portions of the concrete;
21
member.
51
cracking is usually random and on a fairly
52
large scale, and in severe instances the
22
crack, plastic-shrinkage — surface crack
23
that occurs in concrete prior to
53
cracks may reach a width of 0.50 in. (12.7
24
initial set.
54
mm). (See also checking, crazing; also
55
known as pattern cracking.)
56
cracking, pattern — see cracks, and
25
26
crack, shrinkage — crack due to restraint
of shrinkage.
27
crack, transverse — a crack that crosses
28
the longer dimension of the member.
29
30
57
crack-control reinforcement — see
reinforcement, crack-control.
52
cracking, map.
1
cracking, shrinkage — cracking of a
32
craze cracks — see cracks, craze.
crazing — the development of craze cracks; the
2
structure or member due to failure
33
3
in tension caused by external or
34
pattern of craze cracks existing in a surface.
4
internal restraints as reduction in
35
(See also checking and cracks.)
5
moisture content develops,
6
carbonation occurs, or both.
7
cracking, stress-corrosion — a cracking
8
process that requires the
9
simultaneous action of a corrodent
36
creep — time-dependent deformation due to
37
sustained load. (See also deformation,
38
inelastic.)
39
creep, basic — creep that occurs without
40
migration of moisture to or from the
41
concrete. (See creep; creep, drying.)
42
creep, drying — creep caused by drying.
43
(See also creep and creep, basic.)
10
and sustained tensile stress. (This
11
excludes corrosion-reduced sections
12
that fail by fast fracture; also
13
excludes intercrystalline or
14
transcrystalline corrosion that can
44
creep, nonrecoverable — the residual or
15
disintegrate an alloy without either
45
nonreversible deformation remaining in
16
applied or residual stress).
46
hardened concrete after removal of
47
sustained load.
17
cracking, temperature — cracking due to
18
tensile failure, caused by
48
crimped wire — see wire, crimped.
19
temperature drop in members
49
critical saturation — see saturation, critical.
20
subjected to external restraints or by
50
cross bracing — crossing members usually
21
temperature differential in members
51
designed to act only in tension, often used
22
subjected to internal restraints.
52
in scaffolding systems. (See also sway
brace and X-brace.)
23
cracking load — see load, cracking.
53
24
cracks —
54
cross joint — see joint, cross.
cross section — a plane through a body
25
cracks, craze — fine random cracks or
55
26
fissures in a surface of plaster, cement
56
perpendicular to a given axis of the body; a
27
paste, mortar, or concrete.
57
drawing showing such a plane.
28
cracks, D-line — see D-cracks (preferred
58
29
term.)
59
resembling an upside-down “tee” used to
30
cracks, pattern — see cracks and
60
support the abutting ends of formboards in
31
cracking, map.
61
insulating concrete roof constructions.
53
cross-tee — a light-gage metal member
1
crush plate — an expendable strip of wood
29
curb form — a retainer or mold used in
2
attached to the edge of a form or
30
conjunction with a curb tool to give the
3
intersection of fitted forms, to protect the
31
necessary shape and finish to a concrete
4
form from damage during prying, pulling,
32
curb.
5
or other stripping operations. (See also
33
6
strip, wrecking.)
34
and shape to the exposed surfaces of a
concrete curb.
curb tool — a tool used to give the desired finish
7
crushed gravel — see gravel, crushed.
35
8
crushed stone — see stone, crushed.
36
9
crusher —
37
temperature conditions in a freshly placed
38
cementitious mixture to allow hydraulic
39
cement hydration and (if applicable)
40
pozzolanic reactions to occur so that the
41
potential properties of the mixture may
42
develop. (See ACI 308.)
43
curing, adiabatic — the maintenance of
10
crusher, primary — a heavy crusher
11
suitable for the first stage in a process of
12
size reduction of rock, slag, or the like.
13
crusher, secondary — a crusher used for
14
the second stage in a process of size
15
reduction of aggregate and the like. (See
16
also crusher, primary.)
17
18
19
crusher-run aggregate — see aggregate,
crusher-run.
C/S — the molar or mass ratio, whichever is
20
specified, of calcium oxide (CaO) to silicon
21
dioxide (SiO2); usually of binder materials
22
cured in an autoclave.
23
cube strength — see strength, cube.
24
cubical piece (of aggregate) — one in which
curing — action taken to maintain moisture and
44
adiabatic conditions in concrete or
45
mortar during the curing period.
46
curing, atmospheric-pressure steam —
47
steam curing of concrete products
48
or cement at atmospheric pressure,
49
usually at maximum ambient
50
temperature between 100 to 200 °F
51
(40 to 95 °C).
52
curing, autoclave — curing of concrete
53
products in an autoclave at
25
length, breadth, and thickness are
54
maximum ambient temperature
26
approximately equal.
55
generally between 340 to 420 °F
56
(170 to 215 °C).
27
28
cumulative batching — see batching,
cumulative.
54
1
curing, electrical — a system in which a
30
curing, membrane — a process that
2
favorable temperature is maintained
31
involves either liquid sealing
3
in freshly placed concrete by
32
compound (for example bituminous
4
supplying heat generated by
33
and paraffinic emulsions, coal tar
5
electrical resistance.
34
cut-backs, pigmented and non
35
pigmented resin suspensions, or
6
curing, final — deliberate action taken
7
between the final finishing and
36
suspension of wax and drying oil)
8
termination of curing to reduce the
37
or nonliquid protective coating (for
9
loss of water from the surface of the
38
example, sheet plastics or
10
concrete and control the
39
“waterproof” paper), both of which
11
temperature of the concrete.
40
types function as a film to restrict
41
evaporation of mixing water from
42
concrete surfaces.
12
curing, fog —
13
(1) storage of concrete in a moist
14
room in which the desired high
15
humidity is achieved by the
16
atomization of water (see also moist
17
room); and
18
(2) application of atomized water to
19
concrete, stucco, mortar, or plaster.
20
curing, high-pressure steam — see
21
curing, autoclave (preferred term).
22
curing, initial — deliberate action taken
23
between placement and final finishing of
24
concrete to reduce the loss of water from
25
the surface of the concrete.
26
curing, low-pressure steam — see curing,
27
28
29
43
curing, moist-air — curing in air of not
44
less than 95% relative humidity at
45
atmospheric pressure and normally
46
at a temperature approximating 73
47
°F (23 °C).
48
curing, single-stage — autoclave curing
49
process in which precast concrete
50
products are put on metal pallets for
51
autoclaving and remain there until
52
stacked for delivery or yard storage.
53
curing, standard — exposure of test
54
specimens to specified conditions of
55
moisture and temperature. (See also
56
curing, fog.)
atmospheric-pressure steam.
curing, mass — adiabatic curing in sealed
containers.
55
1
curing, steam — curing of concrete,
32
curvature friction — friction resulting from bends
2
mortar, grout, or neat-cement paste
33
or curves in the specified prestressing cable
3
in water vapor at atmospheric or
34
profile.
4
higher pressures and at temperatures
35
5
between about 100 and 420 °F (40
36
proportions of different particle sizes in a
6
and 215 °C). (See also curing,
37
granular material; obtained by plotting the
7
atmospheric-pressure steam;
38
cumulative or individual percentages of the
8
curing, autoclave; curing, single-
39
material passing through sieves in which
9
stage; and curing, two-stage.)
40
the aperture sizes form a given series.
10
curing, two-stage — a process in which
11
concrete products are cured in low-
12
pressure steam, stacked, and then
13
autoclaved.
curve, grading — a graphical representation of the
41
cutting screed — see screed, cutting.
42
cycle, autoclave — the time interval between the
43
start of the temperature-rise period and the
44
end of the blowdown period; also, a
14
curing agent — see agent, curing.
45
schedule of the time and temperature-
15
curing blanket — see blanket, curing.
46
pressure conditions of periods which make
16
curing compound — see compound, curing.
47
up the cycle.
17
curing cycle — see cycle, autoclave and steam-
48
cyclopean concrete — see concrete, cyclopean.
49
cylinder strength — see strength, concrete
18
19
20
curing cycle.
curing delay — see period, presteaming
(preferred term).
21
curing kiln — see curing, autoclave.
22
curing membrane — see membrane curing and
23
curing compound.
24
curling — out-of-plane deformation of the
25
corners, edges, and surface of a pavement, slab, or
26
wall panel from its original shape. (See also
27
warping.)
50
compressive and strength, splitting
51
tensile.
52
cylinders, field-cured — test cylinders that are
53
left at the jobsite for curing as nearly as
54
practicable in the same manner as the
55
concrete in the structure to indicate when
56
supporting forms may be removed,
57
additional construction loads may be
58
imposed, or the structure may be placed in
59
service.
28
29
curtain grouting — see grouting, curtain.
30
curtain reinforcement — see reinforcement,
31
60
61
curtain.
56
—D—
1
damage, abrasion — wearing away of a surface b
33
D-cracks — a series of cracks in concrete near and
roughly parallel to joints, and edges.
2
rubbing and friction. (See also damage,
34
3
cavitation and erosion.)
35
dead end — in the stressing of a tendon from one
4
damage, cavitation — pitting of concrete caused
36
end only, the end opposite that to which the
5
by implosion, that is, the collapse of vapor
37
load is applied.
6
bubbles in flowing water which form in
38
7
areas of low pressure and collapse as they
39
8
enter areas of higher pressure. (See also
9
damage, abrasion, and erosion.)
10
damp — either partial saturation or moderate
11
covering of moisture; implies less wetness
12
than that connoted by “wet” and slightly
13
wetter than that connoted by “moist.” (See
14
also moist and wet.)
15
dampproofing — treatment of concrete or mortar
dead-end anchorage — see anchorage, deadend.
40
dead load — see load, dead.
41
deadman — an anchor for a guy line, usually a
42
beam, block, or other heavy item buried in
43
the ground, to which a line is attached.
44
debonding — (1) preventing bond of prestressing
45
tendons to surrounding concrete; or (2)
46
failure of cohesive or adhesive bond at the
47
interface between a substrate and a
48
strengthening or repair system.
16
to retard the passage or absorption of water,
17
or water vapor, either by application of a
18
suitable coating to exposed surfaces, or by
19
use of a suitable admixture or treated
20
cement, or by use of a pre-formed film such
51
21
as polyethylene sheets placed on grade
52
placed, also the floor or roof slab itself.
22
before placing a slab. (See also vapor
53
(See also deck, bridge.)
23
barrier.)
54
deck, bridge —the structural concrete slab or
55
other structure that is supported on the
24
darby — a hand-manipulated straightedge, usually
49
50
decenter — to lower or remove centering or
shoring.
deck — the form on which concrete for a slab is
25
3 to 8 ft (1 to 2.5 m) long, used in the early
56
bridge superstructure and serves as the road
26
stage leveling operations of concrete or
57
way or other traveled surface.
27
plaster, preceding supplemental floating
58
28
and finishing.
59
29
dash-bond coat — see coat, dash-bond.
30
davit — a device used to support and swing the
31
access covers away from openings of
32
vessels and tanks.
60
57
decking — sheathing material for a deck or slab
form.
deflected tendons — see tendons, deflected.
1
deflection — movement of a point on a structure
30
deformation, time-dependent — deformation
2
or structural element, usually measured as a
31
resulting from effects such as autogenous
3
linear displacement or a succession
32
volume change, thermal contraction or
4
displacements transverse to a reference line
33
expansion, creep, shrinkage, and swelling,
5
or axis.
34
each of which is a function of time.
6
7
deflection, dowel — deflection caused by the
transverse load imposed on a dowel.
35
deformed bar — see bar, deformed.
36
deformed plate — see plate, deformed.
deformed reinforcement — see reinforcement,
8
deformation — a change in dimension or shape.
37
9
(See also contraction; expansion; creep;
38
10
length change; volume change;
11
shrinkage; deformation, inelastic;
12
deformation, time-dependent.)
13
deformation, anchorage — the loss of elongation
14
or stress in the tendons of prestressed
15
concrete due to the deformation or seating
16
of the anchorage when the prestressing
17
force is transferred from the jack to the
18
anchorage; known also as anchorage loss.
19
proportional to the applied stress. (See also
21
deformation.)
22
deformation, inelastic — non-elastic deformation
23
not proportional to the applied stress. (See
24
also deformation; creep; deformation,
25
time-dependent.)
26
27
28
29
39
deformed tie bar — see bar, tie.
40
degree-hour — a measure of strength gain of
41
concrete as a function of the product of
42
temperature multiplied by time for a
43
specific interval. (See also factor,
44
maturity.)
45
adsorbed, or absorbed water from a
47
material.
48
deicer — a chemical, such as sodium or calcium
49
chloride, used to melt ice or snow on slabs
50
and pavements, such melting being due to
51
depression of the freezing point.
52
delamination — a planar separation in a material
53
that is roughly parallel to the surface of the
54
material.
deformation, nonreversible — see creep,
nonrecoverable.
dehydration — removal of chemically bound,
46
deformation, elastic — elastic deformation
20
deformed.
55
deformation, residual — see creep,
nonrecoverable.
58
delay — see period, presteaming.
1
delayed ettringite formation — a form of sulfate
32
2
attack by which mature hardened concrete
33
concrete in field construction to
3
is damaged by internal expansion during
34
ensure that specified values as
4
exposure to cyclic wetting and drying in
35
determined by standard tests are
5
service and caused by the late formation of
36
obtained.
6
ettringite; not because of excessive sulfate;
37
7
not likely to occur unless the concrete has
38
volume of dry aggregate compacted
8
been exposed to temperatures during curing
39
by rodding under standardized
9
of 160 ºF (70 ºC) or greater; and less likely
40
conditions; used in measuring
10
to occur in concrete made with pozzolan or
41
density of aggregate.
11
slag cement. (See also ettringite.)
42
density control — control of density of
density, dry-rodded — mass per unit
density (dry) — the mass per unit volume
12
delivery hose — see hose, delivery.
43
of a dry substance at a stated
13
demold — to remove molds from concrete test
44
temperature. (See also specific
gravity, absolute.)
14
specimens or precast products. (See also
45
15
strip.)
46
depth, effective — depth of a beam or slab section
16
dense concrete — see concrete, dense.
47
measured from the compression face to the
17
dense-graded aggregate — see aggregate, dense-
48
centroid of the tensile reinforcement.
18
19
graded.
density — mass per unit volume (preferred over
49
50
design —
design, elastic — a method of analysis in
20
deprecated term unit weight.)
51
which the design of a member is
21
density, bulk — the mass of a material
52
based on a linear stress-strain
22
(including solid particles and any
53
relationship and corresponding
23
contained water) per unit volume
54
limiting elastic properties of the
24
including impermeable and
55
material.
25
permeable voids in the material.
56
design, probabilistic — method of design
26
(See also specific gravity,
57
of structures using the principles of
27
absolute.)
58
statistics (probability) as a basis for
59
evaluation of structural safety.
28
density, fired — the density of refractory
29
concrete, upon cooling, after having
30
been exposed to a specified firing
31
temperature for a specified time.
59
1
design, working-stress — a method of
32
development length — see length, development.
device, anchorage — see anchorage (preferred
2
proportioning either structures or
33
3
members for prescribed service
34
4
loads at stresses well below the
5
ultimate, and assuming linear
6
distribution of flexural stresses and
7
strains. (See also design, elastic.)
8
design load — see load, design.
9
design strength — see strength, design.
10
35
term).
device, extension — any device, other than an
36
adjustment screw, used to obtain vertical
37
adjustment of shoring towers.
38
devil’s float — see float, devil’s.
39
diagonal crack — see crack, diagonal.
40
diagonal cracking — see cracking, diagonal.
41
diagonal tension — see tension, diagonal.
diameter, equivalent fiber — diameter of a circle
detail, emulative — a connection in which the
11
structural performance is equivalent to that
12
of a continuous member or a monolithic
42
13
connection.
43
having an area equal to the average cross-
44
sectional area of a fiber.
14
detail, jointed — a connection where the bending
diametral compression test — see splitting
15
stiffness differs from that of the members
45
16
and requires special design to collect,
46
17
transfer, and redistribute forces from one
47
diamond mesh — see mesh, diamond.
18
member to another through the connection.
48
diatomaceous earth — a friable earthy material
19
deterioration —
tensile test.
49
composed primarily of nearly pure hydrous
20
(1) physical manifestation of failure of a
50
amorphous silica (opal) in the form of
21
material (for example, cracking,
51
frustules of the microscopic plants called
22
delamination, flaking, pitting, scaling,
52
diatoms.
23
spalling, staining) caused by environmental
53
24
or internal autogenous influences on rock
54
composition 2CaO
25
and hardened concrete as well as other
55
S, an impure form of which (belite) occurs
26
materials; or
56
in portland-cement clinker. (See also
27
(2) decomposition of material during either
57
belite.)
28
testing or exposure to service. (See also
29
disintegration and weathering.)
30
development bond stress — see stress,
31
anchorage bond.
60
dicalcium silicate — a compound having the
SiO 2 , abbreviated C 2
1
differential thermal analysis (DTA) — indication
30
dispersant — a material that deflocculates or
2
of thermal reaction by differential
31
disperses finely ground materials by
3
thermocouple recording of temperature
32
satisfying the surface energy requirements
4
changes in a sample under investigation
33
of the particles; used as a slurry thinner or
5
compared with those of a thermally passive
34
grinding aid.
6
control sample, that are heated uniformly
35
7
and simultaneously.
36
increasing the fluidity of pastes, mortars, or
37
concretes by reduction of inter-particle
attraction.
8
diffusivity, thermal — thermal conductivity
dispersant agent — an agent capable of
9
divided by the product of specific heat and
38
10
density; an index of the facility with which
39
distortion — see deformation.
11
a material undergoes temperature change.
40
distress — physical manifestation of cracking and
12
dilation — an expansion of concrete during
13
cooling or freezing generally calculated as
14
the maximum deviation from the normal
15
thermal contraction predicted from the
16
length change-temperature curve or length
17
change-time curve established at
18
19
41
distortion in a concrete structure as the
42
result of stress, chemical action, or both.
43
44
distribution-bar reinforcement — see
reinforcement, distribution-bar.
45
divider strips — see strips, divider.
temperatures before initial freezing.
46
D-line cracks — see D-cracks (preferred term).
diluent — a substance, liquid or solid, mixed with
47
documents, contract — a set of documents
20
the active constituents of a formulation to
48
supplied by the owner to the contractor as
21
increase the bulk or lower the
49
the basis for construction. These documents
22
concentration.
50
contain contract forms, contract conditions,
51
specifications, drawings, addenda, and
52
contract changes.
23
direct dumping — discharge of concrete directly
24
into place from crane bucket or mixer.
25
discoloration — departure of color from that
26
which is normal or desired.
27
disintegration — reduction into small fragments
28
and subsequently into particles. (See also
29
deterioration and weathering.)
53
dolomite — a mineral having a specific crystal
54
structure and consisting of calcium
55
carbonate and magnesium carbonate in
56
equivalent chemical amounts which are
57
54.27 and 45.73 % by mass, respectively; a
58
rock containing dolomite as the principal
59
constituent.
61
1
dolomite, hard-burned — the product of heating
2
dolomitic rock at temperatures high enough
3
to change the magnesium carbonate to
4
magnesium oxide, a constituent that slowly
5
expands on reaction with water.
6
dome — square prefabricated pan form used in
32
dowel-bar reinforcement — see dowel.
33
dowel deflection — see deflection, dowel.
34
dowel lubricant — see lubricant, dowel.
35
dowel rod — see rod, dowel.
36
drainage fill —
7
two-way (waffle) concrete joist floor
37
(1) base course of granular material placed
8
construction.
38
between floor slab and sub-grade to impede
39
capillary rise of moisture; or
9
double-headed nail — a nail with two heads at, or
10
near, one end to permit easy removal;
40
(2) also, lightweight concrete placed on
11
widely used in concrete formwork.
41
floors or roofs to promote drainage.
42
draped tendons — see tendons, deflected
12
double-tee beam — see beam, double-tee.
13
double-up — a method of plastering characterized
43
(preferred term).
14
by application in successive operations
44
dried strength — see strength, dried.
15
with no setting or drying time between
45
drier — chemical that promotes oxidation or
16
coats.
46
drying of a paint or adhesive.
17
doughnut (donut) — a large washer of any shape
47
drilled pier — see pier, drilled.
drip — a transverse groove in the underside of a
18
to increase bearing area of bolts and ties;
48
19
also a round concrete spacer with hole in
49
projecting piece of wood, stone, or concrete
20
the center to hold bars the desired distance
50
to prevent water from flowing back to a
21
from the forms.
51
wall.
22
dowel —
52
dropchute — a device used to confine or to direct
23
(1) a steel pin, commonly a plain or coated
53
the flow of a falling stream of fresh
24
round steel bar that extends into adjoining
54
concrete.
25
portions of a concrete construction, as at an
55
(1) dropchute, articulated — a device
26
expansion or contraction joint in a
56
consisting of a succession of tapered metal
27
pavement slab, so as to transfer shear loads;
57
cylinders so designed that the lower end of
28
or
58
each cylinder fits into the upper end of the
29
(2) a deformed reinforcing bar intended to
59
one below; or
30
transmit tension, compression, or shear
31
through a construction joint.
62
1
(2) dropchute, flexible — a device
30
2
consisting of a heavy rubberized canvas or
31
3
plastic collapsible tube.
32
dry topping — see dry-shake (preferred term).
4
drop-in beam — see beam, drop-in.
33
dry-volume measurement — measurement of the
5
drop panel — see panel, drop.
34
ingredients of grout, mortar, or concrete by
6
drop-panel form — see form, drop-panel.
35
their bulk volume.
7
dry-batch weight — see weight, dry-batch.
36
drying creep — see creep, drying.
8
dry-cast process — see process, dry-cast.
37
drying shrinkage — see shrinkage, drying.
9
dry mix — see mix, dry.
38
duct — a hole formed in a concrete member to
10
dry-mix shotcrete — see shotcrete, dry-mix.
11
dry mixing — see mixing, dry.
12
dry pack — see pack, dry.
13
dry-packed concrete — see concrete, dry-
14
packed.
dry-tamp process — see packing, dry (preferred
term).
39
accommodate a tendon for post-tensioning;
40
a pipe or runway for electric, telephone, or
41
other utilities.
42
ductility — that property of a material by virtue of
43
which it may undergo large permanent
44
deformation without rupture.
15
dry packing — see packing, dry.
45
16
dry process — see process, dry.
46
17
dry-rodded density — see density, dry-rodded.
47
18
dry-rodded volume — see volume, dry-rodded.
48
ingredients of freshly mixed concrete or
19
dry-rodded weight — deprecated term; see
49
mortar to determine the proportions of the
50
mixture.
20
density, dry-rodded.
21
dry rodding — see rodding, dry.
22
dry-shake — a dry mixture of hydraulic cement
23
and fine aggregate (either natural or special
24
metallic) that is distributed evenly over the
25
51
dummy joint — see joint, construction and joint,
groove.
Dunagan analysis — a method of separating the
durability — the ability of a material to resist
52
weathering action, chemical attack,
53
abrasion, and other conditions of service.
54
durability factor — see factor, durability.
surface of concrete flatwork and worked
55
dust of fracture (in aggregate) — rock dust
26
into the surface before time of final setting
56
created during production processing or
27
and then floated and troweled to desired
57
handling.
28
finish; the mixture either may or may not
58
29
contain pigment.
59
material at the surface of hardened
60
concrete.
63
dusting — the development of a powdered
1
dye, fugitive — see fugitive dye.
28
2
dynamic analysis — see analysis, dynamic.
29
having a beveled edge and used to
3
dynamic load — see load, dynamic.
30
straighten re-entrant angles in finish
dynamic loading — see loading, dynamic.
31
plaster coat; also the edge of a
4
32
concrete or mortar patch or topping
5
dynamic modulus of elasticity — see modulus of
33
that is beveled at an acute angle.
6
elasticity, dynamic.
7
—E—
8
9
early age (of concrete) — the period after final
34
edge, feather — a wood or metal tool
edge, pressed — edge of a footing along
35
which the greatest soil pressure
36
occurs under conditions of
37
overturning.
10
setting, during which properties are
38
11
changing rapidly. For a typical Type I
39
12
portland cement concrete moist cured at
40
edge beam — see beam, edge.
13
room temperature, this period is
approximately 7 days.
41
edge form — see form, edge.
14
42
edger — a finishing tool used on the edges of fresh
43
concrete to provide a rounded edge.
15
early-entry dry-cut saw — a tool designed to
16
produce joints in concrete commencing 1 to
17
4 hours after finishing and without raveling
18
the cut edges.
19
early strength — see strength, early.
20
early stiffening — see stiffening, early.
21
earth pigments — the class of pigments that are
22
produced by physical processing of
23
materials mined directly from the earth;
24
also frequently termed natural or mineral
25
pigments or colors.
44
edge-bar reinforcement — see reinforcement,
edge-bar.
edging — the operation of tooling the edges of a
45
fresh concrete slab to provide a rounded
46
corner.
47
effective area of concrete — area of a concrete
48
section assumed to resist shear or flexural
49
stresses.
50
effective area of reinforcement — the area
51
obtained by multiplying the right cross-
52
sectional area of the metal reinforcement by
53
the cosine of the angle between its
26
eccentric tendon — see tendon, eccentric.
54
centroidal axis and the direction for which
27
edge —
55
its effectiveness is considered.
56
effective depth — see depth, effective.
57
effective flange width — see width, effective
58
64
flange.
1
effective prestress — see prestress, effective.
30
elephant trunk — an articulated tube or chute
2
effective span — see span, effective.
31
used in concrete placement. (See also
3
effective width of slab — that part of the width of
32
dropchute and tremie.)
elongated piece (of aggregate) — particle of
4
a slab taken into account when designing
33
5
T- or L-beams.
34
aggregate for which the ratio of the length
35
to the width of its circumscribing
36
rectangular prism is greater than a specified
37
value. [See also flat piece (of aggregate)]
6
efflorescence — a generally white deposit formed
7
when water-soluble compounds emerge in
8
solution from concrete, masonry, or plaster
9
substrates and precipitate by reaction such
38
10
as carbonation or crystallize by
39
expansion; shortening, elastic; and
11
evaporation.
40
swelling.)
elongation — increase in length. (See also
12
elastic deformation — see deformation, elastic.
41
embedment length — see length, embedment.
13
elastic design — see design, elastic.
42
embedment-length equivalent — the length of
14
elastic limit — see limit, elastic.
15
elastic loss — see loss, elastic.
16
elastic modulus — see modulus of elasticity
17
(preferred term).
43
embedded reinforcement which can
44
develop the same stress as that which can
45
be developed by a hook or mechanical
46
anchorage.
47
emery — a rock consisting essentially of an
18
elastic shortening — see shortening, elastic.
48
intercrystalline mixture of corundum and
19
elasticity — that property of a material by virtue
49
either magnetite or hematite; also
20
of which it tends to recover its original size
50
manufactured aggregate composed of
21
and shape after deformation.
51
emery used to produce a wear-and slip-
22
electrical curing — see curing, electrical.
52
resistant concrete floor surface. (See also
23
electrolysis — production of chemical changes by
53
dry-shake.)
emulation — designing precast elements and their
24
the passage of current through an
54
25
electrolyte.
55
structural connections to perform as if the
56
structure was a conventional cast-in-place
57
concrete structure.
26
electrolyte — a conducting medium in which the
27
flow of current is accompanied by
28
movement of matter; usually an aqueous
29
solution.
58
65
emulative detail — see detail, emulative.
1
emulsion — a two-phase liquid system in which
30
equivalent fiber diameter — see diameter,
2
small droplets of one liquid (the internal
31
equivalent fiber.
3
phase) are immiscible in, and dispersed
32
equivalent rectangular stress-distribution — an
4
uniformly throughout, a second continuous
33
assumption of uniform stress on the
5
liquid phase (the external phase).
34
compression side of the neutral axis in the
6
encastré — the end fixing of a built-in beam.
35
strength method of design to determine
7
enclosure wall — see wall, enclosure.
36
flexural capacity.
8
encrustation — see incrustation (preferred term).
37
9
end anchorage — see anchorage, end.
10
end-bearing sleeve — device fitting over the
11
abutting ends of two reinforcing bars for
12
the purpose of assuring transfer of only
13
axial compression from one bar to the
14
other. (See also coupler, coupling sleeve,
15
and mechanical connection.)
16
end block — see block, end.
17
endothermic reaction — see reaction,
18
endothermic.
erosion — progressive disintegration of a solid by
38
abrasion or cavitation of gases, liquids, or
39
solids in motion. (See also damage,
40
abrasion and cavitation damage.)
41
ettringite — a mineral, high-sulfate calcium
42
sulfoaluminate (3 CaO Al2O3 3
43
CaSO4 30-32 H2O), occurring in nature or
44
formed by sulfate attack on mortar and
45
concrete; the product of the principal
46
expansion-producing reaction in expansive
47
cements; designated as “cement bacillus” in
48
older literature.
19
engineer-architect — see architect-engineer.
49
evaporable water — see water, evaporable.
20
entrained air — see air, entrained.
50
evaporation retardant — a material applied to
21
entrapped air — see air, entrapped.
51
the surface of concrete, before set, to
22
epoxy — a thermosetting polymer that is the
52
reduce the evaporation rate of water
23
reaction product of epoxy resin and an
53
without interfering with finishing
24
amino hardener. (See also resins, epoxy.)
54
operations. (See also monomolecular.)
25
epoxy-coated bar — see bar, epoxy-coated.
26
epoxy concrete — see concrete, epoxy.
27
epoxy grout — see grout, epoxy.
28
epoxy mortar — see mortar, epoxy.
29
epoxy resins — see resins, epoxy.
55
exfoliation — disintegration occurring by peeling
56
off in successive layers; swelling up and
57
opening into leaves or plates like a partly
58
opened book.
59
66
exothermic reaction — see reaction, exothermic.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
expanded blast-furnace slag — see blastfurnace slag.
expanded-metal fabric reinforcement — see
lath, expanded-metal.
expanded-metal lath — see lath, expandedmetal.
expanded shale (clay or slate) — see shale,
expanded.
expanding cement — see cement, expansive.
expansion — increase in either length or volume.
29
exposure condition, moderate — an
30
environment, normally in temperate climate
31
regions, in which concrete will only
32
occasionally be exposed to moisture and
33
will not be saturated prior to freezing and
34
where no deicing agents or other aggressive
35
chemicals are used.
36
exposure condition, severe — an environment,
37
normally in cold climate regions, in which
38
concrete may be saturated, or in almost
39
continuous contact with moisture prior to
11
(See also contraction; moisture
40
freezing, and where deicing agents are
12
movement; shrinkage; volume change;
41
used.
13
and volume change, autogenous.)
42
extender — a finely divided inert mineral added to
14
expansion, thermal — see thermal expansion.
43
provide economical bulk in paints,
15
expansion joint — see joint, expansion.
44
synthetic resins and adhesives, or other
16
expansion sleeve — see sleeve, expansion.
45
products.
17
expansive cement — see cement, expansive.
46
18
expansive-cement concrete (mortar or grout) —
19
see concrete (mortar or grout),
20
expansive-cement.
21
22
23
24
25
26
expansive-cement mortar — see concrete
(mortar or grout), expansive-cement.
expansive component — see component,
expansive.
exposed-aggregate finish — see finish, exposedaggregate.
extensibility — the maximum tensile strain that
47
hardened cement paste, mortar, or concrete
48
can sustain before cracking occurs.
49
extension device — see device, extension.
50
exterior panel — see panel, exterior.
51
external vibrator — see vibrator.
52
extreme compression fiber — see fiber, extreme
53
54
55
compression.
extreme tension fiber — see fiber, extreme
tension.
27
exposed concrete — see concrete, exposed.
56
28
exposed masonry — see masonry, exposed.
57
discharged through a pore, crack, or
58
opening in the surface of concrete.
59
67
exudation — a liquid or viscous gel-like material
1
—F—
31
(2) in ASTM C 666, a measure of
2
fabric, welded-wire — a series of longitudinal and
32
the effects of freezing and thawing
3
transverse wires arranged approximately at
33
action on concrete specimens, in
4
right angles to each other and welded
34
which resonant frequency of
5
together at all points of intersection.
35
vibration is used as the property
6
fabric, woven-wire — a prefabricated steel
36
measured.
7
reinforcement composed of cold-drawn
37
factor, flow — see cone, flow.
8
steel wires mechanically twisted together to
38
factor, maturity — a factor that is a
9
form hexagonally shaped openings.
39
function of the age of the concrete
10
face, pilaster — the form for the front surface of a
40
(hours or days) multiplied by the
41
difference between the mean
42
temperature of the concrete
43
(degrees) during curing and a datum
44
temperature below which hydration
45
stops. (See also degree-hour.)
11
12
13
pilaster parallel to the wall.
factor —
factor, bulking — ratio of the volume of
14
moist sand to the volume of the
15
sand when dry.
16
factor, coarse-aggregate — the ratio,
17
expressed as a decimal, of the
18
amount (mass or solid volume) of
19
coarse aggregate in a unit volume of
20
well-proportioned concrete to the
21
amount of dry-rodded coarse
22
aggregate compacted into the same
23
volume (b/b0).
24
factor, durability — (1) a measure of the
25
change in a material property over a
26
period of time as a response to
27
exposure to a treatment that can
28
cause deterioration, usually
29
expressed as percentage of the value
30
of the property before exposure; or
46
47
48
factor, phi ( ) — see factor, strengthreduction (preferred term).
factor, Philleo — a distance, used as an
49
index of the extent to which
50
hardened cement paste is protected
51
from the effects of freezing, so
52
selected that only a small portion of
53
the cement paste (usually 10 %) lies
54
farther than that distance from the
55
perimeter of the nearest air void .
56
(See also protected paste volume.)
57
factor, Powers’ spacing — see factor,
58
spacing (preferred term.)
68
1
factor, spacing — an index related to the
33
failure, fatigue — the phenomenon of rupture of a
2
maximum distance of any point in a
34
material, when subjected to repeated
3
cement paste or in the cement paste
35
loadings, at a stress substantially less than
4
fraction of mortar or concrete from
36
the static strength.
5
the periphery of an air void; also
37
fair-face concrete — see concrete, fair-face.
6
known as Powers’ spacing factor.
38
(See also factor, Philleo.)
false header — see header.
7
39
false set — see set, false.
40
falsework — the temporary structure erected to
8
9
factor, stiffness — a measure of the
stiffness of a structural member; for
41
support work in the process of construction;
42
composed of shoring or vertical posting,
43
formwork for beams and slabs, and lateral
44
bracing. (See also centering.)
10
a prismatic member, it is equal to
11
the ratio of the product of the
12
moment of inertia of the cross
13
section and the modulus of
14
elasticity for the material to the
45
fascia — a flat member or band at the surface of a
15
length of the member.
46
building or the edge beam of a bridge; also
47
exposed eave of a building.
16
factor, strength reduction — capacity-
fastener — a device designed to attach, join, or
17
reduction factor (in structural
48
18
design); a number less than 1.0
49
hold two or more objects one to another in
19
(usually 0.65 to 0.90) by which the
50
juxtaposition; commonly readily removed.
20
strength of a structural member or
51
21
element (in terms of load, moment,
52
22
shear, or stress) is required to be
53
fatigue failure — see failure, fatigue.
23
multiplied to determine design
54
fatigue strength — see strength, fatigue.
24
strength or capacity; the magnitude
25
of the factor is stipulated in
55
faulting — differential displacement of a slab or
26
applicable codes and construction
27
specifications for respective types
57
feather edge — see edge, feather.
