APPENDIX 1 Characteristic of the 53 communities where 2050 people were interviewed about their knowledge of palm use in Northwestern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia). (a) The information about the nearest town and the time it takes to reach to it was obtained from interviews with informants. The data represents the town and the time reported most frequently by the informants. (b) Availability of electricity: (1) no electricity, (2) free electricity, (3) paid electricity. Access to education: (1) no school, (2) primary school, (3) secondary school, (4) community college or university. Access to healthcare: (1) without health post (only traditional medicine), (2) health post / community nurse, (3) health post / physician (4) local hospital. Accessibility (a) Southern Amazon Peru 12 San Martín (500) 13 El Chino (550) Healthcare Northern Amazon Colombia 1 Curare (130) 2 Yucuna (160) 3 Angostura (180) 4 Camaritagua (60) 5 San Martín de Amacayacu (430) Ecuador 6 Zábalo (170) 7 Pacuya (150) 8 Dureno (450) 9 Wayusentsa (150) 10 Kapawi (220) 11 Kusutko (80) (b) Education Community (population) Social services available Electricity Nº Nº locality Ecoregion - Country A A A A B Multiethnic indigenous Multiethnic indigenous Multiethnic indigenous Multiethnic indigenous Tikuna Multiethnic Multiethnic Multiethnic Multiethnic Language isolate La Pedrera (1.5) La Pedrera (1) La Pedrera (0.75) La Pedrera (0.33) Leticia (6) Fluvial Fluvial Fluvial Fluvial Fluvial 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 19 19 17 10 88 C C C D D D Cofan Cofan Cofan Achuar Achuar Achuar Chibchan (Barbacoan) Chibchan (Barbacoan) Chibchan (Barbacoan) Jivaroan Jivaroan Jivaroan Lago Agrio (6) Lago Agrio (6) Lago Agrio (0.33) Kapawi (3) Kapawi (0) Kusutko (0) Fluvial Fluvial Fluvial Fluvial Fluvial Fluvial 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 13 55 15 35 15 E F Cocama Mestizo Tupi Castellano Nauta (18) Iquitos (10) Fluvial Fluvial 3 1 3 2 3 2 87 79 Ethnic Group Linguistic family Nearest town (Distance in hr.) Type access Number of informants 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Santa Ana (450) Yamayakat (1000) Cusu Chico (150) Nueva Samaria (80) Villa Santiago (120) Santa Rosa (500) Unión Progreso (300) Palma Real (300) Bolivia Santa María (250) 26 de Octubre (180) Alto Ivón (500) Motacuzal (30) San Benito (90) Sanandita (60) San Antonio (90) Secejsama (100) 25 de Mayo (100) Buena Vista (240) San Isidro (50) San Silvestre (100) Sta. Rosa de Maravilla (50) Nothern Andes Colombia 35 Sibundoy (13000) 36 Santiago (5800) 37 Juisanoy (2000) Ecuador 38 Nanegalito (3200) 39 Mindo (1500) Southern Andes Peru 40 Lamas Wayku (1200) 41 Aviación (300) Bolivia 42 Irimo (350) 43 Munaypata (80) 44 Pucasucho (280) G H H H I I I J Mestizo Aguaruna Aguaruna Aguaruna Mestizo-Amakaeri Mestizo Mestizo Ese Eja Castellano Jivaroan Jivaroan Jivaroan Castellano Castellano Castellano Tacanan Iquitos (5) Imacita (0.25) Imacita (1) Imacita (0.75) Masuko (0.5) Masuko (1) Puerto Maldonado (1) Puerto Maldonado (4) Fluvial Fluvial Fluvial Fluvial Tarmac Tarmac Tarmac Fluvial 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 2 89 36 13 20 40 24 14 89 K K L L M M M M N N N N N Mestizo Mestizo Chacobo Chacobo Yuracaré Yuracaré Yuracaré Yuracaré Mestizo-Tacana Mestizo-Tacana Leco-Tacana Tacana Mestizo-Tacana Castellano Castellano Panoan Panoan Language isolate Language isolate Language isolate Language isolate Castellano-Tacanan Castellano-Tacanan Language isolate-Tacanan Tacanan Castellano-Tacanan Riberalta (1) Riberalta (1) Riberalta (4) Riberalta (3.5) San Gabriel (1.66) San Gabriel (1.5) Ichoa (2) Isinuta (1.5) San Buenaventura (1) San Buenaventura (0.75) San Buenaventura (0.5) San Buenaventura (1.5) San Buenaventura (1.75) Loose surface road Road Road Road Fluvial/road Fluvial/road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 41 38 56 24 17 13 14 16 23 36 18 29 12 O P P Camsá Inga Inga Language isolate Quechuan Quechuan Sibundoy (0) Santiago (0) Santiago (0.5) Tarmac Tarmac Loose surface road 3 3 3 4 4 1 4 4 1 82 76 11 Q R Mestizo Mestizo Castellano Castellano Quito (4) Quito (3) Tarmac Tarmac 3 3 4 4 4 3 86 87 S S Chanka Chanka Quechuan Quechuan Lamas (0.25) Lamas (2.5) Tarmac Loose surface road 3 2 2 2 3 3 68 22 T T T Leco Leco Leco Language isolate Language isolate Language isolate Apolo (3) Apolo (1.5) Apolo (4) Loose surface road Loose surface road Loose surface road 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 50 18 21 45 46 47 Illipanayuyo (150) Santo Domingo (220) Correo (260) Chocó Colombia 48 Puerto Pervel (1500) 49 Aguacate (312) 50 Villanueva (200) Ecuador 51 Puerto Quito (1500) 52 Chigüilpe (130) 53 Peripa (130) U U U Leco Leco Leco Language isolate Language isolate Language isolate Apolo (4) Apolo (7) Apolo (7) Loose surface road Loose surface road Loose surface road 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 24 33 32 V W W Afro-american Emberá Emberá Castellano Chocó Chocó Quibdo (2) La Playa (24) La Playa (24) Tarmac Fluvial Fluvial 3 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 86 44 44 X Y Y Mestizo Tsáchila Tsáchila Castellano Tsafiki (Barbacoan) Tsafiki (Barbacoan) Santo Domingo (0.5) Santo Domingo (0.5) Santo Domingo (0.5) Tarmac Tarmac Tarmac 3 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 3 88 34 16