I<M@JK8;<G<EJ8D@<EKF P;<98K<;<CDLJ<FE8:@FE8C :<EKIF;<8IK<I<@E8JF=à8 Ç GI@D8M<I8$M<I8EF)'(' ,<LIFJ # 1ÇI\[\j%:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJli%Dla\i\j:i\Xe[f%?X`k(/'+Ç:XikX[\%%% MXcgXiXjfÇI\m\ijf%;\jmfj[\cX[\i`mX%=c}m`f[\:XimXc_fÇ;fZld\ekX%DXike IXdi\q#AfjMXc;\cFdXiÇGfik]fc`f%?fiXZ`fQXYXcXÇ;\YXk\%GXdgcfeX.)Ç Gi`eZ`g`fGfkfj Sumario nº1 REDES * I\[[\:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJli DXe`Ô\jkf[\cXI\[[\:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJli%:Xikf^iX]Xj1Le`k`e\iXi`f [\i`\j^f\e8di`ZX[\cJli#gfi8eXCfe^fe`pD`^l\c8%Cg\q% <c8iZ_`mf:c\d\ek\GX[e#gfi=\ieXe[f;Xm`j% Gfck`ZXj[\8iZ_`mf%<og\i`\eZ`XjZfc\Zk`mXj[\cXI\[[\:feZ\gklXc`jdfj [\cJli#gfiAX`d\M`e[\c#;Xm`[>lk`ii\q#:i`jk`Xe>d\qDfpXpAfXhle 9Xii`\e[fj% 0 Dla\i\j:i\Xe[f <ecXg`\c[\cXZ`l[X[%<c^iXÔk`[\Dla\i\j:i\Xe[f#gfiDXiXCXliXIfjX% Le]\d`e`jdf[\`dgliXj#gfiDXiX>Xc`e[f% (- Kf[fjjfdfje\^ifj CXi\mfclZ`e_X`k`XeX[\(/'+#gfi<[lXi[f>ie\i% CARTA DE... )' MXcgXiXjf ?XZ\ij`e\jg\iXeqX#gfi8c\aXe[if>XYi`\c:i`jg`Xe`% MXcgXiXjfXlkf Zfi\f^i}ÔZf#gfiGXlc`eXMXiXj% PORTADA )/ Gi`eZ`g`fGfkfj 9fc`m`X#cX_`jkfi`XXck\ieXk`mX#gfiJ`cm`XI`m\iX:lj`ZXehl`% 8lj\eZ`X[\k\id`eX[X#gfi8cY\ikfDfi\`iXj% <cEfm`Z`X[f[\c@eÔ\ief#gfi<jg\iXeqXCg\q$GXiX[X% 8ic\hl`e\jpGfc`Z_`e\cXj#gfi:_XekXcDX`ccXi[% REVERSO +- ;\jmfj[\cX;\i`mX LekiXa\df[\iefgXiX\c_fdYi\kifg`ZXc#gfiC`j\kk\CX^eX[f% MfcXe[fjfYi\cXjZfjkXjYiXj`c\Xj#gfi=c}m`f[\:XimXc_f% DOCUMENTA ,+ DXikeIXdi\q 8ik\pCfZliX#gfiAfjCljGXi[f%<cdXi^\eIXdi\q%<jg\afj[\le \okiXea\if#gi`d`k`mf\`c\kiX[f#gfiCljGi\q$FiXdXj% -) AfjMXc[\cFdXi <chl\XdX#Xi[\#gfi<[lXi[f8%Iljjf% Clqk}Zk`c%Dj`ZXZXccX[X#gfi<l^\e`9fe\k% PORTFOLIO -/ ?fiXZ`fQXYXcX%8ek\gifp\Zkfj% .+ <]ieÝcmXi\q%CXjd\dfi`Xj[\cdfef% DEBATE .- GXdgcfeX.) CX`emXj`e[\cfjkfdXk\jXj\j`efj#gfi=iXeZ\jZKfii\j% <cZXieXmXc[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e#gfiAfj;Xq:lp}j% <ci\jkf\jj`c\eZ`f#gfiAfi^\=\ie}e[\q>l\iiX% LeXgfjkiX[`Z`egXiX[a`ZX#gfiAlXeCljDfiXqX% <cfi`^\ep\cÔe#gfiA\jj:Xii`ccf% EDITORIAL ¶Gl\[\ecfjdlj\fjj\iZik`Zfj6 DXel\c9fiaX$M`cc\c ;`i\Zkfi[\cDlj\fEXZ`feXc:\ekif[\8ik\I\`eXJf]X C XZik`ZX`ejk`klZ`feXc\jj\^liXd\ek\cX d}j`ejk`klZ`feXc[\cXjZik`ZXj%Efgf$ [Xj\i[\fkifdf[f%D`\ekiXjhl\cfj Xik`jkXjZfeleXgif[lZZ`e]}Z`cd\ek\ Zfd\iZ`Xc`qXYc\efe\Z\j`kXe\ej\ek`[f\jki`Zkf [\cX`ejk`klZ`e#cfjhl\i\Xc`qXeleXe}c`j`jZik`$ Zf[\cj`jk\dX#XcdXi^\e[\cd\iZX[f#\eZl\ekiXe \e\cdlj\fjld`jdXZfe[`Z`e[\gfj`Y`c`[X[#gfi cfhl\[`]Z`cd\ek\gl\[\e\jZXgXi[\cXjc^`ZXj [\]leZ`feXd`\ekfp[\cXgXiXkf`[\fc^`Zfhl\\j fYa\kf[\jlZik`ZX%Efj\efj\jZXgXhl\cXZi$ k`ZX`ejk`klZ`feXcj\_XZfem\ik`[f\eleX[\cXj ]fidXj[\_XZ\iXikjk`Zfd}jj`^e`ÔZXk`mXj[\cXj ck`dXj[ZX[Xj#leXXlkek`ZXce\X[\]l\iqX\e gc\eX\iXe\fc`Y\iXc#hl\_XZ\gXk\ek\jcXjXdY`mX$ c\eZ`Xj[\cXZlckliX\ecXjfZ`\[X[XZklXc%¶:df j\gl\[\j\iZik`Zf[\j[\cXgifg`X`ejk`klZ`e6 8eX[`\j\c\\jZXgXcXmfiXZ`[X[[\cj`jk\dXpjl ZXgXZ`[X[gXiXZXeZ\cXicXgifg`XZik`ZX%<eleX gfZX\ecXhl\\cZfefZ`d`\ekf\jk}\ecXYXj\[\ el\jkifj`jk\dX\Zfed`Zfp\e\chl\j\^\e\iXe\ `ek\iZXdY`XejlYa\k`m`[X[\jZfecXd`jdXÕl`[\q ZfecXhl\d\iZX[\XdfjZfedXiZXjpgif[lZkfj Zfd\iZ`Xc\j#efefjjfigi\e[\hl\cXZik`ZXj\X g\iZ`Y`[Xd}jZfdfle]\\[YXZbhl\XYi\gfk\e$ Z`Xc`[X[\jp]fikXc\Z\cfjÕXeZfj[\cX`ejk`klZ`e# hl\Zfdfleg\c`^ifi\Xc%J`\e\cg\if[fdf[\ief cfji\^d\e\jXlkfi`kXi`fjj\dfjkiXYXe`eÕ\o`$ Yc\jXek\ZlXchl`\ifg`e`ehl\gl[`\j\gfe\i\e g\c`^ifleX\jkilZkliX[\gf[\i[\k\id`eX[XÆcXj [`jkfgXj[\>\fi^\Fin\cc\e(0/+f\e8e`dXc =XidÆ#\eel\jkiXdf[\ie`[X[[\jYfi[X[X#cXZ\e$ jliX[\aX[\j\ie\Z\jXi`X%:fdf[\ZXA%>%9XccXi[ \eB`e^[fd:fd\#ef_XpeX[Xhl\Z\ejliXi#pX hl\ZlXchl`\ifg\iXZ`eXZXYXj`\e[fi\[lZ`[XX cXkiXejXZZ`e[\cXd}hl`eXi\^`jkiX[fiX% ¶J\i}Z`\ikfhl\cfjdlj\fj_Xe[\aX[f[\j\i cl^Xi\j[\\[lZXZ`epZfefZ`d`\ekfphl\#XkiX$ gX[fjgficXi\[\j[\cXjfZ`\[X[[\c\jg\Zk}Zlcf# _XeZfem\ik`[f\eleXd\iX`dgfjkliXjlkiX[`$ Z`feXc[\]\ejX[\cfjd}jXckfjmXcfi\jZm`Zfj6Ef gf[\dfj`^efiXihl\cfjdlj\fj_XeX[hl`i`[fjl i\Z`\ek\Z\ekiXc`[X[[\cXdXef[\cgf[\igfck`Zf p\Zfed`Zfhl\lk`c`qXjlgi\jk`^`fZlckliXcpjl efkfi`\[X[d\[`}k`ZXgXiX[`j]iXqXi#X[fieXifc\$ ^`k`dXijljfg\iXZ`fe\j%Jlm`eZlcXZ`eZfe\cgf$ [\i\j\m`[\ek\kXekf\ejlm\ij`ec`Y\iXcXd\i`ZX$ eX#Zfdf\ecXm\ij`egYc`ZX\lifg\X%Gifp\Zkfj Zfdfcfj[\c>l^^\e_\`dpCflmi\\ecfj<d`iXkfj ÝiXY\jjfeXek\kf[ffg\iXZ`fe\j[\eXkliXc\qX gfck`ZXp\Zfed`ZX%G\if#¶hl_Xp[\el\mf\e kf[f\jkf6¶Ef\j`^lXcd\ek\Z`\ikfhl\\c\ogi\$ j`fe`jdfXYjkiXZkf]l\lk`c`qX[fZfdfXmXeqX[`ccX Xikjk`ZX\ecXgfck`ZX\ok\i`fiXd\i`ZXeXfhl\\c i^`d\e[\=iXeZflk`c`q_}Y`cd\ek\\c[\j^Xiif \o`jk\eZ`Xc[\cfjXik`jkXj\jgXfc\jm`eZlcX[fjXc `e]fidXc`jdfgXiXgifdfm\icX`[\X[\leX<jgX$ Xgi\k\e[`[Xd\ek\df[\ieX6¶J\i}Z`\ikfhl\# [\jglj[\kf[f#\cXik\[\mXe^lXi[`X\jk}`ii\$ d`j`Yc\d\ek\m`eZlcX[fXcgf[\iphl\cfjdlj\fj# Zfdfcl^Xi\jgi`m`c\^`X[fj\ecfjhl\jk\j\dl\j$ kiXpj\_XZ\mXc\i#jfed}hl`eXj[\i\gif[lZZ`e jfZ`Xcd}jhl\[\ZXdY`fpkiXej]fidXZ`e6 JXY\dfj[\j[\D`Z_\c=flZXlckhl\\c[`jZli$ jfpjlj[`jgfj`k`mfj`ejk`klZ`feXc\jefjfecfj`ej$ kild\ekfj[\legf[\ihl\fg\iXgfi[\ki}j[\le df[ffZlckf#j`efhl\\ccfjd`jdfjjfe\cgf[\i% Efjfee\lkifjf`efZlfj#j`efhl\dXiZXecfjZXl$ Z\jgficfjhl\[`jZlii\el\jkif[\jk`ef%:Xi\Z\[\ j\ek`[fleXgi}Zk`ZXXikjk`ZXZlpX]leZ`ej\Xd\$ iXd\ek\i\m\cXiXhl\ccfhl\cXj`ejk`klZ`fe\j\j$ Zfe[\e#Zfdfj`cXm\i[X[]l\j\Xc^fhl\\jklm`\j\ X_#XZZ\j`Yc\j`dgc\d\ek\Zfei\k`iXi\cm\cfhl\ cXZlYi\%<ccf\j]ilkf[\leXZfeZ\gZ`e`[\Xc`jkX [\cXik\hl\`^efiXhl\[`Z_XÈm\i[X[Éef\jXc^f \jkXYc\Z`[f[\Xek\dXef#j`efhl\i\jgfe[\XleX Zfeal^XZ`e[\gf[\i\jpXle[`jgfj`k`mf[\chl\ cXgifg`XZik`ZX]fidXkXdY`egXik\%EfjgXi\Z\ hl\_fp\jdlZ_fd}jg\ik`e\ek\Xhl\cXik\hl\ j\[\jXiifcc\XgXik`i[\el\mXj]fidXj[\i\cXZ`e phl\j\XZXgXq[\^\e\iXicXj%<jkfef\jel\mf\e XYjfclkf#cfjZfejkilZk`m`jkXjjfm`k`ZfjpkXekfj fkifjXik`jkXj[\j[\DXiZ\c;lZ_XdgXDXiZ\c 9iff[k_X\ij#gXjXe[fgfiCp^`X:cXib#_`Z`\ife[\ \ccfjlYXe[\iX[liXek\\ccXi^fj`^cfOO%D}jhl\ cXZ`iZlcXi`[X[j`ejXc`[X[\cXZik`ZX`ejk`klZ`feXc# cXgi}Zk`ZXXikjk`ZX[\_fp[\Y\_XZ\iZXljXZfde ZfeleX`ejk`klZ`feXc`[X[Zik`ZX#\j[\Z`i#Xhl\ccX hl\j\Zl\jk`feXXjd`jdX#XcXm\qhl\Zl\jk`feX cXj]fidXj\jg\ZÔZXj\ehl\j\fi^Xe`qXcfjfZ`Xc# d\[`Xek\cXgifgl\jkX`dX^`eXk`mX[\\jgXZ`fjp df[\cfj[\X^\eZ`Xd`\ekf[`]\i\ek\j% L eXfYiX[\Xik\ef\jgfck`ZXgfijlj Zfek\e`[fj#j`efgfijlgifg`X\jkilZ$ kliXZfdffYiX[\Xik\pgfijl`ej$ Zi`gZ`eZfdfkXc[\ekif[\lej`jk\dX j`dYc`ZfpZlckliXc\jg\ZÔZf%:fdfefji\Zl\i[X AXZhl\jIXeZ` i\#leXg`\qX[\c`k\iXkliX\jgf$ ck`ZXgfihl\\jc`k\iXi`X1gfig\id`k`iefjZfeZ\$ Y`ip\og\i`d\ekXileX[`m`j`eXck\ieXk`mX[\cf j\ej`Yc\%Efj\kiXkX[\leXZ}gjlcXj`klX[X]l\iX [\cdle[fÈi\XcÉ#hl\j`imX[\\jZXg\]XekXj`fjf [\c\eZfij\kXd`\ekfjfZ`Xcp[`jlX[X[\ZlXchl`\i gfj`Y`c`[X[[\Zfek\jkXZ`e%Kf[fcfZfekiXi`f1jl \]\Zk`m`[X[gfk`ZXpgfck`ZX[\i`mX[\jlZXgXZ`[X[ [\`emfZXicX\og\i`\eZ`X[\fkifdle[fgfj`Yc\#X cXm\qhl\cXli^\eZ`X[\jXZl[`ij\cXj\jkilZkliXj ZX[lZXj[\cf[X[f%<jkfefj\gif[lZ\[\leXm\q gXiXj`\dgi\#\cj\ek`[f[\cXfYiX[\Xik\#Zfdf\c [\ZlXchl`\ifkifj`^ef#\jk}\eg\ig\klXe\^fZ`X$ Z`ep\eleXi\cXZ`e[\`ek\ik\oklXc`[X[XY`\ikX Zfedck`gc\jpZXdY`Xek\j\jkiXkfj[`jZlij`mfjp [`]\i\ek\je`m\c\j[\`ek\igi\kXZ`ep[\XZZ`e% <j]le[Xd\ekXc^\e\iXi[`jgfj`k`mfjeXiiXk`mfjp dXek\e\im`mXj\jkilZkliXj[\`ek\ig\cXZ`ehl\ `dg`[Xe#Zfdfk\dX9\eaXd`e#cXZi`jkXc`qXZ`ep ÔaXZ`e[\j`^e`ÔZX[fj\jgli`fj\eefdYi\[\cfj mXcfi\j\k\iefj[\cXik\p[\cXZlckliX%Cfjdl$ j\fjj\m\e_fpXek\cXXck\ieXk`mX[\kiXYXaXi\e lej\ek`[ff\e\cfkif% Lef[\cfjiXj^fj[`jk`ek`mfj[\cXik`jkXdf$ [\ief]l\X[fgkXi\jkiXk\^`Xj[\i\j`jk\eZ`Xhl\ `dg`[`\iXecXXYjfiZ`e`ejkXek}e\X[\jlkiXYXaf \ecXZfii`\ek\^\e\iXc[\cfjj`^efj%KiXjcfj]iX$ ZXjfji\mfclZ`feXi`fj[\cj`^cfO@OpcX\ogXej`e `dgXiXYc\[\cXZlckliX[\cZfejldfp\c\jg\Zk}$ Zlcf#cfjXik`jkXjZ`]iXife\e[`Z_Xi\j`jk\eZ`XcX gfj`Y`c`[X[[\^\e\iXileXgi}Zk`ZXgcXlj`Yc\kXekf [\j[\\cglekf[\m`jkXgfk`ZfZfdf[\j[\\cglekf [\m`jkXgfck`Zf%<jcfhl\DXccXid[\efd`eXi} ÈXZZ`ei\jki`e^`[XÉ%<jkXZfej`jk\\eleXi\j`j$ k\eZ`X`ek\i`fi#\jkilZkliXcXj\iXYjfiY`[f1Xhl\$ ccXhl\X[fgk;lZ_Xdg#Xc[\Z`[`ikiXej]fidXi cfji\X[p$dX[\\eg\hl\fjfYa\kfji\`ÔZX[fj[\ cX9fk\\emXc`j\#fZlXe[fDXccXidYljZ\ecfj \eki\j`afj[\cc\e^lXa\kiXej]fidXiiX[`ZXcd\ek\ \cgifg`f[`jgfj`k`mf\eleXfYiXXY`\ikX%<c\okiX$ Xd`\ekfpcXi\j`jk\eZ`X#]i\ek\XcXkiXejgXi\eZ`X [\cf[X[f#ef`iXe[\jk`eX[fjX`e_`Y`icXXZZ`e# j`efhl\^\e\iXiXe\c\jgXZ`fd\ekXcpj\ejfi`Xc [\j[\\chl\gifp\ZkXicXXZZ`e\efkifj}dY`kfj% ;`jkX[\j\i\m`[\ek\\cdf[f\ehl\\cj`jk\dX [\cXik\pcXZlckliXgl\[\ej\^l`ifg\iXe[fkXc i\fi[\eXZ`e[\cfj\ej`Yc\#kXcXg\ikliX[\j[\cX i\j`jk\eZ`X\ecXj`klXZ`eXZklXc%GXiXXc^lefj#\c df[\ie`jdfefik\Xd\i`ZXef#[\cXdXef[\:c\$ d\ek>i\\eY\i^#g\im`ik`[\Ôe`k`mXd\ek\\cj\e$ k`[f[\\jk\^\jkfZfem`ik`e[fcf\elegi`eZ`g`f[\ \eXa\eXZ`ei\jg\ZkfXkf[fgifZ\jf\ok\ief#e\l$ kiXc`q}e[fcfpgfe`e[fcfXcj\im`Z`f[\cXc`k\p\c ZXg`kXc%:fe\cÔe[\jlg\iXi\jk\ZXm\Xk#i\g\k`[f _XjkXcX\ok\elXZ`egficXZik`ZX`ejk`klZ`feXc# i\`m`e[`ZXdfjcXe\Z\j`[X[[\i\g\ejXi[\j[\\c dlj\fcXgfk\eZ`X[\cXÈXZZ`ei\jki`e^`[XÉ#gXi$ k`\e[f[\cXZfejZ`\eZ`X[\hl\\cgifg`fdlj\f\j _fp\c[`jgfj`k`mf\eZl\jk`e#j`ejfclZ`e[\Zfe$ k`el`[X[ZfeXhl\ccfjfkifjhl\XcY\i^X#cXjfYiXj j`e^lcXi\j%?\i\eZ`Xpgif[lZkfgi`m`c\^`X[f[\cX @cljkiXZ`e#cfjdlj\fj_Xej`[f#pj`^l\ej`\e[f# Z`\^fjX\jkXZ`iZlejkXeZ`XpZfek`eXeZfeZ`Y`e$ [fj\Xjd`jdfjZfdflem\_ZlcfkiXejgXi\ek\p e\lkifÆ\cZlYfYcXeZfÆhl\k`\e\cXd`j`e[\gi\$ j\imXipkiXejd`k`i`ekXZkXjcXj\j\eZ`Xj\k\ieXj [\cXik\%CXjmXi`Xek\jdlj\jk`ZXj[\cXjck`dXj [ZX[Xjef[\aXe[\j\ileXm\ij`egfjkdf[\ieX# \jg\ZkXZlcXipYXeXc`qX[X[\\j\d`jdfdf[\cf% <cgifp\Zkf[\cI\`eXJf]X\jk}fi`\ekX[f_X$ Z`XcXkiXej]fidXZ`eZik`ZX[\cdlj\f%LeXkiXej$ ]fidXZ`ehl\eleZXcc\^X[\ckf[fXjlfYa\k`mf# g\ifhl\g\idXe\Z\j`\dgi\\egifZ\jf%<jkXj\ fg\iXX[`jk`ekfje`m\c\j%<cgi`d\ifpd}j^\e\iXc j\i\Ô\i\Xjldf[\cf[\\[lZXZ`e%<cdlj\f_X j`[f#gfijl`[\Xi`f`cljkiX[f#leX`ejk`klZ`eg\$ [X^^`ZX[\jk`eX[XX]fidXijla\kfjd}jc`Yi\jp gfi\ccfd}j]\c`Z\j%<jkXd`j`ecf_`qfZfgXikZ`g\ \ecXZfejkilZZ`e[`jZ`gc`eXi`X[\jlYa\k`m`[X[\j CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 1 EDITORIAL efidXc`qX[Xjp\ecX^fm\ieXeZ\^\e\iXc[\cXjf$ Z`\[X[%?fpZldgc\\jkXj]leZ`fe\jd\[`Xek\cX i\gif[lZZ`e[\leg\iÔc[\m`j`kXek\`ek\^iXek\ [\ leX dXjX Zfejld`[fiX `e[`]\i\eZ`X[X# hl\ Xj`jk\gXj`mXd\ek\Xc\jg\Zk}Zlcf[\cXZlckliX# j`ek\e\i\cd}jde`dfi\jhl`Z`fgXiX`ek\iif^Xi f`ek\iif^Xij\Xek\Xhl\ccfhl\j\c\f]i\Z\%Cfj df[\cfjd}jjfÔjk`ZX[fj[\dlj\fgXik`Z`gXk`$ mffi\cXZ`feXcef_XZ\ej`efXaljkXi\jk\g\iÔc Xlejlgl\jkfZXdY`f[\gXiX[`^dXhl\\o`^\cX i\gif[lZZ`e[\lejla\kfgifXZk`mfX[XgkX[fXc el\mfj`jk\dX[\gif[lZZ`egfjk]fi[`jkX%<em\q [\gl^eXigfifZlgXi\c_fi`qfek\`[\fc^`Zf[\ cfZfek\dgfi}e\f#\ele^\jkfZfejZ`\ek\d\ek\ XeXZie`Zf#\cI\`eXJf]Xml\cm\Zik`ZXd\ek\jf$ Yi\cfjgi`eZ`g`fj`cljkiX[fj[\cgifp\Zkf\[lZXk`mf df[\iefXci\`m`e[`ZXicXÔ^liX[\cm`j`kXek\Zfdf jla\kfgfck`Zf2leX^\ek\hl\m\\ei`hl\Z`[Xjp\j$ k`dlcX[XjjljZXgXZ`[X[\jZik`ZXjXkiXmj[\leX \og\i`\eZ`X[\cX[`]\i\eZ`X#[\cX[`jZfek`el`[X[# hl\gfe\\e\eki\[`Z_fcXc`^XqekiXejgXi\ek\ \eki\legi\j\ek\`eZl\jk`feXYc\pcX`dX^\eÔaX [\cgXjX[fhl\Xd\el[fkiXejd`k\ecfjdlj\fj% CXd`j`eg\[X^^`ZX[\cdlj\f\jcX[\\jk`dlcXi XZk`kl[\ji\]iXZkXi`Xj]i\ek\XcXZi`jkXc`qXZ`e[\ `d}^\e\jgXiXc`qXek\j[\cXi\Xc`[X[hl\g\id`kXe Xk`jYXi_fi`qfek\jXck\ieXk`mfj[\j\ek`[f% <jkXjfg\iXZ`fe\j[\gl\ikXjX[\ekifj\iXe jfcfleXY`\e`ek\eZ`feX[X\oZ\gZ`e[\ekif[\cX [`j\d`eXZ`e^\e\iXc`qX[X[\cel\mfZXk\Z`jdf `[\fc^`Zf#j`efj\XYfi[XiXj`dlck}e\Xd\ek\leX i\c\ZkliXZik`ZX[\cfjgi`eZ`g`fjd`jdfj[\c\^`k`$ d`[X[pXlkfi`[X[ZlckliXc#hl\jljk\ekXe\cdlj\f d\[`Xek\lei\ZfefZ`d`\ekf[\]XZkf[\cXli^\e$ Z`X[\i\e\^fZ`Xi\cZfekiXkfjfZ`Xc[\cXZlckliX% @ek\ekfjgi\m`fj[\[\ii`YXicfjdlifj[\cdlj\f [\j[\]l\iXXZXYXife\eleXXYjfiZ`epe\lkiXc`$ qXZ`e[\cX[`j`[\eZ`X%CfjY}iYXifj#j`e\dYXi^f# pXefm`\e\e#fkXcm\qj\`eÔckiXife_XZ\k`\dgf\e \cZfiXqed`jdf[\cdlj\f#XkiXmj[\cXXj`d`cX$ Z`e[\cXjc^`ZXj[\ce\fc`Y\iXc`jdf%Cfhl\_Xp ÈX]l\iXÉ\jleXdlck`kl[[\X^\ek\j`e[`m`[lXc\jp Zfc\Zk`mfj[fkX[fj[\leXgfk\eZ`X[\gif[lZZ`e ZlckliXcpZi\Xk`mX`eXl[`kX\efkifjg\i`f[fj%<jkX j\i\Xc`d\ekXp[`jki`Ylp\\eZ`iZl`kfjXgXi\ek\$ d\ek\XlkefdfjpXlkfjlÔZ`\ek\j#g\if[\j[\jlj d`jdfjdf[fj[\_XZ\igifp\ZkXleXel\mX[`m`$ j`e[\cfj\ej`Yc\hl\j\fYa\k`mX[\]fidXgfck`ZX \e[\dXe[Xjp[`e}d`ZXjXekX^fe`jkXj[\el\mf Zlf%CXj`e[ljki`XjZi\Xk`mXjgi`d\if#pkiXj\ccXj cXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jZlckliXc\j#_Xej`[fcXj\eZXi^X$ [Xj[\XYjfiY\i\jX\e\i^X[\ekif[\lej`jk\dX[\ gif[lZZ`ep[\\ogcfkXZ`e[\ckiXYXaf#\cccXdX[f ZXg`kXc`jdfZf^e`k`mf#hl\_X^\e\iX[fleel\mf k`gfgifc\kXi`X[fgi\ZXi`f%8ek\\jk\gXefiXdX# \cdlj\f\jk}\ejXpXe[fgifkfZfcfj[\XZklXZ`e pkiXYXaf\ei\[#YXjX[fj\e\ci\ZfefZ`d`\ekf[\ \jkfj`e[`m`[lfjp^ilgfjZfdfX^\ek\jZlckliXc\j pZfdfjla\kfjgfck`Zfj\ekid`efj[\`^lXc[X[p efZfdfleXd\iXjlYZfekiXkX[\j\im`Z`fj%<ccf `dgc`ZX\cdXek\e`d`\ekf[\leXZfek`elXe\^f$ Z`XZ`ehl\efgl\[\i\jfcm\ij\eleZX\eleX[\Ô$ e`k`mXXYjfiZ`ef\ecXZi`jkXc`qXZ`e[\cXi\cXZ`e \eleXkiXejXZZ`e\Zfed`ZX%KXce\^fZ`XZ`e# YXjX[X\e\ci\ZfefZ`d`\ekf[\cfkif#jlYm`\ik\ [\j[\[\ekifkXekf\cgi`eZ`g`fgXk\ieXc`jkX[\cX g\[X^f^X`cljkiX[X#ZfdfcXk\e[\eZ`Xe\fc`Y\iXcX e\lkiXc`qXid\[`Xek\jl\dgi\jXi`Xc`qXZ`ecX[`$ d\ej`egfck`ZX[\cXjel\mXjjlYa\k`m`[X[\j% C Xi\m`jkX:XikXhl\X_fiXgfe\dfj\e dXiZ_Xef\jled\ifgfikXmfq[\cXj gifgl\jkXjhl\k`\e\ecl^Xi[\ekif[\c dlj\f#j`efhl\j\ZfeZ`Y\ZfdfgXik\ `ek\^iXc[\cd`jdfgifp\Zkf[\`ek\ig\cXZ`ejf$ Z`Xc#hl\efgl\[\gi\jZ`e[`i[\cgfk\eZ`Xc[`jZli$ j`mfpZik`Zf[\cd\[`f`dgi\jf%<e\ccXXgXi\Z\e# \egi`d\icl^XiYXaf\c\g^iX]\I\[\j#cXjmfZ\j [\Xhl\ccfjfkifjhl\ZfdgXik\egifp\ZkfjZfe\c dlj\fXgXik`i[\cXXÔidXZ`e[\jljfY\iXeX pXlkfefdXi\jg\ZkfXcd`jdf%<e\jk\ed\if `e`Z`Xc#\jkXjmfZ\jefgf[Xej\ifkiXjhl\cXj[\ cfjd`\dYifj[\cXi\[:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJli# hl\Xik`ZlcXleXZfejk\cXZ`e[\`em\jk`^X[fi\j [\8di`ZXCXk`eXp<jgXX#hl\kiXYXaXegXiX `em\ik`icXj[`e}d`ZXj[\\ogifg`XZ`e[\cgXki`$ dfe`f`edXk\i`XcpcXd\dfi`X[\cXZk`m`jdfXi$ kjk`Zfpgfck`ZfcXk`efXd\i`ZXef[\j[\ÔeXc\j[\ cfjj\j\ekX%8[\d}j[\\jkfjfYa\k`mfjZfeZi\kfj# el\jkiXZfcXYfiXZ`eZfecXi\[gfe\Xgil\YXlefj el\mfjgXkife\j[\gfck`ZXZlckliXc#efZfcfe`Xc`j$ kXj#XcXm\qhl\gifgfe\leXefZ`e[\gXki`dfe`f ZlckliXcefYXjX[X\ecXgifg`\[X[dXk\i`Xc[\cfj fYa\kfjÆ\e\jk\ZXjf#]le[Xd\ekXcd\ek\[fZl$ d\ekfj$#j`ef\e\cc`Yi\XZZ\jfXleXiZ_`mf[\cf Zfdeefjla\kfXcXjZfem\eZ`fe\j[\cfgi`mX[f p[\cfgYc`Zf% :XikXgifgfe\ledXgX^\fgfck`ZfXck\ieXk`$ mfXcXj[`e}d`ZXjZ\ekif$g\i`]\i`Xhl\_Xe[fd`$ eX[f\cj`jk\dX[\cXZlckliX%8jel\jkiX^\f^iX]X gXik`ZlcXii\ZfefZ\le]fZf`ek\ejf[\\eleZ`X$ Z`e\eMXcgXiXjf#Xfi`ccXj[\cGXZÔZf#[\j[\[fe$ [\j\efj[XZl\ekX[\le[\jmfpleX[\i`mX[\c gifp\Zkfdf[\ief\e8di`ZXCXk`eX#\chl\`clj$ kiXcX\ogfj`Z`eZfd`jXi`X[XgfiC`j\kk\CX^eX[f ZfecXZfcXYfiXZ`e[\DXiX9\ii`fj%8[\d}j[\ cXgifgl\jkXg\[X^^`ZX[\cX\jZl\cX[\Xihl`k\Z$ kliX[\MXcgXiXjf#:XikXefj_XYcXkXdY`e[\cX i\c\ZkliXc[`ZXpkiXej^i\jfiX[\cfjYiXj`c\fj =cXm`f[\:XimXc_fpC`eX9f9Xi[`[\cX[fZki`eX \lifg\X[\C\:fiYlj`\i%CX`dgl^eXZ`e[\cfj gXkife\j[fd`eXek\j[\`ek\igi\kXZ`e[\cXdf$ [\ie`[X[j\\oXZ\iYX\efkifgifp\Zkf#Gi`eZ`g`f Gfkfj#hl\\eZl\ekiXjlgifp\ZZ`e[`jZlij`mX\e cfjk\okfj[\8cY\ikfDfi\`iXjp[\cXXekifgcf^X pXZk`m`jkX`e[^\eXJ`cm`XI`m\iX:lj`ZXehl`%8hl# efjfcfj\i\Zf^\leXc\ZkliXXck\ieXk`mX[\cXdf$ [\ie`[X[#j`efleX[\eleZ`XiX[`ZXc[\cgi`eZ`g`f [\\ogcfkXZ`ep[`jcfZXZ`ejfZ`XcpZlckliXchl\ jlgfe\cX`dgcXekXZ`e[\cZXg`kXc`jdfdf[\ief CARTA Director Manuel Borja-Villel Directora Editorial María Luisa Blanco Consejo Editorial María Luisa Blanco, Manuel Borja-Villel, Jesús Carrillo, Lynne Cooke, Chema González, Georges DidiHuberman, Ana Longoni, Rosario Peiró, Teresa Velázquez Coordinador de contenidos Jesús Carrillo 2 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 Diseño y edición MKL Diseño Gráfico Ramón Reboiras Maquetación Julio López, Luis Palop Redactores y colaboradores Teresa Ochoa de Zabalegui, Mercedes Pineda, Mafalda Rodríguez, Ángel Serrano Impresión TF Impresores Encuadernación Ramos ISSN: NIPO: 553-10-013-X DEP. LEGAL: XgXik`i[\cXZfehl`jkX\jgXfcX#XjZfdf[\cfj gXik`ZlcXi\jdf[fj[\XekX^fe`jdfpi\j`jk\eZ`X i\jlckXek\j%Cfjk\okfj\`d}^\e\jhl\Zfek`\e\cX i\m`jkXefj\c`d`kXeX\ogc`ZXi\cgifp\Zkf\ogfj`$ k`mf[\8c`Z\:i\`jZ_\i#8e[i\XjJ`\bdXeepDXo ?`e[\i\i#j`efhl\Xi^ld\ekXe[`jZlij`mXd\ek\ cXgi\^eXeZ`Xpg\ij`jk\eZ`X[\leXdf[\ie`[X[ YXiifZX#k\XkiXc#\e[fe[\cXj`d}^\e\j[\cX\o$ gcfkXZ`ej\d\qZcXep\eki\ZilqXeZfecXj[\cX i\j`jk\eZ`X\ele`ii\jfclYc\al\^f[\\jg\afj% CXcfZliX#efjZfek=flZXlck#\j\cfkife\$ Z\jXi`f[\cXiXk`fdf[\ieX%<c\eki\Zfd`ccX[f[\ \jkX[\ml\cm\[`d\ej`fe\j`ehl`\kXek\jpZ\iZX$ eXjXcXd`iX[X[\c\oZcl`[f#\e\jk\ZXjf\cXik`jkX DXikeIXdi\q#hl\[\jXiifccjlkiXYXafZi\Xk`mf [\ekif[\cfjdXiZfj[\i\Zclj`e[\leX`ejk`kl$ Z`ed\ekXc%<cÔcjf]fAfjCl`jGXi[fXgc`ZXjl X^l[fXe}c`j`jX[\j^iXeXicXjZcXm\j[\cXcfZliX\e cXdf[\ie`[X[pXgfikXel\mXj_\iiXd`\ekXjgXiX \ek\e[\i\jkXck`dX%FkifÈfkifÉ[\cXfikf[fo`X df[\ieX\j\cZXieXmXc#cX[\j\jkXY`c`qXZ`ep\c [\jfi[\egifm`j`feXc[\cf[X[f#hl\i\m\cXfYc`$ ZlXd\ek\pi\Zlii`\e[fXcf^ifk\jZf#cXj`d}^\e\j m\[X[Xj[\cfjfZ`Xc%Cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcf$ eX#_`kfj`e^lcXi[\cXmXe^lXi[`X`ek\ieXZ`feXc \ecX<jgXX[\ckXi[f]iXehl`jdf#]l\fYa\kf[\ leXi`^lifjXi\c\ZkliX\ecX\ogfj`Z`ehl\Zfd`$ jXi`Afj;Xq:lp}j%CXdlck`gc`Z`[X[[\mfZ\j ZfekiXgl\jkXj#cfjkiXm\jk`d`\ekfjdck`gc\j#cX XgXi`Z`e[\XZkfi\j`ejfjg\Z_X[fj#XjZfdf\c gifg`f[\jXiifccf]\jk`mf[\cfj<eZl\ekifj`dg`$ [\ecXZi`jkXc`qXZ`e[\Xhl\c\m\ekfZfdffi`^\e [\leXgi\k\e[`[Xdf[\ie`[X[\jgXfcX#g\ifX cXm\qefj[\ml\cm\ecXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\`ek\igi\kXi [`Z_Xdf[\ie`[X[[\fkifdf[f#ledf[f\ehl\cX d}jZXiX#cf^ifk\jZfpcXXeXdfi]fj`j]fidXegXik\ ZfejljkXeZ`Xc[\ckf[f%<jkX`eZclj`eef\jle^\j$ kfmXZf[\`ek\eZ`e#j`efhl\gi\k\e[\`ekif[lZ`i le`e^i\[`\ek\[\Xg\ikliX\eleXeXiiXZ`e_`j$ kfi`f^i}ÔZXXgXi\ek\d\ek\Z\iiX[X#Zfdf\jcX[\c Xik\Zfek\dgfi}e\f\jgXfc%:XikXYljZXXZk`mXi [`Z_Xgfj`Y`c`[X[gXiX_XZ\im`j`Yc\jcXjgfj`Z`fe\j [`jZfi[Xek\jpcXj[`j\ej`fe\jhl\gifmfZXXZklXc$ d\ek\cX`ek\igi\kXZ`e[\cfj<eZl\ekifj% :XikX\jleXg`\qXd}j\e\j\[`jgfj`k`mfZi$ k`ZfpXlkfZik`Zfhl\gi\k\e[\j\i\cdlj\f%Efcf \jgficXXZf^`[X[\Zfek\e`[fjZik`Zfj#j`efgfi `ekif[lZ`i\cZl\jk`feXd`\ekfpcXXg\ikliX\e\c `ek\i`fi[\jljfg\iXZ`fe\j%Jlc\ZkliX#ZfdfcXm`$ j`kXXel\jkiXZfc\ZZ`e#Xel\jkiXj\ogfj`Z`fe\j fXcXjXZk`m`[X[\jhl\gif^iXdXdfj#jljZ`kXleX `ehl`\kl[Xek\cXeXkliXc\qX[\cXZlckliXZfek\d$ gfi}e\X#hl\cfjdlj\fjefidXcd\ek\gi\k\e[\e \cl[`i#i\Zfe[lZ`\e[fkf[X\og\i`\eZ`X_XZ`X\c fZ`f%;`Z_X`ehl`\kl[[\Y\iXj\ile]\id\ekf[\ gfj`Z`fe\jZik`ZXjhl\j\gifp\Zk\ed}jXcc}[\ cfjdlifj[\cdlj\f1lefjdlifjhl\[\j\Xdfj j\kiXjdlk\e\eglekfj[\i\]\i\eZ`Xgifm`j`feX$ c\j\ecXki`Xe^lcXZ`e[\el\mfj\jgXZ`fjjfZ`Xc\j d}jXY`\ikfjpc`Yi\j%x redes PROYECTOS / INVESTIGACIÓN / ACCIONES / HISTORIAS MANIFIESTO I\[:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJli% Hl`e\jjfdfj#[e[\\jkXdfj# hlhl\i\dfj CX I\[ :feZ\gklXc`jdfj [\c Jli \j leX gcXkX]fidX`ek\ieXZ`feXc[\kiXYXaf#g\e$ jXd`\ekfpkfdX[\gfj`Z`eZfc\Zk`mX%J\ ]le[_XZ`XÔeXc\j[\)''.gfile^ilgf[\ `em\jk`^X[fi\jpXik`jkXjgi\fZlgX[fjgfi cXe\Z\j`[X[[\`ek\im\e`igfck`ZXd\ek\\e cfjgifZ\jfj[\e\lkiXc`qXZ`e[\cgfk\eZ`Xc Zik`Zf[\leZfealekf[\gi}Zk`ZXjZfeZ\g$ klXc\jhl\klm`\ifecl^Xi\e8di`ZXCXk`eX XgXik`i[\cX[ZX[X[\cfjj\j\ekX% CXI\[:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJliZfej`[\iX hl\#[\cXd`jdXdXe\iXhl\jlZ\[`Zfe fkifjgifp\Zkfj\dXeZ`gXkfi`fj#cXgfk\eZ`X i\mlcj`mX[\[`Z_Xjgi}Zk`ZXjZfeZ\gklXc\j hl\[[\jXik`ZlcX[XgficX]l\iqX[\cXm`f$ c\eZ`X[\<jkX[f%Cfj[`]\i\ek\j`ek\ekfj[\ i\XZk`mXZ`e[\\jkXgfk\eZ`X[`jilgk`mXj\ _Xem`jkf`ek\iildg`[fjgficXjlg\igfj`$ Z`eZfek`elX[\[`m\ijfjd\ZXe`jdfj1cX `efZlcXZ`e[\cXd\dfi`XZfc\Zk`mX[\j[\ cfjXgXiXkfj[\<jkX[f#\cfcm`[f[\]\ej`mf Xj`d`cX[fgficXjfZ`\[X[Z`m`c#cX[\jgfc`k`$ qXZ`e[\cXjjlYa\k`m`[X[\j\ejli\XZfdf$ [f[\ekif[\cXj\ZfefdXje\fc`Y\iXc\j#cX \jk\k`qXZ`e[\cXZfekiXZlckliX#\kZk\iX% 8d}j[\ki\`ekXXfj[\cX`iilgZ`e[\cXj [`ZkX[liXj\eYl\eXgXik\[\8di`ZXCX$ k`eX#jl\]\ZkfkiXld}k`Zfj`^l\jf]fZXe[f cXm`[Xg\ejXek\[\el\jkiXjjfZ`\[X[\j\ `edle`qXe[fcXgfk\eZ`Xgfk`Zf$gfck`ZX [\Xhl\ccXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj% CXI\[:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJlijli$ ^` Zfe cX `ek\eZ`e [\ Zfeki`Yl`i X cX i\XZk`mXZ`e[\[`Z_Xgfk\eZ`XZik`ZX%<c fYa\k`mf gi`eZ`gXc [\ cX I\[ \j# \e Zfe$ j\Zl\eZ`X#i\`m`e[`ZXicXgi\j\eZ`X[\cX d\dfi`Xj\ej`Yc\[\Xhl\ccXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj gXiXhl\jkXj\Zfem`\ikX\eleX]l\iqX XekX^fe`jkX\e\cdXiZf[\cZXg`kXc`jdf Zf^e`k`mfXZklXc% CXI\[:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJli\jZfej$ Z`\ek\[\hl\cfjdlj\fj#cfjZfc\ZZ`fe`j$ kXjpcXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jXikjk`ZXjgYc`ZXj pgi`mX[Xjhl\gXik`Z`gXe[\cj`jk\dX`e$ k\ieXZ`feXc[\Xik\Zfek\dgfi}e\f\jk}e `ed\ijfj\eleX]l\ik\[`jglkX\ekfiefX cXm`j`Y`c`[X[#cXg\ik\e\eZ`XpcX^\jk`e[\ kXc\jgXki`dfe`fjXikjk`Zfjp\og\i`\eZ`Xj gfck`ZXj%Ef\j^iXkl`kfgficfkXekfhl\# [\j[\_XZ\Xc^lefjXfj#Xj`jkXdfjXle^\$ e\iXc`qX[fgifZ\jf[\`ejk`klZ`feXc`qXZ`e pZXefe`qXZ`e[\cfjXiZ_`mfj#[fZld\ekfj p[\d}ji\jkfjdXk\i`Xc\j\`edXk\i`Xc\j [\i`mX[fj[\[`Z_Xjgi}Zk`ZXjZfeZ\gklXc\j% El\jkifgifgj`kf[\i\Zfe\ZkXiZfe[`Z_Xj \og\i`\eZ`Xj gXiX i\XZk`mXi jl gfk\eZ`X i\mlcj`mXkfdXZfdfglekf[\gXik`[XcX e\Z\j`[X[[\`eZ`[`i\e\jk\k\ii`kfi`f\e gfj[\i\m\ik`i\jkXjpfkiXj\jkiXk\^`Xj[\ e\lkiXc`qXZ`e% <e\jk\\jZ\eXi`f#cXI\[:feZ\gklXc`j$ dfj[\cJlij\gfjklcXZfdfleXgfj`Y`c`[X[ [`]\i\ek\[\g\ejXi#_XZ\i#kfdXigXik`[f# ZfeZ\Y`i#\o_`Y`i\_`jkfi`Xigfck`ZXd\ek\ Grabado de Hélio Oiticica para el libro “Alias” donde recoge su pensamiento crítico. Projeto Hélio Oiticica. <cfYa\k`mf gi`eZ`gXc [\cXI\[\j i\`m`e[`ZXi cXgi\j\eZ`X [\cXd\dfi`X j\ej`Yc\ CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 3 redes “Sea marginal”, una de las proclamas de desobediencia civil más célebres de Oiticica, testimonia la muerte de su amigo “Cara de Caballo” a manos de la policía en Río de Janeiro. Projeto Hélio Oiticica. cX]l\iqX[`jilgk`mXpcXZXgXZ`[X[Zik`ZX [\cXjgi}Zk`ZXjXikjk`ZXjZfeZ\gklXc\jcX$ k`efXd\i`ZXeXj% =i\ek\XcXe\Z\j`[X[g\i\ekfi`X[\`e$ Z`[`iZik`ZXd\ek\\ecXjZ`iZlejkXeZ`XjXZ$ klXc\j#cXI\[m`\e\Xik`ZlcXe[fleXj\i`\ [\`e`Z`Xk`mXjhl\gf[iXei\jld`ij\\ecXj j`^l`\ek\jZlXkiffi`\ekXZ`fe\j[\el\jkif kiXYXaf#hl\_Xej`[fZfeZ\Y`[XjZfdfqf$ eXj`e[`jfZ`XYc\j\eki\j% Gfck`ZXj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e%8jld`dfjhl\ `em\jk`^Xi\jXek\kf[fle\a\iZ`Z`fgfck`Zf pefd\iXd\ek\XZX[d`Zf%@em\jk`^XigXiX efjfkifj\ji\jk`kl`i#efdYiXipgif[lZ`i j\ek`[f\ekfiefXleZfealekf[\\og\i`\e$ Z`Xjgfk`Zf$gfck`ZXjZlpXgfk\eZ`XZik`ZX _Xj`[fXelcX[X%<jkf`dgc`ZXZfe]ifekXi p_XZ\iefjZXi^f[\cXjk\ej`fe\jfZXj`f$ eX[XjgficXjgfck`ZXj[\cfcm`[f#XjZfdf XYfi[XikXdY`ecX`ejkild\ekXc`qXZ`e[\c g\ejXd`\ekfp[\cXZi\XZ`e\e\cZfek\okf [\cZXg`kXc`jdfZf^e`k`mfXZklXc%CXI\[j\ Xjld\gficfkXekfZfdfleXgXik\Zik`ZX pXZk`mX\e\cel\mf[`X^iXdX^\fgfck`Zf [\cXj]l\iqXj^cfYXc\j[\cX\ZfefdXZlc$ kliXc% CXI\[ gifdl\m\p \jkXYc\Z\ [`]\i\ek\j ]fidXj[\ Xc`XeqX# ZfcXYfiXZ`e fZffg\iXZ`e Zfefkifj jla\kfj `e[`m`[lXc\j p&fZfc\Zk`mfj Gfck`ZXj[\XiZ_`mf%Hl\i\dfj^\e\iXip XgfpXi`e`Z`Xk`mXj[\Zfejk`klZ`e#gi\j\i$ mXZ`ep[\i\Z_fXcljfgYc`Zf[\Xhl\ccfj XZ\imfj[fZld\ekXc\jZfe\ZkX[fjZfe[`$ Z_Xj\og\i`\eZ`Xj%Hl\i\dfj^\e\iXile Z`iZl`kf[\8iZ_`mfj\eI\[#hl\jfZ`Xc`Z\ p]XZ`c`k\\cXZZ\jfgYc`ZfXcfj[fZld\e$ kfj%:i\\dfj\ecXli^\eZ`X[\`ek\im\e`i Zfc\Zk`mX p [\Z`[`[Xd\ek\ gXiX `dg\[`i hl\ Zfek`e\ \c \ogfc`f# \c jXhl\f f cX [\jkilZZ`e[\[fZld\ekfj#Zfc\ZZ`fe\j p[\d}j]fidXj[\Y`\e\jgXki`dfe`Xc\j% G\ejXdfjhl\cXjgfck`ZXj[\Zfejk`klZ`e [\cfjXiZ_`mfjefjcf[\Y\eZf`eZ`[`iZfe \ci\ZfefZ`d`\ekf[\cXjj\Zl\cXj[\cZfcf$ e`Xc`jdf#j`efkXdY`eZfecXgi\j\eZ`X[\ cXZfcfe`Xc`[X[\ecX8di`ZXCXk`eXZfe$ k\dgfi}e\X% @ej`jk`dfj Æd}j Xe \e cX XZklXcZfplekliXgfck`ZXhl\XkiXm`\jXe mXi`fjgXj\j\e\cZfek`e\ek\Æ\ecXe\$ Z\j`[X[XZlZ`Xek\[\^\e\iXigfck`ZXj[\ <jkX[fZf`eZ`[\ek\jpZffi[`eX[Xj\egfj [\\jkXYc\Z\ileXi\[[\XiZ_`mfjgYc`ZXp [\jZ\ekiXc`qX[X% Gif[lZZ`e[\d\dfi`X[\cX\og\i`\e$ Z`X%IXjki\Xi#i\le`i#fi^Xe`qXipi\`ek\igi\$ kXicfj[fZld\ekfjgif[lZ`[fjgfi[`Z_Xj \og\i`\eZ`Xj\je\Z\jXi`fg\if`ejlÔZ`\ek\ pXhl\#\ejd`jdXj#\jkXjcXYfi\jjcfg\i$ d`k\e\cXZZ\jfXjl\ok\i`fi`[X[]fidXcpX jljZfejXY`[Xji\gi\j\ekXZ`fe\j%GXiX[\j$ Ycfhl\Xijlgfk\eZ`XZik`ZX`ek\iildg`[X \je\Z\jXi`fhl\kXdY`ejld\dfi`X`e$ dXk\i`Xcj\XZfe]ifekX[X%<j`e[`jg\ejXYc\ gfikXekfi\Zlg\iXi\ci\^`jkifj\ej`Yc\[\ cX\og\i`\eZ`XpcfjX]\Zkfjhl\[\\ccXj[\$ m`\e\eZfdfleX]fidX[\`ek\im\eZ`e[`$ i\ZkX\e\cfcm`[f%?XZ\icf`dgc`ZX#Xjlm\q# i\_XY`c`kXicX]l\iqX[`jilgk`mX[\cZfek\okf ZlckliXc\e\chl\klm`\ifejljZfe[`Z`fe\j [\gfj`Y`c`[X[% 4 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 <og\i`d\ekfj[\XZk`mXZ`e%Hl\i\dfj ^\e\iXi\jkiXk\^`Xj[\XZZ`ehl\XZklXc`Z\e cXgfk\eZ`XZfekXd`eX[fiXpi\mlcj`mX[\[`$ Z_Xj\og\i`\eZ`Xj%<jkf`dgc`ZX`id}jXcc} [\jld\iXm`j`Y`c`[X[#efjcfgfihl\[`Z_Xj gi}Zk`ZXjjfe`ii\[lZ`Yc\jXjld\iXfYa\klX$ c`[X[#j`efgfihl\cfhl\efj`ek\i\jX\jZf$ e\ZkXicXj[\]fidXm`mXZfe\cgi\j\ek\% Efj hl\i\dfj Xjld`i Zfdf le cX$ YfiXkfi`f[\\og\i`d\ekXZ`eZXgXq[\ XYXiZXiglYc`ZXZ`fe\j#gifp\Zkfj\ogf$ j`k`mfj#[`jZlj`fe\jgYc`ZXj#`e`Z`Xk`mXj dlj\fc^`ZXj# l fkifj [`jgfj`k`mfj [\ glYc`Z`kXZ`ehl\[\jYfi[\e\ck\ii`kf$ i`f[\cXik\% :lXchl`\iXhl\j\Xjl]fidXkf#\jkXj`e$ k\im\eZ`fe\jk`\e\e\cfYa\k`mf[\gfe\i \edXiZ_XefZ`fe\j[`]\i\ek\j[\_`jkfi`X# [\XZ\imfp[\kiXejd`j`e[\cfjjXY\i\jp cXjgfk\eZ`XjXj`ek\ig\cX[fj%x @ek\^iXecXI\[:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJli_XjkX_fp 1 ?Xc`d9X[Xn`#9f^fk}2AfXhle 9Xii`\e[fj#Do`Zf&9XiZ\cfeX2 8jjldgkX9XjjXj#9XiZ\cfeX2 GXki`Z`X9\kXeZli#Dfek\m`[\f2 DXiZlj9\kk`#JfGXlcf2 DXel\c9fiaX$M`cc\c#DX[i`[2 :Xi`eX:X^efcf#:i[fYX2 >iXZ`\cX:Xie\mXc\#IfjXi`f2 A\jj:Xii`ccf#DX[i`[2 DXiX=\ieXe[X:XikX^\eX# Hl`kf2=\ieXe[X:XimXaXc# JXek`X^f[\:_`c\&9l\efj8`i\j2 ?\c\eX:_}m\q#Do`Zf2 CX:fcfdY`ef#8jleZ`e2 DXiX:cXiX:fikj#9f^fk}2 =\ieXe[f;Xm`j#CXGcXkX& 9l\efj8`i\j2DXiX[\cfj Ýe^\c\j[\Il\[X#CXGcXkX2 =\c`g\<_i\eY\i^#JfGXlcf& Do`Zf2DXiZ\cf<ogj`kf# 9XiZ\cfeX&9l\efj8`i\j2 =\ieXe[f=iX\eqX#:i[fYX2 :i`jk`eX=i\`i\#JfGXlcf2 @jXY\c>XiZX#JXek`X^f[\ :_`c\2G`cXi>XiZX#Do`Zf2 :i`jk`}e>d\qDfpX# JXek`X^f[\:_`c\2 :_\dX>feq}c\q#DX[i`[2 ;Xm`[>lk`ii\q#9f^fk}2 DXiX@`^f#DX[i`[2 A\ejBXjke\i#M`\eX2 Jp[BifZ_dXcep#9l\efj8`i\j2 8eXCfe^fe`#9l\efj8`i\j2 D`^l\cCg\q#C`dX&9XiZ\cfeX2 N`cc`XdCg\q#9f^fk}2 8ekfe`D\iZX[\i#9XiZ\cfeX2 FZkXm`fD\iZX[f#Do`Zf2 8e[iD\jhl`kX#JfGXlcf2 =\ieXe[XEf^l\`iX#JfGXlcf& 9XiZ\cfeX2Jfc\[X[EfmfX# JXek`X^f[\:_`c\2Cl`jX Fi[\q#9f^fk}2:c\d\ek\ GX[e#Dfek\m`[\f2AlXeGXYcf Gi\qIfZZX#9l\efj8`i\j2 8c\aXe[iXG\i`#:i[fYX2 Ac`XI\YflZXj#D`eXj>\iX`j2 :i`jk`eXI`YXj#I`f[\AXe\`if2 Jl\cpIfce`b#JfGXlcf2 AlXe:XicfjIfd\if#9l\efj 8`i\j2Jpcm`XJl}i\q#9f^fk}2 DXY\cKXg`X#GXij&9l\efj 8`i\j2<d`c`fKXiXqfeX#C`dX2 GXlc`eXMXiXj#MXcgXiXjf2 8eXM`[Xc#9X_X9cXeZX2 AX`d\M`e[\c#C\e&DX[i`[2 IX]X\cM`kXc#JfGXlcf2 @jfY\cN_`k\c\^^#Cfe[i\j% redes cXj]leZ`fe\j[\leX`ejk`klZ`e#gYc`ZXf gi`mX[X#leX[\Ôe`Z`ehl\\okiX\dfj[\ <jkX[f[\cfjXiZ_`mfj[\Xik\Zik`Zf\e:f$ cfdY`X(0-*$/( %<eZX[XZXjf#gi\Z`jXdfj [e[\\jk}lY`ZX[f\cXiZ_`mf\eZl\jk`e# Zl}c\jjlfi`^\e#hl`e\jjfecfj`ek\icf$ Zlkfi\jgfj`Yc\j#hldXk\i`Xci\e\#gfi hl\ji\c\mXek\#Zdfj\i\j^lXi[Xphl gfck`ZXj[\ZfejlckXpXg\ikliXXcgYc`Zf jfjk`\e\% CXj\^le[XqfeX\jleXZifefcf^X[\ XZfek\Z`d`\ekfjZcXm\[\j[\(0,'\eX[\$ cXek\%Jfjg\Z_Xdfjhl\]l\iX[\ZX[XgXj Æ\`eZcljf[\ekif[\cÆcXjgif[lZZ`fe\j# gi}Zk`ZXj#`[\Xj\`ek\im\eZ`fe\j[\dlZ_fj Xik`jkXj#^\jkfi\j#Zik`Zfjpk\i`ZfjefZX$ ee`Zfj\`eZcljfXc^lefjefZXee`Zfj hl\]l\ifeÔeXcd\ek\ZXefe`qX[fjgfi\c j`jk\dXXikjk`Zf j\[\jZfefZ\egXiZ`Xcf kfkXcd\ek\% 8[\d}j [\ Zfej`^eXi Yi\m\d\ek\ \c XZfek\Z`d`\ekfZcXm\#`eZcl`dfj`e]fidX$ Z`e XZ\iZX [\ hl`e\j _Xe `em\jk`^X[f cXZl\jk`ephlY`Yc`f^iX]XXci\jg\Zkf gl\[\ZfejlckXij\#XjZfdf\ehlXiZ_`$ mfj\o`jk\e]l\ek\jgXiX[fZld\ekXicf%<e mXi`fjZXjfj#gfijlgl\jkf#ef\o`jk\e`em\j$ k`^XZ`fe\jfef_Xej`[fcfZXc`qX[fj]fe[fj [fZld\ekXc\j#g\ifaljkXd\ek\\c\a\iZ`Z`f ZXikf^i}ÔZfgfj`Y`c`kX\cj\XcXd`\ekf[\ mXZfj[\cXj]l\iqXjZik`ZXjd}jiX[`ZXc\j \ecXd\dfi`X#pgfi\e[\cXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\ ZfeÔ^liXiel\mfj[`X^iXdXj[\`ek\im\e$ Z`e% RED CONCEPTUALISMOS DEL SUR :Xikf^iX]Xj%Le@k`e\iXi`f [\i`\j^f\e8di`ZX[\cJli <cgifp\ZkfÊ:Xikf^iX]XjË#`dglcjX[fgficX I\[:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJli[\j[\)''.# Zfejk`klp\lekiXYXafZfc\Zk`mf[\`em\jk`$ ^XZ`e\ekfiefXc\jkX[f[\XiZ_`mfjp[\ [fZld\ekXZ`e[\\g`jf[`fj[\Xik\Zik`Zf [\j[\(0,'\e8di`ZX[\cJli%<cgifp\Z$ kfjli^`Xek\cXli^\eZ`X[\XZk`mXiel\$ mfjZ`iZl`kfj[\`ek\iZXdY`fpgif[lZZ`e Zik`ZXlY`ZX[fjgfi]l\iX[\cXjX^\e[Xj d\kifgfc`kXeXj[\cXik\%<cfYa\k`mf\j[\j$ gc\^Xipi\]fiqXicXfg\iXk`m`[X[j`dYc`ZX hl\i\efmX[XjkiXdXj[\XZZ`ecfZXcZf$ c\Zk`mfj[\kiXYXaf#\jgXZ`fj`e[\g\e[`\e$ k\j#`em\jk`^XZ`fe\jpel\mXj`ejk`klZ`fe\j _XYXepXZfd\eqX[f\e[`jk`ekfjglekfj [\cZfek`e\ek\%<cgifp\Zkfgifgfe\kiXqXi leZfealekf[\_\iiXd`\ekXjZfeZ\gklXc\j pd\kf[fc^`ZXjhl\Xgl\jkXegfi^\e\iXi el\mXjc^`ZXj[\Zfej\imXZ`epgfck`ZXj [\kiXYXaf\ekfiefXcfjXZ\imfjXikjk`Zfj% <c gifp\Zkf _XZ\ ]i\ek\ X cX Xlj\eZ`X [\ gfck`ZXjcfZXc\j\edXk\i`X[\XiZ_`mfj#Xj ZfdfXcXZi\Z`\ek\Xg\k\eZ`XgfigXik\[\c d\iZX[f`ek\ieXZ`feXc[\cfj]fe[fj[fZl$ d\ekXc\jcXk`efXd\i`ZXefjpjl`ejkXcXZ`e \e`ejk`klZ`fe\j[\gXj\jZ\ekiXc\j#[\j$ gcXqXe[fcfjc\^X[fjZlckliXc\jX\jZ\eXi`fj Xa\efjp[`jkXek\jX\ccfj% <eZlXekfXcXc}Y`cefZ`e[\Xik\Zik`Zf# \c\^`[XgXiXefdYiXif[\Ôe`i\cle`m\ijf [\gi}Zk`ZXjXikjk`ZXjhl\efj`ek\i\jX[f$ Zld\ekXi#`em\jk`^Xipi\Zlg\iXi#i\Zlii`$ dfjefXleXZXk\^fiXZ\iiX[Xj`efXcljf k}Zk`Zfpgifm`jfi`f[\leZfeZ\gkfXY`\ikf# gl\jkf\ei\cXZ`eZfecf\og\i`d\ekXc#cf ZfeZ\gklXc#cf[`j`[\ek\#cfXekX^fe`jkXp fkifje]Xj`j%Cfj\g`jf[`fjZXikf^iXÔX[fj [XeZl\ekX[\\og\i`\eZ`Xjdlp[`jd`c\j \eki\j#pjlZfe[`Z`eZik`ZXgl\[\Xcl[`i kXekfXleXgfjkliX\ogcZ`kX]i\ek\XcXik\ pcXgfck`ZX#ZfdfXleXi\]\i\eZ`Xd\efj \m`[\ek\%FY`\ej\ile\]\Zkf[\c\ZkliX i\kifjg\Zk`mf%8c^leXj[\\jkXjgi}Zk`ZXj dXe`Ô\jkXejlmfclekX[[\Zfe]ifekXif`e$ Z`[`i[\j[\\cXik\jfYi\cXjZfe[`Z`fe\j[\ \o`jk\eZ`X#gfe`\e[f\eZl\jk`e#i\]fidl$ cXe[ff[\jYfi[Xe[fcXefZ`e`ejk`kl`[X[\ fYiX#Xik\pXik`jkX#XcXm\qhl\cXZfeZ\g$ Z`epcfjdf[fj[\_XZ\i[\cfgfck`Zf% <efkifjZXjfj#cXXgl\jkXZik`ZXj\Zfej$ k`klp\XgXik`i[\cXj\d\i^\eZ`Xjj`dYc`$ ZXjjli^`[Xj[\j[\cXZlckliXgfglcXipcX ZlckliX`e[^\eX#ZlpXZfeZ\gZ`e[\cf\j$ kk`ZfXck\iXpZfedl\m\iX[`ZXcd\ek\cfj gXi}d\kifj[\cX_`jkfi`X[\cXik\kXcZlXc cXZfefZ\dfj%<e\jk\j\ek`[fi\jlckXi\$ m\cX[fihl\mXi`fj[\cfjgXj\jZfeleXckf e[`Z\ [\ Zfdle`[X[\j `e[^\eXj Zfdf GXiX^lXp#<ZlX[fi#9fc`m`XpG\ij\_Xcc\e \oZcl`[fj[\cXjd}ji\Z`\ek\jeXiiXZ`fe\j [\cfcXk`efXd\i`ZXef%8e`m\ci\^`feXc#pX Xc^leXj`e`Z`kX`mXjcfZXc\jZfdf\cgifp\Zkf D`Zifdlj\f\eG\if\cDlj\f[\c9Xiif \eGXiX^lXp]le[X[f\e(0/'#Xlehl\Zfe Xek\Z\[\ek\j[\j[\(0.) \jk}ecf^iXe[f ZXkXc`qXiefjcfleXi\Õ\o`e\g`jk\df$ c^`ZXjfYi\\jk\ZXdgf#j`efX[\d}j#leX Xgl\jkXdlj\f^i}ÔZXhl\[\ja\iXihl`qXcXj c\ZkliXjkiX[`Z`feXc\j[\cf\jkk`Zf#Xcd`j$ dfk`\dgfhl\Zl\jk`feXecXefZ`e[\Xik\ Zfek\dgfi}e\f\ek\e[`[X\e\cj\ek`[fXYj$ kiXZkfple`m\ijXc[\cZfek\okffZZ`[\ekXc% Jfekf[Xj\jkXj\og\i`\eZ`XjcXjhl\gf$ e\e\e\jZ\eX\cZXi}Zk\i[`jZfek`elf[\ cXgifg`X_`jkfi`Xp[\cXgfck`ZX pZlpX \d\i^\ek\j`dY`fj`jZfecfliYXef#[liXe$ k\cXjck`dXj[ZX[Xj#i\m\cXel\mXjÔjliXj j`klX[XjkXekf[\ekifZfdf]l\iX[\cXkiX$ [`Z`e[\cXik\p[\jljd\ZXe`jdfj#\ejl g\idXe\ek\mfclekX[[\ÈgXik`Z`gXi#[`jZl$ k`i\`ek\im\e`i\ecfj[\YXk\j[\cXZlckliX Zfek\dgfi}e\XXkiXmj[\leljf\og\i`$ d\ekXc[\cfjd\[`fjZfem`jkXXgfk\eZ`Xi jlZXdgf[`jZlij`mfÉ#kXcpZfdfXÔidXDX$ iX=\ieXe[X:XikX^\eX\ejl[fZld\ekf$ `e]fid\gXiX\jk\gifp\Zkfk`klcX[f<jkX[f [\cfj8iZ_`mfj[\8ik\:fek\dgfi}e\f\e <ZlX[fi% El\jkiXXgl\jkX\j^\e\iXiel\mXjle`$ [X[\j [\ j\ek`[f hl\ cf^iXe [`YlaXi le dXgXZlpXj[\Ôe`Z`fe\j^\fgfck`ZXjk\$ ii`kfi`Xc\jpefd`eXc\j j\\eZl\eki\e\e g\idXe\ek\Zi`j`j% :Xikf^iX]Xjgifgfe\Xji\Zfej`[\iXi \og\i`\eZ`XjZlpX]l\iqXiX[`ZX\ejlgf$ k\eZ`Xc]i`ZZ`eZfe\cfi[\e\eleXdlc$ k`gc`Z`[X[ [\ \jZ\eXi`fj% <g`jf[`fj hl\ _XYXehl\[X[fXcdXi^\e#[\jZcXj`ÔZX[fj f j`c\eZ`X[fj \e jlj gifg`fj \jZ\eXi`fj# dXe`]\jkXZ`fe\jkiX[`Z`feXcd\ek\efdl$ j\`ÔZXYc\j#dlZ_Xjm\Z\jj`ei\^`jkifm`jlXc e`\jZi`kfXc^lef% <jkilZkliX%:X[XZXikf^iX]XeXZ`feXc#[\ cXjj`\k\pXi\Xc`qX[Xj[\j[\)''._XjkX_fp# j\\jkilZkliX\e[fjqfeXj%CXgi`d\iX[X Zl\ekX[\cfjXiZ_`mfj\o`jk\ek\jj\Xe\j$ kfj`ejk`klZ`feXc\jf`e`Z`Xk`mXjgXik`ZlcXi\j [\Xik`jkXjf`em\jk`^X[fi\j#gYc`Zfjfgi`$ mX[fj#Zfejfc`[X[fj#`eZ`g`\ek\j#gcXe\X[fj X]lkliff\ei`\j^f`ed\[`XkfgficXgi\$ ZXi`\[X[[\jljZfe[`Z`fe\j #pj\XcXhl gfj`Y`c`[X[\j\o`jk\e[\jlg\iXijl`e\o`j$ k\eZ`XfefZfejk`klZ`e%<ek\e[\dfj\e \jk\j\ek`[fhl\XiZ_`mf\jleZfealekf[\ [fZld\ekfji\le`[fjgfi\c`ek\ijgXiXcX `em\jk`^XZ`e#`ek\c\ZklXcfgif]\j`feXc[\ leZfc\ZZ`fe`jkX#leXik`jkX#le`em\jk`^X[fi fle^Xc\i`jkXZfejk`kl`[f\eleXkiXp\Zkf$ i`Xgif]\j`feXc#fY`\egXiX\c[\jXiifccf[\ :Xikf^iX]Xj j\gifgfe\ i\Zfej`[\iXi \og\i`\eZ`Xj hl\_XYXe hl\[X[fXc dXi^\e# j`c\eZ`X[Xj f[\jZcXj`ÔZX$ [Xj[\jlj gifg`fj \jZ\eXi`fj =Xj\j%<cgifp\Zkf#ZlpXgi`d\iX]Xj\_X j`[fÔeXeZ`X[Xgfi\cD8:98pcXj\^le[X gficXJ<8:<Op\cDE:8IJ#j\_X[\jX$ iifccX[f\e[fj]Xj\jhl\_Xeg\id`k`[fcX \cXYfiXZ`e[\j`\k\ZXikf^iX]XjeXZ`feXc\j1 8i^\ek`eX#9iXj`c#:_`c\#:fcfdY`X<ZlX[fi# GXiX^lXppG\i%<ekfkXc#\eXdYXj]Xj\jj\ i\m\cXife0'XiZ_`mfj\e:fcfdY`X#*,\e <ZlX[fi#*(\eG\i#)-\e8i^\ek`eX#)(\e GXiX^lXp#(.