28
of members and cross sections.
58
feed wheel — see wheel, feed.
59
felite — a name used to identify one form of the
29
factor of safety — the ratio of load, moment, or
56
fatigue — the weakening of a material by repeated
or alternating loads.
wall along a joint or crack.
30
shear of a structural member at the ultimate
60
constituent of portland-cement clinker now
31
to that at the service level.
61
know when pure as dicalcium silicate
62
(2CaO SiO2). (See also alite, belite, and
63
celite.)
32
factored load — see load, factored.
69
1
ferrocement — a composite structural material
32
2
comprising thin sections consisting of
33
3
cement mortar reinforced by a number of
34
4
very closely spaced layers of steel wire
35
5
mesh.
6
fiber — a slender and greatly elongated solid
7
material, generally with a length at least
8
100 times its diameter, that has properties
9
making it desirable for use as
10
reinforcement.
11
fiber, equivalent diameter — diameter of
fibrous concrete — see concrete, fiberreinforced.
field bending — bending of reinforcing bars on
the job rather than in a fabricating shop.
36
field concrete — see concrete, field.
37
field-cured cylinders — see cylinders, field-
38
39
40
cured.
field-proportioned grout — see grout, fieldproportioned.
41
fill, porous — see drainage fill.
filler —
12
a circle having an area equal to the
42
13
average cross-sectional area of a
43
(1) a finely divided, relatively inert
14
fiber.
44
material, such as pulverized limestone,
15
fiber, extreme compression — farthest
45
silica, or colloidal substances, added to
16
fiber from the neutral axis on the
46
portland-cement, paint, resin, or other
17
compression side of a member
47
materials to reduce shrinkage, improve
18
subjected to bending.
48
workability, reduce cost, or reduce density;
49
or
19
fiber, extreme tension — farthest fiber
20
from the neutral axis on the tension
50
(2) material used to fill an opening in a
21
side of a member subjected to
51
form.
22
bending
52
filler, joint — compressible material used
53
to fill a joint to prevent the infiltration of
54
debris and provide support for sealants
55
applied to the exposed surface.
23
fiber count — the number of fibers in a unit
24
volume of fiber-reinforced concrete.
25
fiber-reinforced concrete — see concrete, fiber-
26
27
reinforced.
fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) — a general
56
fillet — see strip, chamfer.
57
fin — a narrow linear projection on a formed
28
term for a composite material comprising a
58
concrete surface, resulting from mortar
29
polymer matrix reinforced with fibers in the
59
flowing into spaces in the formwork; also a
30
form of fabric, mat, strands, or any other
60
type of blade in a concrete mixer drum.
31
fiber form. (See composite.)
61
final curing — see curing, final.
62
final prestress — see stress, final.
70
1
final set — see set, final.
31
finish, gun — undisturbed final layer of
2
final setting time — see time, final setting.
32
shotcrete as applied from nozzle,
3
final stress — see stress, final.
33
without hand finishing.
4
fine aggregate — see aggregate, fine.
34
finish, rubbed — a finish obtained by
5
fine-grained soil — see soil, fine-grained.
6
35
using an abrasive to remove surface
36
irregularities from concrete. (See
fineness — a measure of particle size.
37
also sack rub.)
7
fineness modulus — see modulus, fineness.
38
8
finish — the texture of a surface after
39
terrazzo topping in which the matrix
consolidating and finishing operations have
40
is recessed by washing before
10
been performed.
41
setting so as to expose the chips
11
finish, bush-hammer — the finish on
42
without destroying the bond
9
finish, rustic or washed — a type of
12
concrete surface obtained by means
43
between chip and matrix; a retarder
13
of a bush-hammer.
44
is sometimes applied to the surface
45
to facilitate this operation. (See also
46
finish, exposed-aggregate.)
finish, swirl — a nonskid texture imparted
14
finish, broom — the surface texture
15
obtained by stroking a broom over
16
freshly placed concrete. (See also
47
17
surface, brushed.)
48
to a concrete surface during final
49
troweling by keeping the trowel flat
50
and using a rotary motion.
finish, trowel — the smooth or textured
18
finish, exposed-aggregate — a decorative
19
finish for concrete work achieved
20
by removing, generally before the
51
21
concrete has fully hardened, the
52
finish of an unformed concrete
22
outer skin of mortar and exposing
53
surface obtained by troweling.
23
the coarse aggregate.
54
finish coat — see coat, finish.
55
finish grinding — see grinding, finish.
56
finish screens — see screens, finish.
57
finishing — leveling, smoothing, consolidating,
24
finish, float — a rather rough, granular
25
concrete surface texture obtained by
26
finishing with a float.
27
finish, granolithic — a surface layer of
58
and otherwise treating surfaces of fresh or
28
granolithic concrete which may be
59
recently placed concrete or mortar to
29
laid on a base of either fresh or
60
produce desired appearance and service.
30
hardened concrete.
61
(See also float and trowel.)
71
1
finishing machine — see machine, finishing.
31
flatwork, concrete — a general term applicable to
2
fire clay — see clay, fire.
32
concrete floors and slabs that require
3
fire resistance — see resistance, fire.
33
finishing operations.
4
fired strength — see strength, fired.
5
fired density — see density, fired.
6
fishtail — a wedge-shaped piece of wood used as
34
35
flexible joint — see joint; hinge, Mesnager, and
joint, semiflexible.
36
flexible pavement — see pavement, flexible.
37
flexural bond stress — see bond, flexural stress.
7
part of the support form between tapered
8
pans in concrete joist construction.
38
flexural rigidity — see rigidity, flexural.
9
flange, compression — the widened portion of an
39
flexural strength — see strength, flexural.
10
I, T, or similar cross-section beam that is
40
flint — a variety of chert. (See also chert.)
11
shortened or compressed by bending under
41
float — (1) a circular shallow-pan attachment,
12
normal loads, such as the horizontal portion
42
often of 48 in. (1.2 m) diameter with a 3/4
13
of the cross section of a simple span T-
43
in. (19 mm) high rim, for powered finishing
14
beam.
44
equipment, typically used to impart a
15
flame photometer — see photometer, flame.
45
relatively smooth final finish to floors; (2) a
16
flash coat — see coat, flash.
46
shallow horizontal tray suspended behind
17
flash set — see set, flash.
47
paving equipment, dragged across the
flashing — a thin impermeable sheet, narrow in
48
freshly placed concrete surface to improve
18
comparison with its length, installed as a
49
closure, or smoothness, or both.
19
20
cover to exclude water from exposed joints,
50
float, angle — a finishing tool having a
21
at roof valleys, hips, roof parapets, or
22
intersections of roof and chimney.
23
flat jack — see jack, flat.
24
flat piece (of aggregate) — one in which the ratio
25
of the width to thickness of its
26
circumscribing rectangular prism is greater
27
than a specified value. [See also elongated
28
piece (of aggregate).]
29
flat plate — see plate, flat.
30
flat slab — see slab, flat.
51
surface bent to form a right angle;
52
used to finish reentrant angles.
53
float, bull — a tool comprising a large,
54
flat, rectangular piece of wood,
55
aluminum, or magnesium usually 8
56
in. (200 mm) wide and 42 to 60 in.
57
(1 to 1.50 m) long, and a handle 4 to
58
16 ft (1 to 5 m) in length used to
59
smooth unformed surfaces of
60
freshly placed concrete.
72
1
float, devils — a wooden float with two
30
flow, plastic — increase in concrete strain
2
nails protruding from the toe, used
31
of members subject to constant
3
to roughen the surface of a brown
32
stress and for decrease in concrete
4
plaster coat. (See also texturing.)
33
stress of members subject to
34
constant strain; an obsolete term
35
(see creep and stress relaxation.)
5
float, power — see float, rotary (preferred
term).
6
7
float, rotary — a motor-driven revolving
36
flow cone — see cone, flow.
8
disc that smooths, flattens, and
37
flow factor — see cone, flow.
9
compacts the surface of concrete
38
flow line — detectable line on a concrete wall or
floors and floor toppings.
39
column usually departing somewhat from
10
11
float finish — see finish, float.
40
horizontal, that shows where the concrete
12
floating — the operation of finishing a fresh
41
in one placement has flowed horizontally
13
concrete or mortar surface by use of a float,
42
before succeeding placement has been
14
preceding troweling when that is to be the
43
made.
15
final finish.
44
flow promoter — see promoter, flow.
45
flow table — see table, flow.
16
flow —
17
(1) time-dependent irrecoverable
46
flow trough — see trough, flow.
18
deformation (see also creep and rheology);
47
flowable consistency — see consistency,
19
(2) a measure of the consistency of freshly
48
20
mixed concrete, mortar, or cement paste
49
flowing concrete — see concrete, flowing.
21
expressed in terms of the increase in
50
22
diameter of a molded truncated cone
fluid consistency — see consistency, fluid.
23
specimen after jigging a specified number
51
fluidifier — an admixture employed in grout to
24
of times; or
25
(3) movement of uncured resin under
26
gravity loads or differential pressure.
27
flow, capillary — flow of moisture
28
through a capillary pore system, such as in
29
concrete.
flowable.
52
decrease the flow factor without changing
53
water content. (See also admixture, water-
54
reducing.)
55
fluosilicate — magnesium or zinc silico-fluoride
56
used to prepare aqueous solutions
57
sometimes applied to concrete as surface-
58
hardening agents.
59
73
flush water — see wash (or flush) water.
1
fly ash — the finely divided residue that results
29
footing, stepped — a step-like support
2
from the combustion of ground or
30
consisting of prisms of concrete of
3
powdered coal and that is transported by
31
progressively diminishing lateral
4
flue gases from the combustion zone to the
32
dimensions superimposed on each
5
particle removal system.
33
other to distribute the load of a
column or wall to the subgrade.
6
flying forms — see forms, flying.
34
7
foam, preformed — foam produced in a foam
35
footing, strip — see footing, continuous.
8
generator prior to introduction of the foam
36
force, jacking — in prestressed concrete, the
9
into a mixer with other ingredients to
37
temporary force exerted by the device
10
produce cellular concrete. (See also
38
which introduces tension into the tendons.
11
concrete, cellular.)
39
12
13
foamed blast-furnace slag — see blast-furnace
slag (2).
form — a temporary structure or mold for the
40
support of concrete while it is setting and
41
gaining sufficient strength to be self-
14
foamed concrete — see concrete, foamed.
42
supporting. (See also formwork.)
15
fog curing — see curing, fog.
43
form, climbing — a form which is raised
16
fog room — see moist room.
17
folded plate — see plate, folded.
18
footing — a structural element of a foundation that
19
transmits loads directly to the soil.
20
footing, combined — a structural unit or
21
assembly of units supporting more
22
than one column.
23
footing, continuous —a combined footing
24
of prismatic or truncated shape,
25
supporting two or more columns in
26
a row.
27
28
footing, sloped — a footing having sloping
top or side faces.
44
vertically for succeeding lifts of
45
concrete in a given structure.
46
form, drop-panel — a retainer or mold so
47
erected as to give the necessary
48
shape, support, and finish to a drop
49
panel.
50
form, edge — formwork used to limit the
51
horizontal spread of fresh concrete
52
on flat surfaces such as pavements
53
or floors.
54
form, permanent — any form that remains
55
in place after the concrete has
56
developed its design strength; it
57
may or may not become an integral
58
part of the structure.
59
74
form, sliding — see slipform.
1
form, top — form required on the upper or
32
form scabbing — inadvertent removal of the
2
outer surface of a sloping slab or
33
surface of concrete because of adhesion to
3
thin shell.
34
the form.
4
form, trench — the vertical sides and
35
form sealer — coating applied to the surface of a
5
semicircular bottom of a trench
36
form to reduce or prevent absorption of
6
excavated through compacted soil
37
water from the concrete.
7
to provide the exterior form and
38
form spacer — see spacer, see also spreader.
8
base for a cast-in-place concrete
39
pipe.
form spreader — see spreader.
9
40
form tie — see tie, form.
41
forms —
10
form, vented — a form so constructed as
11
to retain the solid constituents of
12
concrete and permit the escape of
42
13
water and air.
43
of formwork incorporating support,
44
and designed to be moved from
45
place to place.
14
form, wall — a retainer or mold so erected
forms, flying — large prefabricated units
15
as to give the necessary shape,
16
support, and finish to a concrete
46
17
wall.
47
joined to make a much larger unit
18
form anchor — see anchor, form.
48
(up to 30 by 50 ft) (9 by 15 m) for
49
form coating — see coating, form.
convenience in erecting, stripping,
19
50
and reusing; usually braced with
20
form hanger — see hanger, form.
51
wales, strongbacks, or special lifting
21
form insulation — see insulation, form.
52
hardware.
22
form lining — materials used to line the
53
forms, moving — large prefabricated units
forms, ganged — prefabricated panels
23
concreting face of formwork either to
54
of formwork incorporating supports,
24
impart a smooth or patterned finish to the
55
and designed to be moved
25
concrete surface, to absorb moisture from
56
horizontally on rollers or similar
26
the concrete, or to apply a set-retarding
57
devices, with a minimum amount of
27
chemical to the formed surface. (See also
58
dismantling between successive
28
sheathing.)
59
uses.
29
form oil — see oil, form.
30
form pressure — see pressure, form.
31
form release agent — see agent, release.
75
1
formwork — total system of support for freshly
32
fracture — a crack or break, as of concrete or
2
placed concrete including the mold or
33
masonry; the configuration of a broken
3
sheathing that contacts the concrete as well
34
surface; also the action of cracking or
4
as supporting members, hardware, and
35
breaking. (See also crack.)
5
necessary bracing; sometimes called
36
6
shuttering in the United Kingdom. (See
37
7
also falsework and centering.)
8
foundation — a system of structural elements that
38
frame, rigid — a frame depending on moment in
joints for stability.
free fall — descent of freshly mixed concrete into
39
forms without dropchutes or other means of
transmit loads from the structure above to
40
confinement; also the distance through
10
the earth.
41
which such descent occurs; also
11
foundation, grid — a combined footing
42
uncontrolled fall of aggregate.
9
12
formed by intersecting continuous
13
footings, loaded at the intersection
14
points, and covering much of the
15
total area within the outer limits of
16
the assembly.
17
foundation, mat — a foundation
43
free lime — see lime, free.
44
free moisture — see moisture, free.
45
free water — see moisture, free. (See also
46
moisture, surface.)
47
fresh concrete — see concrete, fresh.
fresno trowel — a thin steel trowel that is
18
consisting of a continuous concrete
48
19
slab extending in both directions
49
rectangular or rectangular with rounded
20
that is usually reinforced and
50
corners, usually 4 in. to 10 in. (100 to 250
21
supports an array of columns and/or
51
mm) wide and 20 in. to 36 in. (420 to 900
22
walls. Also referred to as
52
mm) long, having 4 ft to 16 ft (1 to 5 m)
23
foundation, raft.
53
long handle, and used to smooth surfaces of
54
nonbleeding concrete and shotcrete.
24
foundation, raft —see foundation, mat.
25
foundation, strip — a continuous
55
friction loss — see loss, friction.
26
foundation wherein the length
56
friction pile — see pile, friction.
27
considerably exceeds the breadth.
57
friction, wobble — in prestressed concrete, the
28
29
30
31
foundation bolt — see bolt, anchor (preferred
term).
four-way reinforcement — see reinforcement,
four-way.
58
friction caused by the unintended deviation
59
of the prestressing sheath or duct from its
60
specified profile.
61
62
76
frog — a depression in the bed surface of a
masonry unit; sometimes called a panel.
1
fugitive dye — a dye whose color fades in a few
32
gauge water — see batched water (preferred
2
days to neutral on exposure, usually to
33
3
ultraviolet rays in sunlight; used to
34
4
temporarily color membrane-curing
35
Ca2Al(AlSi)O7. (See also akermanite,
5
compounds so that coverage of the concrete
36
melilite, merwinite.)
6
surface can be observed.
37
term).
gehlenite — a mineral of the melilite group,
gel — matter in a colloidal state that does not
7
Fuller-Thompson ideal grading curve — see
38
dissolve, but remains suspended in a
8
Fuller’s curve (preferred term).
39
solvent from which it fails to precipitate
40
without the intervention of heat or of an
9
Fuller’s curve — an empirical curve for gradation
10
of aggregates; also known as the Fuller-
41
electrolyte. (See also gel, cement.)
11
Thompson ideal gradation curve; the curve
42
gel, cement — the colloidal material that
12
is designed by fitting either a parabola or an
43
makes up the major portion of the
13
ellipse to a tangent at the point where the
44
porous mass of which mature
14
aggregate fraction is one-tenth of the
45
hydrated cement paste is composed.
15
maximum size fraction. (See also grading
16
curve.)
17
furring — strips of wood or metal fastened to a
46
gel, tobermorite — the binder of concrete
47
cured moist or in atmospheric-
48
pressure steam, a lime-rich gel-like
18
wall or other surface to even it, to form an
49
solid containing 1.5 to 1.0 mols of
19
air space, to give appearance of greater
50
lime per mol of silica.
20
thickness, or for the application of an
21
interior finish such as plaster.
22
51
Gillmore needle — see needle, Gillmore.
52
girder — a large beam, usually horizontal, that
53
—G—
23
serves as a main structural member.
54
girt — small beam spanning between columns,
24
ganged forms — see forms, ganged.
55
generally used in industrial buildings to
25
ganister — a highly refractory siliceous
56
support outside walls. (See also beam.)
57
glass — an inorganic product of fusion that has
26
27
28
29
30
31
sedimentary rock used for furnace linings.
gap-graded aggregate — see aggregate, gapgraded.
gap-graded concrete — see concrete, gap-
58
cooled too a rigid condition without
59
crystallizing, sometimes reactive with
60
alkalies in concrete.
graded.
gas concrete — see concrete, gas.
77
1
glass-fiber reinforced cement — a composite
26
grading — the distribution of particles of granular
2
material consisting essentially of a matrix
27
material among various sizes; usually
3
of hydraulic cement paste or mortar
28
expressed in terms of cumulative
4
reinforced with glass fibers; typically
29
percentages larger or smaller than each of a
5
precast into units less than 1 in. (25 mm)
30
series of sizes (sieve openings) or the
6
thick.
31
percentages between certain ranges of sizes
32
(sieve openings).
33
grading, combined-aggregate — particle-
34
size distribution of a mixture of fine
and coarse aggregate.
7
8
9
glass-transition temperature — see
temperature, glass-transition.
go-devil — a ball of rolled-up burlap or paper or a
10
specially fabricated device put into the
35
11
pump end of a pipeline and forced through
36
12
the pipe by water pressure in order to clean
37
distribution in which intermediate
13
the pipeline; also a device used with tremie
38
size fractions are present, as
14
concrete operations.
39
opposed to gap-grading. (See also
aggregate, gap-graded.)
grading, continuous — a particle size
15
grab set — see set, flash (preferred term).
40
16
gradation — see grading (preferred term).
41
grading curve — see curve, grading.
17
grade — the prepared surface on which a concrete
42
granolithic concrete — see concrete, granolithic.
18
slab is cast; the process of preparing a plane
43
granolithic finish — see finish, granolithic.
19
surface of granular material or soil on
44
granulated blast-furnace slag — see blast-
20
which to cast a concrete slab.
45
furnace slag.
21
grade beam — see beam, grade.
46
22
grade strip — see strip, grade.
47
1. granular material predominantly
23
graded standard sand — see sand, standard.
48
retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve
24
gradient — rate of change in a variable over a
49
and resulting either from natural
25
distance, as of temperature or moisture.
50
disintegration and abrasion of rock or
51
processing of weakly bound
52
conglomerate; and
78
gravel —
1
2. that portion of an aggregate retained
32
2
on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and
33
equally spaced parallel bars set at an angle
3
resulting either from natural
34
to remove oversize particles in processing
4
disintegration and abrasion of rock or
35
aggregate or other material.
5
processing of weakly bound
36
grog — burned refractory material; usually
6
conglomerate. (See also aggregate,
37
calcined clay or crushed brick bats.
7
coarse.)
38
groove joint — see joint, contraction (preferred
8
gravel, crushed — the product
9
resulting from the artificial
10
crushing of gravel with a
11
specified minimum percentage
12
of fragments having one or more
13
faces resulting from fracture.
14
(See also aggregate, coarse.)
15
gravel, pea — screened gravel, most of
16
the particles of which pass a 9.5
17
mm (3/8 in.) sieve and are
18
retained on a 4.75 mm (No. 4)
19
sieve.
39
40
grizzly — a simple, stationary screen or series of
term).
groover — a tool used to form grooves or
41
weakened-plane joints in a concrete slab
42
before hardening to control crack location
43
or provide pattern.
44
gross volume (of concrete mixers) — in the case
45
of a revolving-drum mixer, the total interior
46
volume of the revolving portion of the
47
mixer drum; in the case of an open-top
48
mixer, the total volume of the trough or pan
49
calculated on the basis that no vertical
50
dimension of the container exceeds twice
20
green concrete — see concrete, green.
51
the radius of the circular section below the
21
grid foundation — see foundation, grid.
52
axis of the central shaft.
22
grinding, finish — the final grinding of clinker
53
ground-granulated blast-furnace slag — see
23
into cement, with calcium sulfate in the
54
cement, slag.
24
form of gypsum or anhydrite generally
55
ground wire — see wire, ground.
25
being added; the final grinding operation
56
required for a finished concrete surface, for
grout — a mixture of cementitious material and
26
57
27
example, bump cutting of pavement, fin
water, with or without aggregate,
58
removal from structural concrete, terrazzo
proportioned to produce a pourable
28
59
floor grinding.
consistency without segregation of the
29
60
constituents; also a mixture of other
30
grinding aids — see aids, grinding.
61
composition but of similar consistency.
31
grinding medium — see medium, grinding.
62
(See also grout, neat cement and grout,
63
sanded.)
79
1
grout, colloidal — grout in which a
33
grout, neat cement — a fluid mixture of
2
substantial proportion of the solid
34
hydraulic cement and water, with or
3
particles have the size range of a
35
without other ingredients; also the
4
colloid.
36
hardened equivalent of such
37
mixture.
5
grout, epoxy — a grout which is a mixture
6
of ingredients consisting of an
38
7
epoxy bonding system, aggregate or
39
grout which is a commercially
8
fillers, and possibly other materials.
40
available mixture of hydraulic
41
cement, aggregate, and other
9
grout, expansive-cement — see concrete
grout, preblended — a hydraulic-cement
10
(mortar or grout), expansive-
42
ingredients which requires only the
11
cement.
43
addition of water and mixing at the
44
jobsite; sometime termed premixed
45
grout.
12
grout, field-proportioned — a hydraulic-
13
cement grout batched at the jobsite
14
using water and predetermined
46
15
portions of portland cement,
47
aggregate is incorporated into the
16
aggregate, and other ingredients.
48
mixture.
17
grout, hydraulic-cement — a grout which
49
18
is a mixture of hydraulic cement,
50
19
aggregate, water and possibly
51
20
admixtures.
52
21
grout, machine-base — a grout which is
grout, sanded — grout in which fine
grout slope — the natural slope of fluid grout
injected into preplaced-aggregate concrete.
grouted-aggregate concrete — see concrete,
preplaced-aggregate.
53
grouted masonry — see masonry, grouted.
grouting — the process of filling with grout. (See
22
used in the space between plates or
54
23
machinery and the underlying
55
also grout.)
24
foundation and which is expected to
56
maintain essentially complete
grouting, advancing-slope — a method of
25
26
contact with the base and to
27
maintain uniform support.
28
grout, masonry — a mixture hydraulic
29
cement, aggregate, water and
30
possibly other materials (ASTM C
31
476), used for filling designated
32
spaces in masonry construction.
57
grouting by which the front of a
58
mass of grout is caused to move
59
horizontally through preplaced
60
aggregate by use of a suitable grout
61
injection sequence.
80
1
grouting, closed-circuit — injection of
grouting, open-circuit — a grouting
32
2
grout into a hole intersecting
33
system with no provision for
3
fissures or voids which are to be
34
recirculation of grout to the pump.
4
filled at such volume and pressure
35
5
that grout input to the hole is greater
36
usually at relatively low pressure,
6
than the grout take of the
37
around the periphery of an area that
7
surrounding formation, excess grout
38
is subsequently to be grouted at
8
being returned to the pumping plant
39
greater pressure; intended to confine
9
for recirculation.
40
subsequent grout injection within
41
the perimeter.
10
11
grouting, containment — see grouting,
perimeter.
grouting, perimeter — injection of grout,
grouting, slush — distribution of a grout,
42
12
grouting, contraction-joint — injection of
43
with or without fine aggregate, as
13
grout into contraction joints.
44
required over a rock or concrete
45
surface that is subsequently to be
46
covered with concrete, usually by
47
brooming it into place to fill surface
48
voids and fissures.
14
15
16
grouting, control-joint — see grouting,
contraction-joint.
grouting, curtain — injection of grout into
17
a subsurface formation in such a
18
way as to create a zone of grouted
49
grouting, staged — sequential grouting of
19
material transverse to the direction
50
a hole in separate steps or stages in
20
of anticipated water flow.
51
lieu of grouting the entire length at
52
once.
21
grouting, high-lift — a technique in
gun —
22
masonry wall construction in which
53
23
the grouting operation is delayed
54
(1) shotcrete material delivery equipment,
24
until the wall has been laid up to a
55
usually consisting of double chambers
25
full story height.
56
under pressure; equipment with a single
57
pressure chamber is used to some extent
26
grouting, low-lift — a technique of
27
masonry wall construction in which
58
(see also gun, cement); or
28
the wall sections are built to a
59
(2) pressure cylinder used to propel freshly
29
height of not more than 5 ft (1.7 m)
60
mixed concrete pneumatically.
30
before the cells of the masonry units
31
are filled with grout.
81
1
gun, cement — a machine for pneumatic
31
hairline crack — see crack, hairline.
hairpin — the wedge used to tighten some types
2
placement of mortar or small aggregate
32
3
concrete; in the “Dry Gun,” water from a
33
of form ties; a hairpin-shaped anchor set in
4
separate hose meets the dry material at the
34
place while concrete is unhardened; a light
5
nozzle of the gun; with the “Wet Gun,” the
35
hairpin-shaped reinforcing bar used for
6
delivery hose conveys the premixed mortar
36
shear reinforcement in beams, tie
7
or concrete. (See also shotcrete.)
37
reinforcement in columns, or prefabricated
column shear heads.
8
gun finish — see finish, gun.
38
9
Gunite — a proprietary term for shotcrete.
39
gunman — workman on shotcreting crew who
40
larger diameter at midpoint than at either
41
inlet or outlet; also designated premixing
42
tip.
10
11
operates delivery equipment.
12
gunning — the act of applying dry-mix shotcrete.
13
gunning pattern —
43
14
(1) conical outline of material discharge
15
stream in shotcrete operation; or
16
(2) the sequence of gunning operations to
17
ensure complete filling of the space, total
18
encasement of reinforcing bars, easy
19
removal of rebound, and thickness of
20
shotcrete layers.
21
gutter tool — see tool, gutter.
22
gypsum — a mineral having the composition
23
calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4 2H2O).
24
gypsum concrete — see concrete, gypsum.
25
gypsum plaster — plaster made with plaster of
26
paris. (See plaster, plaster of paris.)
27
28
—H—
29
hacking — the roughening of a surface by striking
30
44
45
46
Hamm tip — flared shotcrete nozzle having a
hammer —
hammer, impact — see hammer,
rebound (preferred term).
hammer, rebound — an apparatus that
47
provides a relative indication of the
48
strength or hardness of concrete
49
based on the rebound distance of a
50
spring-driven mass after it impacts a
51
rod in contact with the concrete
52
surface.
53
54
55
hammer, Schmidt — see hammer,
rebound (preferred term).
hammer, Swiss — see hammer, rebound
56
(preferred term).
57
hanger — a device used to suspend one object
58
from another object. (See also beam
59
hanger.)
with a tool.
82
1
hanger, form — device used to support formwork
30
2
from a structural framework; the dead load
31
plaster mortar; generally a flat piece of
3
of forms, mass of concrete, and
32
wood or metal approximately 10 to 12 in.
4
construction and impact loads must be
33
(0.25 to 0.3 m) square, with a wooden
5
supported.
34
handle centered and fixed to the underside.
35
(See also hod and mortar board.)
36
header — a masonry unit laid flat with its greatest
37
dimension at a right angle to the face of the
38
wall; when the unit is only the depth of the
39
face wythe it is known as a false header.
40
[See also bonder and wythe (leaf).]
6
7
hard-burned dolomite — see dolomite, hardburned.
8
hard-burned lime — see lime, hard-burned.
9
hardened concrete — see concrete, hardened.
10
hardener —
11
(1) a chemical (including certain
12
fluosilicates or sodium silicate) applied to
13
concrete floors to reduce wear and dusting;
14
or
15
(2) in a two-component adhesive or
16
coating, the chemical component that
17
causes the resin component to cure.
18
19
20
21
Hardy Cross method — see moment
distribution.
harped tendons — see tendons, deflected
(preferred term).
hawk — a tool used by plasterers to hold and carry
41
header, false — see header.
42
healing, autogenous— a natural process of filling
43
and sealing cracks in concrete or in mortar
44
when kept damp.
45
46
47
heat-deflection temperature — see temperature,
heat-deflection.
heat of hydration — heat evolved by chemical
48
reactions with water, such as that evolved
49
during the setting and hardening of portland
50
cement, or the difference between the heat
51
of solution of dry cement and that of
22
harsh mixture — see mixture, harsh.
52
partially hydrated cement. (See also heat of
23
haunch — a deepened portion of a beam in the
53
solution.)
24
25
vicinity of a support.
haunching —
54
heat of solution — heat evolved or absorbed when
55
a substance is dissolved in a solvent.
26
(1) concrete support to the sides of a drain
56
27
or sewer pipe above the bedding; or
57
28
(2) work done in strengthening or
58
heating rate — the rate expressed in degrees per
29
improving the outer strip of a roadway.
59
hour at which the temperature is raised to
60
the desired maximum temperature.
83
heat-resistant concrete — see concrete, heat
resistant.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
heavy concrete — see concrete, high-density
(preferred term).
heavy-edge reinforcement — see reinforcement,
heavy-edge.
heavy-media separation — see separation,
heavy-media.
heavyweight aggregate — see concrete, highdensity (preferred term).
heavyweight concrete — see concrete, highdensity.
helical reinforcement — see reinforcement,
helical.
hematite — a mineral, iron oxide (Fe2O3) used as
32
33
34
35
36
37
40
41
42
43
44
finely divided form as a red pigment in
46
16
colored concrete.
19
compound, the most commonly known
20
hemihydrate is partially dehydrated gypsum
21
(also known as plaster of paris),
22
CaSO4 1/2H2O. (See also bassanite.)
23
hesitation set — see set, false (preferred term).
24
Hessian — see burlap (preferred term).
25
high-alumina cement — see cement, calcium-
26
high-bond bar — see bar, deformed.
28
high-density concrete — see concrete, high-
29
30
31
47
48
high-early-strength.
high-performance.
high-pressure steam curing — see curing,
autoclave (preferred term).
high-range water-reducing admixture — see
admixture, water-reducing (high-range).
high-strength concrete — see concrete, highstrength.
high-strength reinforcement — see steel, highstrength.
49
high-strength steel — see steel, high-strength.
50
high-temperature steam curing — see curing,
51
atmospheric-pressure steam and curing,
52
autoclave.
aluminate (preferred term).
27
high-early-strength concrete — see concrete,
high-performance concrete — see concrete,
15
molecule of water to one molecule of
fineness.
39
45
18
high-fineness cement — see cement, high-
high-lift grouting — see grouting, high-lift.
aggregate in high density concrete and in
hemihydrate — a hydrate containing one-half
early-strength.
38
14
17
high-early-strength cement — see cement, high-
density.
high-discharge mixer — see mixer, inclined-axis
(preferred term).
84
1
hinge, Mesnager — a permanent semiarticulation
33
hook — a bend in the end of a reinforcing bar.
34
hooked bar — see bar, hooked.
35
Hooke’s law — see law, Hooke’s.
36
hoop reinforcement — see reinforcement, hoop.
horizontal-axis mixer — see mixer, horizontal-
2
or flexible joint in a reinforced-concrete
3
arch, wherein the angles of rotation at the
4
hinge are very small; by crossing steel
5
reinforcing bars within the opening
6
between the concrete structural segments,
37
7
the resultant articulation presents very
38
8
small resistance to rotation, resists either
39
9
axial thrust or shearing forces, and is
40
10
permanently flexible; the center of rotation
41
horizontal shoring — see shoring, horizontal.
11
occurs at the intersection of the reinforcing
42
hose, delivery — hose through which shotcrete,
12
bars.
13
hinge, plastic — region where ultimate moment
14
capacity in a member may be developed
15
and maintained with corresponding
16
significant inelastic rotation as main tensile
17
steel elongates beyond yield strain.
18
hinge joint — see joint, hinge.
19
hod — a V-shaped trough or a tray, supported by a
20
pole handle that is borne on the carrier’s
21
shoulder, for carrying small quantities of
22
brick, tile, mortar, or similar load. (See also
23
hawk and mortar board.)
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
hold-down bolt — see bolt, anchor (preferred
term).
holding period — see period, presteaming
(preferred term).
hollow-unit masonry — see masonry, hollowunit.
honeycomb — voids left in concrete due to failure
31
of the mortar to effectively fill the spaces
32
among coarse-aggregate particles.
axis.
horizontal-shaft mixer — see mixer, horizontalshaft.
43
grout, or pumped concrete or mortar
44
passes; also known as conveying hose or
45
material hose.
46
hot cement — see cement, hot.
47
hot face — the surface of a refractory section
48
exposed to the source of heat.
49
hot-load test — see test, hot-load.
50
Hoyer effect — in pretensioned, prestressed
51
concrete, frictional forces that result from
52
the tendency of the tendons to regain the
53
diameter which they had before they were
54
stressed.
55
hydrate — a chemical combination of water with
56
another compound or an element.
57
hydrate, calcium-silicate — any of the various
58
reaction products of calcium silicate and
59
water. (See also dicalcium silicate,
60
tricalcium silicate.)
61
85
hydrated lime — see lime, hydrated.
1
hydration — formation of a compound by
31
ignition loss — see loss on ignition (preferred
2
combining water with some other
32
3
substance. In cementitious materials, the
33
4
chemical reaction between hydraulic
34
which in pure or impure form is commonly
5
cement and water.
35
used as aggregate in high-density concrete.
—
6
hydraulic cement — see cement, hydraulic.
36
7
hydraulic-cement grout — see grout, hydraulic-
37
8
9
10
11
cement.
38
hydraulic hydrated lime — see lime, hydraulic
hydrated.
hydrochloric acid — a mineral acid sometimes
39
term).
ilmenite — a mineral, iron titanate (FeTiO3),
impact hammer — see hammer, rebound
(preferred term).
impending slough — consistency of a shotcrete
40
mixture containing the maximum amount
41
of water such that the product will not flow
or sag after placement.
12
used for cleaning or acid etching concrete
42
13
or removing efflorescence; also known as
43
inclined-axis mixer — see mixer, inclined-axis.
14
muriatic acid, which is a 33 % HCl
44
incrustation — a crust or coating, generally hard,
15
solution.
45
formed on the surface of concrete or
46
masonry construction or on aggregate
particles.
