INTERNET DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNANCE IN THE UNECE

INTERNET
DEVELOPMENT AND
GOVERNANCE
IN THE UNECE
REGION
Larissa KAPITSA
Ph.D. in Economics
Moscow State Institute of International
Relations,
Russian Federation
The Current State of
Affairs
• The region as a whole is one of
the world leaders in terms of:
™Capacity
™Capability
™Usage
™Trends
WHERE DOES THE UNECE
REGION STAND?
INTERNET PENETRATION BY WORLD REGION,
2007, PENTRATION RATE
(% population)
4%
Africa
12%
Asia
10%
Middle East
20%
Latin America
40%
Europe
54%
Australia/Oceania
69%
North America
18%
World average
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
INTERNET USAGE BY WORLD
REGION, 2007 (in million)
Australia/Oceania
19
Middle East
20
34
Africa
110
Latin America
233
North America
322
Europe
437
Asia
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
WORLD INTERNET USERS, % of total
3% 2% 2%
9%
37%
Asia
Europe
North America
Latin America
20%
Africa
Middle East
Australia/Oceania
27%
E-GOVERNMENT RATINGS BY REGION
(Brown University Report)
2001
2006
North America
51.0%
43.1%
Western Europe
34.1%
35.2%
-
29.2%
Asia
34.0%
35.9%
Middle East
31.1%
29.4%
CIS
30.9%
30.6%
South America
30.7%
28.0%
Central America
27.7%
25.0%
Africa
23.5%
24.3%
Eastern Europe
CAPACITY
• ITT infrastructure
• ITT production and services
• ITT-related research
• Networks
Figure 40. Selected Central and Eastern European countries: broadband
(DSL) connection to Internet, 2005
9
1400
8
1200
7
1000
6
800
5
600
4
3
400
2
200
1
S
lo
ve
ni
a
S
lo
va
ki
a
P
ol
an
d
Li
th
ua
ni
a
La
tv
ia
H
un
ga
ry
0
E
st
on
ia
C
ze
ch
R
ep
.
0
DSL subscribers
(Thousands)
DSL penetration rate (%
of the population)
m
e
A u nia
Az s
e r tr i a
Bo
ba
ija
sn
B
ia
el n
an
a
Be rus
d
He
lg
iu
rz e
m
go
Bvuin
l ga
a
C r r ia
o
Cz
a
C y tia
ec
h
p
R e ru
s
p
De ubl
i
nm c
E s ar k
to
Fi nia
nl
a
Fr nd
a
G e nc
rm e
G r a ny
e
H u e ce
ng
Ice ar y
la
Ire nd
la
nd
Ka
I
t
a ly
za
Ky k hs
rg ta n
yz
st
Li
ec La a n
h t tv i
en a
Li s te
Lu th u in
xe an
m ia
b
Mo o u
Ne ld rg
th o v
er a
la
No nds
rw
Po ay
P o land
r
R o tu ga
m l
an
ia
R
S
u
Sl
o v an M s s ia
ak
a
Re rino
pu
S l bl
o v ic
en
S p ia
S ai
T.
S w n
F.
Y. wit e d e
R.
z
n
Ma er la
ce nd
do
Un
ite
Tunia
d
K rk e
Uz ingd y
be om
k is
ta
Ma n
lta
Ar
Figure 42. Total broadband Internet connection (all wired & wireless networks): total number of subscribers
(in thousands)
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2002
2005
Lithuania
Poland
Latvia
Hungary
Greece
Slovakia
Portugal
Estonia
Slovenia
Cyprus
Spain
Italy
Ireland
France
Finland
UK
Luxembourg
Germany
Norway
Iceland
Belgium
Austria
Netherlands
Denmark
Sweden
EU25: Proportion of Households with Internet Access, 2006
100
80
60
40
20
0
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
San Marino
Portugal
Norway
Moldova
Luxem bourg
Lithuania
Latvia
Italy
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Estonia
Denmark
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Belgium
Belarus
Azerbaijan
Austria
% of homes with a Personal Computer
100
90
80
70
60
50
2000
2005
40
30
20
10
0
CAPABILITIES
• Level of education of population
• Awareness of ITT benefits
• ITT-related research and
innovation
USAGE
¾Individual Internet users
¾ITT usage by businesses
¾ITT usage by Governments
¾ITT usage by civil society groups
Internet usage in the UNECE region, 2007
100
60000
80
50000
90
70
40000
60
50
30000
30
20000
40
20
10000
10
0
0
gd om
d Kin
U n it e
in e
U kr a
ey
T u rk l a n d
z er
Swit
de n
Swe
n
S pa i
e nia
S lo v a
aki
S lo v
ia
S e rb
no
M a ri
San
ia
R u s s ia
an
R om
u g al
P ort
nd
P ola
ay
N orw a nd s
er l
N eth
ac o
M on
ov a
M old
a
M a lt
a
do ni
M a c e b o u rg
m
L u xe
a nia
L i t h u n s t e in
h te
L i ec
ia
L a tv
It a ly
nd
Ir e la
nd
Ic e la
ar y
H ung
ce
Gree y
an
Germ
ce
Fra n
nd
F i n la
nia
E s to
ark
D e n m R e p u b li c
h
C z ec
us
C yp r
ti a
C ro a
a r ia
v in a
B u lg H e r z e g o
ia B os n
iu m
B el g
rus
B el a
ri a
A us t
rr a
A ndo
nia
A lb a
Internet usage penetration rate (% of population)
Internet users (thousands)
EU25: Proportion of Individuals Using Internet at
Least Once a Week, 2006
Lithuania; 38
Poland; 34
Sw eden; 80
Denmark; 78
Latv ia; 46
Hungary; 42
Greece; 23
Netherlands; 76
Slov akia; 43
Portugal; 31
Austria; 55
Estonia; 56
Belgium; 58
Slov enia; 47
Iceland; 84
Cyprus; 29
Spain; 39
Italy; 31
Norw ay; 77
Ireland; 44
Germany; 59
France; 39
Luxembourg; 65
Finland; 71
UK; 57
The UNECE Economies in Transition: Total Internet Users
(000s)
R u s s ia
P o la n d
10000
R o m an ia
A z e rb a ija n
G e o rg ia
T u r k m e n i s ta n
T a j i k i s ta n
K y r g y z s ta n
K a z a k h s ta n
U z b e k i s ta n
A lb a n ia
B e la ru s
B o s n ia & H e rz e g o v in a
B u lg a ria
C r o a ti a
Czech Rep.