\e:_`c\p()\e9iXj`c#d}jleX j\i`\[\]fe[fj[fZld\ekXc\jg\hl\fj% <eki\ \ccfj _Xp XiZ_`mfj `ejk`klZ`feXc\j \jkXkXc\jfgi`mX[fj#XlkefdfjflY`ZX$ [fj\edlj\fj#le`m\ij`[X[\j#Y`Yc`fk\ZXj# \kZ%?XpXiZ_`mfjg\ijfeXc\j[\Xik`jkXjf \edXefj[\Xik`jkXj#^Xc\i`jkXj#`em\jk`^X$ [fi\j#Zik`Zfj#fY`\e[\jlj_\i\[\ifjfXc$ YXZ\Xj %?XpgfZfjXiZ_`mfjpX`ejk`kl`[fj# i\ZfefZ`[fjZfdf\jgXZ`fj[\ZfejlckX[\j$ [\_XZ\Xfj#pdlZ_fjXiZ_`mfj\egifZ\jf [\Zfejk`kl`ij\#ZlpX\o`jk\eZ`Xj\`^efiXYX Xc`e`Z`Xi\jk\kiXYXaf%?XpXiZ_`mfjXY`\ikfj XcXZfejlckXgYc`ZX#Xc^lefji\jki`e^`[fj pfkifj[`i\ZkXd\ek\ZcXljliX[fjXZXljX [\[`jk`ekfj]XZkfi\j%?XpXiZ_`mfj\eYl\$ eXjZfe[`Z`fe\j[\gi\j\imXZ`epfkifj# \e]iXeZfi`\j^f%Cfji\ZlijfjZfecfjhl\ Zl\ekXek`\e[\eXj\i`ejlÔZ`\ek\j#pjlj [\gfj`kXi`fjgi\me\emXi`fjZXjfjhl\jl [\jk`efj\i}cX[feXZ`eXXc^leX`e`Z`Xk`mX cfZXcfY`\ecX`ejk`klZ`feXc`qXZ`e[\cgif$ g`fXiZ_`mf% ;\Ôe`dfj\eZX[XZXjfp\eYXj\X\j\ [`X^ejk`Zfj`klXZ`fe\jgi`fi`kXi`Xj[\i\Z`$ Y`iXk\eZ`efgfck`ZXj\jg\ZÔZXjgfigXik\ CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 5 redes [\cXI\[#Zfeal^Xe[fmXi`XYc\jZfdfcX`d$ gfikXeZ`X[\cXiZ_`mf#\ci`\j^f[\gi[`[X gfi cXj [\]`Z`kXi`Xj Zfe[`Z`fe\j [\ gi\$ j\imXZ`efcX`dgfj`Y`c`[X[[\i\j^lXi[f gfigXik\[\jljgfj\\[fi\j pcXXÔe`[X[ [\cfji\jgfejXYc\j[\cXiZ_`mfZfecfjXc`$ e\Xd`\ekfjgfck`Zfj[\cXI\[% ;`X^ejk`Zf%D}jXcc}[\cXj[`]\i\eZ`Xj eXZ`feXc\j#\jZfdgXik`[XcX[\Y`c`[X[`ej$ k`klZ`feXc\edXk\i`X[\XiZ_`mfjpZ\ekifj [\[fZld\ekXZ`e%CXXlj\eZ`Xf\jZXj\q [\i\ZlijfjdXk\i`Xc\jpcX`ejl]`Z`\eZ`X [\ gfck`ZXj gYc`ZXj [\ gi\j\imXZ`e [\ cfj[fZld\ekfjjfeZ`\ikXd\ek\gXkife\j ZfdgXik`[fj% Gfi fkiX gXik\# cX \o`jk\eZ`X [\ mXc`f$ jXj`e`Z`Xk`mXj`e[\g\e[`\ek\j#kXekf`e$ [`m`[lXc\j Zfdf Zfc\Zk`mXj# jfe cXj hl\ i\jZXkXe[fZld\ekfj#cfjfi^Xe`qXepcfj [`jgfe\eXcXZfejlckXgYc`ZX#\edlZ_fj ZXjfjjfjk\e`[Xj\oZclj`mXd\ek\XZfjkX[\c kiXYXafmfclekXi`fp\eZfe[`Z`fe\jdXk\$ i`Xc\jgi\ZXi`Xj%8m\Z\jjfecXj`em\jk`^X$ Z`fe\jcXjhl\^\e\iXe\e8di`ZXCXk`eX XiZ_`mfj# \e cX d\[`[X \e hl\ ccXdXe cX Xk\eZ`ejfYi\XZfek\Z`d`\ekfj`e\ogcf$ iX[fj#pfkfi^Xec\^`Y`c`[X[Xjlj\jZXjfj i\jkfjdXk\i`Xc\j% <e jek\j`j# cXj ZXikf^iX]Xj fi`\ekXe el\jkifkiXYXafZfdfI\[XkiXmj[\ki\j Zffi[\eX[Xjgi`fi`kXi`Xj1( kiXqXiZXikf^iX$ ]Xj[\XiZ_`mfjp[\gj`kfj[fZld\ekXc\j [\Xik\Zik`Zf2) \jkXYc\Z\i[`X^ejk`Zfjp \jkiXk\^`Xj[\`ek\im\eZ`ejfYi\\c\jkX[f [\Zfej\imXZ`e[\Xhl\ccfjXZ\imfj2p* [`$ j\XiledXgX[\qfeXj[\cXd\dfi`XZi$ k`ZXiX[`ZXcefXk\e[`[Xj#hl\gl\[Xej\im`i [\e[`Z\XcX_fiX[\[`j\Xigfck`ZXj[\ XiZ_`mfj\`em\jk`^XZ`e% CXgfck`ZX^\e\iXcXcXhl\XglekXdfj j\jfjk`\e\\e[fjm\Zkfi\jgi`eZ`gXc\j1\c kiXYXaf\ei\[p\cXglekXcXd`\ekf[\cfcf$ ZXc%<ckiXYXaf\ei\[\j\ek\e[`[fZfdfcX ZfejkilZZ`e[\lek\a`[f[\i\cXZ`fe\jhl\ _XY`c`k\cXgl\jkX\ei\[[\XiZ_`mfj\`e$ m\jk`^XZ`fe\jphl\jld\[`jk`ekfjX^\ek\j cfZXc\j%J\Xg\cXXjX`ejk`kl`ile\jgXZ`f`e$ k\i`ejk`klZ`feXchl\`ek\ig\c\Xcfj[\gfj`$ kXi`fjgi`mX[fjgXiX^\e\iXic\^X[fjgYc`$ Zfjhl\cfgi\j\im\e[\[`jk`ekfji`\j^fjjl gi`mXk`qXZ`e#\c[\k\i`fi`f#\cfcm`[f #hl\ g\id`kXe]fid\ekXi\jkiXk\^`XjkXc\jZfdf jl[`^`kXc`qXZ`eZfecX`ek\eZ`e[\`dg\$ [`i\c[\k\i`fifpcXgi[`[X[\[fZld\ekfj# XjZfdfgfk\eZ`XijlXZZ\jfgYc`Zf% <elej\ek`[fZfdgc\d\ekXi`f#Xgle$ kXcXicfcfZXc`dgc`ZX^\e\iXi\jkilZkliXj dXk\i`Xc\jpj`dYc`ZXjhl\X]`XeZ\ecXj `e`Z`Xk`mXj[\[`jZlj`epkiXYXafZfc\Zk`mf pX\edXiZ_X\eZX[XZfek\okf\jg\ZÔZf# XjZfdfcXZi\XZ`e[\gcXkX]fidXjpgf$ ck`ZXj cfZXc\j ZfeZi\kXj \e kfief X \jfj gXki`dfe`fj% Gifp\ZZ`fe\j% ;\j[\ )''. \c gifp\Zkf :Xikf^iX]Xj_Xg\id`k`[f\cXYfiXice\Xj [\`em\jk`^XZ`epkiXqXiledXgX[\XZZ`f$ e\j[\jZ\ekiXc`qX[f%Cfji\jlckX[fjX]\ZkXe XmXi`fjgifp\Zkfj1cXZfejfc`[XZ`e[\Xi$ 6 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 CXXlj\eZ`X f\jZXj\q [\i\Zlijfj dXk\i`Xc\j pcX`ejlÔ$ Z`\eZ`X[\ gfck`ZXj gYc`ZXjjfe gXkife\j ZfdgXik`[fj Z_`mfj#cfj`eZ\ek`mfjgXiXcX`em\jk`^XZ`e jfYi\XZ\imfj[\Xik`jkXjZfdf\clil^lXpf :c\d\ek\GX[ef\cXi^\ek`efAlXe:Xi$ cfjIfd\if#cXXik`ZlcXZ`e[\legifp\Z$ kfX^iXe\jZXcX[\i\c\ZkliX[\\jZi`kliXj Zik`ZXjgif[lZ`[Xj\eki\cfjXfj,'p/' \e8di`ZXCXk`eX\cZXjf[\ck\i`Zfg\$ ilXef$d\o`ZXefAlXe8Z_X#\cZik`ZfYiX$ j`c\f=i\[\i`ZfDfiX`j#\cZik`Zfp^\jkfi YiXj`c\fNXck\iQXe`e`#\cXik`jkXXi^\ek`ef IfY\ikfAXZfYpf\ck\i`ZfgXiX^lXpfK`Z`f <jZfYXi pcX`em\jk`^XZ`e\eZlijfjfYi\ i\[\jXikjk`ZXjXck\ieXk`mXj\ekfiefXcX gf\jXm`jlXcp\cXik\$Zfii\f\ecfjXfj-' p.'#gfiZ`kXicfjd}j`dgfikXek\j% J\kiXkX[\dXk\i`Xc`qXi\jkilZkliXj[\ gif[lZZ`ehl\ef\jkej`^eX[XjgficX jlYfi[`eXZ`e p cX m\ik`ZXc`[X[ Zfe hl\ Z`\ikXj[`e}d`ZXjEfik\$Jli_XedXiZX[f cX`eZfigfiXZ`e[fd\jk`ZX[X[\cXg\i`$ ]\i`XXcfji\cXkfjZXee`Zfj%MXi`fj[\\j$ kfjgifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\jk}epX\e dXiZ_Xpj\gi\mjlm`j`Y`c`[X[XkiXmj[\ glYc`ZXZ`fe\j#\ogfj`Z`fe\j#kXcc\i\j#j\$ d`eXi`fjpfkifj[`jgfj`k`mfj[\XZk`mXZ`e [\cXd\dfi`Xj\ej`Yc\[liXek\)'('$)'() \e[`jk`ekXjZ`l[X[\j[\8di`ZXCXk`eX#\c :Xi`Y\p<lifgX% GfifkifcX[f#i\jlckXefkXYc\fYj\imXi cfj`eZ`g`\ek\j\]\Zkfjhl\\cjfcfXZkf[\ \dgi\e[\icXkXi\XZXikf^i}ÔZX#[\efd$ YiXiZfdfXiZ_`mfZ`\ikfjZfealekfj[fZl$ d\ekXc\j#[\gi\^lekXigfijl\o`jk\eZ`Xf jl[\jk`ef]lklif#_Xgif[lZ`[f[\_\Z_f% <jkf`dgc`ZXleXccXdX[X[\Xk\eZ`e1\c d`jdf\a\iZ`Z`f[\ZXikf^iXÔXi#\j[\Z`i#\c XZkf[\ZfekXZkXi#\eki\m`jkXi\`ek\i\jXij\# k\id`eXj`\e[f`ejk`klp\ek\[\cX`[\X[\Xi$ Z_`mffi^}e`Zfpfkfi^}e[fc\le`eZ`g`\ek\ `ek\ijgYc`Zf% <c\]\ZkfjfYi\cXjlYa\k`m`[X[[\cfj[\$ gfj`kXi`fj[\\jfji\jkfjÆ\e\cj\ek`[fY\e$ aXd`e`Xef[\ckid`ef#\ek\e[`[fjZfdf Xhl\ccfhl\gl\[\gif[lZ`ii\m\iY\iXZ`f$ e\j[\cgXjX[fjfYi\el\jkifgi\j\ek\Æj\ kiX[lZ\kXdY`e\eleZXdY`f[\\jkXklkf p[\mXcfi[\ljfp[\ZXdY`f %8ek\\ccf j\_Xe`e`Z`X[f[`e}d`ZXj[\Zffg\iXZ`e pXc`XeqXj\eki\cfjdck`gc\jX^\ek\j[\cX jfZ`\[X[`dgc`ZX[fj\e\cZl`[X[f[\cgX$ ki`dfe`fdXk\i`XcZfdf\ecXi\XZk`mXZ`e Zik`ZX[\\jXjgfk\eZ`Xjgfk`Zf$gfck`ZXj [\cXik\#pXj\Xejla\kfjZfc\Zk`mfj[\`e$ m\jk`^XZ`e#cfjgifg`fj[\gfj`kXi`fj[\cfj XiZ_`mfj f`ejk`klZ`fe\jcfZXc\j% Gfid\eZ`feXileZXjfZfeZi\kf#\e:f$ cfdY`X\c\hl`gf[\kiXYXafhl\i\Xc`q\c `e]fid\ :Xikf^iX]Xj m`\e\ X[\cXekXe[f [`jZlj`fe\jjfYi\gfck`ZXj[\X[hl`j`Z`e pZfej\imXZ`e[\Xc^lefj[\cfjXZ\imfj\e i`\j^fÆfZlpfjZljkf[`fjefgl\[Xegi\j\i$ mXicfjÆXek\cXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\hl\jkfjj\ [\gfj`k\e\e\c8iZ_`mf;`jki`kXc[\9f^fk}# [\cX8cZXc[X[\9f^fk}#Zfe\cgifgj`kf[\ ^XiXek`qXicXkiXejgXi\eZ`X#XZZ\j`Y`c`[X[p Zfej\imXZ`egYc`ZX[\cX`e]fidXZ`e[\ `ek\ijgXiXcX_`jkfi`XpgXiX\cgXj% CXjZfem\ijXZ`fe\jpX\jk}e\edXiZ_X1 \c8iZ_`mf[\9f^fk}gf[iXg\id`k`ifi^X$ e`qXipj\im`i[\]fe[f[\ZfejlckXXY`\ikf XZfc\ZZ`fe\j[\[fZld\ekfjZfemXcfigX$ ki`dfe`Xc#[`]le[`\e[fcXd\dfi`X\eY\$ e\ÔZ`f[\`em\jk`^XZ`fe\jp\jkl[`fjcfZXc\j p\okiXea\ifj% <elej\ek`[fj`d`cXi#\e9iXj`cp\eGX$ iX^lXpj\m`\e\`ek\ekXe[f`dglcjXi[`jk`e$ kfjXZl\i[fjZfecfj^fY`\iefji\^`feXc\j p\c<jkX[fgXiXXcZXeqXicXjZfe[`Z`fe\j gfck`ZXj# ali[`ZXj p ZlckliXc\j hl\ g\i$ d`kXegfe\i\efg\iXZ`eefidXk`mXjhl\ i\^lc\e\cki}ej`kfpcXZfd\iZ`Xc`qXZ`e[\ [fZld\ekfj#fYiXjpi\^`jkifjkfdXe[f\e Zl\ekXcXje\Z\j`[X[\j\jg\ZÔZXj[\\jk\ k`gf[\XZ\imfj%J\ej`Y`c`qXiXcXjfZ`\[X[ \ekfiefXcXjZfej\Zl\eZ`Xjhl\jlgfe\cX ZfdgiX[\XiZ_`mfj[\Xik\gfiZfc\ZZ`fe`j$ kXjgi`mX[fjp\ek`[X[\j\okiXea\iXj\jfkif [\cfjfYa\k`mfj% ;liXek\)'('j\gfe[i}\edXiZ_XleX k\iZ\iX]Xj\[\cgifp\Zkf#\eZXiXe[fcXjZXi$ kf^iX]Xj[\9fc`m`X#M\e\ql\cXpLil^lXp# hl\g\id`k`i}Zlcd`eXiZfe\ciXjki\f[\ XiZ_`mfjp\g`jf[`fjZcXm\\e8di`ZX[\c Jli%CXZlcd`eXZ`e[\\jkXk\iZ\iX\kXgX g\id`k`i}cXgi\gXiXZ`eZfc\Zk`mX[\leX glYc`ZXZ`ehl\i\ZfaXcXjfYj\imXZ`fe\j p [`X^ejk`Zfj [\ cfj `e]fid\j p cXj Zif$ efcf^XjkiXejm\ijXc\j#XZfdgXX[X[\le \jkl[`fZfdgXiXk`mfpXe}c`j`jZik`Zf\eki\ cfj[`jk`ekfj[fZld\ekfj%<cc`Yifgi\k\e[\ XgfikXiXjleXj\i`\[\`[\XjZfeZi\kXjgXiX [\c`e\XileXgfck`ZX\ei\[\ekfiefXcfj XiZ_`mfj\e8di`ZXCXk`eX% <j li^\ek\ gifdfm\i el\mXj XZk`mX$ Z`fe\jcfZXc\jhl\gl\[XeXZklXiXek\cfj g\c`^ifj cXk\ek\j [\ [\jgfaf p [\k\i`fif dXk\i`Xc [\ el\jkifj XiZ_`mfj% ?fp d}j hl\eleZXi\jlckXe\Z\jXi`XleXi\jgl\jkX `ek\c`^\ek\#i\jgfejXYc\pZfealekX[\gXik\ [\cXjfZ`\[X[Z`m`c[\cfjgXj\j[\8di`ZX CXk`eXp\c:Xi`Y\2leXi\jgl\jkXhl\\jk# Xj`d`jdf#\ej`ekfeXZfeXhl\ccXj`ejkXe$ Z`Xj#g\ijfeXj\`ejk`klZ`fe\jXe`m\ci\^`f$ eXc\`ek\ieXZ`feXc`ek\i\jX[Xj\eXik`ZlcXi gfck`ZXjhl\Zfeki`YlpXeX[\jZfcfe`qXi\c ki}ej`kf[\cfjgXki`dfe`fjdXk\i`Xc\j\`e$ dXk\i`Xc\jpXi\`em\ekXicfji\^d\e\j^cf$ YXc\j[\gifg`\[X[`ek\c\ZklXc%JljZi`Y`dfj \e\jk\j\ek`[f\cdXe`Ô\jkfZfc\Zk`mfhl\ I\[[\:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJliglYc`Z\e @ek\ie\k\cgXjX[f)*[\fZklYi\phl\j\ k`klcX<jkX[f[\Xc\ikX% JfdfjZfejZ`\ek\j[\hl\\jk\gifp\Zkf Zfejk`klp\jcflef[\cfjdck`gc\jgXjfj _XZ`Xlek`gf[`jk`ekf[\ZlckliXgfck`ZX i\jg\ZkfXcfjXiZ_`mfj[\Xik\\e8di`ZX CXk`eX2leXgfck`ZXZfekiXi`XXcXXgifg`X$ Z`epgi`mXk`qXZ`egficXZlXcdlZ_fj[\ \jkfjXZ\imfjj\_Xem`jkfZfem\ik`[fj\ele gi\Z`X[fYfke[\cfhl\gf[iX[\efd`eXi$ j\ZfdfcXjel\mXjYXkXccXje\fZfcfe`Xc\j [\cZXg`kXc`jdfZf^e`k`mf% El\jkifccXdXd`\ekf\jgXiXXZklXi\e \ck\ii\ef[\cfZfc\Zk`mf%I\ZfefZ\dfjhl\ j`e`e`Z`Xk`mXji\^`feXc\jpel\mXjgfck`ZXj cfZXc\jpcfhl\\jg\fi#j`eXiZ_`mfj j\i} dlp[`]Z`ci\m\ik`icfjgifZ\jfjhl\e\lkiX$ c`qXecXgfk\eZ`Xc`[X[gfck`ZX[\cXjgi}Z$ k`ZXjXikjk`ZXjZik`ZXj[\cZfek`e\ek\% x XeXcfe^fe`pd`^l\cX%cg\q% redes RED CONCEPTUALISMOS DEL SUR <c8iZ_`mfGX[epcX\og\i`\eZ`X iX[`ZXc[\cXEl\mXGf\jX <e\cZlijf[\cfjXfjj\j\ekXpj\k\ekX# cX\jZ\eXcXk`efXd\i`ZXeXXj`jk\XcX\d\i$ ^\eZ`Xp[\jXiifccf[\[`]\i\ek\j`e`Z`Xk`mXj \[`kfi`Xc\j \og\i`d\ekXc\j# Zf`eZ`[\ek\j \e jl Xgl\jkX gfi Zfejkil`i i\[\j ZfcXYf$ iXk`mXj p [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e \eki\ Xik`jkXj# ]l\iX[\cZ`iZl`kf[\gfj`Z`fe\jpkiXp\Zkfj X[d`e`jkiX[fjgficfjZ\ekifj[\Xik\pcfj fi[\eXd`\ekfj [\ gf[\i&jXY\i hl\ [`Z_X kiXdXi\gif[lZ\peXkliXc`qX% <c Xik\$Zfii\f gfk\eZ` \jkX i\[ [\ `e$ k\iZXdY`fj# \oZ\[`\e[f Xdgc`Xd\ek\ \c Zfek\okf cXk`efXd\i`ZXef% CX fgZ`e Zik`ZX hl\ dfm`c`q \jkXj [`m\ijXj `e`Z`X$ k`mXj\ei\[ef`dgc`Z#j`e\dYXi^f#leX i\eleZ`XiX[`ZXcp[\Ôe`k`mXXcfj\jgXZ`fj `ejk`klZ`feXc\j# j`ef# \e dlZ_fj ZXjfj# jl fZlgXZ`ek}Zk`ZX#Zfe\cgifgj`kf[\kiXj$ kfieXi#[\j[\\c`ek\i`fi[\cd`jdfdlj\f f[\cX^Xc\iX#jlji\^d\e\jZfeZ\gklXc\j efidXc`qX[fj# [\jXÔXe[f cX gifg`X c^`ZX `ejk`klZ`feXcpjljilk`eXj[`jZ`gc`eXi`Xj% <e le Zfek\okf [\ Zi\Z`\ek\ ZfeÕ`Zk`$ m`[X[ jfZ`fgfck`ZX# \jkXj i\[\j Zfc\Zk`mXj YljZXifeXYi`iÕXeZfjZik`Zfj\ecfjYcf$ hl\fj `dgl\jkfj X cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e gfi cXj Zfe[`Z`fe\j [\ X^l[`qX[X i\gi\j`e [\jXkX[Xj gfi cXj [`ZkX[liXj# X kiXmj [\ Z`iZl`kfjdXi^`eXc\j#Zfdf[\Ôe`\e(0.- \cXik`jkXXi^\ek`ef<[^Xi[f8ekfe`fM`^f# hl\gfj`Y`c`kXife\jhl`mXicfjd\ZXe`jdfj [\ZfekifcpZ\ejliXX[d`e`jkiX[fjgfi\c [`jgfj`k`mf i\gi\j`mf# fg\iXe[f dlZ_Xj m\Z\j Zfdf ZXeXc\j [\ [\eleZ`X [\ cXj j`jk\d}k`ZXj m`fcXZ`fe\j X cfj [\i\Z_fj _ldXefj g\ig\kiX[Xj gfi cfj i\^d\e\j [`ZkXkfi`Xc\j% 9i\m\_`jkfi`X[\cXiZ_`mf%<cXiZ_`mf[\ :c\d\ek\ GX[e j\ mX Zfe]fidX[f Zfdf i\jlckX[f [\ \jkX gfk\ek\ kiXdX [\ `ek\i$ ZXdY`fj%<eki\(0-,p(0-0#GX[e`ek\^iX alekfZfecfjgf\kXj?ZkfiGXq#AlXeAfj C`eXi\j p Alc`f Dfj\j# \e Dfek\m`[\f# \c ^ilgf\[`kfi`Xc[\cXi\m`jkXCfj_l\mfj[\c GcXkXpkfdXZfekXZkfZfegf\kXjpXik`jkXj m`jlXc\j [\ fkifj gXj\j# `emfclZiX[fj \e gifp\Zkfjj`d`cXi\j%<eki\(0-0p(0.)