16
hydromix nozzle — a shotcrete hose and nozzle
17
configuration used in place of a
47
18
predampening system to introduce
48
indented strand — see strand, indented.
19
pressurized water into the material stream
49
via a water ring located approximately 3 m
indented wire — see wire, indented.
20
21
(10 ft) upstream of the nozzle tip. The
50
index, plasticity (PI) — the range of water content
22
nozzleman can control the amount of water
51
in which a soil remains plastic, evaluated as
23
introduced to the material stream via a
52
the numerical difference between liquid
24
control valve near the nozzle tip.
53
limit and plastic limit, as calculated
54
according to ASTM D 4318. (Also referred
55
to as plasticity.)
25
26
hydrophobic cement — see cement,
hydrophobic.
56
27
28
hydrous calcium chloride — see calcium
chloride, hydrous.
29
30
—I—
index, pozzolanic-activity — an index that
57
measures pozzolanic activity based on the
58
strength of cementitious mixtures
59
containing hydraulic cement with and
60
without the pozzolan; or containing the
61
pozzolan with lime.
86
1
index, slag activity — the ratio of the compressive
31
insulation, form — insulating material applied to
2
strength of a mortar cube made with equal
32
outside of forms between studs and over
3
amounts of slag and portland cement to the
33
the top in sufficient thickness and air
4
compressive strength of a mortar cube
34
tightness to conserve heat of hydration to
5
made with the same portland cement.
35
maintain concrete at required temperatures
36
in cold weather.
6
7
8
9
10
11
inelastic behavior — see deformation, inelastic
(preferred term).
inelastic deformation — see deformation,
inelastic.
infrared spectroscopy — see spectroscopy,
infrared.
37
insulation, roof — low-density concrete used for
38
insulating purposes only and placed over a
39
structural roof system.
40
41
intermittent sampling — see sampling,
intermittent.
12
initial curing — see curing, initial.
42
internal vibration — see vibration.
13
initial drying shrinkage — see shrinkage, initial
43
inverted L-beam — a beam having a cross section
14
drying.
15
initial prestress — see prestress, initial.
16
initial set — see set, initial.
17
initial setting time — see time, initial setting.
18
initial stresses — see stresses, initial.
19
initial-tangent modulus — see modulus of
20
elasticity.
21
insert — anything other than reinforcing steel that
22
is rigidly positioned within a concrete form
23
for permanent embedment in the hardened
24
concrete.
25
26
27
in-situ concrete — see concrete, cast-in-place
(preferred term).
insoluble residue — the portion of a cement or
28
aggregate that is not soluble in dilute
29
hydrochloric acid of stated concentration.
30
insulating concrete — see concrete, insulating.
44
in the shape of an inverted L. (See also L-
45
beam.)
46
inverted T-beam — a beam having a cross section
47
in the shape of an inverted T. (See also T-
48
beam.)
49
I-section — beam cross section consisting of top
50
and bottom flanges connected by a vertical
51
web.
52
isolation joint — see joint, isolation.
53
54
55
—J—
jack — a mechanical device used for applying
56
force to prestressing tendons, for adjusting
57
elevation of forms or form supports, and for
58
raising objects small distances.
87
1
jack, flat — a hydraulic jack consisting of light
32
joint, butt — a plain square joint between
2
gage metal that is folded and welded to a
33
3
flat shape that expands under internal
34
4
pressure.
35
resulting from a delay in placement
36
of sufficient duration to preclude
37
intermingling and bonding of the
38
material, or where mortar or plaster
rejoin or meet.
5
6
7
jack shore — telescoping, or otherwise adjustable,
single-post metal shore.
jacking device — the device used to stress the
8
tendons for prestressed concrete; also the
39
9
device for raising a vertical slipform.
40
10
jacking force — see force, jacking.
11
jacking stress — see stress, jacking.
12
jaw crusher — a machine having two inclined
13
jaws, one or both being actuated by a
14
reciprocating motion so that the charge is
15
repeatedly nipped between the jaws.
16
jet, air-water — a high-velocity jet of air and
17
water mixed at the nozzle, used in clean-up
18
of surfaces of rock or concrete, such as
19
horizontal construction joints.
20
jitterbug — a grate tamper for pushing coarse
two members.
joint, cold — a joint or discontinuity
joint, construction — the surface where
41
two successive placements of
42
concrete meet, across which it may
43
be desirable to achieve bond and
44
through which reinforcement may
45
be continuous.
46
joint, contraction — formed, sawed, or
47
tooled groove in a concrete
48
structure to create a weakened plane
49
to regulate the location of cracking
50
resulting from the dimensional
51
change of different parts of the
52
structure. (See also joint, isolation;
21
aggregate slightly below the surface of a
53
joint, expansion; and joint,
22
slab to facilitate finishing. (See also
54
construction.)
23
tamper.)
24
joint —
55
56
joint, control — see joint, contraction
(preferred term).
25
1) a physical separation in a
57
26
concrete system, whether precast or
58
individual formboards between
27
cast-in-place, including cracks if
59
subpurlins.
28
intentionally made to occur at
29
specified locations; or
30
2) the region where structural
31
members intersect.
88
joint, cross — the joint at the end of
1
joint, expansion — (1) a separation
31
joint, longitudinal — a joint parallel to the
2
provided between adjoining parts of
32
length of a structure or pavement.
3
a structure to allow movement
33
joint, raked — a masonry-wall joint that
4
where expansion is likely to exceed
34
was the mortar raked out to a
5
contraction; or
35
specified depth while it is only
6
(2) a separation between pavement
36
slightly hardened.
7
slabs on grade, filled with a
37
8
compressible filler material; or
38
concrete, generally not to the full
9
(3) an isolation joint intended to
39
depth of the member, by means of
10
allow independent movement
40
special equipment.
11
between adjoining parts.
41
joint, scarf — see connection, scarf.
42
joint, semiflexible — a connection in
12
13
14
15
16
joint, flexible — see joint, hinge; hinge,
Mesnager, and joint, semiflexible.
joint, groove — see joint, contraction
(preferred term).
joint, hinge — any joint which permits
joint, sawed — a joint cut in hardened
43
which the reinforcement is arranged
44
to permit some rotation of the joint.
45
(See also joint, hinge and hinge,
46
Mesnager.)
17
rotation with no appreciable
47
18
moment developed in the members
48
19
at the joint. (See also hinge,
49
20
Mesnager, and joint, semiflexible.)
50
longitudinal dimension of a
51
structural element, assembly of
elements, slab, or structure.
21
joint, isolation — a separation between
joint, separation — see joint, isolation
(preferred term).
joint, transverse — a joint normal to the
22
adjoining parts of a structure that
52
23
allows relative movement in three
53
24
directions. Isolation joints are
54
function of permitting warping of
25
usually vertical planes located to
55
pavement slabs when moisture and
26
avoid formation of cracks in the
56
temperature differentials occur
27
structure. (See also joint,
57
between the top and bottom of the
28
contraction and joint, expansion.)
58
slabs, that is, longitudinal or
59
transverse joints with bonded steel
60
or tie bars passing through them.
29
30
joint, lift — surface at which two
successive lifts meet.
89
joint, warping — a joint with the sole
1
joint, weakened-plane — see joint,
32
kaolinite — a common clay mineral having the
2
groove and joint, contraction
33
general formula Al2(Si2O5)(OH4), the
3
(preferred term).
34
primary constituent of kaolin.
4
joint filler — see filler, joint.
35
5
joint sealant — see sealant, joint.
36
consistency of fresh concrete, consisting of
6
joint-sealing compound — see compound, joint-
37
a cylindrical weight 6 in. (150 mm) in
38
diameter, weighing 30 lb (14 kg) with a
39
hemispherically shaped bottom, a handle
40
consisting of a graduated rod, and a stirrup
7
sealing.
Kelly ball — an apparatus used for indicating the
8
joint spall — a spall adjacent to a joint.
9
jointed detail — see detail, jointed.
41
to guide the handle and serve as a reference
jointer (concrete) — a metal tool about 6 in. (150
42
for measuring depth of penetration. (See
also test, ball.)
10
11
mm) long and from 2 to 4-1/2 in. (50 to 100
43
12
mm) wide and having shallow, medium, or
44
kerb form; kerb tool — see curb form and curb
13
deep bits (cutting edges) ranging from 3/16
45
tool (preferred terms in USA; kerb is used
14
in. to 3/4 in. (5 to 20 mm) or deeper used to
46
in UK).
15
cut a joint partly through fresh concrete.
16
(See also jointing.)
47
kern area — the area within a geometric shape in
48
which a compressive force may be applied
17
jointing — the process of producing joints in a
49
without tensile stresses resulting in any of
18
concrete slab. [See also jointer
50
the extreme fibers of the section.
19
(concrete).]
20
joist — a comparatively narrow beam, used in
21
closely spaced arrangements to support
22
floor or roof slabs (which require no
23
reinforcement except that required for
24
temperature and shrinkage stresses); also a
25
horizontal structural member such as that
26
which supports deck form sheathing. (See
27
also beam.)
28
29
jumbo — traveling support for forms, commonly
used in tunnel work.
51
key — see keyway.
52
keyway — a recess or groove in one lift or
53
placement of concrete that is filled with
54
concrete of the next lift, giving shear
55
strength to the joint. (See also tongue and
56
groove.)
57
58
formwork member in a building frame or
59
formwork to make the structure more
60
stable; in formwork it acts as a haunch.
61
(See also wall, stub.)
30
31
kicker — a wood block or board attached to a
—K—
90
1
kiln — a furnace or oven for drying, charring,
29
lapping (reinforcing steel) — the overlapping of
2
hardening, baking, calcining, sintering, or
30
reinforcing steel bars, welded-wire fabric,
3
burning various materials. (See also steam-
31
or expanded metal so that there may be
4
curing room.)
32
continuity of stress in the reinforcing when
33
the concrete member is subjected to
loading.
5
kiln, rotary — a long steel cylinder with a
6
refractory lining, supported on rollers so
34
7
that it can rotate about its own axis, and
35
8
erected with a slight inclination from the
36
(Ca2SiO4); occurs naturally at Scawt Hill,
9
horizontal so that prepared raw materials
37
Northern Ireland, and artificially in slags
10
fed into the higher end move to the lower
38
and as a major constituent of portland
11
end where fuel is blown in by air blast.
39
cement.
12
40
—L—
13
14
15
16
lacing — horizontal bracing between shoring
members.
lagging — heavy sheathing used as in
41
42
43
44
larnite — a mineral; beta dicalcium silicate
lateral reinforcement — see reinforcement,
lateral.
latex — a dispersion of organic polymer particles
in water.
lath, diamond mesh or expanded-metal—a metal
17
underground work to withstand earth
45
network, often used as reinforcement in
18
pressure. (See also sheathing.)
46
construction, formed by suitably stamping
47
or cutting sheet metal and stretching it to
48
form open meshes, either of diamond-
49
shaped or rhomboidal-shaped openings.
50
(See also mesh, diamond.)
19
laitance — a layer of weak material derived from
20
cementitious material and aggregate fines
21
either: carried by bleeding to the surface or
22
to internal cavities of freshly placed
23
mixture; or separated from the mixture and
51
24
deposited on the surface or internal cavities
52
concrete materials and conditions of test,
25
during placement of the mixture.
53
the ratio of the amount of water to the
54
amount of the cement in the mixture
55
determines the strength of the concrete
56
provided the mixture is of a workable
57
consistency. (See also water-cement
58
ratio.)
26
lap — the length by which one bar or sheet of
27
fabric reinforcement overlaps another.
28
lap splice — see splice, lap.
91
law, Abrams’ — a rule stating that, with given
1
law, Hooke’s — the law, which holds practically
30
length, embedment — the length of
2
for strains within the elastic limit, that the
31
embedded reinforcement provided
3
strain is proportional to the stress producing
32
beyond a critical section.
4
it. (See also limit, proportional and
33
5
modulus of elasticity.)
34
of the member where the tendon
length, transfer — the length from the end
6
layer — see course and lift.
35
stress is zero to the point along the
7
layer, bonding — a layer of mortar, usually 1/8 to
36
tendon where the prestress is fully
8
1/2 in. (3 to 13 mm) thick, which is spread
37
effective; also called transmission
9
on a moist and prepared, hardened concrete
38
length.
surface before placing fresh concrete.
39
10
length, transmission — see length,
transfer.
11
L-beam — a beam having a cross section in the
40
12
shape of an L; a beam having a ledge on
41
13
one side only.
42
(See also volume change and
43
deformation.)
14
L-column — the portion of a precast-concrete
length change — increase or decrease in length.
15
frame, comprising the column, the haunch,
44
16
and part of the girder.
45
caused by autogenous volume change. (See
volume change, autogenous.)
17
leaf — see wythe (leaf).
46
18
lean concrete — see concrete, lean.
47
19
lean mixture — see concrete, lean.
20
lean mortar — see mortar, lean.
21
ledger — any member with a protrusion or
22
protrusions that support other structural
23
members. (See also L-beam and inverted
24
T-beam.)
25
26
length —
length, development — the bonded length
27
required to achieve the design
28
strength of a reinforcement at a
29
critical section.
length change, autogenous — length change
lever arm — in a structural member, the distance
48
from the center of the tensile reinforcement
49
to the center of action of the compression
50
zone; also the perpendicular distance of a
51
transverse force from a point about which
52
moment is taken.
53
L-head — the top of a shore formed with a braced
54
horizontal member projecting from one
55
side, producing an inverted L-shaped
56
assembly.
92
1
licensed design professional — an engineer or
32
lime, free — calcium oxide (CaO), as in
2
architect who is licensed to practice
33
clinker and cement, which has not
3
structural design as defined by the statutory
34
combined with SiO2, Al2O3, or
4
requirements of the professional licensing
35
Fe2O3 during the burning process
5
laws of a state or jurisdiction; or the
36
usually because of underburning,
6
architect or engineer, licensed as described,
37
insufficient grinding of the raw
7
who is responsible for the structural design
38
mixture, or the presence of traces of
8
of a particular project (also historically
39
inhibitors.
9
referred to as the "engineer of record").
40
10
lift — the concrete placed between two
lime, hard-burned — the product of
41
heating limestone to temperatures
11
consecutive horizontal construction joints,
42
sufficient to change the calcium
12
usually consisting of several layers or
43
carbonate to calcium oxide, which
13
courses.
44
can undergo expansion when it
14
lift joint — see joint, lift.
45
slowly reacts with water.
15
lift slab — a method of concrete construction in
46
lime, hydrated — calcium hydroxide, a
16
which floor and roof slabs are cast on or at
47
dry powder obtained by treating
17
ground level and hoisted into position by
48
quicklime with water.
18
jacking; also a slab that is a component of
49
19
such construction.
50
dry cementitious product obtained
51
by calcining a limestone containing
52
silica and alumina to a temperature
53
short of incipient fusion so as to
54
form sufficient free calcium oxide
55
to permit hydration and at the same
56
time leaving unhydrated sufficient
57
calcium silicates to give the dry
58
powder its hydraulic properties.
59
lime, spray — a hydrated lime of such
60
fineness that at least 95% of the
61
particles pass a 45
62
sieve.
20
21
22
23
24
25
lifts (or tiers) — the number of frames of
scaffolding erected one above the other.
lightweight aggregate — see aggregate,
lightweight.
lightweight concrete — see concrete,
lightweight.
26
lime — specifically, calcium oxide (CaO); loosely,
27
a general term for the various chemical and
28
physical forms of quicklime, hydrated lime,
29
and hydraulic hydrated lime. (See also
30
lime, hydrated; lime, hydraulic hydrated;
31
and quicklime.)
93
lime, hydraulic hydrated — the hydrated
m (No. 325)
1
2
3
4
limestone — a sedimentary rock consisting
primarily of calcium carbonate.
limit —
limit, elastic — the limit of stress beyond
5
which the strain is not wholly
6
recoverable.
7
limit, proportional — the greatest stress
8
that a material is capable of
9
developing without any deviation
10
from proportionality of stress to
11
strain. (See also law, Hooke’s.)
12
limit, vibration — the age at which fresh
13
concrete has hardened sufficiently
14
to prevent its becoming mobile
15
when subjected to vibration.
16
limit design — a method of proportioning
31
linear transformation — the method of altering
32
the path of the prestressing tendon in any
33
statically indeterminate prestressed
34
structure by changing the location of the
35
tendon at one or more interior supports
36
without altering its position at the end
37
supports and without changing the basic
38
shape of the path between any supports;
39
linear transformation does not change the
40
location of the path of the pressure line.
41
linear-traverse method — determination of the
42
volumetric composition of a solid by
43
integrating the distance traversed across
44
areas of each component along a line or
45
along regularly spaced lines in one or more
46
planes intersecting a sample of the solid;
47
frequently employed to determine
17
reinforced-concrete members based on
48
characteristics of the air-void system in
18
calculation of their strength. (See also
49
hardened concrete by microscopical
19
strength-design method.)
50
examination along a series of traverse lines
51
on finely ground sections of the concrete;
20
limonite — an iron ore composed of a mixture of
21
hydrated ferric oxides; occasionally used in
52
sometimes called the Rosiwal method. [See
22
heavyweight concrete because of its high
53
also point count method and point count
23
density and combined-water content, which
54
method (modified).]
24
contribute to its effectiveness in radiation
55
25
shielding; a mineral occurring commonly
56
attached directly to the inside face of
26
as a constituent of particles of natural
57
formwork to improve or alter the surface
27
aggregate. (See also oxide, brown).
58
texture and quality of the finished concrete.
59
(See also form lining, tunnel lining, and
sheathing.)
28
linear prestressing — prestressing applied to
29
linear members, such as beams and
60
30
columns.
61
62
94
lining — any sheet, plate, or layer of material
lintel — a horizontal supporting member above an
opening, such as a window or a door.
1
liquid-volume measurement — measurement of
32
load, dynamic — a load that is variable,
2
grout on the basis of the total volume of
33
that is, not static, such as a moving
3
solid and liquid constituents.
34
live load, earthquake, or wind.
35
load, factored — load, multiplied by
4
5
lithology — the study of rocks. (See also
petrography and petrology.)
6
live load — see load, live.
7
load —
8
load, allowable — see load, service dead
9
and load, service live.
10
load, axle — the portion of the gross
11
weight of a vehicle transmitted to a
12
structure or a roadway through
13
wheels supporting a given axle.
14
load, balanced — load capacity at
15
simultaneous compressive failure of
16
concrete and yielding of tension
17
steel. (See also load balancing.)
18
load, cracking — the load that causes
19
tensile stress in a member to exceed
20
the tensile strength of the concrete.
21
load, dead —
22
(1) the weights of the structural
23
members, supported structure, and
24
permanent attachments or
25
accessories that are likely to be
26
present on a structure in service; or
27
(2) loads meeting specific criteria
28
found in the governing building
29
code (without load factors).
30
load, design — obsolete term for factored
31
36
appropriate load factors, used to
37
proportion members by the
38
strength-design method.
39
load, live —
40
(1) load that is not permanently
41
applied to a structure but is likely to
42
occur during the service life of the
43
structure (excluding environmental
44
loads); or
45
(2) loads meeting specific criteria
46
found in the governing building
47
code (without load factors).
48
load, point — a load whose area of contact
49
with the resisting body is negligible
50
in comparison with the area of the
51
resting body.
52
load, safe leg — the load that can safely be
53
directly imposed on the frame leg of
54
a scaffold. (See also load, service.)
55
load, service — all loads, static or
56
transitory, imposed on a structure,
57
or element thereof, during operation
58
of a facility.
load.
95
1
load, service dead — unfactored loads,
31
load, ultimate — the maximum load that
2
permanent or transient, imposed on
32
may be placed on a structure or
3
a structure during operation.load,
33
structural element before its failure.
4
service live — the live load
34
5
specified by the general building
35
mass of a loaded vehicle transferred
6
code or other bridge specification,
36
to the supporting structure under a
7
or the actual nonpermanent load
37
given wheel of the vehicle.
8
applied in service.
9
load, shock — impact of material, such as
10
aggregate or concrete, as it is
11
released or dumped during
12
placement.
13
load, snow — the force considered in the
14
design of a flat or pitched surface,
15
usually a roof, for the possible
16
amount of snow, ice, or both, lying
17
on it.
18
load, static — the mass of a single
38
load, wheel — the portion of the gross
load, wind — pressure of suction due to
39
wind on part or all of a surface of a
40
structure.
41
load, working — forces normally imposed
42
on a member in service (obsolete
43
term).
44
load balancing — a technique used in the design
45
of prestressed-concrete members in which
46
the amount and path of the prestressing is
47
selected so that the forces imposed upon
48
the member or structure by the prestressing
19
stationary body or the combined
49
counteract or balance a portion of the dead
20
masses of stationary bodies in a
50
and live loads for which the member or
21
structure (such as the load of a
51
structure must be designed.
22
stationary vehicle on a roadway);
23
or, during construction, the
24
combined mass of forms, stringers,
25
joists, reinforcing bars, and the
26
actual concrete to be placed. (See
27
also load, dead.)
28
load, superimposed — the load, other than
29
its own weight, that is resisted by a
30
structural member or system.
52
load factor — a factor by which a service load is
53
multiplied to determine a factored load
54
used in the strength-design method.
55
load-bearing wall — see wall, load-bearing.
56
load test, structural — procedure consisting of
57
applying loads to verify the strength of a
58
structure or structural member.
96
1
load-transfer assembly — the unit (basket or
31
2
plate) designed to support or link dowel
32
3
bars during concreting operations so as to
33
4
hold them in place while in the desired
34
5
alignment.
6
loading, bulk — loading of unbagged cement in
7
containers, specially designed trucks,
8
railroad cars, or ships.
35
36
37
38
9
loading, dynamic — loading from units
10
(particularly machinery) that, by virtue of
11
their movement or vibration, impose
12
stresses in excess of those imposed by their
13
dead load.
14
loading, ribbon — method of batching concrete in
15
which the solid ingredients, and sometimes
16
also the water, enter the mixer
17
simultaneously.
loading hopper — a hopper in which concrete or
19
other free-flowing material is deposited for
20
discharge into buggies or other
21
reinforcement, longitudinal.
Los Angeles abrasion test — see test, Los
Angeles abrasion.
loss —
loss, anchorage — see deformation,
anchorage or slip.
loss, elastic — in prestressed concrete, the
39
reduction in prestressing load
40
resulting from the elastic shortening
41
of the member.
42
loss, friction — the stress loss in a
43
prestressing tendon resulting from
44
friction between the tendon and
45
duct or other device during
46
stressing.
47
18
longitudinal reinforcement — see
48
loss, ignition — see loss on ignition
(preferred term).
49
loss, plastic — see creep.
conveyances used for delivery to the forms
50
loss, shrinkage — reduction of stress in
22
or to other place of processing, use, or
51
prestressing steel resulting from
23
storage.
52
shrinkage of concrete.
24
locking device — a device used to secure a cross
53
loss, slump — the amount by which the
25
brace in scaffolding to the frame or panel.
54
slump of freshly mixed concrete
55
changes during a period of time
56
after an initial slump test was made
57
on a sample or samples thereof.
26
27
28
long column — see column, long.
longitudinal bar — see reinforcement,
longitudinal (preferred term).
29
longitudinal crack — see crack, longitudinal.
30
longitudinal joint — see joint, longitudinal.
97
1
loss of prestress — the reduction in the
30
macadam, cement-bound — a road consisting of
2
prestressing force which results from the
31
crushed stone, crushed slag, or gravel and
3
combined effects of slip at anchorage,
32
either a grout or mortar filler; formed by
4
relaxation of steel stress, frictional loss due
33
rolling a base of stone, slag, or gravel to a
5
to curvature in the tendons, and the effects
34
compacted mass having an even surface,
6
of elastic shortening, creep, and shrinkage
35
and then rolling in the cementitious filler.
7
of the concrete.
36
machine, finishing — a power-operated machine
37
used to produce the desired surface texture
sample ignited to constant weight at a
38
on a concrete slab.
10
specified temperature, usually 1650 to 1830
39
machine-base grout — see grout, machine base.
11
°F (900 to 1000 °C).
40
macrofiber — a fiber with an equivalent diameter
8
9
loss on ignition — the percentage loss in mass of a
12
low-alkali cement — see cement, low-alkali.
41
greater than or equal to 0.012 in. (0.3 mm)
13
low-density concrete — see concrete, low-
42
for use in concrete.
14
density and concrete, lightweight.
43
macroscopic — visible to the naked eye (preferred
15
low-heat cement — see cement, low heat.
44
term).
16
low-lift grouting — see grouting, low-lift.
45
17
low-pressure steam curing — see curing,
46
(FeO·Fe2O3); the principal constituent of
magnetite — a mineral, ferrous ferric oxide
18
atmospheric-pressure steam (preferred
47
magnetic black iron ore; density about 5.2
19
term).
48
g/cc and Mohs hardness about 6; used as an
49
aggregate in high-density concrete.
20
low-strength materials — see controlled low-
21
strength material (CLSM) (preferred
50
manual batcher — see batcher (1).
22
term).
51
manufactured sand — see sand.
52
map cracking — see cracking, map.
53
marble — a metamorphic rock composed
54
essentially of recrystallized calcite,
dolomite, or both.
23
24
25
L-shore — a shore with an L-head. (See also Lhead.)
lubricant, dowel — a material applied to part of
26
the surface of a dowel to reduce bond with
55
27
the concrete and permit axial movement.
56
28
29
—M—
marl — calcareous clay, usually containing from
57
35 to 65% calcium carbonate (CaCO3),
58
found in the bottoms of shallow lakes,
59
swamps, or extinct fresh-water basins.
98
1
mason — an artisan who builds with concrete
33
masonry, plain —
2
masonry units, bricks, stone, and tile; name
34
(1) masonry without reinforcement;
3
sometimes given a concrete finisher.
35
or
36
(2) masonry reinforced only for
37
shrinkage or thermal change.
4
masonry — construction composed of shaped or
5
molded units, usually small enough to be
6
handled by one person and composed of
7
stone, ceramic brick or tile, concrete, glass,
8
adobe, or the like.
9
masonry, ashlar — masonry composed of
10
bonded blocks of concrete, either
11
rectangular or square, always of two
12
or more sizes; if the pattern is
13
repeated, it is patterned ashlar; if the
14
pattern is not repeated, it is random
15
ashlar.
16
masonry, bonded hollow-wall — a cavity
17
wall, built of masonry units, in
18
which the inner and outer walls are
19
tied together by bonders.
20
masonry, exposed — masonry constructed
21
to have no surface finish other than
22
paint.
23
masonry, grouted — unit masonry
38
masonry, reinforced — unit masonry in
39
which reinforcement is embedded in
40
such a manner that the two
41
materials act together in resisting
42
forces.
43
masonry, solid-unit — masonry consisting
44
wholly of solid masonry units laid
45
in mortar.
46
masonry, unit — a structural element
47
consisting of concrete masonry
48
units usually bonded by mortar,
49
grout, or both.
50
masonry cement — see cement, masonry.
51
masonry filler unit — masonry unit used to fill in
52
between joists or beams to provide a
53
platform for a cast-in-place concrete slab.
54
masonry grout — see grout, masonry.
24
composed of either hollow units
55
masonry lift — the height to which masonry is
25
wherein the cells are filled with
56
laid between periods of grouting.
26
grout or multiple wythes where
57
27
spaces between the wythes are filled
58
unit (block) composed of portland-cement
28
with grout.
59
concrete; often referred to by indicating the
60
type of mineral aggregate incorporated (for
61
example, lightweight or sand-gravel block).
29
masonry, hollow-unit — masonry
30
consisting either entirely or partially
31
of hollow masonry units laid in
32
mortar.
99
masonry unit, concrete — either a hollow or solid
1
masonry wall, solid — a wall built of blocks or
32
materials, cementitious — pozzolans and
2
solid masonry units, the mortar completely
33
hydraulic cements. (See also fly ash; silica
3
filling the joints between units.
34
fume; cement, slag)
4
mason’s putty — a pasty substance, composed of
35
matrix —
5
water and hydrated lime mixed with
36
(1) the cement paste in which the fine
6
portland cement and stone dust; used only
37
aggregate particles in mortar are embedded;
7
for jointing ashlar masonry.
38
(2) the mortar in which the coarse
8
mass — the physical property of matter that causes
39
aggregate particles in concrete are
9
it to have weight in a gravitational field; the
40
embedded; or
41
(3) the resin or binders that hold the fibers
quantity of matter in a body.
10
11
mass concrete — see concrete, mass.
42
in fiber-reinforced polymer together,
12
mass curing — see curing, mass.
43
transfer load to the fibers, and protect them
13
mass density — see density.
44
against environmental attack and damage
14
mat —
45
due to handling.
46
mats, cotton — cotton-filled quilts fabricated for
15
(1) an assembly of steel reinforcement
16
composed of two or more layers of bars
17
placed at angles to each other and secured
18
together either by welding or tying; or
49
maturity factor — see factor, maturity.
19
(2) a thin layer of randomly oriented
50
maximum size (of aggregate) — in specifications
20
chopped filaments, short fibers (with or
51
for and in description of aggregate, the
21
without a carrier fabric), or long random
52
smallest sieve opening through which the
22
filaments loosely held together with a
53
entire amount of aggregate is required to
23
binder and used as reinforcing for a fiber
54
pass. [See also nominal maximum size (of
24
reinforced polymer composite material.
55
aggregate).]
25
mat foundation — see foundation, mat.
26
material hose — see hose, delivery.
27
material, supplementary cementitious (SCM) —
28
inorganic material such as fly ash, silica
29
fume, metakaolin, or ground-granulated
30
blast-furnace slag that reacts pozzolanically
31
or hydraulically.
47
use as a water-retaining covering in curing
48
concrete surfaces.
56
maximum-temperature period — a time interval
57
throughout which the maximum
58
temperature is held constant in an autoclave
59
or steam-curing room.
60
100
mean stress — see stress, mean.
1
mechanical analysis — the process of determining
32
member, segmental — a structural member made
2
particle-size distribution of an aggregate.
33
up of individual elements prestressed
3
(See analysis, sieve.)
34
together to act as a monolithic unit under
35
service loads.
4
5
mechanical anchorage — see anchorage,
mechanical.
36
membrane curing — see curing, membrane.
membrane theory — a theory of design for thin
6
mechanical bond — see bond, mechanical.
37
7
mechanical connection — the complete assembly
38
shells, based on the premise that a shell
8
of an end-bearing sleeve, a coupler, or a
39
cannot resist bending because it deflects;
9
coupling sleeve, and possibly additional
40
the only stresses that exist, therefore, in any
10
intervening material or other components to
41
section are shear stress and direct
11
effect connection of reinforcing bars. (See
42
compression or tension.
12
also bar-end check, coupler, coupling
43
13
sleeve, end-bearing sleeve.)
44
phases found in blast-furnace slags;
merwinite — one of the principal crystalline
14
medium, grinding — a hard, free-moving charge
45
chemical formula is Ca3Mg(SiO4)2, crystal
15
in a ball or tube mill to reduce the particle
46
system is monoclinic, and density is 3.15
16
size of introduced materials by attrition or
47
g/cc. (See also akermanite, gehlenite, and
17
impact.
48
melilite.)
18
megascopic — see macroscopic (preferred term).
19
melilite — a group of minerals ranging from the
49
mesh — the number of openings (including
50
fractions thereof) per unit of length in
51
either a screen or sieve in which the
52
openings are 1/4 in. (6 mm) or less.
20
calcium magnesium silicate (akermanite) to
21
the calcium aluminate silicate (gehlenite)
22
that occur as crystals in blast-furnace slag.
53
mesh, diamond — a metallic fabric having
23
(See also akermanite, gehlenite,
54
rhomboidal openings in a geometric
24
merwinite.)
55
pattern. (See also lath, expanded-metal.)
56
mesh reinforcement — see fabric, welded-wire
25
melt — the molten portion of the raw material
and reinforcement, welded-wire fabric.
26
mass during the burning of cement clinker,
57
27
firing of lightweight aggregates, or
58
28
expanding of blast-furnace slags.
59
rolling drum attached to a handle, of which
29
member, compression— any member in which
60
the surface of the drum is made of mesh,
30
the primary stress is longitudinal
61
sometimes used for rolling over the surface
31
compression.
62
of fresh concrete to embed coarse
63
aggregate.
101
mesh roller — a finishing tool consisting of a
1
Mesnager hinge — see hinge, Mesnager.
24
2
meter, air — a device for measuring the air
25
electron microscope in which the image is
26
formed by a beam operating in
27
synchronism with an electron probe
28
scanning the object; the intensity of the
29
image-forming beam is proportional to the
30
scattering or secondary emission of
31
electrons by the specimen where the probe
32
beam strikes it.
3
4
content of concrete and mortar.
method, advancing-slope — a method of placing
5
concrete as in tunnel linings in which the
6
face of the fresh concrete is not vertical and
7
moves forward as concrete is placed.
8
microconcrete — a mixture of portland cement,
9
water, and suitably graded sand for
10
simulating concrete in small-scale
11
structural models.
12
microcracks — small, numerous cracks that
13
develop in hardened concrete.
14
microfiber — a fiber with an equivalent diameter
33
34
microscope, scanning electron (SEM) — an
microscopic — discernible only with the aid of a
microscope.
35
microsilica — see silica fume (preferred term).
36
middle strip — see strip, middle.
37
mill, ball — horizontal, cylindrical, rotating mill
15
less than 0.012 in. (0.3 mm) for use in
38
charged with large grinding media. (See
16
concrete.
39
also mill, rod.)
17
microsand — fine aggregate, passing the U.S.
18
Standard 150
19
essentially free of clay and shale.
20
m (No. 100) sieve, and
microscope, polarizing — a microscope equipped
40
mill, rod — horizontal, cylindrical, rotating mill
41
charged with steel rods for grinding. (See
42
also mill, ball.)
43
mill scale — the partially adherent layers of
21
with elements permitting observations and
44
oxidation products (heavy oxides)
22
determinations to be made using polarized
45
developed on metallic surfaces during
23
light. (See also Nicol prism.)
46
either hot fabrication or heat treatment of
47
metals, as on hot-rolled steel reinforcing
48
bars.
49
mineral aggregate — see aggregate, mineral.
50
mineral filler — a finely divided mineral product
51
at least 65 % of which passes the U.S.
52
Standard 75
53
silt.)
102
m (No. 200) sieve. (See also
1
2
minimum film-forming temperature — see
temperature, minimum film-forming.
3
mix (n.) — see mixture.
4
mix (v.) — the act or process of mixing; also
30
mixer, horizontal-axis — a concrete mixer
31
of the revolving drum type in which
32
the drum rotates about a horizontal
33
axis.
mixer, horizontal-shaft — a mixer having
5
mixture of materials, such as mortar or
34
6
concrete.
35
a stationary cylindrical mixing
36
compartment, with the axis of the
37
cylinder horizontal, and one or more
38
rotating horizontal shafts to which
39
mixing blades or paddle are
40
attached; also called pugmill.
7
mix, dry — a concrete, mortar, or plaster mixture,
8
commonly sold in bags, containing all
9
components except water; also a concrete
10
11
12
13
of near zero slump.
mix design — see mixture proportion (preferred
41
term).
mixer — a machine used for blending the
14
constituents of concrete, grout, mortar,
15
cement paste, or other mixture.
16
mixer, batch — a machine that mixes
17
18
batches of either concrete or mortar.
mixer, central — a stationary concrete
19
mixer from which the freshly mixed
20
concrete is transported to the work.
mixer, inclined-axis — a truck with a
42
revolving drum that rotates about an
43
axis inclined to the bed of the truck
44
chassis.