H u n g ary
E s to n i a
L i th u a n i a
L a tv i a
M o ld o v a
S lo v a k ia
U k ra in e
M a c e d o n ia
S lo v e n ia
S e r b i a & M o n te n e g r o
5000
A rm e n ia
2001 2005
25000
20000
15000
0
The UNECE Economies in Transition: Internet Hosts per 10,000
Inhabitants, 2001 and 2005
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Ar
2005
2001
m
A z G Ka Ky Ta Tu Uz Al Be Bo Bu Cr C z E s Hu La Li M P o Ro Ru S l S l M Uk S e
th o
a
b
o
t
j
e e
o
s o
l
r
e n rba org zak gyz i k is rk m be k a ni l aru s nia lga r a ti e ch oni n ga tv ia ua n l do and m a n s ia va k ve n ce d rai n rbi a
v
a
a
s
ry
&M
s t ta n en is t a
i j a i a hs
i
R
i
ia
&
i
i
a
i
a
a
a oni e
a
a
ep
a
He
ta
is a n
n
on
a
n n
tan
.
rz
te
go
ne
vi n
gr
a
o
E-Government on-line availability (online
availability of 20 basic public services), 2007
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Switzerland
Iceland
UK
Finland
Slovenia
Portugal
Austria
Malta
Luxembourg
Latvia
Italy
Spain
Ireland
Germany
Czech R.
Belgium
DIGITAL DISPARITIES
DISPARITIES BETWEEN THE
COUNTRIES IN:
• Physical ITT infrastructure
• Internet infrastructure
• Level of Internet awareness
• E-skills and literacy
• Access (and availability of) to
the Internet
• PC availability and accessibility
THE DIGITAL GAP IN THE UNECE REGION
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2001 ICT OI
2005 ICT OI
The Digital Gap in the CIS Sub-region
Russia
140
Tajikistan
120
Belarus, Rep. of
100
Turkmenistan
80
Ukraine
60
40
20
0
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyzstan
Georgia
Moldova
Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Armenia
2001 ICT OI
2005 ICT OI
Central and Eastern Europe: The Digital Gap in the Sub-region
Albania
Slovenia
250
Estonia
200
Bosnia
Czech Rep.
150
100
TFYR Macedonia
Slovakia
50
0
Romania
Hungary
Serbia and Montenegro
Croatia
Bulgaria
Lithuania
Latvia
Poland
2001 ICT OI
2005 ICT OI
CIS: PCs per 100 inhabitants
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Belarus
Moldova
Russia
Ukraine
2005
9.85
3.31
4.7
1.9
1.3
7.2
2.82
0.81
8.28
12.1
3.89
Internet users per 100 inhabitants
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Belarus
Moldova
Russia
Ukraine
Kazakhstan
2005
5.34
8.07
6.07
5.32
0.3
1.0
3.31
34.8
13.02
15.19
9.81
4.11
The CIS: Internet Users per 100 Inhabitants, 2005
Kazakhstan; 4,11
Ukraine; 9,81
Armenia; 5,34
Azerbaijan; 8,07
Georgia; 6,07
Russia; 15,19
Kyrgyzstan; 5,32
Tajikistan; 0,3
Turkmenistan; 1
Uzbekistan; 3,31
Moldova; 13,02
Belarus; 34,8
Disparities within
countries
• Geographic (territorial)
• Economic (income level)
• Social (urban-rural, age, gender,
education-level)
EU25: Internet Use by Individuals, 2006
(proportion of Internet users among each gender)
90
80
70
60
50
40
20
10
0
Male
Female
30
en
ed
S w a rk
nm ds
D e rl a n
e
th
N e ia
r
st
Au um
i
lg
Be d
n
la
Ic e a y
rw
N o an y
g
rm u r
G e m bo
xe
Lu
UK d
an
nl
Fi e
c
an
Fr d
n
la
I re
ly
It a
a in
Sp s
u
pr
C y n ia
e
ov
S l ia
n
to
Es g al
rt u
P o k ia
a
ov
Sl e
c
ee
G r ar y
ng
Hu
ia
tv
La d
la n
P o a n ia
u
th
Li
Constraining factors:
• Deficit of ITT physical
infrastructure
• Prohibitive costs of ITT
equipment and Internet services
• Shortage of funds
• Lack of trust towards online
transaction
• Absent and/or inefficient ITT
market regulation
• Lack of competition
MAJOR TRENDS
™Fixed broadband versus
Mobile Access to the Internet
™Technology convergence
(voice + image + data)
™Internationalized domain
expansion
Number of Public Internet Access
BROADBAND FIXED WIRELESS
SUBSCRIBER LINES FORECAST
(‘000)
800
600
400
200
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Russia
Bolgary
Czechia
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Slovakia
Ukraine
MAIN FORCES OF DIGITAL
CONVERGENCE