45
mixer, nontilting — a horizontal rotating
46
drum mixer that charges, mixes, and
47
discharges without tilting.
48
mixer, open-top — a truck-mounted mixer
49
consisting of a trough or a segment
50
of a cylindrical mixing
21
mixer, colloidal — a mixer designed to
51
compartment within which paddles
22
produce colloidal grout.
52
or blades rotate about the horizontal
53
axis of the trough. (See also mixer,
23
mixer, continuous — a mixer into which
24
the ingredients of the mixture are
54
horizontal-shaft and mixer, open-
25
fed without stopping, and from
55
top.)
26
which the mixed product is
56
27
discharged in a continuous stream.
57
28
mixer, high-discharge — see mixer,
29
inclined-axis (preferred term).
mixer, paddle — see open-top mixer
(preferred term).
58
mixer, pan — see mixer, vertical shaft.
59
mixer, revolving-blade (or paddle) — see
60
103
mixer, open-top.
1
mixer, tilting — a revolving-drum mixer
28
2
that discharges by tilting the drum
29
measurements based on the volumes
3
about a fixed or movable horizontal
30
of the ingredients to feed a
4
axis at right angles to the drum axis;
31
container that continually agitates
5
the drum axis may be horizontal or
32
and combines those ingredients, for
6
inclined while charging and mixing.
33
the production of concrete; also
34
called volumetric-measuring and
35
continuous-mixing concrete
36
equipment (VMCM).
7
mixer, transit — see mixer, truck.
8
mixer, trough — see mixer, open-top
9
10
(preferred term).
mixer, truck — a concrete mixer suitable
11
for mounting on a truck chassis and
12
capable of mixing concrete in
13
transit. (See also mixer, horizontal-
14
axis; mixer, inclined-axis; mixer,
15
open-top; and agitator.)
16
17
18
19
20
mixer, tub — see mixer, open-top
(preferred term).
mixer, turbine — see mixer, open-top
(preferred term).
mixer, vertical-shaft — a cylindrical or
21
annular mixing compartment having
22
an essentially level floor and
23
containing one or more vertical
24
rotating shafts to which blades or
25
paddles are attached; the mixing
26
compartment may be stationary or
27
rotate about a vertical axis.
37
mixer, volumetric — equipment that uses
mixer efficiency — the adequacy of a mixer in
38
rendering a homogeneous product within a
39
stated period; homogeneity is determinable
40
by testing for relative differences in
41
physical properties or composition of
42
samples extracted from different portions
43
of a freshly mixed batch.
44
mixing, continuous — producing concrete by
45
continuously blending ingredients in fixed
46
proportions. The discharge of the concrete
47
mixture may be started or stopped as
48
required.
49
mixing cycle — the time taken for a complete
50
cycle in a batch mixer, that is, the time
51
elapsing between successive repetitions of
52
the same operation (for example,
53
successive discharges of the mixer).
54
mixing, dry — blending of the solid materials for
55
mortar or concrete before adding the
56
mixing water.
57
104
mixing plant — see batch plant (preferred term).
1
mixing speed — rotation rate of a mixer drum or
32
mixture, ternary — concrete containing
2
of the paddles in an open-top, pan, or
33
3
trough mixer, when mixing a batch;
34
4
expressed in revolutions per minute (rpm),
35
ingredients that make the most economical
5
or in peripheral feet per minute of a point
36
use of available materials to produce mortar
6
on the circumference at maximum
37
or concrete of the required properties. (See
7
diameter.
38
also proportion.)
8
mixing time — the period during which the
39
three cementitious materials.
mixture proportion — the proportions of
mobile placer — a small belt conveyor mounted
constituents of a batch of concrete are
40
on wheels or truck-mounted that can be
10
mixed by a mixer; for a stationary mixer,
41
readily moved to the job site for conveying
11
time is given in minutes from the
42
concrete from the ready mixed concrete
12
completion of mixer charging until the
43
truck to the forms or slab.
13
beginning of discharge; for a truck mixer,
14
time is given in total minutes at a specified
15
mixing speed or expressed in terms of total
16
revolutions at a specified mixing speed.
17
(See also amount of mixing.)
9
18
mixing water — see water, mixing.
19
mixture — the assembled, blended, commingled
20
ingredients of mortar, concrete, or the like;
21
or the proportions for their assembly.
44
45
46
47
mixture, binary — concrete containing
23
two cementitious materials.
24
mixture, harsh — a concrete mixture that
25
lacks desired workability and
26
consistency due to a deficiency of
27
mortar or aggregate fines.
cement, moderate sulfate-resisting.
49
of hardened concrete previously broken in
50
flexure; used in determining the
51
compressive strength of the concrete.
modified portland cement — a portland cement
53
having moderate heat of hydration; this
54
term was replaced by Type II cement
55
beginning in 1960. (See also cement,
56
modified.)
57
modular ratio — the ratio of modulus of elasticity
58
of steel Es to that of concrete Ec; usually
denoted by the symbol n.
mixture, lean — see concrete, lean.
59
29
mixture, quad — concrete containing four
60
31
moderate sulfate-resisting cement — see
modified cube — a portion of a rectangular beam
28
30
to flow.
48
52
22
mobility — the ability of fresh concrete or mortar
cementitious materials.
mixture, rich — see rich mixture.
105
modulus —
1
modulus, bulk — the ratio of the change in
24
modulus, section — a term pertaining to
2
average stress to the change in unit
25
the cross section of a flexural
3
volume. (See also modulus of
26
member; the section modulus with
4
compression.)
27
respect to either principal axis is the
28
moment of inertia with respect to
29
that axis divided by the distance
30
from that axis to the most remote
31
point of the tension or compression
32
area of the section, as required; the
33
section modulus is used to
34
determine the flexural stress in a
35
beam.
5
6
7
modulus, chord — see modulus of
elasticity.
modulus, elastic — see modulus of
8
elasticity (preferred term).
9
modulus, fineness — a factor obtained by
10
adding the total percentages of
11
material in the sample that are
12
coarser than each of the following
13
sieves (cumulative percentages
14
retained), and dividing the sum by
15
100: 150
16
(No. 50), 600
17
mm (No. 16), 2.36 mm (No. 8),
40
18
4.75 mm (No. 4), 9.5 mm (3/8 in.),
41
19
19.0 mm (3/4 in.), 37.5 mm (1-1/2
42
20
in.), 75 mm (3 in.), 150 mm (6 in.)
43
21
modulus, initial-tangent — see modulus
44
36
37
modulus, shear — see modulus of
rigidity.
m
38
modulus, sonic — see modulus of
m (No. 30), 1.18
39
elasticity, dynamic.
m (No. 100), 300
22
of elasticity. modulus, secant —
23
see modulus of elasticity.
45
46
modulus, subgrade — see coefficient of
subgrade reaction.
modulus, tangent — see modulus of
elasticity.
modulus, Young’s — see modulus of
elasticity (preferred term).
modulus of compression — the ratio of
47
compressive stress to cubical compression;
48
always positive for physical substances;
49
also known as bulk modulus; related to
50
Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio by
51
the equation K = E
52
bulk modulus, E = Young’s modulus, and
53
= Poisson’s ratio of the material under
54
consideration.
55
modulus of deformation —
106
3 (1-2 ), where k =
1
(1) a concept of modulus of elasticity
19
Note: few materials conform to Hooke’s
2
expressed as a function of two time
20
law throughout the entire range of stress-
3
variables; strain in loaded concrete as a
21
strain relations; deviations therefrom are
4
function of the age at which the load is
22
caused by inelastic behavior. If the
5
initially applied and of the length of time
23
deviations are significant, the slope of the
6
the load is sustained; and
24
tangent to the stress-strain curve at the
7
(2) the ratio of stress to strain for a material
25
origin, the slope of the tangent to the stress-
8
that does not deform in accordance with
26
strain curve at any given stress, the slope of
9
Hooke’s law when subjected to applied
27
the secant drawn from the origin to any
10
load. (See also modulus of elasticity.)
28
specified point on the stress-strain curve, or
29
the slope of the chord connecting any two
30
specified points on the stress-strain curve,
31
may be considered as the modulus; in such
32
cases the modulus is designated,
33
respectively, as the initial tangent modulus,
34
the tangent modulus, the secant modulus, or
35
the chord modulus, and the stress stated.
36
The modulus is expressed as force per unit
37
of area (for example, psi or Pa).
38
modulus of elasticity, dynamic — the
39
modulus of elasticity computed
40
from the size, weight, shape, and
41
fundamental frequency of vibration
42
of a concrete test specimen, or from
43
pulse velocity. (See also modulus
44
of elasticity, static and velocity,
45
pulse.)
11
modulus of elasticity — the ratio of normal stress
12
to corresponding strain for tensile or
13
compressive stress below the proportional
14
limit of the material; also referred to as
15
elastic modulus, Young’s modulus, and
16
Young’s modulus of elasticity; denoted by
17
the symbol E. (See also modulus of
18
rigidity.)
107
1
modulus of elasticity, static — the value
32
modulus of subgrade reaction — ratio of the load
2
of Young’s modulus of elasticity
33
per unit area of soil to the corresponding
3
obtained by arbitrary criteria from
34
settlement of the soil, typically evaluated in
4
measured stress-strain relationships
35
situ per ASTM D 1196. (See also
5
derived from other than dynamic
36
coefficient of subgrade reaction.)
6
loading. (See also modulus of
37
Mohs scale — arbitrary quantitative units, ranging
7
elasticity.)
38
from 1 through 10, by means of which the
39
scratch hardness of a mineral is determined;
including elastic and inelastic
40
each unit of hardness is represented by a
10
effects in one expression to aid in
41
mineral that can scratch any other mineral
11
visualizing net effects of stress-
42
having a lower-ranking number; the
12
strain up to any given time;
43
minerals are ranked from talc or 1 (the
13
computed by dividing the unit
44
softest), upward through gypsum or 2,
14
sustained stress by the sum of the
45
calcite or 3, fluorite or 4, apatite or 5,
15
elastic and inelastic deformations at
46
orthoclase or 6, quartz or 7, topaz or 8,
16
that time. (See also modulus of
47
corundum or 9, and diamond or 10 (the
17
elasticity.)
48
hardest).
18
modulus of resilience — see resilience.
49
19
modulus of rigidity — the ratio of unit shearing
50
touch; the terms “wet” implies visible free
8
9
modulus of elasticity, sustained — term
moist — slightly damp but not quite dry to the
20
stress to the corresponding unit shearing
51
water, “damp” implies less wetness than
21
strain; referred to as shear modulus and
52
“wet,” and “moist” implies not quite dry.
22
modulus of elasticity in shear, denoted by
53
(See also damp and wet.)
23
the symbol G. (See also modulus of
54
moist-air curing — see curing, moist-air.
24
elasticity.)
55
moist cabinet — see cabinet, moist.
25
modulus of rupture — the calculated apparent
26
tensile stress in the extreme tension fiber of
27
a plain concrete beam test specimen at the
28
load that produces rupture when tested in
29
accordance with ASTM C 78 (third-point
30
loading) or ASTM C 293 (center-point
31
loading) (See also strength, flexural.)
108
1
moist room — a room in which the atmosphere is
33
moisture content of concrete masonry unit —
2
maintained at a selected temperature
34
the amount of water contained in the
3
(usually 23.0 ± 2 °C or 73.0 ± 3.0 °F) and a
35
hardened concrete at the time of sampling
4
relative humidity of at least 95 %, for the
36
and expressed as a percentage of its
5
purpose of curing and storing cementitious
37
capacity for total absorption.
6
test specimens; the facilities must be
38
7
sufficient to maintain free moisture
39
has been dried in air until there is no further
8
continuously on the exteriors of test
40
significant change in its mass. (See also
9
specimens; also known as a fog room.
41
mass and oven dry.)
10
11
moisture —
42
moisture, absorbed — moisture that has
12
entered the permeable voids of a
13
solid and has physical properties not
14
substantially different from ordinary
15
water at the same temperature and
16
pressure. (See also absorption.)
17
moisture, free — moisture having
18
essentially the properties of pure
19
water in bulk; moisture not
20
absorbed by aggregate. (See also
21
moisture, surface.)
moisture-free — the condition of a material that
moisture movement —
43
1. the movement of moisture through a
44
porous medium; and
45
2. in the U.K., the effects of such
46
movement on efflorescence and volume
47
change in hardened cement paste, mortar,
48
concrete, or rock. (See also shrinkage and
49
swelling.)
50
mold —
51
(1) a device containing a cavity into which
52
neat cement, mortar, or concrete test
53
specimens are cast; and
54
(2) a form used in the fabrication of precast
55
mortar or concrete units (for example,
56
masonry units).
22
moisture, surface — free water retained
23
on surfaces of aggregate particles
24
and considered to be part of the
25
mixing water in concrete, as
26
distinguished from absorbed
57
27
moisture.
58
gypsum plaster, usually to permit concrete
59
to be formed or cast in intricate shapes or in
60
conspicuous relief. (See also mold and
61
form.)
28
moisture barrier — see barrier, moisture.
29
moisture content of aggregate — the ratio,
30
expressed as a percentage, of the mass of
31
water in a given granular mass to the dry
32
weight of the mass.
62
109
mold, plaster — a mold or form made from
mold oil — see oil, mold.
1
moment — the colloquial expression for the more
33
moment, secondary — in statically
2
descriptive term bending moment. (See also
34
indeterminate structures, the
3
moment, bending.)
35
additional moments caused by
4
moment, bending — the bending effect at
36
deformation of the structure due to
5
any section of a structural element;
37
the applied forces; in statically
6
it is equal to the algebraic sum of
38
indeterminate prestressed-concrete
7
the moments of the vertical and
39
structures, the additional moments
8
horizontal forces, with respect to the
40
caused by the use of a
9
centroidal axis of a member, acting
41
nonconcordant prestressing tendon.
10
on a freebody of the member.
42
11
moment, negative — a condition of
43
moment, ultimate — obsolete term; see
strength, flexural.
12
flexure in which top fibers of a
44
moment distribution — a method of structural
13
horizontally placed member, or
45
analysis for continuous beams and rigid
14
external fibers of a vertically placed
46
frames whereby successive converging
15
exterior member, are subjected to
47
corrections are made to an assumed set of
16
tensile stresses.
48
moments until the desired precision is
49
obtained; also known as the Hardy Cross
method.
17
moment, positive — a condition of flexure
18
in which, for a horizontal simply
50
19
supported member, the deflected
51
monolithic concrete — see concrete, monolithic.
20
shape is normally considered to be
52
monolithic surface treatment — see dry-shake.
21
concave downward and the top
53
22
fibers subjected to compression
monolithic terrazzo — the application of a 5/8 in.
23
stresses; for other members and
24
other conditions consider positive
25
and negative as relative terms. (See
26
also moment, negative.)
27
Note: for structural design and
28
analysis, moments may be
29
designated as positive or negative
30
with satisfactory results as long as
31
the sign convention adopted is used
32
consistently.
54
(15 mm) terrazzo topping directly to a
55
specially prepared concrete substrate,
56
eliminating an underbed.
57
110
monolithic topping — see topping, monolithic.
1
monomolecular — composed of single molecules;
33
mortar, lean — mortar that is harsh and
2
specifically, films that are one molecule
34
difficult to spread because of either
3
thick; denotes a thickness equal to one
35
insufficient cement content or
4
molecule, for example, certain chemical
36
presence of coarse sand.
5
compounds develop a “monomolecular
37
6
film” over bleeding water at the surface of
38
7
freshly placed concrete or mortar as a
8
means of reducing the rate of evaporation.
9
(See also evaporation retardant.)
mortar, plastic —a mortar of plastic
consistency.
39
mortar, resin — see concrete, polymer.
40
mortar, sprayed — see shotcrete
(preferred term).
41
10
montmorillonite — a swelling clay mineral of the
11
smectite group; main constituent of
12
bentonite. (See also
13
14
smectite.)
42
mortar, stringing — the procedure of
43
spreading enough mortar on the bed
44
joint to ensure laying several
45
masonry units.
mortar — a mixture of cement paste and fine
46
mortar board — a platform or tray for holding
15
aggregate; in fresh concrete, the material
16
occupying the interstices among particles
17
of coarse aggregate; in masonry
18
construction, joint mortar may contain
49
mortar-flow — see flow (2).
19
masonry cement, or may contain hydraulic
50
mosaic — inlaid exposed surface designs of
20
cement with lime (and possibly other
51
aggregates or other material.
21
admixtures) to afford greater plasticity and
52
22
workability than are attainable with
53
23
standard portland cement mortar. (See also
24
cement, hydraulic and masonry.)
25
mortar, air-blown — see shotcrete
26
27
(preferred term).
mortar, expansive-cement — see
47
freshly mixed mortar. (See also hawk and
48
hod.)
mottling—uneven color shading or blotchiness
across a surface. (See also discoloration.)
54
moving forms — see forms, moving.
55
mud balls — lumps of clay or silt (“mud”).
56
mudjacking — see slabjacking (preferred term).
57
mud pumping — see pumping (of pavements).
28
concrete (mortar or grout),
58
mud sill — a timber or timber assembly bedded
29
expansive-cement.
59
into the earth at grade to support framed
60
construction.
30
mortar, epoxy — a mixture of epoxy resin,
31
catalyst, and fine aggregate. (See
32
also resins, epoxy.)
111
1
mud slab — a 2 to 6 in. (50 to 150 mm) layer of
33
nailer — a strip of wood or other fitting attached
2
concrete beneath a structural concrete floor
34
to or set in concrete, or attached to steel to
3
or footing over soft, wet soil; also called
35
facilitate making nailed connections.
4
mud mat.
36
natural air-drying — the process of drying cured
37
concrete masonry units without any special
5
multielement prestressing — prestressing
6
accomplished by stressing an assembly of
38
equipment (for example, the drying that
7
several individual structural elements as a
39
occurs in a covered storage area).
8
means of producing one integrated
40
natural cement — see cement, natural.
9
structural member.
41
natural pozzolan — see pozzolan, natural.
42
natural sand — see sand, natural.
43
neat cement grout — see grout, neat cement.
44
neat cement paste — see cement paste, neat.
neat line — a line defining the proposed or
10
11
12
multistage stressing — prestressing performed in
stages as the construction progresses.
multiwall-bag — a flexible container for
13
transporting a cementitious material and
14
usually consisting of four plies of kraft
45
15
paper previously treated to ensure
46
specified limits of an excavation or
16
resistance to moisture.
47
structure.
17
18
19
muriatic acid — see hydrochloric acid (preferred
term).
mushroom system of flat-slab construction — a
48
neat plaster — see plaster, neat.
49
needle, Gillmore — a device used in determining
50
time of setting of hydraulic cement.
needle, Vicat — a weighted needle for
20
four-way reinforced-concrete girderless
51
21
floor slab in which the column reinforcing
52
determining time of setting of hydraulic
22
bars are bent down into the slab around the
53
cements.
23
column head in radial directions and
54
negative catalyst — see catalyst, negative.
24
additional reinforcing bars are bent into
55
negative moment — see moment, negative.
25
rings laid upon the radials, thus forming a
26
spider web to provide additional
56
negative reinforcement — see reinforcement,
27
reinforcement at the column head and to
28
support the slab steel; mushroom designs of
58
29
the true flat-slab type do not involve drop
59
30
panels around the capitals of the columns.
57
31
32
—N—
112
negative.
negative-slump concrete — see concrete,
negative-slump.
1
net cross-sectional area (of masonry) — the
30
nonagitating unit — a truck-mounted container
2
gross cross-sectional area of a section of
31
for transporting central-mixed concrete, not
3
masonry minus the area of cavities, cells, or
32
equipped to provide agitation (slow
4
cored spaces.
33
mixing) during delivery.
5
net mixing water — see water, mixing.
34
6
neutral axis — see axis, neutral.
35
7
neutral refractory — see refractory, neutral.
36
nonbearing wall — see wall, nonbearing.
8
Nicol prism — a system of two optically clear
37
noncombustible — any material that neither
9
10
11
12
38
ignites nor supports combustion in air when
producing plane-polarized light.
39
exposed to fire.
nip — the seizing of stone between either the jaws
or the rolls of a crusher.
no-fines concrete — see concrete, no-fines.
14
nominal flexural strength — see strength,
16
nonair-entrained.
crystals of calcite (“Iceland spar”) used in
13
15
nonair-entrained concrete — see concrete,
nominal flexural.
nominal maximum size (of aggregate) — in
40
41
42
43
44
45
17
specifications for and in descriptions of
46
18
aggregate, the smallest sieve opening
47
19
through which the entire amount of the
48
20
aggregate is permitted to pass. [See also
49
21
maximum size (of aggregate).]
50
nonevaporable water — see water,
nonevaporable.
nonferrous — relating to metals other than iron;
not containing or including iron.
nonprestressed reinforcement — see
reinforcement, nonprestressed.
nonrecoverable creep — see creep,
nonrecoverable.
nonreversible deformation — see creep,
nonrecoverable (preferred term).
nonsimultaneous prestressing — see
22
nominal mixture — the proportions of the
51
23
constituents of a proposed concrete
52
nonslip concrete — see concrete, nonslip.
24
mixture.
53
nonstaining cement — see cement, nonstaining.
54
nonstructural reinforcement — see
55
reinforcement, temperature.
25
26
27
28
29
nominal shear strength — see strength, nominal
shear.
nominal size — see nominal maximum size (of
56
aggregate).
nominal strength — see strength, nominal.
113
prestressing, nonsimultaneous.
nontilting mixer — see mixer, nontilting.
1
nonvolatile content — the portion of a material
32
—O—
2
that remains after volatile matter has been
33
3
evaporated under specified ambient or
34
low water content; usually of rhyolite
4
accelerated conditions.
35
composition. (See also perlite.)
obsidian — a natural volcanic glass of relatively
5
normal cement — see cement, normal.
36
6
normal consistency — see consistency, normal.
37
dimension, either horizontally or vertically;
7
normal portland cement — see cement, normal.
38
a horizontal ledge occurring along a change
8
normal stress — see stress, normal.
39
in wall thickness of the wall above.
9
normalweight aggregate — see aggregate,
10
11
12
13
14
normalweight.
normalweight concrete — see concrete,
normalweight.
normalweight refractory concrete — see
concrete, normalweight refractory.
offset — an abrupt change in alignment or
40
offset bend — an intentional distortion from the
41
normal straightness of a steel reinforcing
42
bar to move the center line of a segment of
43
the bar to a position parallel to the original
44
position of the center line; a mechanical
45
operation commonly applied to vertical
46
bars that reinforce concrete columns.
15
no-slump concrete — see concrete, no-slump.
47
offset yield strength — see strength, offset yield.
16
nozzle — a metal or rubber tip attached to the
48
oil, form — oil applied to the interior surfaces of
17
discharge end of a heavy thick-walled
49
forms to promote easy release from the
18
rubber hose from which a continuous
50
concrete when the forms are removed. (See
19
stream of shotcrete is ejected at high
51
also agent, release and bond breaker.)
20
velocity.
52
oil, mold — an oil that is applied to the interior
21
nozzle liner — a replaceable rubber lining, fitted
53
surface of a clean mold, before casting
22
into the nozzle tip, to prevent abrasion of
54
concrete or mortar therein, to facilitate
23
the interior surface of the nozzle.
55
removal of the mold after the concrete or
56
mortar has hardened. (See also bond
breaker; oil, form; and agent, release.)
24
nozzle operator — the technician who
25
manipulates the nozzle of a placing
57
26
machine and controls placement of the
58
oil-well cement — see cement, oil-well.
27
shotcrete.
59
one-way system — see system, one-way.
60
opal — a mineral composed of amorphous
28
nozzle velocity — the rate at which shotcrete is
29
ejected from the nozzle, usually stated in ft
30
per sec or m per sec.
61
31
114
hydrous silica (SiO2 nH2O).
1
2
3
opaline chert — chert composed entirely or
mainly of opal.
open-circuit crushing — a crushing system in
31
overdesign — to require adherence to structural
32
design requirements higher than service
33
demands, as a means of compensating for
4
which material passes through the crusher
34
statistical variation or for anticipated
5
without recycling of oversize particles.
35
deficiencies or both.
6
open-circuit grouting — see grouting, open-
36
overlay — a layer of concrete or mortar, seldom
37
thinner than 1 in. (25 mm), placed on and
38
usually bonded onto the worn or cracked
39
surface of a concrete slab to either restore
40
or improve the function of the previous
41
surface, also polymeric concrete usually
42
less than 0.4 in. (10 mm) thick.
7
8
9
circuit.
open-graded aggregate — see aggregate, opengraded.
10
open-top mixer — see mixer, open-top.
11
ordinary portland cement — see cement,
12
13
ordinary portland.
orthotropic — a contraction of the terms
43
oversanded — containing more sand than would
44
be necessary to produce adequate
14
“orthogonal anisotropic” as in the phrase
45
workability and a satisfactory condition for
15
“orthogonal anisotropic plate”; a
46
finishing.
16
hypothetical plate consisting of beams and
17
a slab acting together with different flexural
18
rigidities in the longitudinal and transverse
19
directions, as in a composite beam bridge.
20
ovals — marble chips that have been tumbled until
47
overstretching — stressing of tendons to a value
48
higher than designed for the initial stress to:
49
(a) overcome frictional losses, (b)
50
temporarily overstress the steel to reduce
51
steel creep that occurs after anchorage, and
21
a smooth oval shape has resulted.
52
(c) counteract loss of prestressing force that
22
oven-dry — the condition resulting from having
53
is caused by subsequent prestressing of
other tendons.
23
been dried to essentially constant mass, in
54
24
an oven, at a temperature that has been
55
overvibration — excessive use of vibrators during
25
fixed, usually between 221 and 239 F (105
56
placement of freshly mixed concrete,
26
and 115 C).
57
causing segregation, stratification, and
58
excessive bleeding.
27
oven dry — the process of drying in an oven at a
28
temperature usually between 221 and 239 F
29
(105 and 115 C) until the mass of the test
30
specimen becomes essentially constant.
115
1
owner — the corporation, association,
32
paint, cement — a paint consisting generally of
2
partnerships, individual, or public body or
33
white portland cement and water, pigments,
3
authority with whom the contractor enters
34
hydrated lime, water repellents, or
4
into an agreement and for whom the work
35
hygroscopic salts.
5
is provided.
36
paint, cold-water — a paint in which the binder or
6
oxide, brown — a brown mineral pigment having
37
vehicle portion is composed of latex,
7
an iron oxide content between 28 and 95%.
38
casein, glue, or some similar material
8
(See also limonite.)
39
dissolved or dispersed in water.
9
—P—
10
11
12
pack, dry — concrete or mortar mixtures
deposited and consolidated by dry packing.
40
Palladiana — see Berliner.
41
pan —
42
(1) a prefabricated form unit used in
43
concrete joist floor construction; and
13
pack, warehouse — see set, warehouse.
44
(2) a container that receives particles
14
pack set — see cement, sticky and set,
45
passing the finest sieve during mechanical
46
analysis of granular materials.
15
warehouse.
16
packaged concrete, mortar, grout — mixtures of
47
pan mixer — see mixer, vertical-shaft (preferred
17
dry ingredients in packages, requiring only
48
term).
18
the addition of water to produce concrete,
49
panel —
19
mortar, or grout.
50
1) a section of form sheathing that can be
51
erected and stripped as a unit;
20
packer — a device inserted into a hole in which
21
grout is to be injected which acts to prevent
52
2) a concrete element that is relatively thin
22
return of the grout around the injection
53
with respect to other dimensions and is
23
pipe; usually an expandable device actuated
54
bordered by joints or edges; and
24
mechanically, hydraulically, or
55
pneumatically.
3) a region of a suspended slab system
25
56
bounded by column, beam, or wall
26
packerhead process — see process, packerhead.
57
centerlines.
27
packing, dry — placing of zero-slump, or near
58
panel, drop — the thickened structural
28
zero-slump, concrete, mortar, or grout by
59
portion of a flat slab in the area surrounding
29
ramming into a confined space.
60
column, column capital, or bracket, to
61
reduce the intensity of stresses.
30
31
paddle mixer — see mixer, open-top (preferred
term).
116
1
panel, exterior — in a flat slab, a panel
32
particle shape — the form of a particle. [See also
2
having at least one edge that is not
33
cubical piece (of aggregate), elongated
3
in common with another panel.
34
piece (of aggregate), and flat piece (of
35
aggregate).]
4
panel, ribbed — a panel composed of a
5
thin slab reinforced by a system of
36
particle-size distribution — see grading.
6
ribs in one or two directions,
37
parting agent — see agent, release.
7
usually orthogonal.
38
pass — layer of shotcrete placed in one movement
8
panel, sandwich — a prefabricated panel
that is a layered composite, formed
9
10
by attaching two thin facings to a
11
thicker core, for example, a precast-
12
concrete panel consisting of two
13
layers of concrete separated by a
14
nonstructural insulating core.
15
panel, solid — a solid slab, usually of
39
over the area of operation.
40
paste — see cement paste, neat.
41
paste, cement — binder of concrete and mortar
42
consisting essentially of cement, water,
43
hydration products and any admixtures
44
together with very finely divided materials
45
included in the aggregates. (See also
46
cement paste, neat.)
constant thickness.
16
47
17
panel strip — see strip, panel.
18
parallel-wire unit — a post-tensioning tendon
19
composed of a number of wires or strands
20
that are approximately parallel.
21
parapet — the part of a wall that extends above
22
the roof level; a low wall along the top of a
23
dam.
24
parge — to coat with plaster, particularly
25
foundation walls and rough masonry. (See
26
also back plastering.)
paste content — proportional volume of cement
48
paste in concrete, mortar, or the like,
49
expressed as volume percent of the entire
50
mixture. (See also cement paste, neat).
51
paste volume — see paste content.
52
pat — a specimen of neat cement paste, about 3 in.
53
(76 mm) in diameter and ½ in. (13 mm) in
54
thickness at the center and tapering to a thin
55
edge, on a flat glass plate for indicating
56
setting time.
57
path of prestressing force — the locus of points
27
partial prestressing — see prestressing, partial.
58
defining the resultant effective prestress
28
partial release — see release, partial.
59
force in a concrete member.
29
particle, colloidal — an electrically charged
60
pattern cracking — see cracks, craze and
30
particle, generally smaller than 0.1
m,
31
dispersed in a second continuous medium.
61
117
cracking, map.
1
2
pattern cracks — see cracks, craze and
cracking, map.
30
paving train — an assemblage of equipment
31
designed to place and finish a concrete
pavement.
3
patterned ashlar — see masonry, ashlar.
32
4
pavement (concrete) — a layer of concrete on
33
pea gravel — see gravel, pea.
peak load — the highest value for load in any test
5
such areas as roads, sidewalks, canals,
34
6
playgrounds, and those used for storage or
35
at which the form of the curve becomes
7
parking. (See also pavement, rigid.)
36
nonlinear and substantially changes slope.
8
pavement, flexible — a pavement structure that
37
peak load strength — strength computed using
9
maintains intimate contact with and
38
10
distributes loads to the subgrade and
39
11
depends on aggregate interlock, particle
40
lateral dimension less than or equal to 3
12
friction, and cohesion for stability;
41
used primarily to support axial compressive
13
cementing agents, where used, are
42
load, such as a short pier or plinth used as
14
generally bituminous materials as
43
the base for a column. For a tapered
15
contrasted to hydraulic cement in the case
44
member, the least lateral dimension is the
16
of rigid pavement. (See also pavement,
45
average of the top and bottom dimensions
17
rigid.)
46
of the smaller side.
18
pavement, pervious—a pavement comprising
19
material with sufficient continuous voids to
20
allow water to pass from the surface to the
21
underlying layers.
22
pavement, rigid — pavement that will provide
23
high bending resistance and distribute loads
24
to the foundation over a comparatively
25
large area.
26
paver, concrete — (1) a concrete mixer, usually
27
mounted on crawler tracks, that mixes and
28
places concrete pavement on the subgrade.
29
(2) Precast-concrete paving brick.
the peak load.
pedestal — member with a ratio of height-to-least
47
pedestal pile — see pile, pedestal.
48
peeling — a process in which thin flakes of mortar
49
are broken away from a concrete surface,
50
such as by deterioration or by adherence of
51
surface mortar to forms as forms are
52
removed.
53
pencil rod — see rod, pencil.
54
penetration — an opening through which pipe,
55
conduit, or other item passes through a wall
56
or floor.
57
penetration probe — see probe, penetration.
58
penetration resistance — see resistance,
59
118
penetration.
1
percent fines — the amount, expressed as a
33
period, temperature-rise — the time
2
percentage, of material in aggregate finer
34
interval during which the
3
than a given sieve, usually the 75
35
temperature of a concrete product
4
200); also the amount of fine aggregate in a
36
rises at a controlled rate to the
5
concrete mixture expressed as a percent by
37
desired maximum in autoclave or
6
absolute volume of the total amount of
38
atmospheric-pressure steam curing.
7
aggregate.
39
8
m (No.
percentage of reinforcement — the ratio of cross-
40
period at maximum temperature — see
maximum-temperature period.
sectional area of reinforcing steel to the
41
10
effective cross-sectional area of a member,
42
structure, usually having a higher water
11
expressed as a percentage.
43
content than obsidian; when expanded by
44
heating, used as an insulating material and
9
12
periclase — a crystalline mineral, magnesia, MgO,
perlite — a volcanic glass having a perlitic
13
the equivalent of which may be present in
45
as a lightweight aggregate in concretes,
14
portland-cement clinker, portland cement,
46
mortars, and plasters.
15
and other materials, such as open-hearth
47
16
slags and certain basic refractories.
48
homogeneous material by contraction
17
perimeter grouting — see grouting, perimeter.
49
during cooling, and consisting of a system
18
period —
50
of irregular convolute and spheroidal
51
cracks; generally confined to natural glass.
19
20
period, precuring — see period,
presteaming (preferred term).
perlitic structure — a structure produced in a
52
permanent form — see form, permanent.
21
period, presteaming — in the manufacture
53
permanent set — see set, permanent.
22
of concrete products, the time
54
permeability to water, coefficient of — the rate
23
between molding of a concrete
55
of discharge of water under laminar flow
24
product and start of the
56
conditions through a unit cross-sectional
25
temperature-rise period.
57
area of a porous medium under a unit
58
hydraulic gradient and standard
temperature conditions, usually 20 C.
26
period, soaking — in high-pressure and
27
low-pressure steam curing, the time
59
28
during which the live steam supply
60
29
to the kiln or autoclave is shut off
30
and the concrete products are
31
exposed to the residual heat and
32
moisture.
119
pervious concrete — see concrete, pervious.
1
petrography — the branch of petrology dealing
29
(2) An isolated vertical masonry member
2
with description and systematic
30
whose horizontal dimension measured at
3
classification of rocks aside from their
31
right angles to its thickness is not less than
4
geologic relations, mainly by laboratory
32
three times its thickness nor greater than six
5
methods, largely chemical and
33
times its thickness and whose height is less
6
microscopical; also, loosely, petrology or
34
than five times its length.
7
lithology; also the techniques and
35
pier, belled — a drilled pier shaft with an
8
knowledge of petrography applied to
36
9
mortar, concrete, and the like.
10
petrology — the science of rocks, treating of their
37
expanded excavation at the bottom.
pier, drilled — a concrete pier with or
38
without a casing, cast in place in a hole
11
origin, structure, composition, etc., from
39
previously bored in soil or rock. (See
12
aspects and in all relations. (See also
40
also pile, cast-in-place.)
13
petrography.)
41
pier cap—a concrete element that transfers load
14
phenolic resin — see resin, phenolic.
42
from a column or pedestal to the top of one
15
phi ( ) factor — see factor, strength reduction
43
or more supporting piers.
(preferred term).
16
44
17
Philleo factor — see factor, Philleo.
45
18
photometer, flame —an instrument used to
46
pigment — a coloring matter, usually in the form
of an insoluble fine powder.
pilaster — column built with a wall, usually
19
determine elements (especially sodium and
47
projecting beyond the wall.
20
potassium in portland cement) by the color
48
pilaster face — see face, pilaster.
21
intensity of their unique flame spectra
49
22
resulting from introducing a solution of a
pilaster side — see side, pilaster.
23
compound of the element into a flame.
50
pile — a slender structural element that is driven,
24
(Also known as flame spectrophotometer.)
25
pier —
26
(1) a slender isolated foundation member of
27
either plain or reinforced concrete that is
28
cast on end in the ground; or
51
jetted, or otherwise embedded on end in the
52
ground to support a load or compact the
53
soil. (See also pile, composite.)
54
pile, batter — a pile installed at an angle to
55
the vertical; a raking pile or raker
56
pile.
57
120
pile, bored — see pier, drilled.
1
pile, caisson — a cast-in-place pile made
31
pile, pipe — a steel cylinder, usually
2
by driving a tube, excavating it, and
32
between 10 and 24 in. (250 and 600
3
filling the cavity with concrete.
33
mm) in diameter, generally driven
34
with open ends to firm bearing and
4
pile cap — a concrete element that
5
transfers load from a column or
35
then excavated and filled with
6
pedestal to the top of one or more
36
concrete.
7
supporting piles.
37
pile, precast — a reinforced pile
38
manufactured in a casting plant or at
concreted either with or without a
39
the site but not in its final position.
10
casing in its permanent location, as
40
(See also pile, cast-in-place .)
11
distinguished from a precast pile.
41
12
(See also pier, drilled and pile,
42
13
precast.)
43
8
9
14
pile, cast-in-place — a concrete pile
pile, composite — a pile made up of
pile, raking — see pile, batter (preferred
term).
pile, sheet — a pile in the form of a plank
44
driven in close contact or
15
different materials, usually concrete
45
interlocking with others to provide a
16
and wood, or steel fastened together
46
tight wall to resist the lateral
17
end to end, to form a single pile.
47
pressure of water, adjacent earth, or
18
pile, concrete — see pile, cast-in-place
48
other materials; may be tongued and
49
grooved if made of timber or
50
concrete and interlocking if made of
51
metal.
19
and pile, precast.
20
pile, drilled — see pier, drilled.
21
pile, friction — a load-bearing pile that
22
receives its principal vertical
23
support from skin friction between
24
the surface of the buried pile and
25
the surrounding soil.
26
pile, pedestal — a cast-in-place concrete
52
pile, wing — a bearing pile, usually of
53
concrete, widened in the upper
54
portion to form part of a sheet pile
55
wall.
56
pile bent — see bent, pile.
27
pile constructed so that concrete is
57
pile cap — see cap, pile.
28
forced out into a widened bulb or
58
pipe column — see column, pipe.
29
pedestal shape at the foot of the
59
pipe pile — see pile, pipe.
30
pipe which forms the pile.
121
1
pipe, vent —a small-diameter pipe used in
30
1) a mixture consisting essentially of a
2
concrete construction to permit escape of
31
cementitious material or materials, fine
3
air in a structure being concreted or
32
aggregate, and water that forms a plastic
4
grouted.
33
mass. When applied to a surface, the
34
mixture adheres to it and subsequently
5
pitting — development of relatively small cavities
6
in a surface; in concrete, localized
35
hardens;
7
disintegration, such as a popout; in steel,
36
2) the placed and hardened mixture; or
8
localized corrosion evident as minute
37
3) the act of placing such material. (See
9
cavities on the surface.
38
also stucco.)
10
placeability — see workability.
39
plaster, neat — plaster devoid of sand.
11
placement — the process of placing and
40
plaster mold — see mold, plaster.
41
plaster of paris — CaSO4 ½ H2O; gypsum, from
12
consolidating concrete; a quantity of
13
concrete placed and finished during a
14
continuous operation; inappropriately
15
referred to as pouring.
16
placing — the deposition, distribution, and
17
consolidation of freshly mixed concrete in
18
the place where it is to harden;
19
inappropriately referred to as pouring.
42
which three-quarters of the chemically
43
bound water has been driven off by
44
heating; when wetted it recombines with
45
water and hardens quickly. (See also
46
hemihydrate.)
47
48
plastic — possessing plasticity, or possessing
adequate plasticity. (See also plasticity.)
20
plain bar — see bar, plain.
21
plain concrete — see concrete, plain.
22
plain masonry — see masonry, plain.
51
load computed for the assumptions that the
23
plain pavement — unreinforced concrete
52
concrete is stressed uniformly to 85 % of its
53
design strength and the steel is stressed
54
uniformly to its specified yield point.
24
25
pavement.
plane of weakness — the plane along which a
49
plastic cement — see cement, plastic.
50
plastic centroid — centroid of the resistance to
26
body under stress will tend to fracture; may
55
plastic consistency — see consistency, plastic.
27
exist by design, by accident, or because of
56
plastic deformation — see deformation,
28
the nature of the structure and its loading.
57
29
plaster —
58
inelastic.
plastic flow — obsolete term for creep and stress
59
relation. (See also creep; flow, plastic; and
60
stress relaxation.)
122
1
plastic hinge — see hinge, plastic.
30
(2) in structural design: a member, the
2
plastic loss — see creep.
31
depth of which is substantially less than its
3
plastic mortar — see mortar, plastic.
32
length and width. (See also plate, flat and
plastic or bond fire clay — a fire clay of
33
load-transfer assembly.)
4
34
plate, deformed — a flat piece of metal,
5
sufficient natural plasticity to bond
6
nonplastic material; a fire clay used as a
7
plasticizing agent in mortar.
8
plastic shrinkage — see shrinkage, plastic.
9
plastic-shrinkage crack — see crack, plastic-
10
shrinkage.
35
thicker than 1/4 in. (6 mm), having
36
horizontal deformations or
37
corrugations; used in construction to
38
form a vertical joint and provide a
39
mechanical interlock between
40
adjacent sections.
11
plasticity — a complex property of a material
41
plate, flat — a flat slab without column
12
involving a combination of qualities of
42
capitals or drop panels. (See also
13
mobility and magnitude of yield value; the
43
slab, flat.)
14
property of freshly mixed cement paste,
15
concrete, or mortar that determines its
16
resistance to deformation or ease of
17
molding.
18
plasticity index (PI) — see index, plasticity (PI).
19
plasticize — to produce plasticity or to render
20
21
plastic.
plasticizer — (1) a material that increases the
44
plate, folded — (1) a framing assembly
45
composed of sloping slabs in a
46
hipped or gabled arrangement; and
47
(2) prismatic shell with open
48
polygonal section.
49
plum — a large random-shaped stone dropped into
50
freshly placed mass concrete to economize
51
on the amount of the other concrete
22
plasticity of a fresh cementitious mixture;
52
ingredients. (See also concrete,
23
or
53
cyclopean.)
24
(2) a substance added to a material to
54
plumb — vertical or to make vertical.
25
improve the material’s flexibility.
55
pneumatically applied mortar — see shotcrete.
26
plate — (1) in formwork for concrete: a flat,
27
horizontal member either at the top or
28
bottom, or both, of studs or posts; a mud
29
sill if on the ground (see also mud sill); and
123
1
point count method — method for determination
31
polyester — one of a large group of synthetic
2
of the volumetric composition of a solid by
32
resins, mainly produced by reaction of
3
observation of the frequency with which
33
dibasic acids with dihydroxy alcohols;
4
areas of each component coincide with a
34
commonly prepared for application by
5
regular system of points in one or more
35
mixing with a vinyl-group monomer and
6
planes intersecting a sample of the solid.
36
free-radical catalysts at ambient
7
(See also linear-traverse method.)
37
temperatures and used as binders for resin
8
point count method (modified) — the point count
38
mortars and concretes, fiber laminates
9
method supplemented by a determination
39
(mainly glass), adhesives, and the like. (See
10
of the frequency with which areas of each
40
also concrete, polymer.)
11
component of a solid are intersected by
41
polyethylene — a thermoplastic high-molecular-
12
regularly spaced lines in one or more
42
weight organic compound used in
13
planes intersecting a sample of the solid.
43
formulating protective coatings or, in sheet
44
form, as a protective cover for concrete
45
surfaces during the curing period, or to
46
provide a temporary enclosure for
47
construction operations.
14
point load — see load, point.
15
point of contraflexure — see point of inflection
16
17
(preferred term).
point of inflection — the point on the length of a
48
polymer — the product of polymerization; more
49
commonly a rubber or resin consisting of
50
large molecules formed by polymerization.
18
structural member subjected to flexure
19
where the curvature changes from concave
20
to convex or conversely and at which the
21
bending moment is zero; also called “point
51
polymer concrete — see concrete, polymer.
22
of contraflexure.”
52
polymer-cement concrete — see concrete,
23
Poisson’s ratio — see ratio, Poisson’s.
53
24
polarizing microscope — see microscope,
54
25
polarizing.
26
pole shore — see shore, post.
27
polish or final grind — the final operation in
28
which fine abrasives are used to hone a
29
surface to its desired smoothness and
30
appearance.
55
56
polymer-cement.
polymer-impregnated, concrete — see concrete,
polymer-impregnated
polymerization — the reaction in which two or
57
more molecules of the same substance
58
combine to form a compound containing
59
the same elements and in the same
60
proportions but of higher molecular weight.
61
124
polystyrene resin — see resin, polystyrene.
1
polysulfide coating — see coating, polysulfide.
33
porosity — the ratio, usually expressed as a
2
polyurethane — reaction product of an isocyanate
34
percentage of the volume of voids in a
3
with any of a wide variety of other
35
material to the total volume of the material
4
compounds containing an active hydrogen
36
including the voids.
5
group; used to formulate tough, abrasion-
37
6
resistant coatings.
38
7
polyvinyl acetate — colorless, permanently
portland blast-furnace slag cement — see
cement, portland blast-furnace slag.
39
portland cement — see cement, portland.
portland-cement clinker — see clinker,
8
thermoplastic resin; usually supplied as an
40
9
emulsion or water-dispersible powder
41
portland-cement.
10
characterized by flexibility, stability
11
towards light, transparency to ultraviolet
12
rays, high dielectric strength, toughness,
13
and hardness; the higher the degree of
14
polymerization, the higher the softening
45
15
temperature; may be used in paints for
46
(Ca(OH)2); occurs naturally in Ireland;
16
concrete.
47
equivalent to a product of hydration of
48
portland cement.
17
polyvinyl chloride — a synthetic resin prepared
42
portland-cement concrete — see concrete.
43
portland-pozzolan cement — see cement,
44
portland-pozzolan.
portlandite — a mineral; calcium hydroxide
18
by the polymerization of vinyl chloride,
49
porous fill — see drainage fill.
19
used in the manufacture of nonmetallic
50
positive moment — see moment, positive.
20
waterstops for concrete.
51
positive reinforcement — see reinforcement,
21
ponding — the creation and maintaining of a
52
positive.
22
shallow pond of water on the surface of a
53
23
concrete slab to assist curing; accidental or
54
support ; also known as shore, prop, or
24
incidental occurrence of a shallow pond or
55
jack.
25
ponds on a nominally flat surface of
26
concrete; a condition in which a horizontal
27
slab deforms downward between supports .
28
popcorn concrete — see concrete, popcorn.
29
popout — the breaking away of small portions of
30
a concrete, mortar, and plaster surface due
31
to localized internal pressure that leaves a
32
shallow, typically conical, depression.
post — vertical formwork member used as a
56
post shore — see shore, post.
57
post-tensioning — method of prestressing in
58
which prestressing steel is tensioned after
59
concrete has hardened.
125
1
post-tensioning, bonded — post-tensioned
29
pozzolan, natural — a raw or calcined
2
construction in which the annular spaces
30
natural material that has pozzolanic
3
around the tendons are grouted after
31
properties (for example, volcanic
4
stressing, thereby bonding the tendon to the
32
tuffs or pumicites, opaline cherts
5
concrete section.
33
and shales, clays, and diatomaceous
34
earths).
6
pot life — time interval, after mixing of
7
thermosetting resin and initiators, during
35
pozzolanic — of or pertaining to a pozzolan.
8
which the mixture can be applied without
36
pozzolanic-activity index — see index,
9
degrading the final performance of the
37
10
resulting polymer composite beyond
11
specified limits.
12
13
14
power float — see float, rotary (preferred term).
15
Powers’ spacing factor — see factor, Powers’
16
17
38
pozzolanic reaction — see pozzolan.
39
preblended grout — see grout, preblended.
40
precast — a concrete member that is cast and
pouring (of concrete) — see placement and
placing.
spacing (preferred term).
pozzolan — a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous
pozzolanic-activity.
41
cured in other than its final position; the
42
process of placing and finishing precast
43
concrete. (See also cast-in-place.)
44
precast concrete — see concrete, precast.
45
precast pile — see pile, precast.
46
precompressed zone — see zone,
18
material that in itself possesses little or no
19
cementitious value but that will, in finely
20
divided form and in the presence of
21
moisture, chemically react with calcium
48
22
hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form
49
23
compounds having cementitious properties;
50
24
there are both natural and artificial
51
concrete under controlled conditions before
25
pozzolans.
52
placing it in service.
26
pozzolan, artificial — materials such as
53
preformed foam — see foam, preformed.
premature stiffening — see set, false and set,
47
27
fly ash and silica fume. (See also fly
54
28
ash, and silica fume).
55
56
57
126
precompressed.
precuring period — see period, presteaming
(preferred term).
prefire — to raise the temperature of refractory
flash.
prepacked concrete — see concrete, preplacedaggregate.
1
preplaced-aggregate concrete — see concrete,
25
prestress — to place a hardened-concrete member
2
preplaced-aggregate and concrete,
26
or an assembly of units in a state of
3
colloidal.
27
compression before application of service
28
loads; the stress developed by prestressing,
4
pre-post-tensioning — a method of fabricating
5
prestressed concrete in which some of the
29
such as by pretensioning or post-tensioning.
6
tendons are pretensioned and a portion of
30
(See also concrete, prestressed; steel,
7
the tendons are post-tensioned.
31
prestressing; pretensioning; and post-
8
preservation — the process of maintaining a
32
tensioning.)
structure in its present condition and
33
prestress, effective — the prestressing
10
arresting further deterioration. (See also
34
force at a specific location in a
11
rehabilitation, repair, and restoration).
35
prestressed-concrete member under
36
the effects of service dead load or
37
total service load after losses of
38
prestress have occurred.
9
12
13
14
15
preset period — see period, presteaming
(preferred term).
preshrunk concrete (mortar, grout) — see
concrete (mortar, grout), preshrunk.
16
pressed edge — see edge, pressed.
17
pressure —
18
pressure, form — lateral pressure acting
19
on vertical or inclined formed
20
surfaces, resulting from the fluid-
21
like behavior of the unhardened
22
concrete confined by the forms.
23
24
pressure, lateral — see pressure, form.
presteaming period — see period, presteaming.
39
prestress, final — see stress, final.
40
prestress, initial — the prestressing stress
41
(or force) applied to the concrete at
42
the time of stressing.
43
prestress, transverse — prestress that is
44
applied at right angles to the
45
longitudinal axis of a member or
46
slab.
47
48
49
prestressed concrete — see concrete,
prestressed.
prestressing, nonsimultaneous — the post-
50
tensioning of tendons individually rather
51
than simultaneously.
52
prestressing, partial — prestressing to a stress
53
level such that, under design loads, tensile
54
stresses exist in the precompressed tensile
55
zone of the prestressed member.
127
1
prestressing steel — see steel, prestressing.
24
process, centrifugal — a process for
2
pretensioning — a method of prestressing
25
producing concrete products, such
3
reinforced concrete in which the tendons
26
as pipe, that uses an outer form that
4
are tensioned before the concrete has
27
is rotated about a horizontal axis
5
hardened.
28
and into which concrete is fed by a
29
conveyor, also called spinning
30
process. (See also concrete,
31
centrifugally cast; process, dry-
32
cast; process, packerhead;
33
process, tamp; and process, wet-
34
cast.)
6
pretensioning bed (or bench) — the casting bed
7
on which pretensioned members are
8
manufactured and which resists the
9
pretensioning force prior to release.
10
primary crusher — see crusher, primary.
11
primary nuclear vessel — interior container in a
12
nuclear reactor designed for sustained loads
13
and for working conditions.
14
35
process, dry — in the manufacture of
36
cement, the process in which the
37
raw materials are ground, conveyed,
principal planes — see stress, principal.
38
blended, and stored in a dry
15
principal stress — see stress, principal.
39
condition. (See also process, wet.)
16
probabilistic design — see design, probabilistic.
40
17
probe, penetration — a device for obtaining a
41
producing concrete products, such
18
measure of the resistance of concrete to
42
as pipe, using low-frequency high-
19
penetration; customarily determined by the
43
amplitude vibration to consolidate
20
distance that a steel pin is driven into the
44
dry-mix concrete in the form. (See
21
concrete from a special gun by a precisely
45
also centrifugal process; process,
22
measured explosive charge.
46
packerhead; tamp process;
47
process, wet-cast.)
23
process —
48
128
process, dry-cast —a process for
process, dry-tamp — see packing, dry.
1
process, packerhead — a process for
29
process, wet — in the manufacture of
2
producing concrete pipe that uses a
30
cement, the process in which the
3
rotating device that forms the
31
raw materials are ground, blended,
4
interior surface of the pipe as
32
mixed, and pumped while mixed
5
concrete is fed into the form from
33
with water; the wet process is
6
above. (See also centrifugal
34
chosen where raw materials are
7
process; process, dry-cast; tamp
35
extremely wet and sticky which
8
process; process, wet-cast.)
36
would make drying before crushing
37
and grinding difficult. (See also
process, dry)
9
process, tamp — a process for producing
10
concrete products, such as pipe, that
38
11
uses direct mechanical action to
39
12
consolidate the concrete by the
40
13
action of tampers that rise
41
proof stress — see stress, proof.
14
automatically as the form is rotated
42
and filled with concrete from above.
prop — see post and shore.
15
16
(See also process, centrifugal;
43
proportional limit — see limit, proportional.
17
process, dry-cast; process,
44
proportion — to select proportions of ingredients
18
packerhead; and process, wet-
45
to make the most economical use of
19
cast.)
46
available materials to produce mortar or
47
concrete of the required properties. (See
48
also mixture.)
20
process, wet-cast — a process for
promoter, flow — substance added to coating to
enhance brushability, flow, and leveling.
21
producing concrete items, such as
22
pipe, that uses concrete having a
49
23
measurable slump, generally placed
50
hardened cement paste that is protected
24
from above, and consolidated by
51
from the effects of freezing by proximity to
25
vibration. (See also centrifugal
52
an entrained air void. (See also factor,
26
process; process, dry-cast;
53
Philleo and factor, spacing.)
27
process, packerhead; and tamp
54
28
process.)
55
which the concrete is maintained at or
56
above a specific temperature to prevent
57
freezing of the concrete or ensure the
58
necessary strength of development.
59
129
protected paste volume — the portion of
protection period — the required time during
proving ring — see ring, proving.
1
psychrometer, sling — a psychrometer containing
25
pumping (of pavements) — the ejection of water,
2
independently matched dry- and wet-bulb
26
or water and solid materials, such as clay or
3
thermometers, suitably mounted for
27
silt, along transverse or longitudinal joints
4
manually swinging through the ambient air,
28
and cracks, and along pavement edges
5
to simultaneously indicate dry- and wet-
29
caused by downward slab movement
6
bulb temperatures.
30
activated by the passage of loads over the
31
pavement after the accumulation of free
32
water on or in the base course, subgrade, or
33
subbase.
7
8
9
pugmill — see mixer, horizontal-shaft (preferred
term).
pulse velocity — see velocity, pulse.
10
pulverized-fuel ash (pfa) — see fly ash (preferred
11
term in USA, pulverized-fuel ash is used in
12
United Kingdom).
13
pumice — a highly porous and vesicular lava
14
usually of relatively high silica content
15
composed largely of glass drawn into
16
approximately parallel or loosely entwined
17
fibers, which themselves contain sealed
18
vesicles.
19
20
21
pumicite — naturally occurring finely divided
pumice and glass shards.
pump, concrete — an apparatus that forces
22
concrete to the placing position through a
23
pipeline or hose.
24
pumped concrete — see concrete, pumped.
34
punching shear — failure of a base or slab when a
35
heavily loaded column punches a hole
36
through it.
37
punching shear stress — shear stress calculated
38
by diving the load on the slab that is
39
transferred to the column by the product of
40
the perimeter and the thickness of the base
41
or cap or by the product of the perimeter
42
taken at 1/2 the slab thickness away from
43
the column and the thickness of the base or
44
cap.
45
punning — an obsolete term designating a light
46
form of ramming. (See also ramming and
47
tamping.)
48
purlin — in roofs, a horizontal member supporting
49
the common rafters. (See also beam.)
50
putty — a plaster composed of quicklime or
51
hydrated lime and water with or without
52
plaster of paris or sand.
53
pyrite — a mineral, iron disulfide (FeS2), that, if it
54
occurs in aggregate used in concrete, can
55
cause popouts and dark brown or orange-
56
colored staining.
130
1
2
pycnometer — a vessel for determination of
specific gravity of liquids or solids.
—R—
32
33
R-value — see resistance, thermal.
3
pyrometric cone — see cone, pyrometric.
34
raft foundation — see foundation, raft.
4
pyrometric-cone equivalent (PCE) — the
35
rail-steel reinforcement — see reinforcement,
5
number of that cone whose tip would touch
6
the supporting plaque simultaneously with
7
that of a cone of the refractory material
8
being investigated when tested in
9
accordance with a specified procedure such
10
as ASTM C 24.
11
—Q—
12
36
37
rail-steel.
rake classifier — machine for separating coarse
38
and fine particles of granular material
39
temporarily suspended in water; the coarse
40
particles settle to the bottom of a vessel and
41
are scraped up an incline by a set of blades,
42
the fine particles remaining in suspension
43
to be carried over the edge of the classifier.
13
quad mixture — see mixture, quad.
44
raker — a sloping brace for a shore head.
14
quality assurance — actions taken by an
45
raked joint — see joint, raked.
46
raker pile — see pile, batter (preferred term).
47
raking pile — see pile, batter (preferred term).
48
ramming — a form of heavy tamping of concrete,
15
organization to provide and document
16
assurance that what is being done and what
17
is being provided are in accordance with
18
the contract documents and standards of
19
good practice for the work.
20
21
49
grout, or the like by means of a blunt tool
50
forcibly applied. (See also pack, dry;
51
punning; and tamping.)
quality control — actions taken by an
52
random ashlar — see masonry, ashlar (preferred
22
organization to provide control and
23
documentation over what is being done and
24
what is being provided so that the
54
25
applicable standard of good practice and
55
26
the contract documents for the work are
56
aluminum oxide (Al2O3) to iron
27
followed.
57
oxide (Fe2O3), as in portland
58
cement.
28
53
term).
ranger — see wale (preferred term).
ratio, A/F — the molar or mass ratio of
ratio, aggregate-cement — the ratio of
29
quicklime — calcium oxide (CaO).
59
30
quick set — see stiffening, early (preferred term).
60
cement to total aggregate, either by
61
mass or volume.
31
131
1
ratio, Poisson’s — the absolute value of
31
reaction, alkali-carbonate rock — the
2
the ratio of transverse (lateral) strain
32
reaction between the alkalies
3
to the corresponding axial
33
(sodium and potassium) in portland
4
(longitudinal) strain resulting from
34
cement and certain carbonate rocks,
5
uniformly distributed axial stress
35
particularly calcitic dolomite and
6
below the proportional limit of the
36
dolomitic limestones, present in
7
material; the value will average
37
some aggregates; the products of
8
about 0.2 for concrete and 0.25 for
38
the reaction may cause abnormal
9
most metals.
39
expansion and cracking of concrete
40
in service.
10
raveling — the wearing away of the concrete
11
surfaced caused by the dislodging of
41
12
aggregates particles.
42
between the alkalies (sodium and
43
potassium) in portland cement and
13
raw mix — blend of raw materials, ground to
reaction, alkali-silica — the reaction
14
desired fineness, correctly proportioned,
44
certain siliceous rocks or minerals,
15
and blended ready for burning; such as that
45
such as opaline chert, strained
16
used in the manufacture of cement clinker.
46
quartz, and acidic volcanic glass,
47
present in some aggregates; the
48
products of the reaction may cause
49
abnormal expansion and cracking of
50
concrete in service.
17
Rayleigh wave — an ultrasonic surface wave in
18
which the particle motion is elliptical and
19
effective penetration is approximately one
20
wavelength.
21
22
51
reaction —
reaction, alkali-aggregate — chemical
reaction, endothermic — a chemical
52
reaction that occurs with the
53
absorption of heat.
23
reaction in either mortar or concrete
24
between alkalies (sodium and
25
potassium) from portland cement or
26
other sources and certain
27
constituents of some aggregates;
57
reaction, pozzolanic — see pozzolan.
28
under certain conditions, deleterious
58
reaction, subgrade — see contact
29
expansion of concrete or mortar
59
pressure and coefficient of
30
may result.
60
subgrade reaction.
54
reaction, exothermic —a chemical
55
reaction that occurs with the
56
evolution of heat.
61
132
reactive aggregate — see aggregate, reactive.
1
reactive silica material — several types of
29
refractory, castable — a packaged, dry
2
materials that react at high temperatures
30
mixture of hydraulic cement,
3
with portland cement or lime during
31
generally calcium-aluminate
4
autoclaving, includes pulverized silica,
32
cement, and specially selected and
5
natural pozzolan, and fly ash.
33
proportioned refractory aggregates
34
that, when mixed with water, will
35
produce refractory concrete or
36
mortar.
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
reactivity (of aggregate), alkali — susceptibility
of aggregate to alkali-aggregate reaction.
ready mixed concrete — see concrete, ready
mixed.
rebar — colloquial term for reinforcing bar. (See
also reinforcement.)
rebound — shotcrete materials, or wet shotcrete,
37
refractory, neutral — a refractory that is
38
resistant to chemical attack by
39
either acidic or basic substances.
40
41
refractory aggregate — see aggregate,
refractory.
13
that bounces away from the surface against
14
which the shotcrete is being projected.
42
refractory concrete — see concrete, refractory.
15
rebound hammer — see hammer, rebound.
43
refractory-insulating concrete — see concrete,
16
recycled concrete — see concrete, recycled.
17
reference standards — standardized mandatory
44
refractory-insulating.
45
reglet — a groove in a wall to receive flashing.
regulated-set cement — see cement, regulated-
18
language documents of a technical society,
46
19
organization, or association, including the
47
20
building codes of local or state authorities,
48
21
which are referenced in the contract
49
modifying a structure to a desired useful
22
documents.
50
condition. (See also preservation, repair,
51
and restoration.)
23
24
25
refractories — materials, usually nonmetallic,
used to withstand high temperatures.
refractoriness — in refractories, the property of
set.
rehabilitation — the process of repairing or
52
reinforced concrete — see concrete, reinforced.
53
reinforced masonry — see masonry, reinforced.
reinforcement — bars, wires, strands, fibers, or
26
being resistant to softening or deformation
54
27
at high temperatures.
55
other slender elements that are embedded in
56
a matrix such that they act together to resist
57
forces.
28
refractory — resistant to high temperatures.
133
1
reinforcement, auxiliary — in a
32
reinforcement, crack-control —
2
prestressed member, any
33
reinforcement in concrete
3
reinforcement in addition to that
34
construction designed to minimize
4
participating in the prestressing
35
opening of cracks, often effective in
5
function.
36
limiting them to uniformly
37
distributed small cracks.
6
reinforcement, axle-steel — either plain or
7
deformed reinforcing bars rolled
38
8
from axle steel.
39
orthogonal reinforcing steel in a
40
member such as a wall; known as a
9
reinforcement, cold-drawn wire — steel
reinforcement, curtain — a mat of
10
wire made from rods that have been
41
double curtain (of reinforcement)
11
hot rolled from billets, cold-drawn
42
when a mat is at each face.
12
through a die; for concrete
43
reinforcement, deformed — metal bars,
13
reinforcement of diameter not less
44
wire, or fabric with a manufactured
14
than 0.080 in. (2 mm) nor greater
45
pattern of surface ridges that
15
than 0.625 in. (16 mm).
46
provide a locking anchorage with
47
surrounding concrete.
16
reinforcement, cold-worked steel — steel
17
bars or wires that have been rolled,
48
18
twisted, or drawn at normal ambient
49
diameter bars, usually at right
19
temperatures.
50
angles to the main reinforcement,
51
intended to spread a concentrated
20
reinforcement, compression —
reinforcement, distribution-bar — small
21
reinforcement designed to carry
52
load on a slab and to prevent
22
compressive stresses. (See also
53
cracking.
23
stress.)
54
reinforcement, dowel-bar — see dowel.
55
reinforcement, edge-bar — tension steel
24
reinforcement, corner — metal
25
reinforcement for plaster at
56
sometimes used to strengthen
26
reentrant corners to provide
57
otherwise inadequate edges in a slab
27
continuity between two intersecting
58
without resorting to edge
28
planes; or concrete reinforcement
59
thickening.
29
used at wall intersections or near
60
30
corners of square or rectangular
61
31
openings in walls, slabs, or beams.
134
reinforcement, expanded-metal fabric —
see lath, expanded-metal.
1
reinforcement, four-way — a system of
33
2
reinforcement in flat-slab
34
welded-wire and reinforcement,
3
construction comprising bands of
35
welded-wire fabric.
4
bars parallel to two adjacent edges
36
5
and also to both diagonals of a
37
6
rectangular slab.
7
reinforcement, heavy-edge — wire-fabric
38
reinforcement, mesh — see fabric,
reinforcement, negative — steel
reinforcement for negative moment.
reinforcement, nonprestressed —
39
reinforcing steel, not subjected to
8
reinforcement for highway
40
either pretensioning or post-
9
pavement slabs having one to four
41
tensioning.
10
edge wires heavier than the other
11
longitudinal wires.
12
reinforcement, helical — steel
13
reinforcement of hot-rolled bar or
14
cold-drawn wire fabricated into a
15
helix (more commonly known as
16
spiral reinforcement).
17
18
19
42
reinforcement, nonstructural — see
43
reinforcement, temperature.
44
45
46
reinforcement, hoop — a one-piece closed
for positive moment.
reinforcement, rail-steel — reinforcing
47
bars hot-rolled from standard T-
48
section rails.
reinforcement, high-strength — see steel,
high-strength.
reinforcement, positive — reinforcement
49
reinforcement, shear — reinforcement
50
designed to resist shear or diagonal
51
tension stresses. (See also dowel.)
20
tie or continuously wound tie not
21
less than No. 3 in size, the ends of
22
which have a standard 135 degree
23
bend with a ten-bar diameter
24
extension, which encloses the
55
25
longitudinal reinforcement.
56
wound reinforcement in the form of
57
a cylindrical helix. (See also
58
reinforcement, helical.)
26
reinforcement, lateral — transverse
27
reinforcement, usually applied to
28
ties, hoops, and spirals in columns
29
or column-like members.
30
reinforcement, longitudinal —
31
reinforcement parallel to the length
32
of a concrete member or pavement.
52
reinforcement, shrinkage —
53
reinforcement designed to resist
54
shrinkage stresses in concrete.
135
reinforcement, spiral — continuously
1
reinforcement, temperature —
32
reinforcement displacement — movement of
2
reinforcement designed to carry
33
reinforcing steel from its specified position
3
stresses resulting from temperature
34
in the forms.
4
changes; also the minimum
35
5
reinforcement for areas of members
36
of the reinforcement to the effective area of
6
that are not subjected to primary
37
the concrete at any section of a structural
7
stresses or necessarily to
38
member. (See also percentage of
8
temperature stresses.
39
reinforcement.)
9
reinforcement, tension — reinforcement
40
reinforcement ratio — ratio of the effective area
relative humidity — the ratio of the quantity of
10
designed to carry tensile stresses
41
water vapor actually present to the amount
11
such as those in the bottom of a
42
present in a saturated atmosphere at a given
12
simple beam.
43
temperature; expressed as a percentage.
13
reinforcement, transverse —
14
reinforcement at right angles to the
15
longitudinal reinforcement.
16
reinforcement, twin-twisted bar — two
17
bars of the same nominal diameter
18
twisted together.
19
reinforcement, two-way — reinforcement
44
release agent — see agent, release.
45
release, partial — release into a prestressed-
46
concrete member of a portion of the total
47
prestress initially held wholly in the
48
prestressed reinforcement.
49
remoldability — the readiness with which freshly
50
mixed concrete responds to a remolding
20
arranged in bands of bars at right
51
effort such as jigging or vibration, causing
21
angles to each other.
52
it to reshape its mass around reinforcement
22
reinforcement, web — reinforcement
53
and to conform to the shape of the form.
23
placed in a concrete member to
54
(See also flow.)
24
resist shear and diagonal tension.
55
remolding test — see test, remolding
render — to apply a coat of mortar by a trowel or
25
reinforcement, welded — reinforcement
56
26
joined together by welding.
57
27
reinforcement, welded-wire fabric —
58
float.
repair — to replace or correct deteriorated,
28
welded-wire fabric in either sheets
59
damaged, or faulty materials, components,
29
or rolls, used to reinforce concrete.
60
or elements of a structure. (See also
61
preservation, rehabilitation, and
62
restoration.)
30
31
reinforcement, woven-wire — see fabric,
welded-wire (preferred term).
136
1
repair, structural — increasing the load-
33
reshore — a temporary support placed against the
2
carrying capacity of a structural component
34
bottom of a slab or other structural member
3
beyond its current capacity or restoring a
35
immediately after the forms and original
4
damaged structural component to its
36
shores have been removed.
5
original design capacity.
37
6
7
repair system — the combination of materials and
techniques used in the repair of a structure.
39
nonrecoverable.
residual strength, test specimen — strength in
40
the post-peak load region of a static load-
results obtained on the same material
41
deflection curve.
10
within a single laboratory by one operator;
42
11
a quantity that will be exceeded in only
43
12
about 5% of the repetitions by the
13
difference, taken in absolute value, of two
14
randomly selected test results obtained in
15
the same laboratory on a given material; in
16
use of the term, variable factors should be
17
specified.
8
9
repeatability — variability among replicate test
38
residual deformation — see creep,
18
repost — see reshore.
19
reproducibility — variability among replicate test
44
resilience — the work done per unit volume of a
material in producing strain.
resin — generally a thermosetting polymer used as
45
the matrix and binder in FRP composites.
46
resin, acrylic — one of a group of
47
thermoplastic resins formed by
48
polymerizing the esters or amides of
49
acrylic acid used to make polymer-
50
modified concrete and polymer
51
concretes; also used in concrete
20
results obtained on the same material in
52
construction as a bonding agent,
21
different laboratories; a quantity that will
53
surface sealer, or an integral
22
be exceeded in only about 5 % of the
54
concrete component.
23
repetitions by the difference, taken in
24
absolute value, of two single test results
25
made on the same material in two different,
26
randomly selected laboratories; in use of
27
the term, variable factors should be
28
specified.
29
required strength — see strength, required.
30
resetting (of forms) — setting of forms separately
31
for each successive lift of a wall to avoid
32
offsets at construction joints.
55
resin, phenolic — a class of synthetic, oil-
56
soluble resins (plastics) produced as
57
condensation products of phenol,
58
substituted phenols and
59
formaldehyde, or some similar
60
aldehyde that may be used in paints
61
for concrete.
137
1
resin, polystyrene — synthetic resins,
29
resistance, penetration — the resistance,
2
varying from colorless to yellow,
30
usually expressed in pounds per
3
formed by the polymerization of
31
square inch (psi) or megapascals
4
styrene on heating with or without
32
(MPa), of either mortar or cement
5
catalysts, that may be used in paints
33
paste to penetration by a plunger or
6
for concrete, or for making
34
needle under standard conditions,
7
sculptured molds, or as insulation.
35
such as to determine time of setting.
8
9
resin concrete — see concrete, polymer
(preferred term).
36
resistance, skid — a measure of the
37
frictional characteristics of a
surface.
10
resin mortar — see concrete, polymer.
38
11
resin, epoxy — a class of organic chemical
39
resistance, sulfate — ability of concrete or
12
bonding systems used in the preparation of
40
mortar to withstand sulfate attack.
13
special coatings or adhesives for concrete
41
(See also sulfate attack.)
14
or as binders in epoxy-resin mortars,
42
resistance, thermal — the reciprocal of
15
concretes, and fiber reinforced polymer
43
thermal conductance expressed by
16
composites.
44
the symbol R.
17
resistance —
45
resistance refractory aggregate — see
aggregate, refractory.
18
resistance, abrasion — ability of a surface
46
19
to resist being worn away by
47
20
rubbing and friction.
48
materials, form, and appearance of a
21
resistance, fire — the property of a
49
structure to those of a particular era of the
restoration — the process of reestablishing the
22
material or assembly to withstand
50
structure. (See also preservation,
23
fire or give protection from it; as
51
rehabilitation, and repair.)
24
applied to elements of buildings, it
52
25
is characterized by the ability to
53
movement of fresh or hardened concrete
26
confine a fire or, when exposed to
54
following completion of placing in
27
fire, to continue to perform a given
55
formwork or molds or within an otherwise
28
structural function, or both.
56
confined space; restraint can be internal or
57
external and may act in one or more
58
directions.
138
restraint (of concrete) — restriction of free
1
retardation — reduction in the rate of either
32
2
hardening, setting, or both, that is, an
33
3
increase in the time required to reach time
34
4
of initial and final setting or to develop
35
materials, including studies of deformation
5
early strength of fresh concrete, mortar, or
36
of hardened concrete, the handling and
6
grout. (See also retarder.)
37
placing of freshly mixed concrete, and the
38
behavior of slurries, pastes, and the like.
7
retarder — an admixture that delays the setting of
revolving-blade (or paddle) mixer — see mixer,
open-top.
rheology — the science dealing with flow of
8
cement paste, and of mixtures, such as
39
9
mortar or concrete, containing cement. (See
40
members backing sheathing; the portion of
also admixture, retarding.)
41
a T-beam which projects below the slab; in
42
deformed reinforcing bars, the
10
11
retarder, surface — a retarder applied to the
rib — one of a number of parallel structural
12
contact surface of a form or to the surface
43
deformations or the longitudinal parting
13
of newly placed concrete, to delay setting
44
ridge.
14
of the cement, to facilitate construction
45
ribbed panel — see panel, ribbed.
15
joint cleanup, or to facilitate production of
46
16
exposed-aggregate finish.
ribbed slab — see panel, ribbed.
47
retarding admixture — see admixture,
ribbon — a narrow strip of wood or other material
17
18
19
48
retarding.
used in formwork.
49
ribbon loading — see loading, ribbon.
50
rich concrete — see concrete, rich.
rich mixture — a concrete mixture containing a
retemper — to add water and remix a
20
cementitious mixture to restore workability
21
to a condition in which the mixture is
51
22
placeable or usable. (See also temper.)
52
high proportion of cement.
23
reveal (n.) — the vertical surface forming the side
53
rider cap — see cap, pile.
24
of an opening in a wall, as for a window or
54
rigid frame — see frame, rigid.
25
door; depth of exposure of aggregate in an
55
rigid pavement — see pavement, rigid.
26
exposed aggregate finish. (See also
56
rigidity, flexural — a measure of stiffness of a
27
exposed-aggregate finish.)
28
revibration — one or more applications of
29
vibration to fresh concrete after completion
30
of placing and initial consolidation but
31
preceding initial setting of the concrete.
57
member, indicated by the product of
58
modulus of elasticity and moment of inertia
59
divided by the length of the member.
139
1
ring, air — perforated manifold in nozzle of wet-
31
rod, tamping — a straight steel rod of
2
mix shotcrete equipment through which
32
circular cross-section and having
3
high pressure air is introduced into the
33
one or both ends rounded to a
4
material flow.
34
hemispherical tip.
5
ring, proving — a device for calibrating load
35
rod, tie — see tie, form and tieback.
6
indicators of testing machines, consisting of
36
7
a calibrated elastic ring and a mechanism or
37
mortar to consolidation by means of a
8
device for indicating the magnitude of
38
tamping rod.
9
deformation under load.
10
rock pocket — a porous, mortar-deficient portion
11
of hardened concrete consisting primarily
12
of coarse aggregate and open voids; caused
13
by leakage of mortar from the form,
14
separation (segregation) during placement,
15
or insufficient consolidation. (See also
16
honeycomb.)
17
rod —
18
1) a tool that is used as a straightedge or
19
screed to provide a uniform and even
20
surface across a plaster coat usually by
21
trimming to a ground or dot;
39
40
41
2) a tool used as a guide for a scoring
23
(combed) finish or similar repeating pattern
24
finish; or
25
3) a sharp-edged cutting screed used to trim
26
shotcrete to forms or ground wires. (See
27
also screed.)
28
rod, dowel — see dowel (preferred term).
29
rod, pencil — plain metal rod of about 1/4
30
in. (6 mm) diameter.
rod buster (colloquial) — one who installs
reinforcement for concrete.
rodding — consolidation of concrete by means of
42
a tamping rod. (See also rod, rodability,
43
and tamping.)
44
rodding, dry — in measurement of the mass per
45
unit volume of coarse aggregates, the
46
process of consolidating dry material in a
47
calibrated container by rodding under
48
standardized conditions.
49
rod mill — see mill, rod.
50
roller-compacted concrete — see concrete,
51
22
rodability — the susceptibility of fresh concrete or
roller-compacted.
52
roller compaction — a process for compacting
53
concrete using a roller, often a vibratory
54
roller.
55
rolling — the use of heavy metal or stone rollers
56
on terrazzo topping to extract excess
57
matrix.
58
Roman cement — see cement, Roman.
59
roof, barrel-vault — a thin concrete roof in the
60
61
140
form of a part of a cylinder.
roof insulation — see insulation, roof.
1
room, fog — see moist room (preferred term).
31
2
Rosiwal method — see linear-traverse method.
32
3
rotary float (also called power float) — see float,
33
4
rotary.
rustication strip — see strip, rustication.
—S—
34
sack — see bag (of cement) (preferred term).
sack rub — a finish for formed concrete surfaces,
5
rotary kiln — see kiln, rotary.
35
6
rough grind — the initial operation in which
36
designed to produce even texture and fill
7
coarse abrasives are used to reduce the
37
pits and air holes; after dampening the
8
projecting stone chips in hardened terrazzo
38
surface, mortar is rubbed over the surface;
9
down to a level surface.
39
then, before the surface dries, a mixture of
40
dry cement and sand is rubbed over it with
41
either a wad of burlap or a sponge-rubber
42
float to remove surplus mortar and fill
43
voids. (See also surface air voids and
44
finish, rubbed.)
10
11
rout — to deepen and widen a crack to prepare it
for patching or sealing.
12
rub brick — see brick, rubbing (preferred term).
13
rubbing brick — see brick, rubbing.
14
rubbed finish — see finish, rubbed.
15
rubber set — see set, false (preferred term).
16
rubble — rough stones of irregular shape and size,
17
broken from larger masses by geological
18
processes or by quarrying; concrete
19
reduced to irregular fragments, as by
20
demolition or natural catastrophe.
45
safe leg load — see load, safe leg.
46
sagging — see sloughing (preferred term).
47
sample — either a group of units, or portion of
48
material, taken respectively from a larger
49
collection of units or a larger quantity of
50
material, that serves to provide information
51
that can be used as a basis for action on the
21
rubble concrete — see concrete, rubble.
52
larger collection or quantity or on the
22
runway — decking over area of concrete
53
production process; the term is also used in
the sense of a sample of observations.
23
placement, usually of movable panels and
54
24
supports, on which buggies of concrete
55
25
travel to points of placement.
56
blending two or more individual samples of
a material.
sample, composite — sample obtained by
26
rupture modulus — see modulus of rupture.
57
27
rupture strength — see modulus of rupture.
58
28
rustic or washed finish — see finish, rustic or
59
interruptions throughout an operation or for
60
a predetermined time.
29
30
washed.
rustication — a groove in a concrete surface.
141
sampling, continuous— sampling without
1
sampling, intermittent — sampling successively
33
Note: the definitions are alternatives to be
2
for limited periods of time throughout an
34
applied under differing circumstances.
3
operation or for a predetermined period of
35
Definition (1) is applied to an entire
4
time; the duration of sampling periods and
36
aggregate either in a natural condition or
5
the intervals are not necessarily regular and
37
after processing. Definition (2) is applied to
6
are not specified.
38
a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for
39
properties and grading should be stated in
40
the specifications. Fine aggregate produced
41
by crushing rock, gravel, or slag commonly
42
is known as manufactured sand.
43
sand, graded standard — see sand,
7
sampling plan —
8
(1) a procedure that specifies the number of
9
units of product from a lot that is to be
10
inspected to establish acceptability of the
11
lot; and
12
(2) a prearranged program stipulating
13
locations and procedures for securing
45
sand, manufactured — see sand.
14
samples of a material for testing purposes,
46
sand, natural — sand resulting from
15
for example, as concrete in construction or
47
natural disintegration and abrasion
16
aggregates in a quarry, pit, or stockpile.
48
of rock. (See also sand and
49
aggregate, fine.)
17
sand —
44
standard.
18
(1) granular material passing the 9.5 mm
50
sand, sharp — coarse sand consisting of
19
(3/8 in.) sieve and almost entirely passing
51
particles of angular shape.
20
the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and
52
sand, standard — silica sand, composed
21
predominantly retained on the 75
22
m (No.
53
almost entirely of naturally rounded
200) sieve, and resulting either from natural
54
grains of nearly pure quartz, used
23
disintegration and abrasion of rock or
55
for preparing mortars in the testing
24
processing of completely friable sandstone;
56
of hydraulic cements. Note:
25
and
57
standard sand is produced in two
26
(2) that portion of an aggregate passing the
58
gradings.
27
4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and predominantly
59
(a) 20-30 sand — standard sand,
28
retained on the 75
60
predominantly graded to pass a 850
29
resulting either from natural disintegration
61
m (No. 20) sieve and be trained
30
and abrasion of rock or processing of
62
on a 600
31
completely friable sandstone. (See also
63
150
32
aggregate, fine.)
m (No. 200) sieve, and
142
m (No. 30) sieve and the
m No. 100) sieve.
1
(b) graded sand — standard sand,
33
2
predominantly graded between the
34
3
600
35
sand plate — a flat steel plate or strip welded to
36
the legs of bar supports for use on
37
compacted soil.
m No. 100) sieve.
4
5
m (No. 30) sieve and the 150
sand, stone — fine aggregate resulting
sand-lime brick — see brick, calcium-silicate
(preferred term).
6
from the mechanical crushing and
38
7
processing of rock. (See also
39
containing fine aggregate with little or no
8
aggregate, fine and sand.)
40
cement.
sand pocket — a zone in concrete or mortar
9
sandblast — a system of cutting or abrading a
41
10
surface such as concrete by a stream of
42
in the surface of formed concrete, caused
11
sand ejected from a nozzle at high speed by
43
by bleeding.
12
compressed air; often used for cleanup of
13
horizontal construction joints or for
14
exposure of aggregate in architectural
15
concrete.
16
sand streak — a streak of exposed fine aggregate
44
sanded grout — see grout, sanded.
45
sandstone — a cemented or otherwise indurated
46
sedimentary rock composed predominantly
47
of sand grains.
sand box (or sand jack) — a tight box filled with
48
sandwich panel — see panel, sandwich.
fitting timber plunger that supports the
49
Santorin earth — a volcanic tuff originating on
19
bottom of posts used in centering; removal
50
the Grecian island of Santorin and used as a
20
of a plug from a hole near the bottom of the
51
pozzolan.
21
box permits the sand to run out when it is
52
22
necessary to lower the centering.
53
forming a soap, more generally the
23
sand-coarse aggregate ratio — ratio of fine to
54
hydrolysis of an ester by an alkali with the
17
clean, dry, sand on which rests a tight-
18
saponification — the alkaline hydrolysis of fats
24
coarse aggregate in a batch of concrete, by
55
formation of an alcohol and a salt of the
25
mass or by volume.
56
acid portion.
26
sand equivalent — a measure of the relative
57
saturated surface-dry — condition of an
27
proportions of detrimental fine dust or
58
aggregate particle or other porous solid
28
claylike material or both in soils or fine
59
when the permeable voids are filled with
29
aggregate.
60
water and no water is on the exposed
61
surfaces.
30
sand jack — see sand box.
31
sand-lightweight concrete — see concrete, sand-
32
lightweight.
143
1
saturated surface-dry (SSD) particle density —
2
the mass of the saturated surface-dry
3
aggregate divided by its displacement
4
volume in water or in concrete.
5
saturation —
33
sawdust concrete — see concrete, sawdust.
34
sawed joint — see joint, sawed.
35
scab — a short piece of wood fastened to two
36
37
formwork members to secure a butt joint.
scaffolding — a temporary structure for the
6
(1) in general: the condition of coexistence
38
support of deck forms, cartways, or
7
in stable equilibrium of either a vapor and a
39
workers, or a combination of these, such as
8
liquid or a vapor and solid phase of the
40
an elevated platform for supporting
9
same substance at the same temperature;
41
workers, tools, and materials; adjustable
10
and
42
metal scaffolding is frequently adapted for
11
(2) as applied to aggregate or concrete: the
43
shoring in concrete work.
12
condition such that no more liquid can be
44
scale — the oxide formed on the surface of metal
13
held or placed within it.
45
during heating. (See also scaling.)
14
saturation, critical — a condition
46
scaling — local flaking or peeling away of the
15
describing the degree of filling by
47
near-surface portion of hardened concrete
16
freezable water of a pore space in
48
or mortar; also of a layer from metal. (See
17
cement paste or aggregate that
49
also mill scale, peeling, and spalling).
18
affects the response of the material
50
to freezing; usually taken to be 91.7
Note: light scaling of concrete does not
19
51
% because of the 9 % increase in
expose coarse aggregate; medium scaling
20
52
volume of water undergoing the
involves loss of surface mortar to 5 to 10
21
53
22
change of state to ice.
mm in depth and exposure of coarse
54
aggregate; severe scaling involves loss of
23
saturation, vacuum — a process for
55
surface mortar to 5 to 10 mm in depth with
24
increasing the amount of filling of
56
some loss of mortar surrounding aggregate
25
the pores in a porous material, such
57
particles 10 to 20 mm in depth; very severe
26
as lightweight aggregate, with a
58
scaling involves loss of coarse aggregate
27
fluid, such as water, by subjecting
59
particles as well as mortar generally to a
28
the porous material to reduced
60
depth greater than 20 mm.
29
pressure while immersed in the
30
fluid.
31
32
saw cut — a cut in hardened concrete made using
61
scalper — a sieve for removing oversize particles.
62
scalping — the removal of particles larger than a
63
abrasive blades or discs.
144
specified size by sieving.
1
2
scanning electron microscope (SEM) — see
microscope, scanning electron (SEM).
31
32
shotcrete to the finished outline. (See also
rod.)
3
scarf connection — see connection, scarf.
33
4
scarf joint — see scarf connection (preferred
34
5
6
term).
schist — a finely layered metamorphic rock that
screed, cutting — sharp-edged tool used to trim
screed guide — firmly established grade strips or
35
side forms for unformed concrete that guide
36
the strikeoff in producing the desired plane
37
or shape.
7
splits easily and in which the grain is coarse
8
enough to permit identification of the
38
screed rails — see screed guide.
9
principal minerals.
39
screed wire — see wire, ground.
screeding — the operation of forming a surface
10
Schmidt hammer — see hammer, rebound.
40
11
scoria — vesicular volcanic ejecta of larger size,
41
12
usually of basic composition and
42
13
characterized by dark color; the material is
43
granular material according to size, using
14
relatively heavy and partly glassy, partly
44
woven-wire cloth or other similar device
15
crystalline; the vesicles do not generally
45
with regularly spaced apertures of uniform
16
interconnect. (See also aggregate,
46
size.
17
lightweight.)
47
18
19
scour — erosion of a concrete surface, exposing
the aggregate.
20
scratch coat — see coat, scratch.
21
screed —
22
(1) to strike off a cementitious mixture
23
lying beyond the desired plane or shape;
24
(2) a tool for striking off the cementitious
25
mixture surface, sometimes referred to as a
26
strikeoff; or
27
(3) a ribbon or pad of a cementitious
28
mixture that is preplaced to act as a guide
29
for maintaining the desired level as more
30
material is placed.
using a screed. (See also strikeoff.)
screen — production equipment for separating
screens, finish — vibrating screens (preferably
48
horizontal) operated at a batching plant so
49
that excessive amounts of significant
50
undersize material are removed and
51
delivered directly to the appropriate batcher
52
bin without intermediate storage.
53
screw, adjustment — a leveling device or jack
54
composed of a threaded screw and an
55
adjusting handle; used for the vertical
56
adjustment of shoring and formwork.
57
sealant — see sealant, joint.
58
sealant, joint — compressible material used to
59
exclude water and solid foreign materials
60
from joints.
145
1
sealer — a liquid that is applied to the surface of
31
Self-consolidating concrete — see concrete, self-
2
hardened concrete to either prevent or
32
3
decrease the penetration of liquid or
33
4
gaseous media, for example water,
34
chemical reaction so as to leave insufficient
5
aggressive solutions, and carbon dioxide,
35
water to cover the solid surfaces and cause
6
during service exposer, that is absorbed by
36
a decrease in the relative humidity of the
7
the concrete, is colorless, and leaves little
37
system; applied to an effect occurring in
8
or nothing visible on the surface. (See also
38
sealed concretes, mortars, and pastes.
9
coating and compound, curing).
39
consolidating.
self-desiccation — the removal of free water by
self-furring — metal lath or welded-wire fabric
10
sealing compound — see sealer.
40
formed in the manufacturing process to
11
seating — see deformation, anchorage.
41
include means by which the material is held
12
secant modulus — see modulus of elasticity.
42
away from the supporting surface, thus
13
secondary crusher — see crusher, secondary.
43
creating a space for “keying” of the
secondary moment — see moment, secondary.
44
insulating concrete, plaster, or stucco.
14
15
secondary nuclear vessel — exterior container or
16
safety container in a nuclear reactor
17
subjected to design load only once in its
18
lifetime, if at all.
19
section, transformed — a hypothetical section of
20
one material arranged so as to have the
21
same elastic properties as a section of two
22
or more materials.
23
section modulus — see modulus, section.
24
segmental member — see member, segmental.
25
segregation —
26
(1) nonuniform concentration of
27
components in concrete or mortar; or
28
(2) nonuniform distribution of size
29
fractions in a mass of aggregate. (See also
30
bleeding and separation.)
45
self-furring nail — nails with flat heads and a
46
washer or a spacer on the shank; for
47
fastening reinforcing wire mesh and
48
spacing it from the nailing member.
49
self-stressing cement — see cement, expansive.
50
self-stressing concrete (mortar or grout) — see
51
concrete (mortar or grout), self-stressing.
52
selvage — a finished edge of woven-wire screen
53
cloth produced in the weaving process of
54
the finer meshes.
55
semiautomatic batcher — see batcher.
56
semiflexible joint — see joint, semiflexible.
57
sensor — a device designed to respond to a
58
physical stimulus (as temperature,
59
illumination, and motion) and transmit a
60
resulting signal for interpretation,
61
measurement, or for operating a control.
146
1
separation —
32
service load — see load, service.
2
(1) divergence from the mass and
33
set (n) — the condition reached by a cement paste,
3
differential accumulation of coarse
34
mortar, or concrete when it has lost
4
aggregate during movement of the
35
plasticity to an arbitrary degree, usually
5
concrete;
36
measured in terms of resistance to
6
(2) divergence from the mass and
37
penetration or deformation; initial set refers
7
differential accumulation of large coarse
38
to first stiffening; final set refers to
8
aggregate from the bulk coarse aggregate as
39
attainment of significant rigidity; also,
9
it is being moved; or
40
strain remaining after removal of stress.
41
(See also set, permanent.)
set, false — the rapid development of
10
(3) the gravitational settlement of solids
11
from a liquid. (See also bleeding and
42
12
segregation).
43
rigidity in a freshly mixed portland
44
cement paste, mortar, or concrete
45
without the evolution of much heat,
46
which rigidity can be dispelled and
47
plasticity regained by further
48
mixing without addition of water;
49
premature stiffening, hesitation set,
50
early stiffening, and rubber set are
51
terms referring to the same
52
phenomenon, but false set is the
53
preferred designation. (See also set,
54
flash.)
13
14
15
separation joint — see joint, isolation (preferred
term).
separation, heavy-media — a method in which a
16
liquid or suspension of given specific
17
gravity is used to separate particles into a
18
portion lighter than (those that float) and a
19
portion heavier than (those that sink) the
20
medium.
21
separator, air — an apparatus that separates
22
various size fractions of ground materials
23
pneumatically; fine particles are discharged
24
as product; oversize is returned to the mill
25
as tailing.
26
sequence-stressing loss — in post-tensioning, the
27
elastic loss in a stressed tendon resulting
28
from the shortening of the member when
29
additional tendons are stressed.
30
service dead load — see load, service dead.
31
service live load — see load, service live.
147
1
set, final — a degree of stiffening of a
26
set, initial — a degree of stiffening of a
2
mixture of cement and water greater
27
mixture of cement and water less
3
than initial set, generally stated as
28
than final set, generally stated as an
4
an empirical value indicating the
29
empirical value indicating the time
5
time in hours and minutes required
30
in hours and minutes required for
6
for a cement paste to stiffen
31
cement paste to stiffen sufficiently
7
sufficiently to resist, to an
32
to resist to an established degree,
8
established degree, the penetration
33
the penetration of a weighted test
9
of a weighted test needle; also
34
needle; also applicable to concrete
10
applicable to concrete and mortar
35
or mortar with use of suitable test
11
mixtures with use of suitable test
36
procedures. (See also set, final.)
12
procedures. (See also set, initial.)
37
set, pack — see cement, sticky and set,
13
set, flash — the rapid development of
38
warehouse.
14
rigidity in a freshly mixed portland
39
15
cement paste, mortar, or concrete,
40
16
characteristically with the evolution
17
of considerable heat, which rigidity
18
cannot be dispelled nor can the
19
plasticity be regained by further
20
mixing without addition of water;
21
also referred to as quick set or grab
45
22
set. (See also set, false.)
46
of cement stored for a time and
47
exposed to atmospheric moisture;
48
and
49
(2) mechanical compaction
50
occurring during storage. (See also
51
cement, sticky.)
23
set, grab — see set, flash (preferred term).
24
set, hesitation — see set, false (preferred
25
term).
41
42
43
44
52
148
set, permanent — inelastic elongation or
shortening.
set, rubber — see set, false (preferred
term).
set, stockhouse — see cement, sticky and
set, warehouse.
set, warehouse — (1) the partial hydration
set-accelerating admixture — see accelerator.
1
set-control addition — material, composed
30
shale — a laminated and fissile sedimentary rock,
2
essentially of calcium sulfate in any
31
the constituent particles of which are
3
hydration state from CaSO4 to
32
principally in clay and silt sizes; the
4
CaSO4 2H2O, interground with the clinker
33
laminations are bedding planes of the rock.
5
during manufacture of cement to modify
34
6
the setting time of the cement.
35
vesicular aggregate obtained by firing
7
set-retarding admixture — see admixture,
36
suitable raw materials in a kiln or on a
37
sintering grate under controlled conditions.
8
9
retarding and retarder.
setting time — the length of time required to set or
10
harden resin or adhesive under heat or
11
pressure.
12
setting time, final — the time required for
13
a freshly mixed cement paste,
14
mortar, or concrete to achieve final
15
set. (See also time, initial setting.)
16
setting time, initial — the time required
17
for a freshly mixed cement paste,
18
mortar, or concrete to achieve initial
19
set. (See also time, final setting.)
20
settlement — sinking of solid particles in grout,
21
mortar, or fresh concrete, after placement
22
and before initial set. (See also bleeding.)
38
sharp sand — see sand, sharp.
39
she bolt — see bolt, she.
40
shear — an internal force tangential to the plane
41
24
25
settlement shrinkage — see shrinkage,
settlement.
settling — the lowering in elevation of sections of
on which it acts.
42
shearhead — assembled unit in the top of the
43
columns of flat slab or flat plate
44
construction to transmit loads from slab to
45
column.
46
shear modulus — see modulus of rigidity.
47
shear reinforcement — see reinforcement,
48
23
shale, expanded (clay or slate) — lightweight
shear.
49
shear strength — see strength, shear.
50
shear stress — see stress, shear.
51
shearwall — a wall portion of a structural frame
52
intended to resist lateral forces, such as
53
earthquake, wind, and blast, acting in the
54
plane of the wall.
26
pavement or structures due to their mass,
27
the loads imposed on them, or shrinkage or
55
28
displacement of the support.
56
tendons are encased to prevent bonding
57
during concrete placement. (See also duct.)
58
sheathing — the material forming the contact face
29
settling velocity — see velocity, settling.
59
60
149
sheath — an enclosure in which post-tensioning
of forms; also called lagging or sheeting.
sheet pile — see pile, sheet.
1
sheeting — see sheathing (preferred term).
28
shore — a temporary support for formwork and
2
shelf angles — structural angles with holes or slots
29
fresh concrete or for recently built
3
in one leg for bolting to the structure to
30
structures that have not developed full
4
support brick work, stone, or terra cotta.
31
design strength; also called prop, tom, post,
32
strut. (See also L-head and T-head.)
33
shore, pole — see shore, post.
34
shore, post — individual vertical member
5
6
shelly structure — see perlitic structure
(preferred term).
7
shielding concrete — see concrete, shielding.
8
shim — a strip of metal, wood, or other material
9
employed to set base plates or structural
35
used to support loads; also known
36
as pole shore.
10
members at the proper level for placement
37
(1) adjustable timber single-post
11
of grout, or to maintain the elongation in
38
shore — individual timber used
12
some types of post-tensioning anchorages.
39
with a fabricated clamp to obtain
40
adjustment and not normally
41
manufactured as a complete unit;
13
shiplap — a type of joint in lumber or precast
14
concrete, made by using pieces having a
15
portion of the width cut away on both
42
(2) fabricated single-post shore —
16
edges, but on opposite sides, so as to make
43
Type I: single all-metal post, with a
17
a flush joint with similar pieces.
44
fine-adjustment screw or device in
45
combination with pin-and-hole
46
adjustment or clamp; Type II: single
47
or double wooden post members
48
adjustable by a metal clamp or
49
screw and usually manufactured as
50
a complete unit; and
51
(3) timber single-post shore —
52
timber used as a structural member
53
for shoring support.
54
shore head — wood or metal horizontal member
55
placed on and fastened to vertical shoring
56
member. (See also raker.)
18
shock, thermal — the subjection of newly
19
hardened concrete to a rapid change in
20
temperature that may be expected to have a
21
potentially deleterious effect.
22
shock load — see load, shock.
23
shooting — placing of shotcrete. (See also
24
25
gunning.)
shoot wire — a wire running across the width of
26
the sieve cloth, as woven; also known as
27
fill, filler, weft, or woof wire.
150
1
shoring — props or posts of timber or other
32
2
material in compression used for the
33
3
temporary support of excavations,
34
shrinkage — decrease in either length or volume.
4
formwork, or unsafe structures; the process
35
5
of erecting shores.
Note: may be restricted to effects of moisture
6
shoring, horizontal — metal or wood load-
7
carrying strut, beam, or trussed section used
8
to carry a shoring load from one bearing
9
point, column, frame, post, or wall to
10
11
another; may be adjustable.
shoring layout — a drawing prepared before
12
erection showing arrangements of
13
equipment for shoring.
14
short column — see column, short.
15
shorten — to decrease in length. (See also
shrink-mixed concrete — see concrete, shrinkmixed.
36
content or chemical changes.
37
shrinkage, carbonation — shrinkage
38
resulting from carbonation.
39
shrinkage, drying — shrinkage resulting
40
41
from loss of moisture.
shrinkage, initial drying —the difference
42
between the length of a specimen
43
(molded and cured under stated
44
conditions) and its length when first
45
dried to constant length, expressed
46
as a percentage of the moist length.
47
shrinkage, plastic — shrinkage that takes
16
contraction, elongation, and shrinkage.)
17
shortening, elastic — in prestressed concrete, the
48
place before cement paste, mortar,
18
shortening of a member that occurs
49
grout, or concrete sets.
19
immediately on the application of forces
20
induced by prestressing.
21
22
23
shotcrete — concrete placed by a high velocity
pneumatic projection from a nozzle.
shotcrete, dry-mix— shotcrete in which most of
50
shrinkage, settlement — a reduction in
51
volume of concrete before the final
52
set of cementitious mixtures, caused
53
by settling of the solids and
54
displacement of fluids. (See also
24
the mixing water is added at the nozzle.
55
shrinkage, plastic, and volume
25
shotcrete, wet-mix — shotcrete in which
56
change, autogenous.)
26
the ingredients, including water, are
27
mixed before introduction into the
28
delivery hose.
29
shoulder — an unintentional offset in a formed
30
concrete surface usually caused by bulging
31
or movement of formwork.
151
1
shrinkage-compensating — a characteristic of
31
sieve correction — correction of a sieve analysis
2
grout, mortar, or concrete made using
32
to adjust for deviation of sieve performance
3
expansive cement in which volume
33
from that of standard calibrated sieves.
4
increases after setting, and if properly
34
sieve fraction — that portion of a sample that
5
elastically restrained, induces compressive
35
passes through a standard sieve of specified
6
stresses that are intended to approximately
36
size and is retained by some finer sieve of
7
offset the tendency of drying shrinkage to
37
specified size.
8
induce tensile stresses. (See also cement,
9
expansive.)
10
11
12
13
shrinkage-compensating cement — see cement,
expansive.
shrinkage-compensating concrete — see
concrete, shrinkage-compensating.
38
sieve number — a number used to designate the
39
size of a sieve, usually the approximate
40
number of openings per linear inch; applied
41
to sieves with openings smaller than 6.3
42
mm (1/4 in.). (See also mesh.)
43
sieve size — nominal size of openings between
14
shrinkage crack — see crack, shrinkage.
44
15
shrinkage cracking — see cracking, shrinkage.
45
16
shrinkage loss — see loss, shrinkage.
46
a test statistic that lie outside of
17
shrinkage reinforcement — see reinforcement,
47
predetermined limits of test precision and
48
so taken to indicate a difference between
49
populations.
18
shrinkage.
19
shuttering — see formwork.
20
SI (Système International) — the modern metric
21
22
system. (See ASTM E 380.)
side, pilaster — the form for the side surface of a
23
pilaster perpendicular to the wall.
24
sieve — a metallic plate or sheet, a woven-wire
25
cloth, or other similar device, with
26
regularly spaced apertures of uniform size,
27
mounted in a suitable frame or holder for
28
use in separating granular material
29
according to size.
30
sieve analysis — see analysis, sieve.
cross wires of a testing sieve.
significant (statistically significant) — values of
50
silica — silicon dioxide (SiO2).
51
silica flour — very finely divided silica, a
52
siliceous binder component that reacts with
53
lime under autoclave curing conditions;
54
prepared by grinding silica, such as quartz,
55
to a fine powder; also known as silica
56
powder.
57
silica fume — very fine noncrystalline silica
58
produced in electric arc furnaces as a
59
byproduct of the production of elemental
60
silicon or alloys containing silicon.
61
silica powder — see silica flour (preferred term).
152
1
silicate — salt of a silicic acid (see alite; belite;
29
silt — a granular material resulting from the
2
blast-furnace slag; bredigite; celite;
30
disintegration of rock, with grains largely
3
brick, calcium-silicate; hydrate, calcium-
31
passing a 75
4
silicate; concrete, siliceous-aggregate;
32
alternatively, such particles in the range
5
clay; dicalcium silicate; clay, fire;
33
from 2 to 50
6
fluosilicate; lime, hydraulic hydrated;
34
simple beam — see beam, simple.
7
kaolin; larnite; melilite; smectite;
35
Stratling’s compound; tobermorite;
single-sized aggregate — see aggregate, single-
8
9
tricalcium silicate; vermiculite; and
10
11
12
13
xonotlite).
siliceous-aggregate concrete — see concrete,
siliceous-aggregate.
36
granules of which may be embedded in
15
concrete surfaces to increase resistance to
16
wear or as a means of reducing skidding or
17
m diameter.
sized.
37
single-stage curing — see curing, single-stage.
38
sinter — a ceramic material or mixture fired to
39
less than complete fusion, resulting in a
40
coherent mass; also the process involved.
silicon carbide — an artificial product (SiC),
14
m (No. 200) sieve;
41
sintering — the formation of a porous mass of
42
material by the agglomeration of fine
43
particles during particle fusion.
slipping on stair treads or pavements; also
44
sintering grate — a grate on which material is
18
used as an abrasive in saws and drills for
45
19
cutting concrete and masonry, and as
46
20
abrasive grit in a range of particle sizes.
47
21
silicone — a resin, characterized by water-
48
sintered.
size, nominal — see nominal maximum size (of
aggregate).
skew back — sloping surface against which the
22
repellent properties, in which the main
49
end of an arch rests, such as a concrete
23
polymer chain consists of alternating
50
thrust block supporting thrust of an arch
24
silicon and oxygen atoms, with carbon-
51
bridge. (See also strip, chamfer.)
25
containing side groups; silicones may be
52
skid resistance — see resistance, skid.
26
used in caulking or coating compounds or
53
slab — a molded layer of plain or reinforced
27
as admixtures for concrete.
28
sill — see mud sill.
54
concrete, flat, horizontal (or nearly so),
55
usually of uniform but sometimes of
56
variable thickness, either on the ground or
57
supported by beams, columns, walls, or
58
other framework. (See also slab, flat and
59
plate, flat.)
153
1
slab, flat — a concrete slab reinforced in
32
(1) a pipe or tube passing through formwork
2
two or more directions and having
33
for a wall or slab through which pipe,
3
drop panels or column capitals or
34
wires, or conduit can be passed after the
4
both. (See also plate, flat.)
35
forms have been stripped; and
5
slab, ribbed — see panel, ribbed.
36
6
slab bolster — see bolster, slab.
7
slabjacking — the process of either raising
(2) a device used around an anchor to
37
accommodate adjustment and preloading of
38
the anchor after the concrete has hardened.
sleeve, expansion — a tubular metal covering for
8
concrete pavement slabs or filling voids
39
9
under them, or both, by injecting a material
40
a dowel bar to allow its free longitudinal
10
(cementitious, noncementitious, or
41
movement at a joint.
11
asphaltic) under pressure.
42
slender beam — see beam, slender.
43
slender column — see column, slender.
slenderness ratio — the effective unsupported
12
slab-on-ground — a slab cast directly on the
13
ground. May be structural or non-structural.
44
14
Structural slabs-on-ground are a required
45
length of a uniform column divided by the
15
part of a load path which transmits vertical
46
least radius of gyration of the cross-
16
or lateral loads to the ground and must
47
sectional area.
17
conform to applicable structural building
18
codes. Non-structural slabs-on-ground
19
serve only as an architectural wearing
20
surface and are not subject to structural
21
building code requirements.
22
slab spacer — see spacer, slab.
23
slab strip — see strip, middle (preferred term).
24
slag — see blast-furnace slag.
25
48
slick line — end section of a pipe line used in
49
placing concrete by pump which is
50
immersed in the placed concrete and moved
51
as the work progresses.
52
sliding form — see slipform (preferred term).
53
sling psychrometer — see psychrometer, sling.
54
slip — movement occurring between steel
55
reinforcement and concrete in stressed
slag activity index — see index, slag activity.
56
reinforced concrete, indicating anchorage
26
slag cement — see cement, slag.
57
breakdown.
27
slate — a fine-grained metamorphic rock
58
28
possessing a well-developed fissility (slaty
29
cleavage), usually not parallel to the
30
bedding planes of the rock.
31
59
sleeve —
154
slip, anchorage — see deformation, anchorage
or slip.
1
slipform — a form that is pulled or raised as
28
smectite — a group of clay minerals, including
2
concrete is placed; may move in a generally
29
montmorillonite, characterized by a sheet-
3
horizontal direction to lay concrete evenly
30
like internal atomic structure; consisting of
4
for highway paving or on slopes and inverts
31
extremely finely-divided hydrous
5
of canals, tunnels, and siphons; or may
32
aluminum or magnesium silicates that swell
6
move vertically to form walls, bins, or
33
on wetting, shrink on drying, and are
7
silos.
34
subject to ion exchange.
8
sloped footing — see footing, sloped.
35
snap tie — a proprietary concrete wall-form tie,
9
sloughing — subsidence of shotcrete, plaster, or
36
the end of which can be twisted or snapped
off after the forms have been removed.
10
the like, generally due to excessive water in
37
11
the mixture; also called sagging.
38
snow load — see load, snow.
39
soaking period — see period, soaking.
soffit — the underside of a part or member of a
12
slugging — pulsating and intermittent flow of
13
shotcrete material due to improper use of
40
14
delivery equipment and materials.
41
15
slump — a measure of consistency of freshly
42
structure, such as a beam, stairway, or arch.
soft particle — an aggregate particle possessing
16
mixed concrete, mortar, or stucco equal to
43
less than an established degree of hardness
17
the subsidence measured to the nearest 1/4
44
or strength as determined by a specific
18
in. (5 mm) of the molded specimen
45
testing procedure.
19
immediately after removal of the slump
20
cone.
46
soil — a generic term for unconsolidated natural
47
surface material above bedrock.
48
soil, fine-grained — soil in which the
21
slump cone — see cone, slump.
22
slump loss — see loss, slump.
49
smaller grain sizes predominate,
23
slump test — see test, slump.
50
such as fine sand, silt, and clay.
24
slurry — a mixture of water and any finely
51
soil, coarse-grained — soil in which the
25
divided insoluble material, such as portland
52
larger grain sizes, such as sand and
26
cement, slag, or clay in suspension.
53
gravel, predominate.
27
slush grouting — see grouting, slush.
54
soil cement — a mixture of soil and measured
55
amounts of portland cement and water,
56
compacted to a high density.
57
155
soil pressure — see contact pressure.
1
soil stabilization — chemical or mechanical
28
sounding well — a vertical conduit in the mass of
2
treatment designed to either increase or
29
coarse aggregate for preplaced-aggregate
3
maintain the stability of a mass of soil or
30
concrete, provided with continuous or
4
otherwise to improve its engineering
31
closely spaced openings to permit entrance
5
properties.
32
of grout; the grout level is determined by
means of a float on a measured line.
6
soldier — a vertical wale used to strengthen or
33
7
align formwork or excavations.
34
8
solid masonry unit — a unit whose net cross-
35
flaws, fissures, or variations from an
soundness — the freedom of a solid from cracks,
9
sectional area in every plane parallel to the
36
accepted standard; in the case of a cement,
10
bearing surface is 75 % or more of its gross
37
freedom from excessive volume change
11
cross-sectional area measured in the same
38
after setting; in the case of aggregate, the
12
plane.
39
ability to withstand the aggressive action to
40
which concrete containing it might be
41
exposed, particularly that due to weather.
13
solid masonry wall — see masonry wall, solid.
14
solid panel — see panel, solid.
15
solid-unit masonry — see masonry, solid-unit.
16
17
42
space, capillary — void space in concrete
43
resembling microscopic channels small
solid volume — see volume, absolute.
44
enough to draw liquid water through them
solubility — the amount of one material that will
45
by the molecular attraction of the water
adsorbed on their inner surfaces.
18
dissolve in another, generally expressed as
46
19
mass percent, or as volume percent, or parts
47
spacer — device that maintains reinforcement in
20
per 100 parts of solvent by mass or volume
48
proper position, also a device for keeping
21
at a specified temperature.
49
wall forms apart at a given distance before
50
and during concreting. (See also spreader.)
22
solution — a liquid consisting of at least two
23
substances, one of which is a liquid solvent
51
24
in which the other or others, that may be
52
reinforcement; similar to slab bolster but
25
either solid or liquid, are dissolved.
53
without corrugations in top wire; no longer
54
in general use. (See also bolster, slab).
26
27
sonic modulus — see modulus of elasticity,
dynamic.
spacer, slab — bar support and spacer for slab
55
spacing factor — see factor, spacing.
56
spading — consolidation of mortar or concrete by
57
repeated insertion and withdrawal of a flat,
58
spadelike tool.
156
1
spall — a fragment, usually in the shape of a flake,
32
specific gravity, absolute — ratio of the
2
detached from a larger mass by a blow, the
33
mass (referred to a vacuum) of a
3
action of weather, pressure, or expansion
34
given volume of a solid or liquid at
4
within the larger mass.
35
a stated temperature to the mass
5
spalling — the development of spalls.
36
(referred to a vacuum) of an equal
6
span — distance between the support reactions of
37
volume of gas-free distilled water at
7
members carrying transverse loads.
38
a stated temperature.
8
9
span-depth ratio — the numerical ratio of total
span to member depth.
10
span, effective — the lesser of the two following
11
distances: (a) the distance between
12
supports; (b) the clear distance between
13
supports plus the effective depth of the
14
beam or slab.
15
span length — see span, effective.
16
spandrel — that part of a wall between the head of
39
specific gravity, apparent — the ratio of
40
the mass of a volume of the
41
impermeable portion of a material
42
at a stated temperature to the mass
43
of an equal volume of distilled
44
water at a stated temperature;
45
specific gravity, bulk — the ratio of the
46
mass of a volume of a material
47
(including the permeable and
48
impermeable voids in the material,
17
a window and the sill of the window above
49
but not including the voids between
18
it.
50
particles of the material) at a stated
19
spandrel beam — see beam, spandrel.
51
temperature to the mass of an equal
20
spatterdash — a rich mixture of portland cement
52
volume of distilled water at a stated
21
and coarse sand; it is thrown onto a
53
temperature; and
22
background by a trowel, scoop, or other
54
23
appliance so as to form a thin, coarse-
55
dry) — the ratio of the mass of a
24
textured, continuous coating; as a
56
volume of a material (including the
25
preliminary treatment before rendering, it
57
mass of water within the voids, but
26
assists bond of the undercoat to the
58
not including the voids between
27
background, improves resistance to rain
59
particles) at a stated temperature to
28
penetration, and evens out the suction of
60
the mass of an equal volume of
29
variable backgrounds. (See also coat, dash-
61
distilled water at a stated
30
bond and parge.)
62
temperature. (See also density.)
31
specific gravity —
157
specific gravity, bulk (saturated-surface-
1
specific gravity factor — the ratio of the mass of
31
2
aggregates (including moisture), as
32
spectrophotometer for determination of
3
introduced into the mixer, to the effective
33
infrared absorption spectra (2.5 to 18
4
volume displaced by the aggregates.
34
wave lengths) of materials; used for
35
detection, determination, and identification
especially of organic materials.
5
specific heat — the amount of heat required per
6
unit mass to cause a unit rise of
36
7
temperature, over a small range of
37
8
temperature.
38
9
10
spectroscopy, infrared — the use of a
m
spectroscopy, X-ray emission — see X-ray
fluorescence.
specific surface — see surface, specific.
39
speed, agitating — the rate of rotation of the drum
specification (in ASTM) — an explicit set of
40
of a truck mixer or agitator when used for
agitating mixed concrete.
11
requirements to be satisfied by a material,
41
12
product, system, or service.
42
spinning — the essential factor of the process of
43
producing spun concrete. (See also
concrete, spun.)
13
specification, performance-based — a
14
specification in which the requirements are
44
15
stated in terms of required results with
45
16
criteria for verifying compliance rather than
46
17
specific composition, design, or procedure.
47
18
specified compressive strength of concrete (fc′)
48
spiral reinforcement — see reinforcement,
spiral.
spirally reinforced column — see column,
spirally reinforced.
19
— see concrete, specified compressive
49
20
strength of (fc′).
50
another by lapping, welding, mechanical
51
couplers, or other means; connection of
52
welded-wire fabric by lapping; connection
53
of piles by mechanical couplers.
21
22
23
specimen — a piece or portion of a sample used to
make a test.
spectrophotometer — instrument for measuring
splice — connection of one reinforcing bar to
24
intensity of radiant energy of desired
54
splice, contact — a means of connecting
25
frequencies absorbed by atoms or
55
reinforcing bars in which the bars
26
molecules; substances are analyzed by
56
are lapped and in direct contact.
27
converting the absorbed energy to electrical
57
(See also splice, lap).
28
signals, proportional to the intensity of
58
splice, lap — a connection of reinforcing
29
radiation. (See also spectroscopy, infrared
59
steel made by lapping the ends of
30
and photometer, flame.)
60
bars.
158
1
splice, welded-butt — a reinforcing bar
31
spread footing — a generally rectangular prism of
2
splice made by welding the butted
32
concrete, larger in lateral dimensions than
3
ends.
33
the column or wall it supports, to distribute
34
the load of a column or wall to the
subgrade.
4
split-batch charging — method of charging a
5
mixer in which the solid ingredients do not
35
6
enter the mixer together; cement, and
36
7
sometimes different sizes of aggregate, may
37
1) a piece of lumber, usually about 1 by 2
8
be added separately.
38
in. (25 by 50 mm), cut to the thickness of a
9
split block — see split-face block.
39
wall or other formed element and inserted
split-face block — a concrete masonry unit with
40
in the form to hold it temporarily at the
10
spreader —
11
one or more faces purposely fractured to
41
correct dimension against tension of form
12
provide architectural effects in masonry
42
ties; wires are usually attached to spreaders
13
wall construction.
43
so they can be pulled up out of the forms as
44
the pressure of concrete permits their
45
removal; and
46
2) a device consisting of reciprocating
47
paddles, a revolving screw, or other
48
mechanism for distributing concrete to
49
required uniform thickness in a paving slab.
50
spreader, concrete — a machine, usually
14
15
16
splitting tensile strength — see strength,
splitting tensile.
splitting tensile test (diametral compression
17
test) — a test for tensile strength in which a
18
cylindrical specimen is loaded to failure in
19
diametral compression applied along the
20
entire length.
21
spray drying — a method of evaporating the
22
liquid from a solution or dispersion by
23
spraying it into a heated gas.
24
spray lime — see lime, spray.
25
sprayed concrete — see shotcrete (preferred
26
27
term).
sprayed mineral fiber — a blend of mineral fibers
28
and inorganic binders, to which water is
29
added during the spraying operation.
30
sprayed mortar — see shotcrete.
51
carried on side forms or on rails
52
parallel thereto, designed to spread
53
concrete from heaps already
54
dumped in front of it, or to receive
55
and spread concrete in a uniform
56
layer.
57
spreader, form — see spreader.
58
spud vibrator — see vibrator, spud.
59
spun concrete — see concrete, centrifugally cast
60
159
(preferred term).
1
stabilizer — a substance that makes either a
31
2
solution or suspension more stable, usually
32
3
by keeping particles from precipitating.
33
static modulus of elasticity — see modulus of
elasticity, static.
stationary hopper — a container used to receive
4
stacking tube — a slender, free-standing tubular
34
and temporarily store freshly mixed
5
structure used to store granular materials;
35
concrete.
6
the material is loaded into the top of the
36
7
tube and spills out of wall openings to
37
8
make a conical pile surrounding the tube.
9
staged grouting — see grouting, staged.
steam box — enclosure for steam-curing concrete
products. (See also steam-curing room).
38
steam curing — see curing, steam.
39
steam-curing cycle — the time interval between
10
stain — discoloration by foreign matter.
40
the start of the temperature rise period and
11
standard curing — see curing, standard.
41
the end of the soaking period or the
12
standard deviation — the root mean square
42
cooling-off period; also a schedule
13
deviation of individual values from their
43
indicating the duration of and the
14
average.
44
temperature range of the periods that make
45
up the cycle.
15
16
17
standard fire test — the test prescribed by ASTM
E 119.
standard hook — a hook at the end of a
18
reinforcing bar made in accordance with a
19
standard.
20
21
22
standard hooked bar — see bar, standard
hooked.
standard matched — tongue-and-groove lumber
23
with the tongue and groove offset rather
24
than centered as in center matched lumber.
25
standard sand — see sand, standard.
26
standard time-temperature curve — the graphic
27
time table for application of temperature to
28
a material or member for the ASTM E 119
29
fire test.
30
46
steam-curing room — a chamber for steam curing
47
of concrete products at atmospheric
48
pressure.
49
50
51
steam kiln — see steam-curing room (preferred
term).
stearic acid — a white crystalline fatty acid,
52
obtained by saponifying tallow or other
53
hard fats containing stearin. (See also butyl
54
stearate).
55
56
57
static load — see load, static.
160
steel —
steel, axle — steel from carbon-steel axles
for railroad cars.
1
steel, billet — steel, either produced
32
stiffback — see strongback (preferred term).
stiffening, early — the early development of an
2
directly from ingots or continuously
33
3
cast, made from properly identified
34
abnormal reduction in the working
4
heats of open-hearth, basic oxygen,
35
characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste,
5
or electric-furnace steel, or lots of
36
mortar, or concrete, which may be further
6
acid Bessemer steel and conforming
37
described as false set, quick set, or flash
7
to specified limits on chemical
38
set.
8
composition.
9
steel, high-strength — steel with a high
10
yield point; in the case of
11
reinforcing bars 60,000 psi (414
12
MPa) and greater. (See also steel,
13
prestressing.)
39
40
flash (preferred term).
41
stiffness — resistance to deformation.
42
stiffness factor — see factor, stiffness.
43
stirrup — bar or wire reinforcement oriented
44
normal to or at an acute angle to the
45
longitudinal reinforcement in a flexural
46
member and extending as close as practical
47
to the extreme tension and compression
48
fibers of the cross section. (See also tie.)
14
steel, prestressing — high-strength steel
15
used to prestress concrete,
16
commonly seven-wire strands,
17
single wires, bars, rods, or groups of
18
wires or strands. (See also
19
prestress; concrete, prestressed;
49
20
pretensioning, and post-
50
21
tensioning.)
51
22
steel sheet — cold-formed sheet or strip steel
stiffening, premature — see set, false and set,
stockhouse set — see cement, sticky and set,
warehouse.
stoichiometric —
52
(1) characterized by or being a proportion
23
shaped as a structural member for the
53
of substances or energy in a specific
24
purpose of carrying the live and dead loads
54
chemical reaction in which there is no
25
in lightweight concrete roof construction.
55
excess of any reactant or product; and
56
(2) proportioning based on atomic or
57
molecular weight.
26
27
steel temperature — see reinforcement,
temperature.
stone —
28
steel trowel — see trowel.
58
29
stem bars — see bars, stem.
59
30
stepped footing — see footing, stepped.
60
blocks or small slabs in special
31
sticky cement — see cement, sticky.
61
molds so as to resemble natural
62
building stone.
161
stone, cast — concrete or mortar cast into
1
stone, crushed — the product resulting
30
strain, unit — deformation of a material expressed
2
from the artificial crushing of rocks,
31
as the ratio of linear unit deformation to the
3
boulders, or large cobblestones,
32
distance within which that deformation
4
substantially all faces of that
33
occurs.
5
possess well-defined edges resulting
34
6
from the crushing operation. (See
35
number of wires twisted above the center
7
also aggregate, coarse.)
36
wire or core.
strand — a prestressing tendon composed of a
8
stone sand — see sand, stone.
37
9
storage hopper — see stationary hopper.
38
drawn through a circular die to deform the
straightedge —
39
wires and produce a strand with a smaller
40
circular shape.
10
strand, compacted — prestressing strand that is
11
(1) a rigid, straight piece of either wood or
12
metal used to strikeoff or screed a concrete
41
13
surface to proper grade or to check the
42
surface indentations intended to improve
14
planeness of a finished grade (see also rod,
43
bond.
15
screed, and strikeoff); and
44
strand grip — a device used to anchor strands.
16
(2) a highway tool for truing surfaces
45
strand wrapping — application of high tensile
17
instead of a bull float.
46
strand, wound under tension by machines,
47
around circular concrete or shotcrete walls,
18
straight-line theory — an assumption in
strand, indented — strand having machine-made
19
reinforced-concrete analysis according to
48
domes, or other tension-resisting structural
20
which the strains and stresses in a member
49
components.
21
under flexure are assumed to vary in
50
22
proportion to the distance from the neutral
51
overvibrated concrete into horizontal layers
23
axis.
52
with increasingly lighter material toward
53
the top; water, laitance, mortar, and coarse
24
strain — the change in length per unit of length, in
stratification — the separation of overwet or
25
a linear dimension of a body; a
54
aggregate tend to occupy successively
26
dimensionless quantity that may be
55
lower positions in that order; a layered
27
measured conveniently in percent, in inches
56
structure in concrete resulting from placing
28
per inch, in millimeters per millimeters, but
57
of successive batches that differ in
29
preferably in millionths.
58
appearance; occurrence in aggregate
59
stockpiles of layers of differing grading or
60
composition; a layered structure in a rock
61
foundation.
162
1
Stratling’s compound — dicalcium aluminate
31
strength, cube — the load per unit area at
2
monosilicate-8-hydrate, a compound that
32
which a standard cube fails when
3
has been found in reacted lime-pozzolan
33
tested in a specified manner.
4
and cement-pozzolan mixtures.
34
strength, cylinder — see strength,
5
strength — a generic term for the ability of a
35
concrete compressive and
strength, splitting tensile.
6
material to resist strain or rupture induced
36
7
by external forces. (See also strength,
37
8
concrete compressive; strength, fatigue;
38
multiplied by a strength reduction
9
strength, flexural; strength, shear;
39
factor ф. (See also strength,
10
strength, splitting tensile; strength,
40
nominal and factor, phi.
11
tensile; strength, ultimate; and strength,
12
yield.)
13
41
strength, design — nominal strength
strength, dried — the compressive or
42
flexural strength of refractory
strength, bond — resistance to separation
43
concrete determined within three
14
of mortar and concrete from
44
hours after first drying in an oven at
15
reinforcing and other materials with
45
220 to 230 F (105 to 110 C) for a
16
which it is in contact; a collective
46
specified time.
17
expression for forces such as
18
adhesion, friction due to shrinkage,
19
and longitudinal shear in the
20
concrete engaged by the bar
21
deformations that resist separation.
22
strength, cold — the compressive or
23
flexural strength of refractory
24
concrete determined before drying
25
or firing.
26
strength, concrete compressive — the
27
measured maximum resistance of a
28
concrete specimen to axial
29
compressive loading; expressed as
30
force per unit cross sectional area.
47
strength, early — strength of concrete or
48
mortar usually as developed at
49
various times during the first 72
50
hours after placement.
51
strength, fatigue — the greatest stress that
52
can be sustained for a given number
53
of stress cycles without failure.
54
strength, fired — the compressive or
55
flexural strength of refractory
56
concrete determined upon cooling
57
after first firing to a specified
58
temperature for a specified time.
163
1
strength, flexural — the property of a
34
strength, nominal shear — the shear
2
material or a structural member that
35
strength of a member or cross
3
indicates its ability to resist failure
36
section calculated in accordance
4
in bending; in concrete flexural
37
with provisions and assumptions of
5
members, the stress at which a
38
the strength-design method before
6
section reaches its maximum usable
39
application of any strength-
7
bending capacity; for under-
40
reduction ( ) factor.
8
reinforced concrete flexural
41
9
members, the stress at which the
42
the strain exceeds, by a specified
10
compressive strain in the concrete
43
amount, an extension of the initially
11
reaches 0.003; for over-reinforced
44
proportional part of the stress-strain
12
concrete flexural members, the
45
curve; expressed either as
13
stress at which the compressive
46
percentage of the original gage
14
stress reaches 85 % of the cylinder
47
length in conjunction with the
15
strength of the concrete; for
48
strength value (yield strength at ...
16
unreinforced-concrete members, the
49
percent offset = ...psi) or as force
17
stress at which the concrete tensile
50
per unit area (psi) or (MPa).
18
strength reaches the modulus of
51
rupture. (See also modulus of
strength, required — strength of a
19
20
rupture.)
strength, offset yield — the stress at which
52
member or cross section required to
53
resist factored loads or related
21
strength, nominal — strength of a member
54
internal moments and forces in such
22
or cross section calculated in
55
combinations as are stipulated in the
23
accordance with provisions and
56
applicable code or specification.
24
assumptions of the strength design
25
method before application of any
26
strength-reduction ( ) factor.
27
strength, nominal flexural — the flexural
57
strength, shear — the maximum shearing
58
stress a flexural member can
59
support at a specific location as
60
controlled by the combined effects
28
strength of a member or cross
61
of shear forces and bending
29
section calculated in accordance
62
moment.
30
with provisions and assumptions of
31
the strength-design method before
32
application of any strength-
33
reduction ( ) factor.
164
1
strength, specified concrete
33
strength-reduction factor — see factor,
2
compressive— the specified
34
strength-reduction.
3
resistance of a concrete specimen to
35
stress — force per unit area.
4
axial compressive loading used in
5
design calculations and as a
6
criterion for material proportioning
7
and acceptance.
8
9
10
strength, splitting tensile — tensile
strength of concrete determined by
a splitting tensile test.
36
stress, allowable — maximum permissible
37
stress used in design of members of
38
a structure and based on a factor of
39
safety against rupture or yielding of
40
any type.
41
stress, anchorage bond — the bar forces
42
divided by the product of the bar
11
strength, tensile — maximum unit stress
43
perimeter or perimeters and the
12
that a material is capable of
44
embedment length.
13
resisting under axial tensile loading;
14
based on the cross-sectional area of
15
the specimen before loading.
16
strength, transfer — the concrete strength
45
stress, bond — the force of adhesion per
46
unit area of contact between two
47
bonded surfaces, such as concrete
48
and reinforcing steel, or any other
17
required before stress is transferred
49
material, such as foundation rock;
18
from the stressing mechanism to the
50
shear stress at the surface of a
19
concrete.
51
reinforcing bar, preventing relative
52
movement between the bar and the
53
surrounding concrete when the bar
54
carries tensile force.
55
stress, compressive — see stress.
56
stress, effective — see prestress, effective.
stress, final — in prestressed concrete, the
20
21
22
23
24
strength, transverse — see strength,
flexural and modulus of rupture.
strength, ultimate — an obsolete term; see
strength, nominal.
strength, yield — the stress at which a
25
material exhibits a specific limiting
57
26
deviation from the proportionality
58
stress that exists after substantially
27
of stress to strain.
59
all losses have occurred.
60
stress, jacking — the maximum stress
28
strength-design method — a design method that
29
requires service loads to be increased by
61
occurring in a prestressed tendon
30
specified load factors and computed
62
during stressing.
31
nominal strengths to be reduced by the
32
specified phi ( ) factors.
165
1
stress, mean — the average of the
32
stress, temperature — stress in a structure
2
maximum and minimum stress in
33
or a member due to changes or
3
one cycle of fluctuating loading (as
34
differentials in temperature in the
4
in a fatigue test); tensile stress is
35
structure or member.
5
considered positive and
36
6
compressive stress, negative.
37
produced in a precast-concrete
38
member or in a component of a
7
stress, normal — the stress component
stress, temporary — a stress that may be
8
that is perpendicular to the plane on
39
precast-concrete member during
9
which the force is applied;
40
fabrication or erection, or in cast-in-
10
designated tensile if the force is
41
place concrete structures due to
11
directed away from the plane and
42
construction or test loadings.
12
compressive if the force is directed
43
stress, tensile — see stress.
13
toward the plane. (See also stress.)
44
stress, thermal — see stress,
45
temperature.
14
stress, principal — maximum and
15
minimum stresses at any point
16
acting at right angles to the
17
mutually perpendicular planes of
18
zero shearing stress, which are
19
designated as the principal planes.
46
stress, torsional — the shear stress on a
47
transverse cross section resulting
48
from a twisting action.
49
50
20
stress, proof — stress applied to materials
stress, ultimate shear — see strength,
shear.
51
stress, working — maximum permissible
52
design stress using working-stress
53
design methods.
subjected in the manufacturing
54
stress corrosion — corrosion of a metal either
25
process as a means of reducing the
55
initiated or accelerated by stress.
26
deformation of anchorage, reducing
56
27
the relaxation of steel, or ensuring
57
28
that the tendon is sufficiently
58
29
strong.
59
in stress in a material held at constant
60
strain. (See also flow, plastic and creep.)
21
sufficient to produce a specified
22
permanent strain; a specific stress to
23
which some types of tendons are
24
30
31
stress, shear — the stress component
acting tangentially to a plane.
166
stress-corrosion cracking — see cracking,
stress-corrosion.
stress relaxation — the time-dependent decrease
1
stress-strain diagram — a diagram in which
32
stringing mortar — see mortar, stringing.
2
corresponding values of stress and strain
33
strip — to remove formwork or a mold; also a
3
are plotted against each other; values of
34
long thin piece of wood, metal, or other
4
stress are usually plotted as ordinates
35
material. (See also demold and stripping.)
5
(vertically) and values of strain as abscissas
36
(horizontally).
strip, cant — see strip, chamfer
6
7
stresses, initial — the stresses occurring in
8
prestressed-concrete members before any
9
losses occur.
37
(preferred term).
38
strip, chamfer — either a triangular or
39
curved insert placed in an inside
40
form corner to produce either a
10
stressing end — in prestressed concrete, the end
41
rounded or flat chamfer or to form a
11
of the tendon at which the load is applied
42
rustication, also called cant strip,
12
when tendons are stressed from one end
43
fillet, dummy joint, and skew back.
13
only.
44
strip, grade — usually a thin strip of wood
14
stretcher — a masonry unit laid with its length
45
tacked to the inside surface of forms
15
horizontal and parallel with the face of a
46
at the elevation to which the top of
16
wall or other masonry member. (See also
47
the concrete lift is to rise, either at a
17
header.)
48
construction joint or the top of the
structure.
18
strike — see striking.
49
19
strikeoff — to remove concrete in excess of that
50
strip, kick — see kicker.
strip, middle — in flat-slab framing, the
20
which is required to fill the form evenly or
51
21
bring the surface to grade; performed with
52
slab portion that occupies the
22
a straightedged piece of wood or metal by
53
middle half of the span between
23
means of a forward sawing movement or
54
columns. (See also column strip.)
24
by a power operated tool appropriate for
25
this purpose; also the name applied to the
26
tool. (See also screed and screeding.)
27
28
29
striking — the releasing or lowering of centering
or other temporary support.
stringer — a secondary flexural member that is
55
strip, panel — a strip extending across the
56
length or width of a flat slab for
57
structural design and construction or
58
for architectural purposes.
59
strip, rustication — a strip of wood or
60
other material attached to a form
30
parallel to the longitudinal axis of a bridge
61
surface to produce a groove or
31
or other structure. (See also beam.)
62
rustication in the concrete.
167
1
2
3
strip, slab — see strip, middle (preferred
term).
strip, wrecking — small piece or panel
31
structural end-point — the acceptance criterion
32
of ASTM E 119, which states that the
33
specimen shall sustain the applied load
without collapse.
4
fitted into a formwork assembly in
34
5
such a way that it can be easily
35
6
removed ahead of main panels or
36
7
forms, making it easier to strip
37
structural load test — see load test, structural.
8
those major form components.
38
structural repair — see repair, structural.
39
structural sandwich construction — see
9
strip footing — see footing, continuous.
structural lightweight concrete — see concrete,
structural lightweight.
10
strip foundation — see foundation, strip.
40
11
stripper — a liquid compound formulated to
41
strut — see shore.
12
remove coatings by either chemical or
42
solvent action, or both.
stub wall — see wall, stub.
13
43
stucco — a portland cement-based plaster used for
14
15
16
stripping — the removal of formwork or a mold .
(See also demold.)
strips, divider — in terrazzo work, nonferrous
17
metal or plastic strips of different
18
thicknesses, usually embedded from 5/8 to
19
1-1/4 in. (10 to 40 mm), used to form
20
panels in the topping.
21
strongback — a frame attached to the back of a
construction, structural sandwich.
44
coating exterior walls and other exterior
45
surfaces. (See also plaster.)
46
stud —
47
(1) member of appropriate size and spacing
48
to support sheathing of concrete forms; and
49
(2) a headed steel device used to anchor
50
steel plates or shapes to concrete members.
subaqueous concrete — see concrete,
22
form or precast structural member to stiffen
51
23
or reinforce the form or member during
52
24
concrete placing operations or handling
53
25
operations.
54
between the subgrade and the base course,
55
or between the subgrade and the pavement.
26
structural adhesive — a bonding agent used for
27
transferring required loads between
56
28
adherents exposed to service environments
57
29
typical for the structure involved.
58
30
structural concrete — see concrete, structural.
59
168
underwater.
subbase — the layer in a pavement system
subgrade — the soil prepared and compacted to
support a structure or a pavement system.
subgrade modulus — see coefficient of subgrade
reaction.
1
subgrade reaction — see contact pressure and
32
2
coefficient of subgrade reaction.
33
superstructure — all of that part of a structure
above grade.
3
subpurlin — a light structural section used as a
34
4
secondary structural member; in
35
5
lightweight concrete roof construction,
36
6
used to support the form boards over which
37
see material, supplementary
7
the lightweight concrete is placed.
38
cementitious (SCM).
8
9
10
subsample — a sample taken from another
sample.
through a U.S. Standard 45
12
sieve.
13
14
15
16
17
40
subsieve fraction — particles all of which pass
11
39
m (No. 325)
substrate — Any material on the surface of which
another material is applied.
substructure —all of that part of a structure below
grade.
sulfate attack — either a chemical or a physical
supersulfated cement — see cement,
supersulfated.
supplementary cementitious material (SCM) —
surface —
surface, brushed — a sandy texture
41
obtained by brushing the surface of
42
freshly placed or slightly hardened
43
concrete with a stiff brush for
44
architectural effect or, in
45
pavements, to increase skid
46
resistance. (See also finish,
47
broom.)
48
surface, specific — the surface area of
18
reaction or both between sulfates usually in
49
particles or of air voids contained in
19
soil or ground water and concrete or
50
a unit mass or unit volume of a
20
mortar; the chemical reaction is primarily
51
material; in the case of air voids in
21
with calcium aluminate hydrates in the
52
hardened concrete, the surface area
22
cement-paste matrix, often causing
53
of the air-void volume expressed as
23
deterioration.
54
square inches per cubic inch or
55
square millimeters per cubic
56
millimeter.
24
sulfate resistance — see resistance, sulfate.
25
sulfate-resistant cement — see cement, sulfate-
26
27
28
resistant.
sulfoaluminate cement — see cement,
expansive, Type K.
57
58
surface energy and to facilitate wetting,
59
penetrating, emulsifying, dispersing,
60
solubilizing, foaming, frothing, etc., of
other substances.
29
superimposed load — see load, superimposed.
61
30
superplasticizer — see admixture, water-
62
31
surface active — having the ability to modify
reducing (high-range) (preferred term).
169
surface-active agent — agent, surface-active.
1
surface air voids — small regular or irregular
30
sway brace — a diagonal brace used to resist wind
2
cavities, usually not exceeding 15 mm in
31
or other lateral forces. (See also bracing,
3
diameter, resulting from entrapment of air
32
cross bracing, and X-brace.)
4
bubbles in the surface of formed concrete
33
5
during placement and consolidation. (See
34
(See also contraction; expansion; volume
6
also sack rub.)
35
change; and volume change, autogenous.)
swelling — increase in either length or volume.
7
surface area — see surface, specific.
36
8
surface bonding (of masonry) — bonding of dry-
37
tendons are placed to facilitate handling
laid masonry by parging with a thin layer of
38
and placing.
fiber-reinforced mortar.
39
swirl finish — see finish, swirl.
Swiss hammer — see hammer, rebound
9
10
11
surface moisture — see moisture, surface.
40
12
surface retarder — see retarder, surface.
41
13
surface tension — an internal molecular force that
42
swift — a reel or turntable on which prestressing
(preferred term).
syneresis — the contraction of a gel, usually
14
exists in the surface film of all liquids and
43
evidenced by the separation from the gel of
15
tends to prevent the liquid from flowing.
44
small amounts of liquid; a process possibly
45
significant in bleeding and cracking of
fresh hydraulic-cement mixtures.
16
surface texture — degree of roughness or
17
irregularity of the exterior surfaces of
46
18
aggregate particles and also of hardened
47
19
concrete.
48
compound sometimes produced during
49
hydration of portland cement, found in
50
deteriorating portland-cement concrete and
51
said to form in portland cement during
52
storage by reaction of potassium sulfate and
53
gypsum.
20
surface vibrator — see vibrator, surface.
21
surface voids — see voids, surface.
22
surface water — see moisture, surface (preferred
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
term).
surfactant — a shortened form of the term
surface-active agent.
surkhi — a pozzolan consisting of burned clay
powder principally produced in India.
sustained modulus of elasticity — see modulus
54
syngenite — potassium calcium sulfate hydrate, a
system —
55
system, one-way — the arrangement of
56
steel reinforcement within a slab
57
that presumably bends in only one
58
direction.
of elasticity, sustained.
170
1
system, two-way — a system of
32
tamping — the operation of consolidating freshly
2
reinforcement; bars, rods, or wires
33
placed concrete by repeated blows or
3
placed at right angles to each other
34
penetrations with a tamper. (See also
4
in a slab and intended to resist
35
consolidation and rodding).
5
stresses due to bending of the slab
36
tamping rod — see rod, tamping.
6
in two directions.
37
tangent modulus — see modulus of elasticity.
38
T-beam — a beam composed of a stem and a
7
Système International — see SI.
8
39
—T—
9
40
flange in the form of a T.
telltale — any device designed to indicate
10
T & G — see tongue and groove.
41
movement of formwork or of a point on the
11
table, flow — a flat, circular jigging device used in
42
longitudinal surface of a pile under load.
12
making flow tests for consistency of
43
13
cement paste, mortar, or concrete. (See also
44
14
flow [2]).
45
midpoint of the temperature range
46
over which an amorphous material
15
talc — a mineral with a greasy or soapy feel, very
temperature —
temperature, glass-transition — the
16
soft, having the composition
47
(such as glass or a high polymer)
17
Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. (See also cement,
48
changes from (or to) a brittle,
18
masonry and Mohs scale).
49
vitreous state to (or from) a plastic
state.
19
tamp process — see process, tamp.
50
20
tamper —
51
temperature, heat-deflection — the
52
temperature at which a plastic
53
material has an arbitrary deflection
54
when subjected to an arbitrary load
55
and test condition; this is an
56
indication of the glass-transition
57
temperature.
21
(1) an implement used to consolidate
22
concrete or mortar in molds or forms; and
23
(2) a hand-operated device for
24
consolidating floor topping or other
25
unformed concrete by impact from the
26
dropped device in preparation for strikeoff
27
and finishing; contact surface often
28
consists of a screen or a grid of bars to
29
force coarse aggregates below the surface
30
to prevent interference with floating or
31
troweling. (See also jitterbug.)
58
59
171
temperature, steel — see reinforcement,
temperature.
1
temperature, minimum film-forming —
28
2
the minimum temperature at which
29
element (such as a wire, bar, rod, strand, or
3
a synthetic latex or emulsion will
30
a bundle of these elements) used to impart
4
coalesce when laid on a substrate as
31
compressive stress in concrete, along with
5
a thin film.
32
any associated components used to enclose
6
temperature cracking — see cracking,
33
and anchor the tensioned element.
34
tendon, bonded — a prestressing tendon
7
8
9
10
temperature.
temperature reinforcement — see
reinforcement, temperature.
temperature rise — the increase of temperature
tendon — an assembly consisting of a tensioned
35
that is bonded to the concrete either
36
directly or through grouting.
37
tendon, eccentric — a prestressing tendon
11
caused by either absorption of heat or
38
that follows a trajectory not
12
internal generation of heat, for example,
39
coincident with the gravity axis of
13
hydration of cement in concrete.
40
the concrete member.
14
15
temperature-rise period — see period,
temperature-rise.
16
temperature stress — see stress, temperature.
17
temper — to add water to a cementitious mixture
18
as necessary to initially bring the mixture to
19
the desired workability. (see also
20
retempering.)
21
template — a thin plate or board frame used as a
22
guide in positioning or spacing form parts,
23
reinforcement, or anchors; also a full-size
24
mold, pattern, or frame, shaped to serve as
25
a guide in forming or testing contour or
26
shape.
27
temporary stress — see stress, temporary.
41
tendon, unbonded — a tendon that is
42
permanently prevented from
43
bonding to the concrete after
44
stressing.
45
tendons, concentric — tendons following
46
a line coincident with the gravity
47
axis of the prestressed-concrete
48
member.
49
tendons, deflected — tendons that have a
50
trajectory that is curved or bent with
51
respect to the gravity axis of the
52
concrete member.
53
tendons, draped — see tendons,
54
55
56
172
deflected.
tendons, harped — see tendons,
deflected.
1
tendon, concordant — a tendon with a
32
test, ball — a test to determine the
2
profile that does not produce
33
consistency of freshly mixed concrete by
3
secondary moments and support
34
measuring the depth of penetration of a
4
reactions due to the prestressing
35
cylindrical metal weight with a
5
force.
36
hemispherical bottom. (See also kelly ball.)
37
test, Blaine — a method for determining
38
the fineness of cement or other fine
39
material on the basis of the permeability to
40
air of a sample prepared under specified
41
conditions.
42
test, compression — test made on a test
43
specimen of mortar or concrete to
44
determine the compressive strength; in the
45
United States, unless otherwise specified,
46
compression tests of mortars are made on 2
47
in. (50 mm) cubes and compression tests of
48
concrete are made on cylinders 6 in. (152
49
mm) in diameter and 12 in. (305 mm) high.
50
test, hot-load — a test for determining the
6
7
tendon profile — the path or trajectory of the
prestressing tendon.
8
tensile strength — see strength, tensile.
9
tensile strength, splitting — tensile strength of
10
concrete determined by a splitting tensile
11
test.
12
tensile stress — see stress.
13
tension, diagonal — the principal tensile stress
14
resulting from the combination of normal
15
and shear stresses acting upon a structural
16
element.
17
tension reinforcement — see reinforcement,
18
tension.
19
ternary mixture — see mixture, ternary.
51
resistance to deformation or shear of a
20
terrazzo concrete — see concrete, terrazzo.
52
refractory material when subjected to a
21
tesserae — small pieces of glass or marble tile
53
specified compressive load at a specified
54
temperature for a specified time.
55
test, Los Angeles abrasion — test for
22
23
used in mosaics.
test — a trial, examination, observation, or
24
evaluation used as a means of measuring
56
abrasion resistance of concrete aggregates.
25
either a physical or a chemical
57
test, remolding — a test to measure
26
characteristic of a material, or a physical
58
remoldability.
27
characteristic of either a structural element
59
test, slump — the procedure for measuring
28
or a structure.
60
slump.
29
test, air-permeability — a procedure for
61
30
measuring the fineness of powdered
62
conditions and accurately measuring
31
materials such as portland cement.
63
results.
173
testing machine — a device for applying test
1
tetracalcium aluminoferrite — a compound in
30
2
the calcium aluminoferrite series, having
31
concrete or masonry resulting from change
3
the composition 4CaO
32
of temperatures. (See also contraction and
4
abbreviated C4AF, that is usually assumed
33
expansion.)
5
to be the aluminoferrite present when
34
thermal resistance — see resistance, thermal.
6
compound calculations are made from the
35
results of chemical analysis of portland
thermal shock — see shock, thermal.
7
8
cement. (See also brownmillerite.)
36
thermal stress — see stress, temperature.
9
texture — the pattern or configuration apparent in
37
thermal volume change — see volume change,
Al2O3 Fe2O3 ,
thermal movement — change of dimension of
thermal.
38
10
an exposed surface, as in concrete and
11
mortar, including roughness, streaking,
39
12
striation, or departure from flatness.
40
metals joined together at both ends,
41
producing a loop in which an electric
42
current will flow when there is a difference
43
in temperature between the two junctions.
13
texturing — the process of producing a special
14
texture on either unhardened or hardened
15
concrete.
44
16
T-head — in precast framing, a segment of girder
17
crossing the top of an interior column; also
18
the top of a shore formed with a braced
46
19
horizontal member projecting on two sides
47
20
forming a T-shaped assembly.
48
21
22
23
24
25
26
thermal conductance — see conductance,
thermal.
thermal conductivity — see conductivity,
thermal.
thermal contraction — contraction caused by
decrease in temperature.
27
thermal diffusivity — see diffusivity, thermal.
28
thermal expansion — expansion caused by
29
increase in temperature.
thermocouple — two conductors of different
thermoplastic — becoming soft when heated and
hard when cooled.
45
thermosetting — becoming rigid by chemical
reaction and not remeltable.
thin-shell precast — precast concrete
49
characterized by thin slabs and web
50
sections. (See also construction, shell.)
51
thixotropy — A reversible, time-dependent
52
decrease in viscosity when a fluid is
53
subjected to increased shear stress or shear
54
rate. (See also rheology.)
55
threaded anchorage — see anchorage, threaded.
56
tie —
57
(1) loop of reinforcing bars encircling the
58
174
longitudinal steel in columns;
1
(2) a tensile unit adapted to holding concrete
30
time, initial setting — the time required for a
2
forms secure against the lateral pressure of
31
freshly mixed cement paste, mortar, of
3
unhardened concrete; and
32
concrete to achieve initial set. (See also
time, final setting.)
4
(3) a tension member in a strut-and-tie model.
33
5
tie, form — a mechanical connection in tension
34
time of haul — in production of ready mixed
6
used to prevent concrete forms from
35
concrete, the period from first contact
7
spreading due to the fluid pressure of fresh
36
between mixing water and cement until
8
concrete.
37
completion of discharge of the freshly
38
mixed concrete.
9
tie bar — see bar, tie.
10
tie bar, deformed — see bar, tie.
11
tie rod — see tie, form and tieback.
12
tieback — a rod fastened to a deadman, a rigid
39
time of set — see time of setting.
40
time of setting —
41
(1) the time required for a freshly mixed
42
cement paste, mortar, or concrete to
43
achieve initial set (see set, initial) or;
13
foundation, or either a rock or soil anchor
14
to prevent lateral movement of formwork,
15
sheet pile walls, retaining walls, bulkheads,
44
(2) the time required for a freshly mixed
16
etc.
45
cement paste, mortar, or concrete to
46
achieve final set (see set, final).
17
tied column — see column, tied.
18
tiers — see lifts (preferred term).
19
tilting mixer — see mixer, tilting.
20
tilt-up — a construction technique for casting
21
concrete elements in a horizontal position
22
at the jobsite and then tilting them to their
23
final position in a structure.
24
25
26
time-dependent deformation — see
deformation, time-dependent.
time, final setting — the time required for a
27
freshly mixed cement paste, mortar, or
28
concrete to achieve final set. (See also
29
time, initial setting.)
175
1
tobermorite — a mineral found in Northern
2
Ireland and elsewhere, having the
3
approximate formula
4
Ca5(Si6O16(OH)2 4H2O identified
5
approximately with the artificial product
6
tobermorite (G) of Brunauer, a hydrated
7
calcium silicate having CaO:SiO2 ratio in
8
9
32
top form — see form, top.
33
topping —
34
(1) a layer of concrete or mortar placed to
35
form a floor surface on a concrete base;
36
(2) a structural, cast-in-place surface for
37
precast floor and roof systems; and
the range 1.39 to 1.75 and forming minute
38
(3) the mixture of marble chips and matrix
layered crystals that constitute the principal
39
that, when properly processed, produces a
10
cementing medium in portland-cement
40
terrazzo surface.
11
concrete; a mineral with 5 mols of lime to 6
41
12
mols of silica, usually occurring in plate-
42
13
like crystals, which is easily synthesized at
43
14
steam pressures of about 100 psig and
44
higher quality, more serviceable
15
higher; the binder in several properly
45
topping course placed promptly
16
autoclaved products.
46
after the base course has lost all
slump and bleed water.
topping, dry — see dry-shake (preferred
term).
topping, monolithic —on flatwork: a
17
tobermorite gel — see gel, tobermorite.
47
18
tolerance — the permitted deviation from a
48
torque viscometer — see viscometer, torque.
49
torsional stress — see stress, torsional.
toughness — the property of matter that resists
19
specified dimension, location, or quantity.
20
tom — see shore (preferred term).
50
21
tongue and groove — a joint in which a
51
22
protruding rib on the edge of one side fits
52
23
into a groove in the edge of the other side,
53
24
abbreviated “T & G.” (See also keyway.)
25
tool, arrissing — a tool similar to a float, but
fracture by impact or shock.
trajectory of prestressing force — see path of
prestressing force.
54
transfer — to shift the tensioning force for a
55
strand or strands from a jack or
26
having a form suitable for rounding an edge
56
pretensioning bed to a concrete or masonry
27
of freshly placed concrete.
57
member.
28
tool, gutter — a tool used to give the desired
29
shape and finish to concrete gutters.
30
tooling — the act of compacting and contouring a
31
material in a joint.
58
transfer bond — see bond, transfer.
59
transfer length — see length, transfer (preferred
60
61
176
term).
transfer strength — see strength, transfer.
1
transformed section — see section, transformed.
32
2
transit-mixed concrete — see concrete, transit-
33
deposited under water, having at its upper
34
end a hopper for filling and a bail for
35
moving the assemblage.
3
mixed.
4
transit-mixer — see mixer, truck.
5
translucent concrete — see concrete,
6
translucent.
36
tremie — a pipe or tube through which concrete is
tremie seal — the depth to which the discharge
37
end of the tremie pipe is kept embedded in
38
the fresh concrete that is being placed; a
39
layer of tremie concrete placed in a
7
transmission length — see length, transfer.
8
transverse crack — see crack, transverse.
40
cofferdam for the purpose of preventing the
9
transverse joint — see joint, transverse.
41
intrusion of water when the cofferdam is
10
transverse prestress — see prestress, transverse.
42
dewatered.
11
transverse reinforcement — see reinforcement,
43
trench form — see form, trench.
44
trench form (for cast-in-place concrete pipe) —
12
13
14
15
transverse.
transverse strength — see strength, flexural and
modulus of rupture.
traprock — any of various fine-grained, dense,
45
the vertical sides and semicircular bottom
46
of the trench shaped to provide full, firm,
47
and uniform support for the lower 210
48
degrees of the pipe.
16
dark colored igneous rocks, typically basalt
17
or diabase; also called q“trap.”
49
trial batch — see batch, trial.
18
trass — a natural pozzolan of volcanic origin
50
triaxial compression test — a test in which a
19
found in Germany, namely, trachytic tuffs
51
specimen is subjected to a confining
20
that are intensely altered by geologic
52
hydrostatic pressure and then loaded axially
21
processes.
53
to failure.
22
traveler — an inverted-U-shaped structure usually
54
triaxial test — a test in which a specimen is
23
mounted on tracks that permit it to move
55
subjected simultaneously to lateral and
24
from one location to another to facilitate
56
axial loads.
25
the construction of an arch, bridge, or
57
26
building.
58
composition 3CaO
59
C3A.
27
travertine — dense to irregularly porous,
28
commonly stratified or banded calcium
29
carbonate, either aragonite or calcite,
30
formed by deposition from hot spring
31
waters.
177
tricalcium aluminate — a compound having the
Al2O3 , abbreviated
1
tricalcium silicate — a compound having the
2
composition 3CaO
3
truck, agitating — a vehicle in which freshly
30
mixed concrete can be conveyed from the
C3S, an impure form of which (alite) is a
31
site of mixing to the site of placement;
4
main constituent of portland cement. (See
32
while being agitated, the truck body can
5
also alite.)
33
either be stationary and contain an agitator
34
or it can be a drum rotated continuously so
6
SiO2, abbreviated
29
trough, flow —a sloping trough used to convey
7
concrete by gravity flow from either a truck
35
as to agitate the contents; designated
8
mixer or a receiving hopper to the point of
36
“agitating lorry” in the United Kingdom.
9
placement. (See also chute.)
37
truck-mixed concrete — see concrete, transitmixed.
10
trough mixer — see mixer, open-top.
38
11
trowel —
39
truck mixer — see mixer, truck.
12
(1) a flat, broad-blade steel hand tool used
40
T-shore — a shore with a T-head.
13
in the final stages of finishing operations to
41
tub mixer — see mixer, open-top (preferred
14
impart a relatively smooth surface to
42
15
concrete floors and other unformed
43
16
concrete surfaces;
44
assembly of tubing or pipe which serves as
17
(2) a flat, triangular-blade tool used for
45
posts, braces, and ties, a base supporting
18
applying mortar; or
46
the posts, and special couplers that connect
19
(3) a flat, broad-blade steel hand tool used
47
the uprights and join the various members.
20
to place, spread, shape, finish, or otherwise
48
21
apply materials. (See also fresno trowel. )
49
steel, or other materials to provide support
50
for a tunnel for exterior loads, to reduce
51
water seepage, or to increase flow capacity.
22
trowel finish — see finish, trowel.
23
troweling — smoothing and compacting the
term).
tube-and-coupler shoring — a load-carrying
tunnel lining — a structural system of concrete,
turbidimeter — a device for measuring the
24
unformed surface of fresh concrete by
52
25
strokes of a trowel.
53
particle-size distribution of a finely divided
54
material by taking successive
55
measurements of the turbidity of a
56
suspension in a fluid.
26
troweling machine — a motor driven device that
27
operates orbiting steel trowels on radial
28
arms from a vertical shaft.
178
1
turbidimeter fineness — the fineness of a
29
U-value — overall coefficient of heat
2
material such as portland cement, usually
30
transmission; a standard measure of the rate
3
expressed as total surface area in square
31
at which heat will flow through a unit area
4
centimeters per gram, as determined with a
32
of a material of known thickness.
5
turbidimeter. (See also Wagner fineness.)
33
6
turbine mixer — see mixer, open-top (preferred
34
at which a reinforced-concrete section
35
reaches its usable flexural strength,
36
commonly accepted for under-reinforced
37
concrete flexural members to be the
38
bending moment at which the concrete
39
compressive strain equals 0.003; an
40
obsolete term.
7
8
9
term).
twin-twisted bar reinforcement — see
reinforcement, twin-twisted bar.
10
two-stage curing — see curing, two-stage.
11
two-way reinforced footing — a footing having
12
reinforcement in two directions generally
13
perpendicular to each other.
14
15
two-way reinforcement — see reinforcement,
two-way.
16
two-way system — see system, two-way.
17
Type I cement — see cement, normal (preferred
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Type II cement — see cement, modified
(preferred term).
Type III cement — see cement, high-early
strength (preferred term).
Type IV cement — see cement, low-heat
(preferred term).
Type V cement — see cement, sulfate-resistant
(preferred term).
27
28
41
ultimate load — see load, ultimate.
42
ultimate moment — an obsolete term; see
43
strength, nominal flexural.
44
45
46
term).
—U—
ultimate-design resisting moment — the moment
47
48
49
50
ultimate shear strength — an obsolete term; see
strength, nominal shear.
ultimate strength — an obsolete term; see
strength, nominal.
ultimate-strength design — see strength-design
method.
ultrasonic — pertaining to mechanical vibrations
51
having a frequency greater than
52
approximately 20,000 Hz.
53
unbonded member — a prestressed-concrete
54
member post-tensioned with tendons that
55
are not bonded to the concrete between the
56
end anchorages after stressing.
57
unbonded post-tensioning — post-tensioning in
58
which the tendons are not grouted after
59
stressing.
179
1
unbonded tendon — see tendon, unbonded.
32
2
unbraced length of column — distance between
33
3
4
lateral supports.
underbed — the base mortar, usually horizontal,
5
into which strips are embedded and on
6
which terrazzo topping is applied.
7
undersanded — concrete containing an
8
insufficient proportion of fine aggregate to
9
produce optimum properties in the fresh
10
mixture, especially workability and
11
finishing characteristics.
12
13
14
15
16
17
undersize — particles of aggregate passing a
34
vacuum concrete — see concrete, vacuum.
35
vacuum dewatering — see concrete, vacuum.
36
vacuum saturation — see saturation, vacuum.
37
valve bag — paper bag for cement or other
38
material, either glued or sewn, made of four
39
or five plies of kraft paper and completely
40
closed except for a self-sealing paper valve
41
through which the contents are introduced
42
and released.
43
vapor barrier — see barrier, vapor.
44
vapor pressure — the pressure exerted when a
45
vapor is in equilibrium with its liquid or
46
solid form at a given temperature.
designated sieve.
underwater concrete — see concrete,
underwater.
unhardened concrete — see concrete, fresh
(preferred term).
—V—
47
48
variation — see coefficient of variation and
standard deviation.
18
unreinforced concrete — see concrete, plain.
19
unit masonry — see masonry, unit.
50
workability of very low-slump or no-slump
20
unit strain — see strain, unit.
51
concrete, including a vibrating table, a
21
unit water content — the quantity of water per
52
sample container, and other ancillary items,
49
vebe apparatus — an apparatus for measuring
22
unit volume of freshly mixed concrete,
53
that permits measurement of the time
23
often expressed as pounds or gallons per
54
(vebetime) required to be consolidated in a
24
cubic yard; the quantity of water on which
55
mold.
25
the water-cement ratio is based, not
56
vehicle — liquid carrier or binder of solids.
26
including water absorbed by the aggregate.
57
velocity, pulse — the velocity at which
27
unit weight — deprecated term; see density.
58
compressional waves are propagated
28
unit weight, fired — see density, fired.
59
through a medium.
29
unsound — not firmly made, placed, or fixed;
30
subject to deterioration or disintegration
31
during service exposure.
180
1
velocity, settling — the terminal rate of fall of a
28
(1) external vibration employs vibrating
2
particle through a fluid as induced by
29
devices attached at strategic positions on
3
gravity or other external force; the rate at
30
the forms and is particularly applicable to
4
which frictional drag balances the
31
manufacture of precast items and for
5
accelerating force (or the external force).
32
vibration of tunnel-lining forms; in
6
veneer — a masonry facing that is attached to the
33
manufacture of concrete products, external
7
backup, but not so bonded as to act with it
34
vibration or impact may be applied to a
8
under load.
35
casting table;
36
(2) internal vibration employs one or more
37
vibrating elements that can be inserted into
38
the fresh concrete at selected locations, and
39
is more generally applicable to in-place
40
construction; and
41
(3) surface vibration employs a portable
42
horizontal platform on which a vibrating
43
element is mounted.
9
10
Venetian — a type of terrazzo topping that
incorporates large chips of stone.
11
vent pipe — see pipe, vent.
12
vented form — see form, vented.
13
vermiculite — a micaceous mineral, also a group
14
name for certain platy minerals, hydrous
15
silicates of aluminum, magnesium, and iron
16
characterized by marked exfoliation on
17
heating; also a constituent of clays.
18
19
vermiculite concrete — see concrete,
vermiculite.
44
vibration limit — see limit, vibration.
45
vibrator — an oscillating machine used to agitate
46
fresh concrete so as to eliminate gross
47
voids, including entrapped air but not
48
entrained air, and to produce intimate
20
vertical-shaft mixer — see mixer, vertical-shaft.
21
vibrated concrete — see concrete, vibrated.
49
contact with form surfaces and embedded
22
vibration — energetic agitation of freshly mixed
50
materials. (See also vibration.)
23
concrete during placement by mechanical
51
vibrator, external — see vibrator.
24
devices, either pneumatic or electric, that
create vibratory impulses of moderately
52
vibrator, spud — a vibrator, having a
25
26
high frequency to assist in consolidating the
27
concrete in the form or mold.
53
vibrating casing or a vibrating head,
54
used to consolidate freshly placed
55
concrete by insertion into the mass.
181
1
vibrator, surface — a vibrator used for
25
2
consolidating concrete by
26
mortar, or concrete filled with air;
3
application to the surface of a mass
27
an entrapped air void is
4
of freshly mixed concrete; four
28
characteristically 1 mm or more in
5
principal types exist: vibrating
29
size and irregular in shape; an
6
screeds, pan vibrators, plate or grid
30
entrained air void is typically
7
vibratory tampers, and vibratory
31
between 10
8
roller screeds.
32
diameter and spherical or nearly so.
33
void, water — void along the underside of
9
Vicat apparatus — a penetration device used in
void, air — a space in cement paste,
m and 1 mm in
10
the testing of hydraulic cements and similar
34
an aggregate particle or reinforcing
11
materials.
35
steel which formed during the
36
bleeding period; initially filled with
37
bleed water.
12
Vicat needle — see needle, Vicat.
13
viscometer — instrument for determining
14
15
viscosity of slurries, mortars, or concretes.
viscometer, torque — an apparatus used for
38
39
net mixing water to cement in a concrete or
40
mortar mixture.
16
measuring the consistency of slurries in
17
which the energy required to rotate a device
41
18
suspended in a rotating cup is proportional
42
19
to viscosity.
43
20
21
22
23
24
viscosity — a measure of the resistance of a fluid
to deform under shear stress.
visual concrete — see concrete, architectural
and concrete, exposed.
void —
void-cement ratio — volumetric ratio of air plus
voids, surface — cavities visible on the surface of
a solid. (See also bug holes.)
volatile material — material that is subject to
44
release as a gas or vapor; liquid that
45
evaporates readily.
46
volume —
47
volume, absolute — in the case of solids,
48
the displacement volume of
49
particles themselves, including their
50
permeable and impermeable voids,
51
but excluding space between
52
particles; in the case of fluids, their
53
volume.
182
1
volume, dry-rodded — the bulk volume
31
Wagner fineness — the fineness of portland
2
occupied by a dry aggregate
32
cement, expressed as total surface area in
3
compacted by rodding under
33
square centimeters per gram, determined by
4
standardized conditions; used in
34
the Wagner turbidimeter apparatus and
5
measuring density of aggregate.
35
procedure.
6
volume batching — measuring the constituents of
36
wale — a long formwork member (usually double)
7
mortar or concrete by volume.
37
used to gather loads from several studs (or
8
volume change — an increase or decrease in
38
similar members) to allow wider spacing of
volume due to any cause. (See also
39
the restraining ties; when used with
10
deformation and deformation, time-
40
prefabricated panel forms, this member is
11
dependent).
41
used to maintain alignment; also called
12
volume change, autogenous — change in
42
waler or ranger.
9
13
volume produced by continued
43
waler — see wale.
14
hydration of cement, exclusive of
44
wall — a vertical element used primarily to
15
effects of applied load and change
45
enclose or separate spaces.
16
in either thermal condition or
46
wall, enclosure — a nonload-bearing wall
17
moisture content.
47
intended only to enclose space.
18
volume change, thermal — the increase or
48
wall, load-bearing — a wall designed and
19
decrease in volume caused by
49
built to carry superimposed vertical
20
changes in temperature. (See
50
or in-plane and shear loads, or both.
21
thermal contraction and thermal
51
(See also wall, nonbearing.)
22
expansion).
23
volumetric measuring — dispensing an
52
wall, nonbearing — a wall that supports
53
no vertical load other than its own
24
ingredient based on volume, either
54
weight and no in-plane shear loads.
25
in discrete quantities or by
55
(See also load-bearing wall.)
26
continuous flow.
27
volumetric mixer — see mixer, volumetric.
28
—W—
29
30
waffle — see dome.
56
wall, stub — low wall, usually 4 to 8 in.
57
(100 to 200 mm) high, placed
58
monolithically with a concrete floor
59
or other members to provide for
60
control and attachment of wall
61
forms; called kicker in the United
62
Kingdom.
183
1
wall form — see form, wall.
32
water, gauge — see batched water.
2
warehouse pack — see set, warehouse and
33
water, mixing — the water in freshly
3
cement, sticky.
4
warehouse set — see set, warehouse.
5
warping — out-of-plane deformation of the
6
corners, edges, and surface of a pavement,
7
slab, or wall panel from its original shape.
8
(See also curling.)
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
warping joint — see joint, warping.
wash (or flush) water — see water, wash (or
flush).
water —
water, absorbed — see moisture,
absorbed.
water, adsorbed — water held on surfaces
34
mixed sand-cement grout, mortar,
35
or concrete, exclusive of any
36
previously absorbed by the
37
aggregate (for example, water
38
considered in the computation of
39
the net water-cement ratio). (See
40
also batched water and moisture,
41
surface.)
42
water, nonevaporable — the water that is
43
chemically combined during cement
44
hydration; not removable by
45
specified drying. (See also water,
46
evaporable.)
47
water, wash (or flush) — water carried on
16
of a material by electrochemical
48
a truck mixer in a special tank for
17
forces and having physical
49
flushing the interior of the mixer
18
properties substantially different
50
after discharge of the concrete.
19
from those of absorbed water or
51
20
chemically combined water at the
52
surface such as concrete by a stream of
21
same temperature and pressure.
53
water ejected from a nozzle at high
22
(See also adsorption.)
54
velocity.
23
water, evaporable — water in set cement
55
water blast — a system of cutting or abrading a
water-cement ratio — the ratio of the mass of
24
paste present in capillaries or held
56
water, exclusive only of that absorbed by
25
by surface forces; measured as that
57
the aggregates, to the mass of portland
26
removable by drying under
58
cement in concrete, mortar, or grout, stated
27
specified conditions. (See also
59
as a decimal and abbreviated as w/c. (See
28
water, nonevaporable.)
60
also water-cementitious materials ratio.)
29
30
31
water, flush — see water, wash (or
flush).
water, free — see moisture, free.
184
1
water-cementitious material ratio — the ratio of
30
2
the mass of water, excluding that absorbed
31
mix shotcrete equipment through which
3
by the aggregate, to the mass of
32
water is added to the materials.
4
cementitious material in a mixture, stated
33
5
as a decimal. (See also water-cement
34
or other material inserted across a joint to
6
ratio.)
35
obstruct the seepage of water through the
joint.
7
water pocket — see void, water.
36
8
waterproof — impervious to water in either liquid
37
water ring — a device in the nozzle body of dry-
waterstop — a thin sheet of metal, rubber, plastic,
watertight — impermeable to water except when
or vapor state. (See also dampproofing.)
38
under hydrostatic pressure sufficient to
10
(Because nothing can be completely
39
produce structural discontinuity by rupture.
11
“impervious” to water under infinite
40
water void — see void, water.
12
pressure over infinite time, this term should
41
not be used.)
w/c — see water-cement ratio.
13
42
w/cm — see water-cementitious materials ratio.
43
weakened-plane joint — see joint, groove and
9
14
waterproofed cement — see water-repellant.
15
waterproofing — see dampproofing (preferred
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
waterproofing compound — see compound,
waterproofing.
water-reducing admixture — see admixture,
water-reducing.
water-reducing admixture (high-range) — see
admixture, water-reducing (high-range).
water-repellent — property of a surface that
resists wetting (by matter in either liquid or
25
vapor state) but permits passage of water
26
when hydrostatic pressure occurs. (See also
27
watertight.)
29
joint, contraction (preferred term).
45
wearing course — a topping or surface treatment
term).
24
28
44
water-resistant — see water-repellent (preferred
46
to increase the resistance of a concrete
47
pavement or slab to abrasion.
48
weathering — changes in color, texture, strength,
49
chemical composition or other properties of
50
a natural or artificial material due to the
51
action of the weather.
52
53
web bar — see reinforcement, web (preferred
term).
54
web reinforcement — see reinforcement, web.
55
wedge — a piece of wood or metal tapering to a
56
thin edge; used to adjust elevation or
57
tighten formwork.
term).
58
wedge anchorage — see anchorage, wedge.
59
weigh batching — measuring the constituent
60
185
materials for mortar or concrete by mass.
1
weight, dry-batch — the mass of the materials,
31
2
excluding water, used to make a batch of
32
a beam stem where the slab is assumed to
3
concrete.
33
function as the flange element of a T-beam
34
section.
4
5
weight, dry-rodded — deprecated term; see
density, dry-rodded.
width, effective flange — width of slab adjoining
35
wind load — see load, wind.
6
welded-butt splice — see splice, welded-butt.
36
wing pile — see pile, wing.
7
welded reinforcement — see reinforcement,
37
wire —
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
welded.
38
wire, alignment — see wire, ground.
welded-wire fabric — see fabric, welded-wire.
39
wire, cold-drawn — wire made from rods
welded-wire fabric reinforcement — see
40
that are hot-rolled from billets and
41
then cold-drawn through dies. (See
42
also reinforcement, cold-drawn
43
wire.)
reinforcement, welded-wire fabric.
well-graded aggregate — see aggregate, wellgraded.
wet — covered with visible free moisture; not dry.
15
(See also damp and moist).
16
wet-cast process — see process, wet-cast.
17
wet process — see process, wet.
18
wet screening — screening to remove from fresh
44
wire, crimped — wire deformed into a
45
curve that approximates a sine
46
curve as a means of increasing the
47
capacity of the wire to bond to
48
concrete; also welded wire fabric
49
crimped to provide an integral chair.
19
concrete aggregate particles larger than a
50
(See also reinforcement, deformed
20
certain size.
51
and wire, indented.)
21
wet-mix shotcrete — see shotcrete, wet-mix.
52
wire, ground — small-gage high-strength
22
wet sieving — use of water to facilitate sieving of
53
steel wire used to establish line and
54
grade as in shotcrete work; also
55
called alignment wire and screed
56
wire.
23
24
25
a granular material on standard sieves.
wettest stable consistency — see consistency,
wettest stable.
26
wetting agent — see agent, wetting.
27
wheel, feed — material distributor or regulator in
28
certain types of shotcrete equipment.
29
wheel load — see load, wheel.
30
white cement — see cement, white.
186
1
wire, indented — wire having machine-
32
wrapping — see strand wrapping and wire
2
made surface indentations intended
33
3
to improve bond; depending on type
34
wrecking strip — see strip, wrecking.
4
of wire, used for either concrete
35
5
reinforcement or pretensioning
wythe (leaf) — each continuous vertical section of
6
tendons.
7
wire mesh — see fabric, welded-wire.
8
wire wrapping — application of high tensile wire,
9
wound under tension by machines, around
10
circular concrete or shotcrete walls, domes,
11
or other tension-resisting structural
12
components.
13
wobble coefficient — a coefficient used in
14
determining the friction loss occurring in
15
post-tensioning, which is assumed to
16
account for the secondary curvature of the
17
tendons.
18
wobble friction — see friction, wobble.
19
wood block — see block, wood.
20
workability — that property of freshly mixed
21
concrete or mortar that determines the ease
22
with which it can be mixed, placed,
23
consolidated, and finished to a homogenous
24
condition.
a wall that is one masonry unit or grouted
37
space in thickness.
38
—X—
39
40
X-brace — paired set of crossing sway braces.
41
(See also brace, cross bracing, and sway
42
brace).
43
xonotlite — calcium silicate monohydrate
44
(Ca6Si6O17(OH)2), a natural mineral that is
45
readily synthesized at 302 to 662 F (150 to
46
350 C) under saturated steam pressure; a
47
constituent of sand-lime masonry units.
48
X-ray diffraction — the diffraction of X-rays by
49
substances having a regular arrangement of
50
atoms; a phenomenon used to identify
51
substances having such structure.
52
53
54
X-ray emission spectroscopy — see X-ray
fluorescence.
X-ray fluorescence — characteristic secondary
radiation emitted by an element as a result
56
of excitation by X-rays, used to yield
working stress — see stress, working.
57
chemical analysis of a sample.
working-stress design — see design, working-
58
working load — see load, working.
26
27
stress.
29
woven-wire fabric — see fabric, woven-wire.
30
woven-wire reinforcement — see fabric,
31
36
55
25
28
wrapping.
welded-wire (preferred term).
—Y—
59
60
yellowing — development of yellow color or cast
61
in white or clear coatings as a consequence
62
of aging.
187
1
yield — the volume of freshly mixed concrete
29
zone, anchorage — in post-tensioning, the region
2
produced from a known quantity of
30
adjacent to the anchorage subjected to
3
ingredients; the total mass of ingredients
31
secondary stresses resulting from the
4
divided by the density mass of the freshly
32
distribution of the prestressing force; in
5
mixed concrete; also the number of units
33
pretensioning, the region in which the
6
produced per bag of cement or per batch of
34
transfer bond stresses are developed.
7
concrete.
35
8
yield point — the first engineering stress in a test
9
in which stresses and strains are determined
10
for a material that exhibits the phenomenon
11
of discontinuous yielding, of which an
12
increase in strain occurs without an
13
increase in stress.
14
yield strength — see strength, yield.
15
yoke — a tie or clamping device around column
16
forms or over the top of wall or footing
17
forms to keep them from spreading because
18
of the lateral pressure of fresh concrete;
19
also part of a structural assembly for
20
slipforming which keeps the forms from
21
spreading and transfers form loads to the
22
jacks.
23
24
36
member that is compressed by the
37
prestressing tendons.
Young’s modulus — see modulus of elasticity
(preferred term).
25
—Z—
26
27
28
zone, precompressed — the area of a flexural
zero-slump concrete — see concrete, zero
slump.
188