\[`$ kXFmld('#Z\ekiX[X\ecXgf\jXm`jlXcp \og\i`d\ekXc#pXlkf[\Ôe`[XZfdfÈi\m`j$ kX[\`em\jk`^XZ`egfk`ZXp[\[`]lj`e[\ cXjZfii`\ek\j[\cXel\mXgf\jXÉ% <eleXj\i`\[\\jZi`kfj[`i`^`[fj[\j[\ cXjg}^`eXj[\cXglYc`ZXZ`e#GX[egifgf$ e\leXk\dgiXeXZfeZ\gklXc`qXZ`e[\\j$ kXjgi}Zk`ZXj#Zfe\ZkXe[fcXiX[`ZXc`qXZ`e [\c c\e^lXa\# Xljg`Z`X[X gfi cX el\mX gf\$ jX#ZfecXj\o`^\eZ`Xji\mfclZ`feXi`Xjhl\ \ekfeZ\j `ek\ig\cXYXe ]l\ik\d\ek\ cX i\$ ^`e%<eleXj\^le[X\kXgX(0.)$(0., cX i\m`jkXj\glYc`ZXZfe\cefdYi\[\Fmld# YXaflej`jk\dX[\\[`Z`eZffg\iXk`mf% CX i\[ [\ ZfekXZkfj Zfe]fidX[X \e kfiefXcXji\m`jkXj#fg\iXXj`d`jdfZfdf YXj\ [\ fkifj gifp\Zkfj [\ `ek\iZXdY`f [\ gf\jX m`jlXc p Xik\$Zfii\f hl\ GX[e `dglcjX \e cfj d`jdfj Xfj \e hl\ \[`kX Fmld('%<eki\(0-0p(0.+#fi^Xe`qXleX j\i`\ [\ \ogfj`Z`fe\j Zfc\Zk`mXj Zfdf cXj hl\[\[`ZX\e(0-0XcXEl\mXGf\jXfXcX Gf\jX=e`ZXphl\Zlcd`eX\e(0.+#Zfe \c=\jk`mXc[\cXGfjkXc:i\Xk`mX\ecX>Xc\$ iXL[\Dfek\m`[\f% <ejl[\jgc`\^l\j`dlck}e\f#cXji\m`j$ kXjpcXj\ogfj`Z`fe\jZfeÔ^liXeleX[fYc\ gcXkX]fidX [\ `ek\im\eZ`e# [\j[\ [fe[\ kfdXe Zl\igf [`]\i\ek\j `e`Z`Xk`mXj ZfcX$ YfiXk`mXj \e i\[% <e jl kiXdX# j`c\eZ`fjX# \c XiZ_`mf mX Zfe[\ejXe[f cX [\ej`[X[ ZfeÕ`ZklXc [\ cXj \eZilZ`aX[Xj p Zfe\o`f$ e\jdck`gc\jhl\\jkfj[`m\ijfjgifp\Zkfj dfm`c`qXe% <e cX [ZX[X [\ cfj j\k\ekX# \c XiZ_`mf GX[e i\^`jkiX [fj gi[`[Xj j`^e`ÔZXk`mXj \`ii\Zlg\iXYc\j%CXgi`d\iXk`\e\cl^Xi\e j\gk`\dYi\[\(0.*#kiXj\c^fcg\[\\jkX[f \e:_`c\#ZlXe[fcX<ogfj`Z`e<o_Xljk`mX [\ cX El\mX Gf\jX# leX `eZ`Xk`mX hl\ i\$ leX X d}j [\ ki\jZ`\ekfj gf\kXj \og\i`$ d\ekXc\j [\ ki\`ekX gXj\j# hl\ GX[e _X$ YXfi^Xe`qX[fleXfXek\j\ecX>Xc\iXL [\Dfek\m`[\fphl\\jg\iXYXdfjkiXi\e \cDlj\f[\8ik\:fek\dgfi}e\f[\JXe$ k`X^f#\j\okiXm`X[X\elejkXef[\cX<d$ El Archivo Padín reúne en Montevideo uno de los fondos más interesantes del arte-correo y la experimentación poética latinoamericana de los años sesenta y setenta. <c8iZ_`mf GX[eZfejk`$ klp\lef[\ cfjZXjfjd}j `ek\i\jXek\j [\Xik\Zik`$ Zf\eLil$ ^lXp#i\Zlg\$ iX[fX_fiX [\ekif[\c gifp\Zkf :feZ\gklX$ c`jdfj[\c Jli CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 7 redes YXaX[XZ_`c\eX%CXj\^le[Xgi[`[XfZlii\ kiXjjl[\k\eZ`e\eX^fjkf[\(0..gficX [`ZkX[liX lil^lXpX p jl gifZ\jXd`\ekf YXafcfjZXi^fj[\\jZXie`fpm`c`g\e[`fXcX dfiXc [\ cXj =l\iqXj 8idX[Xj% <ekfeZ\j ]l\ife ZfeÔjZX[Xj leX j\i`\ [\ ZXaXj [\c XiZ_`mf \ `eeld\iXYc\j c`Yifj# i\m`jkXj p ZXk}cf^fj#hl\eleZX]l\ife[\ml\ckfj% Cfj Xik`jkXj [\ cX i\[ [\ Xik\$Zfii\f `dglcjXife leX gfk\ek\ ZXdgXX `ek\i$ eXZ`feXc \o`^`\e[f cX c`Y\ikX[ [\ GX[e p Afi^\ :XiXYXccf kXdY`e [\k\e`[f gfi cX [`ZkX[liX #hl\ZfekZfe\cXgfpf[\8d$ e`jkX@ek\ieXZ`feXc%<e(0.0XdYfjXik`j$ kXj]l\ifec`Y\iX[fjYXafgXcXYiX% <e cfj Xfj hl\ j`^l\e X cX kiXej`Z`e [\dfZi}k`ZX\eLil^lXp#\cXiZ_`mfi\^`j$ kiX le Zi\Z`d`\ekf \ogfe\eZ`Xc# X gXik`i [\c i\jkXYc\Z`d`\ekf [\ cX kiXdX [\ Zfe$ kXZkfjZfecXi\[[\Xik\$Zfii\fpcXi\XZ$ k`mXZ`e [\ cfj `ek\iZXdY`fj Zfc\Zk`mfj# `ek\iildg`[fj\ejl`ek\ej`[X[[liXek\cX [`ZkX[liX% <c XiZ_`mf GX[e j\ \eZl\ekiX XZklXcd\ek\\ejl[fd`Z`c`fgXik`ZlcXi#\e cXZ`l[X[[\Dfek\m`[\f% ;`X^ejk`ZfpZljkf[`X%<eXYi`c[\)''0# gfi `e`Z`Xk`mX [\ cX I\[ :feZ\gklXc`jdfj [\c Jli I:J p Zfe cX ÔeXeZ`XZ`e [\ cX J<8:<Op\cDE:8IJ#j\i\Xc`qle[`X^$ ejk`Zf^\e\iXc[\cXiZ_`mfGX[e\ecXhl\ \c Xik`jkX gi\jk jl ZfcXYfiXZ`e g\idX$ e\ek\Xcfj`em\jk`^X[fi\j\eZXi^X[fj[\ cX \a\ZlZ`e# :i`jk`eX =i\`i\ p =\ieXe[f ;Xm`j% Cfjgi`eZ`gXc\jfYa\k`mfj[\[`Z_f[`X^$ ejk`Zf ]l\ife cX [\jZi`gZ`e [\c \jkX[f [\c XiZ_`mf# cX \cXYfiXZ`e [\ le gcXe [\ kiXYXafhl\`emfclZi\cXjXZZ`fe\je\Z\jX$ i`Xj gXiX cX ZXkXcf^XZ`e# Zfej\imXZ`e p Xg\ikliXgYc`ZX[\cd`jdfpcXgifgl\jkX [\kXi\Xj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\eXik`ZlcXZ`e Zfefkifjgifp\Zkfj[\cXI:J% <e \jkX \kXgX ]l\ ZilZ`Xc# Xj`d`jdf# \c ZfekXZkfZfecfji\jgfejXYc\j[\[`]\i\e$ k\jZ\ekifj[\[fZld\ekXZ`ecfZXc\j#Zfe \cgifgj`kf[\\mXclXihl`ejk`klZ`egf$ [iXXZf^\i\eZljkf[`X\cXiZ_`mf% 8ZklXcd\ek\ j\ \jk}e i\Xc`qXe[f ^\j$ k`fe\j Zfe \c 8iZ_`mf >\e\iXc [\ cX Le`$ m\ij`[X[ [\ cX I\gYc`ZX# `ejk`klZ`e hl\ gifgfe\dfj gXiX cX Zljkf[`X kiXej`kfi`X [\c XiZ_`mf GX[e gfi le g\if[f [\ ki\j Xfj hl\ gf[i} j\i i\efmX[f # [\ ZXiX X Zfem\e`i#\eki\cXjgXik\j`emfclZiX[Xj\e \c gifp\Zkf# cfj kid`efj [\ le gif^iXdX ^\e\iXc [\ kiXYXaf# Zi`k\i`fj [\ ZXkXcf^X$ Z`e[\cdXk\i`XcZ\[`[f\eZljkf[`XpkZ$ e`ZXj XiZ_`mjk`ZXj hl\ Xj\^li\e jl Zfe$ j\imXZ`epljf% <e i\cXZ`e Zfe cX fi^Xe`qXZ`e [\c XiZ_`mf# leX gi\^lekX ZilZ`Xc \j Zdf `[\ek`ÔZXi cfj [`]\i\ek\j dXk\i`Xc\j hl\ cf `ek\^iXe# [\jg\^}e[fcfj [\ jl Zl\igf `e[`]\i\eZ`X[f# j`e [\jXZk`mXi cX ZfeÕ`Zk`$ m`[X[ `ejld`jX [\c XiZ_`mf \e jl i\fi[\$ eXd`\ekf ZcXj`ÔZXkfi`f# dXek\e`\e[f cX Zfdgc\aX[`jg\ij`e[\jljXel[Xd`\ekfj ZilqX[fj# jlj Ôc`XZ`fe\j [\j_`cXZ_X[Xj p jljqfeXj[\[\ej`[X[% 8 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 “Los Huevos del Plata” (en la imagen) y “Ovum” fueron dos de las cabeceras más activas y cosmopolitas de la Nueva Poesía en el continente. <c XiZ_`mf [`X^iXdX jl ZfeÕ`Zk`m`[X[ \ecXj]i`ZZ`fe\j\`ek\ig\cXZ`fe\ji\Zgif$ ZXjhl\cfj[`m\ijfj[fZld\ekfjgfe\e\e al\^fXc`ejZi`Y`ij\\eleXkiXdX`ek\igi\$ kXk`mXhl\Xgl\jkXX[Xic\jc\^`Y`c`[X[% @em\jk`^XZ`e% <c XiZ_`mf GX[e Zfejk`$ klp\ lef [\ cfj gi`eZ`gXc\j ]fe[fj [fZl$ d\ekXc\j [\c gifp\Zkf [\ cX I:J ÈI\[\j Xikjk`ZXj Xck\ieXk`mXj1 cXj \[`Z`fe\j [\ gf\jXm`jlXcp\cXik\Zfii\fÉ#ZlpfjfYa\$ k`mfjjfecXÈZXkXcf^XZ`e#[fZld\ekXZ`e# `em\jk`^XZ`e p gl\jkX \e i\[ [\ le Zfe$ alekf [\ mXc`fjfj XiZ_`mfj p i\j\imfi`fj [fZld\ekXc\j ef j`jk\dXk`qX[fj f jcf gXiZ`Xcd\ek\ #Zfej\[\\e[`]\i\ek\j`ej$ k`klZ`fe\j f Zfej\imX[fj gfi cfj d`jdfj Xik`jkXj hl\ gXik`Z`gXife XZk`mXd\ek\ [\ \jkXj`e`Z`Xk`mXjZfc\Zk`mXjÉ% CXgi`d\iX\kXgX[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`e#XZ$ klXcd\ek\ \e Zlijf# k`\e\ Zfdf glekf [\ gXik`[XcXgi\^lekXgficfjdf[fj\ehl\ cfj d`jdfj Xik`jkXj g\iZ`Y`\ife \jk\ gif$ Z\jf [\ Zfe]fidXZ`e [\ i\[\j Xck\ieXk`$ mXj#Zdf\ek\e[`\ifefi\Õ\o`feXife\e kfiefXjlgXik`Z`gXZ`e\`emfclZiXd`\ekf \e[`Z_fjgifp\Zkfj% J\ kiXYXaXi} Zfe cfj k\okfj dlZ_fj [\ \ccfj `e[`kfj hl\ cfj d`jdfj Xik`jkXj \jZi`Y`\ife Xc i\]\i`ij\ X \jkXj gi}Zk`ZXj pcXji\m`jkXj[\gf\jX\og\i`d\ekXc#Zfe \c gifgj`kf [\ `em\jk`^Xi cX [`e}d`ZX [\ cfj `ek\iZXdY`fj hl\ \jkXj glYc`ZXZ`fe\j [`X^iXdXife% CXjZfe\o`fe\j\eki\cXj\jZ\eXjYiXj`$ c\X#lil^lXpXpXi^\ek`eX\eki\(0-/pcfj gi`d\ifjXfj[\cX[ZX[X[\cfjj\k\ekX# Zfejk`klp\e#gficXgXik`ZlcXi[\ej`[X[[\ kXc\j `ek\iZXdY`fj# le el[f j`^e`ÔZXk`mf% <c XiZ_`mf [\ GX[e i\jlckX ZilZ`Xc \e \c Xe}c`j`j[\\jkXe[fc\[\gifYc\dXj% <jkl[`XicXZfe]fidXZ`ep[`e}d`ZX[\ \jkXji\[\jXck\ieXk`mXjÆ\ejljkiXp\Zkfj fYc`Zlfjp\ejlj`ek\ij\ZZ`fe\jmXi`XYc\j# \ecXgfifj`[X[[\jljZfekfiefjp\ecX `e[`jZ`gc`eX[\jlj[\i`mXjÆ\j#Xek\jhl\ eX[X#leXXgl\jkXgfiXZk`mXi\c\jg\jfi Zfe]c`ZklXc [\ \j\ Zfdgc\af gif^iXdX gfk`Zf$gfck`Zf#\cm\ik`^`efjfi`kdf[\ jljXjg`iXZ`fe\jlkg`ZXj\ecX\o`^\eZ`X [\kiXjkfieXi\cXik\gXiXkiXej]fidXicfj df[fj[\m`[X%G\ifefgXiXZfeÔeXicfXc gXjX[f#\ekXekf\g`jf[`fZ\iiX[fp[\Ô$ e`k`mf[\cXmXe^lXi[`X#j`efgXiXi\Zlg\$ iXicf\ejlZXgXZ`[X[[\`ek\ig\cXi\cgi\$ j\ek\Xki\m`[X#g\ikliYX[fiXd\ek\ #Zfe el\mXji\jfeXeZ`XjZik`ZXj%x ]\ieXe[f [Xm`j redes ACCIÓN <ecXg`\c[\cXZ`l[X[% <c^iXÔk`[\Dla\i\j:i\Xe[f ?`jki`ZXd\ek\ \c \jgXZ`f gYc`Zf \jklmf m\[X[fpZfeefkX[fgXiXcXjdla\i\j%M\$ [X[fgfihl\cX[`^e`[X[[\cXjdla\i\j]l\ Zfejkil`[X gfi \c gXki`XiZX[f X gXik`i [\ jl [\j\dg\f i\j\imX[f Xc }dY`kf [\ cf gi`mX[f% :feefkX[f gfihl\ Xhl\ccXj hl\ jXcXe [\ cf [fdjk`Zf \iX gfi e\Z\j`[X[ \Zfed`ZX% <j [\Z`i# \c \jgXZ`f gYc`Zf \jklmfÆp\edlZ_fjj`k`fjj`^l\\jkXe[f$ XkiXm\jX[fgfiefZ`fe\j[\ZcXj\p^e\if X cXj hl\ _Xp hl\ X^i\^Xi# j` _XYcXdfj [\ CXk`efXdi`ZX#\cZfdgfe\ek\ke`Zf% Gfi\jk\dfk`mf#\e\cfi`^\e[\cfjdf$ m`d`\ekfj[\dla\i\jj\\eZl\ekiXcXZXcc\% ;\j[\\cjl]iX^`jdfXcXj\^le[XfcX[\cfj Xfjj\j\ekX\e\cj`^cfgXjX[f#\c\jgXZ`f gYc`Zf j\ Zfem`\ik\ \e \c k\ii`kfi`f [\ cX Zfem\i^\eZ`X p [`]lj`e [\ cfj i\ZcXdfj# [\eleZ`XjpdXiZ_Xj%=l\Xcc\e[fe[\j\ X[m`\ik\ hl\ cf gfck`Zf ef \j jcf cf hl\ X]\ZkXXc<jkX[fpXcY`\e\jkXigYc`Zf#j`ef kXdY`e Xc \ekiXdX[f [\ cf gi`mX[f Zfe Zfej\Zl\eZ`Xj\ecfgYc`Zf%8j#cfgi`mX$ [f\jgfck`Zf#cfg\ijfeXc\jgfck`ZfkXcp Zfdf[\jm\cXifepgifZcXdXifecXj]\d`$ e`jkXj[\cXj\^le[XfcX% 8_fiX Y`\e# gXiX _XYcXi [\ dfm`d`\e$ kfj[\dla\i\j\eCXk`efXdi`ZX[\Y\dfj k\e\i \e Zl\ekX cX [`m\ij`[X[ p gXik`ZlcX$ i`[X[ _`jki`ZX# jfZ`Xc p ke`ZX hl\ ZXiXZ$ k\i`qXe Xc Zfek`e\ek\ p hl\ cc\mXe X hl\ cfj ]\d`e`jdfj# Xlehl\ \e dlZ_fj ZXjfj j\Xe ki`YlkXi`fj [\ cfj \lifg\fj p efik\$ Xd\i`ZXefj#gcXek\\edXk`Z\jgifg`fjhl\ [`ÔZlckXec\ZkliXji\jki`e^`[Xj%Efhl`\if [\aXi[\d\eZ`feXicXj^\e\Xcf^Xj[\dl$ a\i\jhl\XZfdgXXifepg\c\XifeXccX[f [\cfj_fdYi\j\ecXjclZ_XjXidX[Xjhl\ XkiXm\jXife\ck\ii`kfi`fZfek`e\ekXc[\j[\ \c j`^cf O@O _XjkX cX XZklXc`[X[# gf[\dfj j\XcXihl\[\j[\AlXeX[\8qli[lpÆ^l\$ ii`cc\iX[\cX`e[\g\e[\eZ`XYfc`m`XeX$XcXj jfc[X[\iXj d\o`ZXeXj f X cXj ^l\ii`cc\iXj d}jZfek\dgfi}e\Xj#kf[Xj\jkXjdla\i\j Xc`d\ekXife p [`\ife `[\ek`[X[ gifg`X X cfj]\d`e`jdfjcfZXc\j% <jXjZfdf\eDla\i\j:i\Xe[fD%:% Zfem\i^\e mXi`Xj j`klXZ`fe\j hl\ gl\[\e j`ek\k`qXij\ \e [fj1 cX ZXcc\ Zfdf \c \jgX$ Z`f\e[fe[\\a\iZ`kXicXc`Y\ikX[[\dXe\$ iXZi\Xk`mXp\e[fe[\m`j`Y`c`qXi\j\,' hl\]fidXgXik\[\cfi\Xc#g\if`e\o`jk\e$ k\ kXekf gXiX cXj d\[`XZ`fe\j hl\ YljZXe `ek\igi\kXicXi\Xc`[X[ZfdfgXiXcfjZ[`$ ^fjZlckliXc\j%PgfifkifcX[f#cXZfdgc\aX _`jkfi`X Yfc`m`XeX XkiXm\jX[X gfi \c iXZ`j$ df#\cj\o`jdf#cXgfYi\qXpcXm`fc\eZ`X#kXc pZfdfi\Zf^\\c\jkl[`fDXZ_fj#mXife\j pdXi`Zfe\j[\DXiX>Xc`e[fpAlc`\kXGX$ i\[\j% 8ek\ cX Zil\ekX i\Xc`[X[# le ^ilgf [\ dla\i\j Zfd`\eqX X fi^Xe`qXij\ \e CX GXq\e(00)%AlekfXDXiX>Xc`e[f#Alc`\$ kX GXi\[\j p De`ZX D\e[fqX j\ jldXe =cfi\ek`eX 8c\^i\# Alc`\kX Fa\[X# IfjXi`f 8[i`}epdlZ_Xjd}jhl\XcfjdXc\jkXi\j pXcj\ek`[fZik`ZfX^i\^Xife`ek\c`^\eZ`X# \e\i^X\`dX^`eXZ`e%<jkXZfdle`[X[[\ dla\i\j# hl\ gXj [\ i\le`ij\ \e \c :X] :XiZXaX[X X Xlkf^\jk`feXi jl gifg`X ZXjX ccXdX[X M`i^\e [\ cfj ;\j\fj# j`klX[X \e cXZXcc\)'[\fZklYi\[\CXGXq#cc\mXXfj j`\e[fgXik\[\cfjgifZ\jfjjfZ`Xc\jpgf$ ck`ZfjYfc`m`Xefj#Zfe]fidXe[fleXXck\i$ eXk`mX[\ZXdY`f#p\ei`hl\Z`\e[fXc]\d`$ e`jdfefjcf[\jlgXjj`efXc[\8di`ZX [\cJli^iXZ`XjXjljXc`XeqXj% D%:% [\jd`k`ÔZX \c gfglc`jdf [\ `q$ hl`\i[X# cfj dfm`d`\ekfj [\ gl\Ycfj fi`$ ^`eXi`fj# cX [\dX^f^`X gif^i\j`jkX p X cfj `ek\c\ZklXc\j# \eki\ fkiXj `ejk`klZ`fe\j p [\d}jjla\kfjpX^ilgXZ`fe\jjfZ`Xc\j%I\`$ m`e[`ZXleX^\e\Xcf^X_XY`kX[XgfiXYl\$ cXjpXYl\cfjXeXihl`jkXjYfc`m`Xefj#Xlkf$ [`[XZkXjhl\\jZilkXYXegfiZl\ekXgifg`X \c Zfek\okf% Dla\i\j i\Y\c[\j Yfc`m`XeXj p dla\i\j hl\ m`m`\ife cc\mXe[f X[\cXek\ jl[\j\fpjlc`Y\ikX[%:fdfcXZ_fcXG\gX @e]Xek\ZlpfZfeZ\gkf[\cXdfic`Yi\pcX Zfehl`jkX[\le\jgXZ`fgifg`fdXiZle _`kf \e cX 9fc`m`X [\ cfj Xfj *'% <jkf ef j`^e`ÔZXhl\[\jZfefqZXecfgcXek\X[fgfi cXj]\d`e`jkXj\lifg\Xjp\jkX[fle`[\ej\j# j`ef hl\ [\jXiifccXe k\fiXj p gi}Zk`ZXj gifg`Xj#[\Ôe`[XjXgXik`i[\[fj_\Z_fj1cX i\Xc`[X[ZfecXhl\Zfem`m\epcXjXc`XeqXj hl\jfjk`\e\e$`ejfjg\Z_X[XjgXiXcXefi$ dXk`m`[X[$YXjX[Xj\e\cgcXZ\i[\cXi\cX$ Z`epcXjfc`[Xi`[X[\eki\dla\i\j% D%:% Zl\jk`feX cX clZ_X hl\ ZfeZ`Y\ \c gXki`XiZX[f#Xhl\ccXhl\`dgc`ZXlej\ek`$ [fd`c`kXi%J\^e\ccXjd`jdXj[`Z\e1ÈCl$ Z_Xi j\ Zfeal^X Zfe XdXi# j\ Zfeal^X Zfe j\ek`i p Zi\XiÉ% Gfi \jkf# \c ^iXÔk` \j Èle dkf[f#leX]fidXfleX\jkiXk\^`X[\cl$ Z_X#Zfdfgi\Ô\iXeccXdXicfÉ% 8c\dgc\Xi \c^iXÔk`Zfdfd\[`fhl\m`j`Y`c`qXcXYj$ hl\[X Zi\Xk`mX [\ le ZXdY`f jfZ`Xc# D%:% m`eZlcX k`ZX p \jkk`ZX# gfck`ZX p Xik\# cf gi`mX[f Zfe cf gYc`Zf% Ef j\ i\`m`e[`ZXe e`Xik`jkXjZXcc\a\iXje`XZk`m`jkXj#g\ifXjl$ d\e#XgXik`i[\cXefZ`e[\`dgfjkfiXj#cX Zfem`m\eZ`X\eki\\cdle[f[\cXZXcc\Zfe \c`ejk`klZ`feXc[\cXik\%Gi}Zk`ZXj[`jilg$ k`mXjhl\Zfe[lZ\eXcZl\jk`feXd`\ekf[\ c\^`k`dXZ`ehl\Zfecc\mXkf[X`ejk`klZ`e Xikjk`ZX1 ¶M`j`Y`c`qXi ef \j kXdY`e le df[f[\jlYm\ik`i#[\Zi\XiZfeZ`\eZ`X#[\ ZXdY`Xi6¶Efj\\jk}[`jcfZXe[f\cj`jk\dX XckfdXicf[\Xc`X[f[\cX[`]lj`e[\gif$ Yc\d}k`ZXjkXgX[Xj#\eZlY`\ikXj#[`j`dlcX$ [Xj6 GXiX i\Õ\o`feXi jfYi\ \c kiXYXaf [\ D%:%efj[\k\e[i\dfj\ejljfYiXj#g`\qXj pXZZ`fe\j#hl\XkiXmj[\^iXÔk`ji\Õ\aXe leZXd`efhl\mX[\j[\cXZXcc\XcX`ejk`kl$ Z`epml\cm\XcXZXcc\% ÈCXjglkXjXdXek\j[\cXm`[X XZcXiXdfjhl\#e`J}eZ_\q[\ CfqX[Xe`J}eZ_\q9\iqXejfe _`afjel\jkifjÉ CXGXq#j\gk`\dYi\[\)''*% <e \c dXiZf [\ le k\ejf Zc`dX gfck`Zf Xek\ cX [\dXe[X [\ le i\]\ie[ld gXiX [\Z`[`i\c[\jk`ef[\c^XjYfc`m`Xefpjlgf$ j`Yc\\ogfikXZ`eXkiXmj[\:_`c\pG\i# j\ `e`Z`Xe Ycfhl\fj [\ ilkXj p gifk\jkXj% <e cX cfZXc`[X[ iliXc [\ NXi`jXkX# \c Ycf$ hl\f `dgfj`Y`c`kX \c i\kfief [\ le ^ilgf [\ kli`jkXj `e^c\j\j p efik\Xd\i`ZXefj hl\_XZXeXcg`e`jdf\e\cdfek\e\mX[f [\c @ccXdgl% JXeZ_q 9\iqXe# d`e`jkif [\;\]\ejX#[\Z`[\\ekiXiXcgl\YcfZfe\c \aiZ`kfkfdXe[fcX\oZljX[\cfjkli`jkXj# La calle como escenario de la lucha semántica y subversiva de un colectivo que utiliza el grafiti como principal arma de insurrección. Un muro de La Paz, Bolivia con alusiones a su presidente. CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 9 redes En la Bienal de Sao Paulo 2006, Mujeres Creando presentó un potente artefacto conceptual ensamblando sus habituales grafitis sobre las fotografías de Julio Cordero, que ya a principios del siglo XX denunciaba la explotación indígena. hl\e`_XYXej`[fkfdX[fjZfdfi\_\e\j# e`ZfiiXei`\j^fjljm`[Xj%<cgl\Ycffgl$ jfi\j`jk\eZ`Xpjl]i`leXYilkXci\gi\j`e \e cX hl\ dli`\ife ki\j g\ijfeXj# \eki\ \ccXjleXe`XXpdXiX[\/Xfj#DXic\e\ IfaXj#hl\j\_XYXXjfdX[fgficXm\ekX$ eXgXiXZli`fj\Xi%D%:%\jklmf#leXj\dX$ eX Xek\j [\c jlZ\jf# dXiZ_Xe[f Zfe [fj k\cXj hl\ [\ZXe1 CXj glkXj XdXek\j [\ cX m`[X XZcXiXdfj hl\ e` J}eZ_\q [\ CfqX[X e`J}eZ_\q9\iqXejfe_`afjel\jkifjpEf mXdfj X [\jXidXi cX ZXjX [\c Xdf Zfe cXj _\iiXd`\ekXj[\cXdf% 8ek\ cXj dl\ik\j [\Z`[\e _XZ\i leX _l\c^X [\ _XdYi\# \c (* [\ fZklYi\ [\ )''*#\ecX;\]\ejfiX[\cGl\Ycf[\cXZ`l$ [X[[\CXGXq#cXZlXckfdXegXZÔZXd\e$ k\% Jl]i\e i\gi\j`e p \ekfeZ\j [\Z`[\e i\Xel[XicX_l\c^X\ecX:XjX[\cX:lckl$ iXXc[Xj`^l`\ek\%8cc#]leZ`feXi`fj[\cX 8cZXc[Xc\jg`[\ehl\\jg\i\ele[Xd}j% 8c[Xj`^l`\ek\j\_XZ\gYc`ZXcXÈgi`d\$ iX _l\c^X [\ _XdYi\É `e`Z`X[X gfi cX \o ;\]\ejfiX[\cGl\Ycf8eXDXiX:Xdg\if alekfX`ek\c\ZklXc\jp^\ek\[\ZcXj\d\$ [`X# cf hl\ Yfii [\ le gcldXqf cX clZ_X [\D%:%#jl`e`Z`Xk`mXpjli\gi`d\e[X%J`e \dYXi^fD%:%jldXg\i`f[`jkXj#kiXYXaX$ [fiXj p dla\i\j `em`j`Y`c`qX[Xj [\ekif [\ cfj dfm`d`\ekfj jfZ`Xc\j# gXiX Zfek`elXi Zfe cX _l\c^X p i\\jZi`Y`i gXik\ [\ cX _`j$ kfi`X%=i\ek\X\jkfj_\Z_fjDXiX>Xc`e[f \jZi`Y`lej\ek`[fpY\ccfk\okfhl\k`klc J\XZ\iZXcXm\ekXeX[\cXm`[XXi\Z`Y`icX dl\ik\% ÈE`e^leXdla\ieXZ\gXiXglkXÉ CXGXq$9l\efj8`i\j#)''*$)''.% <e alc`f [\ )''*# \e CX GXq# j\ i\Xc`q \c gi`d\ij\d`eXi`ffi^Xe`qX[fgfidla\i\j \e j`klXZ`e [\ gifjk`klZ`e hl\ i\Z`Y` \cefdYi\E`e^leXdla\ieXZ\gXiXglkX% 10 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 8cc j\ gcXek\Xife gifgl\jkXj ZfeZi\kXj Zfe \c fYa\kf [\ ef al[`Z`Xc`qXi \c kiXYXaf [\cXjdla\i\j#[\XmXeqXi\ecfj[\i\Z_fj _ldXefj ÆjXcl[ gXiX \ccXj p jlj ]Xd`c`Xj# Zfek\eZ`e$ p [\jm\cXi \c \ekiXdX[f Zf$ iilgkf [\c hl\ jfe mZk`dXj% ;`Z_X ]iXj\ ]l\\dgc\X[XgXiXXZZ`fe\j[\D%:%#^iXÔ$ k`j#ZXik\c\jpgifZcXdXjhl\Zfe]fidXife leXdl\jkiX[\Xik\plec`Yif%CX\ogfj`$ Z`ej\`eXl^li\eCXGXq\c)'[\\e\if [\)''-#\e\cdXiZf[\cfj]\jk\afjgficX XjleZ`e[\<mfDfiXc\j#Zfdf]fidXZi$ k`ZXpi\Õ\o`mXjfYi\cX`em`XY`c`[X[[\le ZXdY`f jfZ`Xc j`e le ZXdY`f j\olXc% 8j [`i}eÈef_Xpc`Y\ikX[gfck`ZXj`ec`Y\ikX[ j\olXcÉ%KXekf\cj\d`eXi`f\e]fidX[\kX$ cc\i\j#ZfdfcXdl\jkiXm`XaXife\e)''.X 9l\efj8`i\j#\jkl[`Xe[fpi\Õ\o`feXe[f jfYi\cXgifjk`klZ`e\e8i^\ek`eX% CX dl\jkiX j\ cc\m X ZXYf \e \c :\ekif :lckliXc 9fi^\j# \e gc\ef Z\ekif [\ 9l\$ efj8`i\jp\o_`Y`^iXÔk`j#]fkfj#ZXik\c\jp XZk`m`[X[\j[\jXiifccX[Xj\e[`Z_XZ`l[X[ alekfXcXji\Xc`qX[Xj\e9fc`m`X%8hlD%:% efjcf\jkXYc\Z`meZlcfjZfe]\d`e`jkXj Xi^\ek`eXj# `eZi\d\ekXe[f \c [\YXk\ jf$ Yi\\ck\dX[\cXkiXkXle`[fXc[\cXgifjk`$ klZ`e#j`efhl\\ecXq[`Z_Xk\d}k`ZXXle \jgXZ`f `ejk`klZ`feXc# _\Z_f `dg\ejXYc\ Xek\j[\D%:% Efjfpfi`^`eXi`Xjfpfi`^`eXc ).9`\eXc[\JXeGXYcf)''-% 9Xaf \c c\dX :fdf m`m\i alekf# jl Zfd`$ jXi`X C`j\kk\ CX^eX[f `em`kX X D%:% \e cX j\c\ZZ`e fÔZ`Xc [\ Xik`jkXj% <ccXj gi\j\e$ kXife leX [\ cXj fYiXj d}j ]l\ik\j [\ cX 9`\eXc%G`ekXe[fcfjdlifj[\e\^ifp\d$ gc\Xe[f \c YcXeZf gXiX cXj gXcXYiXj# Xik`$ ZlcXife`d}^\e\j]fkf^i}ÔZXj[\cXiZ_`mf Alc`f:fi[\if$lef[\cfjd}j`dgfikXe$ k\j]fk^iX]fjYfc`m`Xefj[\gi`eZ`g`fj[\c j`^cfOO$Zfe\cc\e^lXa\%D}jXcc}[\jlj _XY`klXc\j ^iXÔk`j gi\j\ekXife leX cXi^X ZXikX [`i`^`[X X <mf DfiXc\j \jZi`kX gfi leg\ijfeXa\#Q}iXk\#È\ck\d`Yc\N`ccbXÉ# le `e[`f jlYc\mX[f hl\ \e cXj ^l\iiXj Z`$ m`c\j[\cj`^cfgXjX[fXpl[XXcfjc`Y\iXc\j X ki`le]Xi p hl\ cl\^f j\iX kiX`Z`feX[f p Xj\j`eX[f%;`Z_XZXikX\o_`Y\Zfegi\fZl$ gXZ`ecXXdY`Z`e[\gf[\i[\DfiXc\jp j\gi\^lekXj`j\i}gfj`Yc\leZXdY`fiX$ [`ZXc% CXj `d}^\e\j [\ :fi[\if# \ogfe\ek\j [\cX`ealjk`Z`XjfZ`Xcd}j\oki\dXjfYi\cX YXj\[\ciXZ`jdfp\cj\o`jdf#dfjkiXYXX e`Xj kiXYXaX[fiXj m`fcX[Xj gfi gXkife\j# `e[`fj lY`ZX[fj X cX mXe^lXi[`X [\c \ai$ Z`kfgXiXjlgifekXdl\ik\#\j[\Z`i#Xcfj d}j ZfefZ`[fj \ogfe\ek\j [\ le ^\efZ`$ [`fg\i[liXYc\% È<cZXdY`fjfZ`Xc\jle_\Z_fZi\Xk`mfp cXZi\Xk`m`[X[\jle`ejkild\ekf[\clZ_XÉ# XÔidXecXjD%:%Pgfihl\\cdfd\ekf[\ cX Zfek\dgfiXe\`[X[ \j leX [\ cXj d}j Ôid\j `ejkXeZ`Xj [\ c`Y\ikX[ hl\ [`i\ZkX$ d\ek\ [\jXÔXe cX \jZi`kliX# \o_`Y`Z`e# Zfej\imXZ`e# d\iZX[f p [\d}j Xik`ZlcX$ [fi\j[\cZXdgfXikjk`Zf#[\Y\dfjd\[`$ kXi_XjkX[fe[\cc\^X\jXc`Y\ikX[% <jk} \e efjfkifj gf[\i i\Õ\o`feXi jf$ Yi\ \c \jgXZ`f [\ c`Y\ikX[ hl\ `dgc`ZX \c Xik\ Zfek\dgfi}e\f% G\ejXi Zfe hl _\$ iiXd`\ekXjgl\[fkiX\iXcXd\dfi`X#cc\$ mXiXc[`jZlijf#efdYiXicf_XjkX\ekfeZ\j dl[f[\Z`\ikXjmfZ\jhl\jfe`eZdf[Xj gXiX cfj [`jZlijfj [\ Xlkfi`[X[ Z`iZlcXe$ k\j% :fek\dgcXi \c cl^Xi [\j[\ [fe[\ _X$ YcXdfj p cX `dgfikXeZ`X [\ YljZXi cXqfj hl\`ek\iZXdY`\eel\jkiXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj% <j\ekfeZ\jle\a\dgcfjXcl[XYc\\c[\ Dla\i\j:i\Xe[f%xdXiXcXliXcfjX redes ACCIÓN Le]\d`e`jdf [\`dgliXj D}jXcc}[\cXi\cXZ`eZfe\c<jkX[f%@ejkX$ cX[Xjd}jXZ}pdXjXcc}[\cXi\cXZ`ee`ZX# \oZclj`mXpfYj\j`mXZfe\c<jkX[f%?l`[Xj [\c al\^f [\dXe[X$m`Zk`dX$ZfeZ\j`e# hl\\jcXi\cXZ`ee`ZX\ecXhl\j\_Xe ZfcfZX[f_`jki`ZXd\ek\cfjdfm`d`\ekfj jfZ`Xc\j% Dla\i\j :i\Xe[f _X XY`\ikf \e cXjfZ`\[X[Yfc`m`XeX#fkiXj]fidXj[\_X$ Z\igfck`ZX#fkifj\jZ\eXi`fjgXiX_XZ\icf pfkifj\jZ\eXi`fjk\d}k`Zfj[\j[\[fe[\ _XZ\icf% ?\dfj_l`[fkXdY`e[\cd`kf[\cXc\p# _l`dfj[\cd`kf[\hl\cXc\pi\jl\cm\fi\$ d\[`XcX`ealjk`Z`XjfZ`Xc%Gfi\jfd`iXdfj Zfe`e[`]\i\eZ`XcXjkfii\j[\c\p\jXek`[`j$ Zi`dXeXkfi`XjgXiXdXi`Zfe\j#dla\i\j#e`$ fjf[`jZXgXZ`kX[fjZfdfhl`\eZfek\dgcX ledfeke[\gXg\c\j`ej\im`Yc\j% <jkXdfj`ejkXcX[Xj\e\cZ\ekif[\cXj j\ej`Y`c`[X[\j jfZ`Xc\j Zfdle`Z}e[fefj [\j[\cXjqfeXj[\gcXZ\ip[\[fcfi[\cX jfZ`\[X[ Zfe kf[fj cfj j\Zkfi\j jfZ`Xc\j `dX^`eXYc\j% Ef`ek\i\jXhl\j\XdfjZlXkifcfZXj#ef `ek\i\jXhl\ZfdfmfqZfek\jkXkXi`Xefj Zfcfhl\ecX\k`hl\kX[\dXi^`eXc\jfd`$ efi`kXi`Xjgfihl\efefj[\j\Xdfj#e`efj gi\k\e[\dfjZfdgcXZ`\ek\jZfee`e^leX dXpfiX%EfZX\dfj\e\cgifj\c`k`jdfp gfi\jfefXg\cXdfjj`efXcX[\jfY\[`\eZ`X pcXgifmfZXZ`e% Jfdfj le i\]\i\ek\ [\ i\Y\c[X ZlpX [`d\ej`eefk`\e\cd`k\[\\[X[#[\Zf$ cfi[\g`\c#e`[\j\of2lei\]\i\ek\[\i\$ Y\c[X#Zfek\jkXZ`epXc\^iXhl\j\elki\ [\el\jkiXjk\iZXj#_`jki`ZXjpZfejkXek\j kiXej^i\j`fe\jphl\j\XYi\ZXd`efjlY$ k\ii}e\f[\ekifp]l\iX[\kf[XjcXj`ejk`$ klZ`fe\jjfZ`Xc\j#`eZcl`[X#·faf#`eZcl`[X kXdY`eCX@^c\j`X% :lXe[f_XYcXdfj[\fkifj\jZ\eXi`fj \jkXdfj_XYcXe[f[\cXZXcc\#cXZXcc\Zfdf \ccl^Xip\cZ\ekif[\cXm`kXc`[X[jfZ`Xc#cX ZXcc\Zfdf\c\jgXZ`f[\\eZl\ekif#cXZXcc\ Zfdf\ccl^Xi[\j\ek`[f%Gfi\jfjfdfj^iX$ Ôk\iXjpgfi\jfkXdY`e_XZ\dfjXZZ`fe\j ZXcc\a\iXjhl\gcXek\XeXÔe[\Zl\ekXjhl\ cXkfdX[\c\jgXZ`fgYc`Zf\ecXjfZ`\[X[ gfigXik\[\cXjdla\i\j\jcXkfdX[\cX ZXcc\%Gfi\jf\eYfZX[\cXm\e[\[fiXXd$ YlcXek\c\\dfjjlj`c\eZ`fZfe\cj`^l`\ek\ ^iXÔk`1CXZXcc\\jd`ZXjXj`edXi`[f#cXZXcc\ \jd`kiXYXafj`egXkife\j% 8c`XeqXj`ejc`kXj%DlpXg\jXi[\kf[XcX _fdf]fY`XjfZ`Xchl\_Xgi\j`feX[fgXiX \eZXj`ccXiefjZfdfledfm`d`\ekf[\c\j$ Y`XeXj#efjfkiXj_\dfjkiXejZ\e[`[f\jfj \jhl\dXj Z`\ekfj [\ m\Z\j j`e [\aXi [\ \a\iZ\ikf[XjcXj`[\ek`[X[\jhl\efj_X$ Mujeres Creando ha abierto en la sociedad boliviana una profunda guerra semiótica que afecta a todos los frentes. El\jkif ]\d`e`jdf \jk}Zfejk`$ kl`[fgficXj \o`c`X[Xj[\c e\fc`Y\iXc`j$ df%Jfdfjle dfm`d`\ekf [\`e[`Xj# glkXjpc\j$ Y`XeXj Y`kXej`dlck}e\Xd\ek\phl\Z\c\YiXdfj gYc`ZXd\ek\%Jfdfjledfm`d`\ekf[\ È`e[`Xj#glkXjpc\jY`XeXj#alekXj#i\ml\ckXj p_\idXeX[XjÉ%<jkfhl`\i\[\Z`i#hl\ef efjhl\[Xdfj\e\c^i`kf[\XÔidXZ`e[\cX [`]\i\eZ`X#_XZ\dfj[\cX[`]\i\eZ`Xleg\$ [Xqfhl\j\Zfdgc\kX\ecXi\cXZ`e[\jfc`$ [Xi`[X[ZfecXfkiX$[`]\i\ek\[\j[`YlaXe[f cXjj\gXiXZ`fe\j[\f[`fhl\\cgXki`XiZX[f efj\ej\XXXjld`iZfdfgifg`Xj% :l\jk`feXdfjcXjZfii`\ek\j]\d`e`jkXj hl\_Xei\[lZ`[f\cjla\kfgfck`Zf[\c]\$ d`e`jdfXcXdla\iYcXeZX_\k\ifj\olXc# dX[i\p_XY`kXek\[\cXjjfZ`\[X[\jZXg`$ kXc`jkXj[\cefik\% :l\jk`feXdfjcfj]\d`e`jdfjhl\#\e efdYi\[\kf[XjcXjdla\i\j#_XeZfejkil`$ [f\jgXZ`fj#[\i\Z_fjpi\gi\j\ekXZ`e#\e i\Xc`[X[#jcfgXiXXc^leXjdla\i\j%<jfj ]\d`e`jdfjj\_XeZfem\ik`[f\ej`dgc\c`$ Y\iXc`jdfp_Xej`[f[\mfiX[fjgficfjgXi$ k`[fjgfck`Zfj#gfi\c<jkX[f#pgfi\cgifg`f ZiZlcfm`Z`fjf[\le[`jZlijfZ\iiX[fhl\ ^XiXek`qX\jkXkljpgi`m`c\^`fjgXiXleXj dla\i\j#phl\Xcd`jdfk`\dgffd`k\#_XZ\ `em`j`Yc\j\`^efiXXcXjfkiXjdla\i\j% ?XZ\dfj le ]\d`e`jdf [\ `dgliXj Zfejkil`[fjfYi\lejla\kfZfdgc\af#YX$ jX[f \e Xc`XeqXj `ejc`kXj p gif_`Y`[Xj [fe[\cfgif_`Y`[f\jcXXc`XeqX#[fe[\cf gif_`Y`[f\jj\i_\idXeX[\hl`eef[\Y\j j\icf#[fe[\cfgif_`Y`[f\j`[\ek`ÔZXik\ Zfehl`\eef[\Y\iXj_XZ\icf%<j\jla\kf Zfdgc\af[\`e[`Xj#glkXjpc\jY`XeXj\jle \jgXZ`fd\kX]i`Zf%Le\jgXZ`fj`dYc`Zf Zfejkil`[fle`\e[fcXjglekXjd}j\oki\$ dXj[\cXZfe[`Z`e[\cXjdla\i\j%GXik`i [\\jfjcl^Xi\jefjg\id`k\Zfejkil`ile \jgXZ`f]\d`e`jkXZfdgc\af`dglifphl\ k`\e\cXgfk\eZ`X[\ZfemfZXip[\j\im`i [\\jg\afgXiXZlXchl`\idla\i[\cdle[f [\j[\jli\Y\c[X#ef[\j[\jlZfdf[`[X[% Gfi\jfel\jkif]\d`e`jdf\jk}Zfdgl\jkf gfi\o`c`X[Xj[\ce\fc`Y\iXc`jdfhl\jfecXj dXcccXdX[Xjd`^iXek\j% El\jkif ]\d`e`jdf \jk} Zfdgl\jkf [\`e[^\eXj[\jfY\[`\ek\j[\dXe[Xkfj ZlckliXc\j# \jk} Zfdgl\jkf [\ c\jY`XeXj `eZfii\ZkXj# [\ dla\i\j \e j`klXZ`e [\ gifjk`klZ`e# [\ [\j\dgc\X[Xj Zie`ZXj# [\ X[fc\jZ\ek\j Zie`ZXj# Zfe]`^liXe[f leXZfi\f^iX]X`eÔe`kXpdlck`Zfcfi`eX^f$ kXYc\%El\jkif]\d`e`jdf\jk}Zfdgl\jkf gfidla\i\j`eZdf[Xj#`eefdYiXYc\j#`e$ XZ\gkXYc\j%El\jkiXXc`XeqX\j`e[`^\jkX\ `ejfgfikXYc\% Leg\e\#ZlXchl`\ig\e\#\jj`\dgi\leX d`e`XkliX%DlpXg\jXi[\cXd`jf^`e`Xjf$ Z`Xchl\_Xgi\k\e[`[f\eZXj`ccXiefjZfdf ledfm`d`\ekf[\f[`fZfekiXcfj_fdYi\j# el\jkif[`jZlijfpel\jkiXjdXefjX^XiiXe Xki\m`[Xd\ek\\cZl\igfjXZiXc`qX[f[\cmX$ iegXiX_ldXe`qXicf%<jfgifmfZX\ogcf$ j`mfj[\YXk\j\eki\gX[i\j#ZliXj#gfc`ZXj# _\idXefj#m\Z`efj#Xd`^fjpXdXek\j%<e$ k\e[\dfjhl\\c]\d`e`jdf\jle\jgXZ`f [\cXjdla\i\jp[\j[\cXjdla\i\j#g\ifef gXiXcXjdla\i\j%<jleXgifgl\jkXgXiXcX jfZ`\[X[\ejlZfealekf#gfi\jf\jle`m\i$ jXc%<jfef`dgc`ZXhl\\c]\d`e`jdfk\e^X hl\_XZ\ij\ZXi^f[\Zfem\ik`i#klk\cXif i\\[lZXi X cfj _fdYi\j Zfe el\mXj ]fi$ dXj[\Zfdgi\ej`e[\jldXjZlc`e`[X[% :i\\dfjhl\cX]l\iqX`ek\ig\cX[fiX[\c ]\d`e`jdfZfekiXkf[Xi\cXZ`e[\gf[\i# CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 11 redes YXjX[fj\ecXY`fcf^X[\el\jkifZl\igf% J`e \dYXi^f# cX [fd\jk`ZXZ`e [\ cfj dfm`d`\ekfjjfZ`Xc\jpcXXj`^eXZ`e[\le ^l`fefÔZ`Xcj`dgc`jkXgXiXZX[Xdfm`d`\e$ kfef\jXc^fhl\jfcXd\ek\i\ZX\jfYi\\c ]\d`e`jdf% FZlii`pfZlii\cfd`jdfZfe\cdfm`$ d`\ekf\Zfcf^`jkX#Zfe\c[\dXi`Zfe\jp\c [\c\jY`XeXjYXlk`qX[fZfdfdfm`d`\ekf ^Xp p# _XZ\ dlZ_f d}j k`\dgf# kXdY`e Zfe\cdfm`d`\ekffYi\if% Cfjdfm`d`\ekfjXgXi\Z\eZcXj`ÔZX[fj pj\gXiX[fjlefj[\fkifj#Xa\efjlefjX cfjfkifjpi\jgfe[`\e[fXle^l`efÔZ`Xc hl\efjfcXd\ek\cfjYXeXc`qXj`efhl\cfj _fdf^\e`qXpcfjZfem`\ik\\eXc^fi^`[f% <jX_Xj`[fleX[\cXj]fidXjd}j\ÔZXZ\j gfigXik\[\cfjfi^Xe`jdfj`ek\ieXZ`feXc\j pcfj\jkX[fjgXiXe\lkiXc`qXi\cgfk\eZ`Xc jlYm\ij`mf[\cfjdfm`d`\ekfjpgXiXXe`$ hl`cXijl]l\iqX\ogi\j`mXpjlZXgXZ`[X[ Zi\Xk`mX% Jfdfjp_\dfjj`[fgXik\[\cfjgifZ\$ jfjjfZ`Xc\jpgfck`Zfj%?\dfji\^XcX[fX cXjclZ_XjZi\Xk`m`[X[p]l\iqX\ogi\j`mX1 CXlkfgX\jZ`\^XpZXd`eXXkifg\qfe\j#\j jfi[Xp_XYcXX^i`kfj#\cZfcfi[\jlg`\c\j kXeYcXeZXZfdfdfi\eXp\jhl\efjfkiXj%%% Efk\e\dfjce\X#jfdfjgliXZlimX% ZfcfZXcXi\cXZ`eZfe\cle`m\ijfdXjZlc`ef \eleXj`klXZ`ehl\efg\id`k\\c[`jZlijf ]}Z`c[\Xlkfaljk`ZXZ`fe%Efj`ek\i\jXd}j \jXgfj`Y`c`[X[hl\Xhl\ccXhl\`e[`ZXhl\ cXjdla\i\j[\Y\dfj`eZfigfiXiXcfj_fd$ Yi\jXc]\d`e`jdfgXiXhl\\jk\X[hl`\iX mXc`[\qjfZ`Xcle`m\ijXc% Pef\jhl\hl\iXdfji\]le[Xile\j\e$ Z`Xc`jdf\ekfief[\j\idla\i\j#e`dlZ_f d\efjXgfpXiefj\e\cY`eXi`jdf_fdYi\$ dla\i%<ecXZfejkilZZ`e[\c^\e\ifef kf[f\jg\i]fidXk`mf#_Xpi\Xc`[X[\j#ZlXc`$ [X[\j#j\ej`Y`c`[X[\jefjcfg\i]fidXk`mXj j`efkXdY`e_`jki`ZXj% CX[fd\jk`ZXZ`e[\cfjdfm`d`\ekfj jfZ`Xc\j%Hl\i\dfjkf[f\cgXiXjf#ef\c*'# +'f,'[\c`eÔ\iefe\fc`Y\iXc%<ce\fc`Y\$ iXc`jdfcf^i[fd\jk`ZXiXcfjdfm`d`\e$ kfjjfZ`Xc\j_XjkX\cglekfhl\ZX[Xlef [\YXi\jgfe[\iXle^l`e[\[\dXe[Xjp k\d}k`ZXj%8jjli^`leXjlgl\jkXX^\e[X [\[\i\Z_fj[\cXjdla\i\j%8^\e[X\ecX hl\efjfkiXjeleZX\ekiXdfj#efjfdfj ledfm`d`\ekf[\i\`m`e[`ZXZ`e[\[\i\$ Z_fjp\jgXZ`fj[\ekif[\cj`jk\dX#pgfi\jf ]l`dfjkXeÔ\iXjXcX_fiX[\Zl\jk`feXicXj ZlfkXjhl\cXjdla\i\j#[\j[\cfjgXik`[fj# i\ZcXdXYXe% Efj _\dfj ZfeZ\ekiX[f \e \c \j]l\i$ qf `eZfeZcljf [\ XeXc`qXi cXj ]fidXj [\ fgi\j`ehl\g\jXejfYi\el\jkiXjfZ`\$ [X[#\ek\e[`\e[fhl\cfhl\[\k\id`eXcX jlYfi[`eXZ`e[\cXjdla\i\jefgl\[\j\i m`jkfgXiZ`Xcd\ek\j`ekfZXicfjgi`m`c\^`fj [\iXqX#\[X[lfgZ`ej\olXcZfdfj`kf[Xj cXjdla\i\jklm`iXdfj`ek\i\j\jZfdle\j 12 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 María Galindo en una de las escenografías más radicales del colectivo.“Un pene, cualquier pene, es siempre una miniatura”, dice uno de los grafitis de M.C. Efjfdfj le^ilgf [\Xik`jkXj% :lXe[f fZlgXdfj lecl^Xi\e \cdle[f [\cXik\cf _XZ\dfj Zfdf`ekiljXj fZfdf `ehl`c`eXj Gfck`ZXZfeZi\kX%<ek\e[\dfjcfZfk`[`X$ efZfdf\ccl^Xid}j]\Zle[f[\j[\[fe[\ [\jfi[\eXicXjfZ`\[X[#gfi\jfgiXZk`ZX$ dfj leX gfck`ZX ZfeZi\kX hl\ Zfej`jk\ \eefgif[lZ`ie`ZXd\ek\[`jZlijf#j`ef i\Xc`qXileXj\i`\[\XZZ`fe\jpgi}Zk`ZXj jfc`[Xi`Xjhl\ZfeÔ\iXeXc[`jZlijfcXYXj\ hl\e\Z\j`kXgXiXXc`d\ekXij\pjfjk\e\ij\ ZfdfleX]l\iqXjfZ`XcpefZfdfleXd\iX i\ki`ZX% El\jkiXgfck`ZXZfeZi\kX\jk}_\Z_X[\ leXj\i`\[\\jgXZ`fjg\hl\fjZlpXkiXj$ Z\e[\eZ`XiX[`ZX\em`[XjZfeZi\kXj% <jkXgfck`ZXZfeZi\kXZfej`jk\\emXi`Xj Xck\ieXk`mXj\ecXgi}Zk`ZXZfk`[`XeX1 IX[`f;\j\fnnn%iX[`f[\j\f%Zfd #leX iX[`fhl\kiXejd`k\gXiX[fjZ`l[X[\j(+ _fiXjXc[X#pgfi`ek\ie\k#[fe[\efjfcX$ d\ek\_\dfj`em`kX[fXcXjDla\i\j:i\Xe$ [f% D`dXd}kiXYXaX#leZ\ekif[\\[lZXZ`e `e`Z`Xc#\j[\Z`i#[\j[\\cgi`d\iXf[\m`[X _XjkXcfjZlXkifXfj#gfihl\cXdXk\ie`[X[j`$ ^l\j`\e[fleXZXi^Xjfc`kXi`X[\cXjdla\i\j% CXM`i^\e[\cfj;\j\fj#leXZXjXifaX#g\if hl\\jkXdY`eleZ\ekifXlkf^\jk`feXi`f% J\gf[iX[\Ôe`iZfdflehl`cfdYf[fe[\ gXjX[\kf[f%?Xp[\j[\YXfgYc`Zf_Xj$ kXZfd\[fi#g\if#jfYi\kf[f#\jle\jgXZ`f hl\XcY\i^XZlXchl`\iZfejg`iXZ`e% :fekiXcXljliXYXeZXi`X#leXfÔZ`eX[\ Xk\eZ`e jfYi\ \e[\l[Xd`\ekf gfi d`$ ZifZi[`kf#gfihl\Xlehl\cXZffg\iXZ`e `ek\ieXZ`feXchl`\iXj\^l`i[`Z`\e[fhl\ \jXpl[XXc[\jXiifccf#\jleXgfck`ZX[\ jfYi\\e[\l[Xd`\ekf [\ cXj dla\i\j% <j led\ZXe`jdfgXiXlk`c`qXicX]l\iqX[\cXj dla\i\jZfdfZfcZ_e[\cXZi`j`j\Zfe$ d`ZXhl\ef[XkX[\_XZ\leXfj`efhl\# gXiXefjfkiXj#\jleXZi`j`j\k\ieX[\cXhl\ m\e`dfjfp\e[f_XYcXi[\j[\hl\\jk}YX$ dfj\ecXZleX% CXMfq[\d`;\j\f#leX\jZl\cX[\iX[`f [fe[\cXjdla\i\jifdg\ecXdl[\qp\cX$ YfiXepgfe\e\efe[Xjljgifg`XjmfZ\j% Dla\iGYc`ZX#leXi\m`jkX`ek\ieXZ`feXc[\ g\ejXd`\ekf]\d`e`jkXhl\j\gif[lZ\[\j[\ j\`jgXj\j[\cdle[fpj\[`jki`Ylp\\efZ_f gXiXj\^l`iZXc\ekXe[f\c]l\^f[\cXlkfgXp ifdg`\e[fcfjdlifj[\cXjfc\[X[% ¶Hljfdfj\ekfeZ\j6:fe\jkXjgi}Z$ k`ZXjp\jk\glX[f[\`ekl`Z`fe\ji\jlckX gl\j[`]Z`cXlkf[\Ôe`iefj% ¶Jfdfj le ^ilgf [\ gi]l^Xj [\c gX$ ki`XiZX[f6 ¶JfdfjleX^ilgf[\_l`[Xj[\cX`ejk`$ klZ`feXc`[X[6 ¶JfdfjleXjdfeaXj[\cj`^cfOO@hl\ _Xe]fidX[fleZfem\ekf[fe[\\eki\^Xij\ Xjljgifg`Xj]fidXj[\Zfdgi\ej`e[\cX m`[X6 Efjfdfjle^ilgf[\Xik`jkXjgfihl\\c Xik\\j\ejd`jdfXa\efXleX^iXeZXek`$ [X[[\el\jkiXjgi}Zk`ZXj%EfjfkiXjd`jdXj efjZfcfZXdfj]l\iX[\cdle[f[\cXik\% :lXe[ffZlgXdfjlecl^Xihl\g\ik\$ e\Z\Xcdle[f[\cXik\cf_XZ\dfjZfdf `ekiljXjfZfdf`ehl`c`eXj% 8dd\^ljkXXlkfZXc`ÔZXid\ZfdfX^`$ kX[fiXZXcc\a\iX#^iXÔk\iXpZfZ`e\iX#g\if \jXZXc`ÔZXZ`ekXdgfZf\eZXaXZfekf[Xj efjfkiXj% EfjfdfjkXdgfZfle^ilgf[\XZk`m`j$ kXjgfihl\\cXZk`m`jdf\j\c`em\ekf[\cX `[`fk\q% <cXZk`m`jdf\jcXgif_`Y`Z`e[\_XZ\i gfck`ZXXcdXi^\e[\cfjgXik`[fj% <cXZk`m`jdf\jcX]fidX[\\ogifg`Xik\ [\cXgfck`ZX% :lXe[fk\[`Z\ehl\_XZ\jXZk`m`jdfk\ \jk}e[`Z`\e[fhl\ef_XZ\jgfck`ZX#j`ef hl\k\c`d`kXjX\jXZfjXgfZf\cXYfiX[Xhl\ \jgifk\jkXif[\eleZ`Xi% Jfdfj le dfm`d`\ekf [\ ]\d`e`jkXj XlkfZfemfZX[Xj% Ef jfdfj gfi kXekf le gXik`[fgfck`Zf#e`leXf\e\^#g\ifZfdf dfm`d`\ekfjfZ`XckXdgfZf\eZXaXdfjZfe Xhl\ccfhl\j\\ek`\e[\gfidfm`d`\ekf% Jfdfjg\i[\[fiXjeXkXjgfihl\ef\jcX \]\Zk`m`[X[e`\co`kfcXmXiXZfecXhl\j\ gl\[\d\[`icXkiXjZ\e[\eZ`X[\el\jkiXj XZZ`fe\j% Jfdfj dlp gfZXj gXiX Zfejk`kl`i le dfm`d`\ekfp#j`e\dYXi^f#`eÔe`kXjm\Z\j _\dfjdfm`[f#`ek\ig\cX[f#Zfe]le[`[fp Zfedfm`[fXel\jkiXjfZ`\[X[\ek\iX% CXZi\Xk`m`[X[\jel\jkifgi`eZ`gXc`ej$ kild\ekf[\clZ_X% :XdY`XileXjfZ`\[X[\ji\`em\ekXicX# ef^fY\ieXicX% xdXiX^Xc`e[f&dla\$ i\jZi\Xe[f <ecXZ\j1 dla\i\jZi\Xe[f7\ek\ce\k%Yf nnn%dla\i\jZi\Xe[f%fi^ nnn%dla\i\jZi\Xe[f%Zfd nnn%iX[`f[\j\f%Zfd redes Imagen de la muestra “Inventario 19651975” basada en la recuperación del Archivo Graciela Carnevale, que tuvo lugar en 2008 en Rosario (Argentina). RED CONCEPTUALISMOS DEL SUR Gfck`ZXj[\XiZ_`mf% <og\i`\eZ`XjZfc\Zk`mXj[\cXI\[ [\:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJli Lef[\cfjgi`eZ`g`fji\Zkfi\jhl\g\id`k` hl\cXI\[:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJli\d\i$ ^`\iXZfdfleXgcXkX]fidX`ek\ieXZ`feXc [\kiXYXaf#g\ejXd`\ekfpkfdX[\gfj`Z`e Zfc\Zk`mX]l\cXe\Z\j`[X[ZfdgXik`[X[\jlj d`\dYifj[\i\mXcfiXicX[`d\ej`egfck`$ ZX[\Xc^lefjXiZ_`mfji\cXZ`feX[fjZfecXj gi}Zk`ZXjZfeZ\gklXc\j\e8di`ZXCXk`eX# pcX[\i\XZk`mXijlgfk\eZ`Xc`[X[Zik`ZX ZfecX`[\X[\kiXej]fidXi\cgi\j\ek\%J`e gi\k\e[\iX^fkXicXjgi\fZlgXZ`fe\j[\cX I:JgficXjgfck`ZXj[\XiZ_`mfÆpj`ecX`e$ k\eZ`e[\^\e\iXi[\Ôe`Z`fe\jZXk\^i`ZXj [\cgifYc\dXÆ\ecfhl\j`^l\j\gi\j\ekXe ZlXkif\e]fhl\j#ZfplekliXjf\a\ji\cXZ`f$ eX[fjZfe\cY`efd`fgfck`ZXj[\XiZ_`mf& gi}Zk`ZXjZfeZ\gklXc\j[\8di`ZXCXk`eX \e\c\jZ\eXi`f^cfYXc% <ecXjj`^l`\ek\jZfej`[\iXZ`fe\jZi$ k`ZXj#;Xm`[>lk`ii\qefjXgifo`dXXcX `ejkild\ekXc`qXZ`e ZfigfiXk`mX [\ cfj gifZ\jfj[\ZfejkilZZ`e[\ZfefZ`d`\e$ kfp[\Zffg\iXZ`e[\j`^lXcZfe8di`ZX CXk`eX% Cfj XiZ_`mfj [`^`kXc\j p cfj YXe$ Zfj^cfYXc\j[\`d}^\e\j\e\cdXiZf[\c XZZ\jfle`m\ijXcjfeXYfi[X[fjgfi:i`j$ k`Xe>d\qDfpX%;\cXjgi}Zk`ZXj`ejk`$ klp\ek\jZfdfgXik\[\cXgif[lZZ`e[\ `dX^`eXi`fjXiZ_`mjk`Zfj[\cfjdlj\fj[\ Xik\_XYcXAfXhle9Xii`\e[fj#pcXXelcX$ Z`e[\cXgfk\eZ`XZik`ZX[\Xc^leXj\og\$ i`\eZ`XjZfeZ\gklXc\j[\8di`ZXCXk`eX# ZlXe[fjkXj]fidXegXik\[\c[`jZlijfpX efidXc`qX[fjfYi\cXjgi}Zk`ZXjg\i`]i`ZXj# Zfii\XZXi^f[\AX`d\M`e[\c% :feXZ\ekfjk\d}k`Zfj[`jk`ek`mfjg\if Zfem\i^\ek\j\ejlXgl\jkXZik`ZX#\jkXj Zfeki`YlZ`fe\jefgi\k\e[\efkiXZfjXhl\ XYi`i\c[\YXk\jfYi\cXjgfck`ZXj[\XiZ_`mf XgXik`i[\cXgl\jkX\ek\ej`e[\le\c\$ d\ekfZfde1cXjZfej\Zl\eZ`Xjhl\i\$ jlckXe[\cgifZ\jf[\i\_`jkfi`qXZ`e[\cXj gi}Zk`ZXjZfeZ\gklXc\j[\8di`ZXCXk`eX% >\fgfck`ZXj[\XiZ_`mfj[\Xik\ [\8di`ZXCXk`eX <cXik\cXk`efXd\i`ZXefj\\eZl\ekiX_fp \e\cZ\ekif[\cXj[`e}d`ZXj[\\o_`Y`Z`e\ `em\jk`^XZ`e[\`ejk`klZ`fe\jdlj\jk`ZXjp XZX[d`ZXj[\gXj\jZ\ekiXc\j%<e\jk\Zfe$ k\okf#cXj\jkiXk\^`Xj[\[`mlc^XZ`eZlckliXc gXjXe#`e\m`kXYc\d\ek\#gfi\jkiXk\^`Xj[\ mXcfi`qXZ`e[\cfjgifZ\jfj[\ZfefZ`d`\e$ kfjfYi\cXjgi}Zk`ZXjpZXk\^fi`qXZ`e[\ cXjgfk`ZXjlY`ZX[Xj\e\c\ekiXdX[fcX$ k`efXd\i`ZXef[\c[`jZlijfjfYi\\cXik\% CX`[\ek`ÔZXZ`ep\jkl[`f[\[fZld\ekfj pXiZ_`mfj#hl\g\id`kXecXZfejkilZZ`e [\\jk\\ekiXdX[fp[\[`jZlijfjjfYi\\c d`jdf#j\_XZfem\ik`[f\ecXXZZ`e`ek\$ i\jX[X[\dlck`eXZ`feXc\j[\ZfefZ`d`\ekf hl\i\^lcXep\o_`Y\egi}Zk`ZXjXikjk`ZXj [\dXe\iX[\jk\ii`kfi`Xc`qX[X% <jkXj dlck`eXZ`feXc\j# `ejk`klZ`fe\j# dlj\fjple`m\ij`[X[\j#Zfdf\c@ek\ieX$ k`feXc:\ek\if]8d\i`ZXe8ikj#j\ZXiXZ$ k\i`qXegfij\igifp\Zkfj[\ÔeXeZ`XZ`e efik\Xd\i`ZXefjp\lifg\fjjfjk\e`[fj\e \jkiXk\^`Xj[\\jkl[`f\`ek\icfZlZ`eX^il$ gfj[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfpdfm`d`\ekfjjfZ`X$ c\j\eCXk`efXdi`ZX%J\YXjXe\ecXXlj\e$ Z`X[\gcXkX]fidXj[\[`jZlj`e\ecfjgXj\j cXk`efXd\i`ZXefj%>\jk`feXecX[`i\ZZ`e[\ gXi\jcXk`efXd\i`ZXefj[\Z\ekifji\Zfef$ Z`[fj[\`em\jk`^XZ`ep[\\a\iZ`Z`fgfck`Zf \e\c[\jXiifccf[\jlj`e`Z`Xk`mXj%>\e\iXe gcXe\j gif^iXd}k`Zfj [\ `em\jk`^XZ`e p XZZ`eZlckliXcjfYi\cfj\jZ\eXi`fjcfZXc\j [\`ek\icfZlZ`e[liXek\mXi`fjXfj%;\$ k\id`eXe\jkiXk\^`Xj[\m`j`Y`c`[X[eXZ`f$ eXc\`ek\ieXZ`feXcXjlefdYi\%8glekXeX ^\e\iXi\jkX[fj[\cXik\[\cXjZ`iZlejkXe$ Z`XjjfZ`Xc\jpZlckliXc\j[\8di`ZXCXk`eX gXik`\e[f[\cfj]le[Xd\ekfj\g`jkd`Zfj [\jlj[`jZlijfj%;\jXiifccXegifZ\jfj[\ ZXgXZ`kXZ`e\`ek\icfZlZ`e[\cfjd`\d$ YifjcXk`efXd\i`ZXefjgXiX^\e\iXiZfdl$ e`[X[\j`ek\c\ZklXc\j%P#gfick`df#Zfej$ k`klp\ei\[\j[\kiXYXaf\e8di`ZXCXk`eX YXafgifp\Zkfj[\jl`e`Z`Xk`mX% Kf[fj\jkfjglekfjjfeXkiXZk`mfjgXiX cfj`ek\icfZlkfi\jcXk`efXd\i`ZXefjp[\ _\Z_f]fikXc\Z\ejlkiXYXaf%<jk\gifZ\jf ef\jefZ`mf\ejd`jdfgXiXcX`em\jk`$ ^XZ`e jfYi\ Xik\ cXk`efXd\i`ZXef# j`ef \e cX d\[`[X \e hl\ cX XlkfefdX \e cX ZfejkilZZ`e [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekf [\Y\ j\i e\^fZ`X[X\e\cZfek\okf[\le\ekiXdX[f [`jZlij`mfp[\ZXk\^fiXj[\cfcXk`efXd\$ i`ZXef]l\iX[\j#]l\iX[\CXk`efXdi`ZX% CXZ`iZlejkXeZ`X\g`jk\dfc^`ZXXeleZ`X <cXik\cXk`ef$ Xd\i`ZXefj\ \eZl\ekiX _fp\e\c Z\ekif[\cXj [`e}d`ZXj[\ \o_`Y`Z`e\ `em\jk`^XZ`e [\gXj\j Z\ekiXc\j CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 13 redes <cdlj\f \jk}fYc`^X[f Xj\ile [`jgfj`k`mf[\ `ek\im\eZ`e [fZld\ekXc pefleZfek\$ e\[fi[\c \jg\Zk}Zlcf leXjlekf[\gf[\i\ecXZfejkilZZ`e[\ ZfefZ`d`\ekf%<jkX[`e}d`ZX[\`[\ek`ÔZX$ Z`e#ZcXj`ÔZXZ`epm`jlXc`qXZ`e[\cXik\ cXk`efXd\i`ZXef Xcl[\ Xc d`jdf k`\dgf Xdf[fj[\Zfdgi\ej`epi\cXZ`fe\j[\ [\g\e[\eZ`X\`ek\i[\g\e[\eZ`X\ecXjf$ Z`\[X[[\cZfefZ`d`\ekfcXk`efXd\i`ZXef% =fikXc\Z`[XjgficX[\Y`c`[X[[\\jZ\eXi`fj cfZXc\j#\ecX^\e\iXZ`e[\ZfefZ`d`\ekf XlkefdfjfYi\\cXik\pjljXiZ_`mfj#cXj dlck`eXZ`feXc\j [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekf `dgf$ e\e\ogif]\jf\cdXiZf[\i\]\i\eZ`Xhl\ fi`\ekXcXjgfck`ZXj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e%<jkX [`e}d`ZX j\ gl\[\ i\m`jXi Zik`ZXd\ek\ \ecXg\ik`e\eZ`Xp\ek\e[`d`\ekfjfYi\ cXjZXk\^fiXjhl\ZcXj`]`ZXecXZfdgc\a`$ [X[[\cf[fZld\ekfjpXiZ_`mfj% x[Xm`[ ^lk`ii\qZXjkX\[X% <eki\\cXiZ_`mf[`^`kXc p\cYXeZf[\`d}^\e\j <eleZfek\okf[\c`Y\iXc`qXZ`epXg\ikliX [\cfj[\i\Z_fjjfYi\cfji\^`jkifj#Zfg`Xjp m`jlXc`[X[\j[\cfjXiZ_`mfj[\Xik\cXk`efX$ d\i`ZXefj# cXj `ejk`klZ`fe\j dlj\jk`ZXj ^cfYXc\jpjljX[d`e`jkiXZ`fe\jgif^i\j`j$ kXj_Xe[\k\ZkX[fhl\\cXZZ\jfXcX`e]fi$ dXZ`eZfejk`klp\leXfgfikleX\jkiXk\^`X gfck`ZX%<jk\XZZ\jfj\_XkiX[lZ`[fÆd}j Xcc}[\jljgfck`ZXj[\\o_`Y`Z`e#Zfc\ZZ`e pZfej\imXZ`eÆ\e\c[\jXiifccf[\Xdgc`fj XiZ_`mfj[`^`kXc\jgl\jkfj\ecXi\[#XiZ_`$ mfjhl\#]le[Xd\ekX[fj\elej\ek`[fZfe$ kiX_\^\de`Zf[\cfZlckliXc#_XeXY`\ikf leXmXgXiXi\e\^fZ`XicfjjXY\i\jle`m\i$ jXc\jpgfe\icfjXcXcZXeZ\[\cfj[`m\ijfj ljlXi`fjZfe\ZkX[fj^cfYXcd\ek\% <e\jk\Zfek\okf[\cXik\^cfYXcj`e]ife$ k\iXj#Zfdgi\e[\icfjXiZ_`mfj[`^`kXc\j# 14 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 X[\d}j[\j\XcXijljfgfikle`[X[\j[\ XZZ\jf#Zfecc\mXiXX[m\ik`ijfYi\Z`\ikX[`$ d\ej`ej`ek`\dgfe`\jgXZ`fhl\jfjk`\e\ jld`jdXZXk\^fiX[\jk\ii`kfi`Xc`qX[X%<e kid`efjd}jgi\Z`jfj#cX\l]fi`X\dXeZ`$ gX[fiXhl\fjk\ekXe\jkfjel\mfj[\gj`kfj [`^`kXc\jZfii\\ci`\j^f[\kiXej]fidXij\ \eleXZfdgcXZ\eZ`Xe\lkiXcX_`jki`ZX\e [fe[\cfhl\ÔeXcd\ek\gi\mXc\Z\i}j\i}\c YXeZf[\`d}^\e\j%LeX\ZfefdX[`^`kXc [\XZZ\jfle`m\ijXc[\Y\k\e\i\eZl\ekX# gficfkXekf#hl\cXjgcljmXcXj[\cX`dX$ ^\e Æ[`jgfe`Yc\j Zfdf ZXk}cf^fj YXeZX$ i`fj`dX^\$YXeb`e^ \ecXi\[^cfYXcÆef \hl`mXc\ee\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\XleXXg\ikliX [\cjXY\i#j`efd}jY`\eZfeki`Ylp\eXk\e$ j`feXi\cmXcfi_`jki`Zf$cfZXc[\cXjfkiXj gfck`ZXj[\XiZ_`mf% ;X[f\cgi\ZXi`qX[fjfjkeXiZ_`mjk`Zf$ `ejk`klZ`feXc[\cX^fY\ieXY`c`[X[ZlckliXc \e\cZfek\okfcXk`efXd\i`ZXef#gf[iXdfj XÔidXiYXafleXg\ijg\Zk`mXfZZ`[\ekXc`qX$ [Xhl\cXZXi\eZ`X[\XiZ_`mfj[\Xik\gfc$ k`Zf\eqfeXj\jg\ZÔZXd\ek\cfZXc`qX[Xj [\c jlYZfek`e\ek\ Zfejk`kl`iX cf el\mf Xk\dgfiXcgXiX\cjXY\iZ\ekiXc`qX[fp#gfi ZfekiXgXik\#\hl`mXc[iXXleXZXi\eZ`X[\ df[\ie`[X[gXiX\cgifg`fjXY\icXk`efXd\$ i`ZXef%<e\jk\j\ek`[f#cfjXiZ_`mfj[`^`kX$ c\ji\jgfe[\iXeXleXkiX[`Z`edf[\ieX pjlXZklXc`qXZ`em\e[iX[X[XgfileXXckX Zfe\Zk`m`[X[#hl\g\id`k`iXleXZZ\jfdlc$ k`_`jki`Zfp[\jk\ii`kfi`Xc`qX[f\eg\ial`Z`f [\leXjgfck`ZXj[\X[d`e`jkiXZ`ecfZXc% J`e\dYXi^f#kXdY`e[\Y\dfjjfjg\Z_Xi [\leX\oZ\j`mXm`eZlcXZ`eXlecl^Xi#pX hl\jli\`m`e[`ZXZ`ej`dgc\d\ek\XZXYX$ iXgfi\dlcXi\cXgXiXkf\jkX[f$eXZ`e[\ cXk\ii`kfi`Xc`[X[%LeXk\ii`kfi`Xc`[X[\ek\e$ [`[XZfdf^XiXek\gifÔc}Zk`Zf[\lefj[f$ Zld\ekfjfi`^`eXc\jYXafj\ccfgXki`dfe`Xc# ]le[Xd\ekX[f\eleXZlckliX[\cX`dX^\e `[\ek`kXi`X#gi`mX[Xp\j\eZ`Xc`jkXj`ek\e\i \eZl\ekXcXjgfck`ZXj[\cfgYc`Zf% 8j#leXgifjg\Zk`mXjfYi\XiZ_`mfj[`$ ^`kXc\j\jkXiXdlp\dgXi\kX[XZfeXhl\$ ccfhl\j\_X[\]`e`[fZfdfleX`dX^\e$ XiZ_`mf#\j[\Z`i#j`\cXiZ_`mf\jlecfZlj# \cZlXci\hl`\i\j\iX[d`e`jkiX[f#kXdY`e [\Y\dfjk\e\i\eZl\ekXhl\jk\\j_fp \e[Xlecl^XiZcXiXd\ek\efÔaX[f#pXhl\ j\_X[`cl`[f\eki\i\[\j2\j[\Z`i#lecl^Xi `em`j`Yc\gfihl\j\\eZl\ekiXXki}j[\cX `dX^\e%<ekfeZ\j#\c[\jX]f[\cfjXiZ_`mfj [`^`kXc\j[\cXik\$gfck`ZfcXk`efXd\i`ZXef p[\cXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jdlj\jk`ZXjhl\]X$ mfi\Z\ejlXZZ\jf\`ek\iXZk`m`[X[gYc`ZX# efgXjXkXekfgfii\j^lXi[Xi\c\emXe\Z`[f gXki`dfe`fj`dYc`ZfcfZXc%JlcXYfi\jk}\e X[m\ik`ifgfikleXd\ek\[\cXjZfem\e`\e$ Z`XjpZfekiX[`ZZ`fe\j[\[`cl`icfji\^`jkifj _XjkXlee`m\c\e\chl\pXef\jgfj`Yc\ X[al[`ZXij\cXgifg`\[X[[\c[fZld\ekf fjlZfg`X#dlZ_fd\efj[\cfi`^`eXc#pcXj `dgc`ZXZ`fe\j[\e\^fZ`XicXi\gif[lZZ`e [\\jkXjd`jdXjZfg`Xj_XjkX\cglekf[\ `ejZi`Y`icXjZfdfle`m\ijXc\j#p#Zfe\ccf# cX\m\eklXc`[X[[\mfcm\icXjjcf`dX^\e% <jgi\Z`jXd\ek\\e\jkXZfplekliXhl\i\$ jlckX`e\cl[`Yc\g\ejXi\cXZfek\Z`d`\ekf gfck`Zfhl\XZk`mXecfjXiZ_`mfj[`^`kXc\j\e ZfekiXgfj`Z`eXcYXeb`e^hl\`ejk`klp\cX `dX^\e$XiZ_`mf%xZi`jk`Xe^d\qdfpX @dX^`eXi`fj8iZ_`mjk`Zfj1 Dlj\fj#ZfekiX$ZXefep gi}Zk`ZXj`ejk`klp\ek\j CX`iiX[`XZ`e[\cgfj\jkilZkliXc`jdf_X$ Z`X\ck\ii\ef[\cXX[d`e`jkiXZ`eZi\Xk`$ mX[\cXZlckliXpcX^\jk`egif^i\j`jkX[\ cfXikjk`Zf#kiXafZfej`^f\c[\iildY\[\ dlZ_fj[\cfj`dX^`eXi`fjXiZ_`mjk`Zfj hl\cXYlifZiXZ`X\jkXkXckXi[f$eXZ`feX$ c`jkX_XYXg\iZ`Y`[fZfdf`eXdfm`Yc\j% 8jlm\q`dglcj\cZl\jk`feXd`\ekf[\ cXj`e\iZ`XjXlkfc\^`k`dX[fiXj[\cX`ejk`$ klZ`edlj\f% <eZfej\Zl\eZ`X#cXgi\^lekXgficXXZ$ klXc`[X[[\cXjgfck`ZXj[\XiZ_`mf[\cfj dlj\fj[\Xik\Zfecc\mXcXj`^l`\ek\Xgl\j$ kX1Xjld`ihl\#pXhl\cfjXiZ_`mfjjfeXi$ k\]XZkfjj`dYc`Zf$jfZ`Xc\jZfejk`kl`[fjp XZklXc`qX[fj\e\cZlijf[\jlg\i]fidXk`$ m`[X[_`jki`ZX#cfji\^`jkifjp[fZld\ekfj hl\cfjZfe]fidXejfe[`jgfj`k`mfj]XZk`$ Yc\j[\j\ii\`ek\igi\kX[fj#jfZ`Xc`qX[fj# Xgi\_\e[`[fj# jfk\iiX[fj# dXe`glcX[fj# m`e[`ZX[fj#fÔZ`Xc`qX[fjf[\jc\^`k`dX[fj XkiXmj[\cXXgXi`Z`e[\el\mfj`dX^`eX$ i`fjXiZ_`mjk`Zfj% <jkfjck`dfjjfe#\e\cj\ek`[fXdgc`f [\cXgXcXYiX#\jgXZ`fj`ejk`klp\ek\jp\e$ ^iXeXa\j[`jZlij`mfjhl\g\id`k\ei\XZk`$ mXicfjXZfek\Z`d`\ekfj[\cgXjX[f#pXj\X Zfdf ]l\iqXj [`jilgk`mXj [\c gi\j\ek\ f Y`\eZfdfZf\iZ`fe\jdfeld\ekXc`qXek\j% Kf[X`ek\ij\ZZ`eZfe\cgXjX[f\j#\e\jk\ j\ek`[f#leXclZ_Xgfck`ZXp\g`jkd`ZX\e pgfi\cgi\j\ek\% red <ecXd\[`[X\ecXhl\cfjdlj\fji\`m`e$ [`hl\e\c_\Z_f[\hl\cfji\jkfj[\Xc^leXj gi}Zk`ZXjXikjk`ZXjÆfY`\e[\k\id`eX[fj fYa\kfjfYiXj[\Xik\fef Æfg\i\eYXaf cX]fidX[\[fZld\ekfj#_l\ccXjfi\^`jkifj [\cgXjX[f#\jkXi}eZfed`eX[fjXZfem\i$ k`ij\\e[`jgfj`k`mfj[\`ek\im\eZ`ep\e _\iiXd`\ekXj[\[`jilgZ`e[\cfjgifZ\jfj [\ZXefe`qXZ`e[\cfji\cXkfj[\cXik\2[\ cfZfekiXi`f#jl]leZ`ej\c`d`kXi}Xj\im`i [\Zfek\e[\[fi\j[\c\jg\Zk}ZlcfXkiXmj [\c[`jgcXp[\cXjil`eXj[\cX_`jkfi`X^cf$ YXc [\cXik\%GficfkXekf#cXkiXej]fidXZ`e Zik`ZX[\cXc^`ZXi\gi\j\ekXZ`feXc[\cfj dlj\fj[\Y\iXm\e`iXZfdgXX[X[\leX `ek\ig\cXZ`eiX[`ZXc[\el\jkifj[\j\fj[\ kiXejd`j`epXZZ\jfXcgXjX[f#[\el\jkiXj \jkiXk\^`Xjpg\ij`jk\eZ`XjZfc\Zk`mXjXek\\c fcm`[fp[\el\jkiXe\Z\j`[X[[\`[\ek`ÔZXi$ efjZfef[\[\j`[\ek`ÔZXiefj[\el\jkiXj `ejk`klZ`fe\jZlckliXc\jp[\jljgfck`ZXj [\XiZ_`mf% <j\e\jk\\jZ\eXi`f\e\chl\[\Y\dfj gi\^lekXiefjgficXi\cXZ`eZfplekliXc \eki\cXXgXi`Z`e[\leZfealekf[\el\$ mXj\jkiXk\^`XjX[hl`j`k`mXjp\ogfj`k`mXj \e\c`ek\i`fi[\cfjdlj\fj#gfilecX[f#p \ci\ZcXdf[\m`j`Y`c`[X[`ek\ieXZ`feXc[\ leXj\i`\[\XZ\imfj[fZld\ekXc\j#gifkf$ XiZ_`mfjfZfdg\e[`fj[\i\^`jkifji\cXZ`f$ eX[fjZfecXjgi}Zk`ZXjZfeZ\gklXc\jpZfe cXjkliYlc\eZ`Xjgfck`ZXjhl\klm`\ifecl^Xi \e8di`ZXCXk`eXXgXik`i[\cX[ZX[X[\ cfjj\j\ekXj#gfi\cfkif% <efkiXjgXcXYiXj#\j\e\jk\dXiZf\e \chl\[\Y\dfjgi\^lekXiefjgfi\cgif$ Z\jf[\]\ik`c`qXZ`eZilqX[X\eki\Z`\ikXj gi}Zk`ZXjZfeZ\gklXc\jefZXee`ZXj#g\i`$ ]i`ZXj#dXi^`eXc\j#iX[`ZXc\j#f\egifZ\jf [\ZXefe`qXZ`e#pcfjel\mfj`dX^`eXi`fj XiZ_`mjk`Zfj^cfYXc\j[\Xc^lefjdlj\fj Z\ekif$gif^i\j`jkXj[\Xik\Zfek\dgfi}$ e\f% ;\j[\el\jkifglekf[\m`jkX#\c[\YXk\ gficXjgfck`ZXj[\X[hl`j`Z`ep\o_`Y`$ Z`e[\XiZ_`mfjgXi\Z\i\hl\i`iefjcfcX `iilgZ`e[\\jkiXk\^`XjiX[`ZXc\j[\`ek\i$ m\eZ`e\ecfjgifZ\jfj[\ZfejkilZZ`e[\ cfjel\mfj`dX^`eXi`fjXiZ_`mjk`Zfjgfj$ eXZ`feXc\j#j`efkXdY`ecX\d\i^\eZ`X[\ el\mXjgi}Zk`ZXj`ejk`klp\ek\jZfejZ`\ek\j [\cXjgfck`ZXj#cXjY`fgfck`ZXjpcXj^\fgf$ ck`ZXj[\XiZ_`mf[\cfjdlj\fj[\Xik\% x afXhleYXii`\e[fj GfileXgfck`ZXXck\ieXk`mX [\cXiZ_`mf[\jZ\ekiX[f1 <cZXjf[\@em\ekXi`f :fe]i\Zl\eZ`X#cX\ogXej`e[\cZXefe[\c Xik\Zfek\dgfi}e\fXgXik`i[\cX`eZclj`e \ec[\cXjgi}Zk`ZXj[\efd`eX[Xjg\i`]$ i`ZXj`dgfe\jfYi\jkXjledXiZf\g`jk\$ dfc^`Zfhl\Zfdgifd\k\\c[\jgc`\^l\ [\jlgfk\eZ`X[`jilgk`mX\e\cgi\j\ek\% =i\ek\X\jkXZ`iZlejkXeZ`Xj\_XZ\li^\e$ k\`dX^`eXigfck`ZXj[\m`j`Y`c`[X[[\cfj i\jkfj[fZld\ekXc\j[\\jkXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj hl\i\jgfe[XeXleXc^`ZXXck\ieXk`mX%<e \jk\j\ek`[f#leXk\ekXk`mXjldXd\ek\mX$ c`fjX]l\cXdl\jkiX@em\ekXi`f(0-,$(0.,% 8iZ_`mf>iXZ`\cX:Xie\mXc\#Z\c\YiX[X\e\c :\ekif:lckliXcGXihl\[\<jgXX[\IfjX$ i`f8i^\ek`eX \eki\\c*[\fZklYi\p\c0 [\efm`\dYi\[\)''/% Cfj ki\j ke\c\j hl\ Zfe]fidXYXe \c \jgXZ`f[\\o_`Y`Z`e]l\ife`ek\im\e`[fj [\cj`^l`\ek\df[f1\cgi`d\if[\\ccfjj\ \eZfekiXYXgi}Zk`ZXd\ek\mXZf%JcfleXj clZ\jgifp\ZkX[XjjfYi\cXgXi\[[\jm\cX$ YXejld\[`XZ`ej`dYc`ZX\ekXekfZfe$ k\e\[fiZlckliXc%8c]fe[f[\cXjXcX#leX jlZ\j`eXc\Xkfi`X[\`d}^\e\jgifZ\[\e$ k\j[\cXiZ_`mfhl\[XYXeZl\ekX[\cgif$ Z\jf[\gif[lZZ`ep[`]lj`e[\KlZld}e 8i[\`eZ`Xk`mXhl\X^clk`eXleZfealekf [\Xik`jkXjXi^\ek`efjhl\[\eleZ`XifecX Zi`j`j[\jlYj`jk\eZ`Xhl\X]\ZkXYXXcXgif$ m`eZ`X[liXek\cX[`ZkX[liX[\Fe^XeX j\ jlg\igfeXem`jlXcd\ek\Zfe\cjfe`[f[\ cfjk\jk`dfe`fji\Zfg`cX[fji\Z`\ek\d\ek\ gfi8eXCfe^fe`pDXi`XefD\jkdXegXiX jl`em\jk`^XZ`ejfYi\\c`k`e\iXi`f[\c-/ Xi^\ek`ef%<ecfj[fjZfii\[fi\ji\jkXek\j# \cgYc`Zfk\eXXZZ\jfXleXdgc`fdXk\$ i`Xc[\m`jlXc`qXZ`epZfejlckXleXZfg`X gXiZ`Xc[\cXiZ_`mfj\\eZfekiXYX[`jgl\jkX \e\cZ\ekif[\cj\^le[fke\c #hl\`eZclX [\j[\cfj[fZld\ekfj_`jki`Zfj[\cfjj\$ j\ekXpj\k\ekXXXhl\ccfjhl\ZfejkXkXYXe cXji\jfeXeZ`Xj[`XZie`ZXj[\cX\og\i`\e$ Z`X\ecfjd}j[`m\ijfjd\[`fj% <c kklcf [\c \og\i`d\ekf ZliXkfi`Xc \ogi\jXYXle[fYc\[\j\f1gfilecX[f#`e$ m\ekXi`Xi\cXiZ_`mfgXiXjlglYc`ZXZ`e\e leZXk}cf^fhl\[`\iXZl\ekX[\cZfeale$ kf[\jlj[fZld\ekfj#gfifkif#`em\ekXi df[fj[\XZk`mXiZik`ZXd\ek\\e\cgi\$ j\ek\\cjljkiXkflkg`Zf[\cXjgi}Zk`ZXj hl\Zfe]fidXejlXZ\imf[fZld\ekXc%CX \ogfj`Z`e [\c XiZ_`mf j\ ZfeZ`c`XYX Zfe jlgl\jkX\emXcfi[\ljf%<c[\jdfekXa\ [\cXjeXiiXk`mXjhl\fg\iXYXgi\k\e[Xc`$ Y\iXiX\og\i`\eZ`XjZfdfKlZld}e8i[\ [\jlZfejX^iXZ`e`ejk`klZ`feXc\eZlXekf \dYc\dX[\cZfeZ\gklXc`jdfcXk`efXd\i`ZX$ ef#[`Ôi`\e[f\cj\ek`[f[\c\m\ekffi`^`eXc Zfdfgfj`Y`c`[X[^\e\iX[fiX[\leel\mf XZfek\Z`d`\ekf%<ce]Xj`j\ecXdXk\i`Xc`$ [X[p\ecXgifZ\jlXc`[X[[\cXZfejk`klZ`e [\cfi[\e[`jZlij`mf[\cXiZ_`mf#j\gfj`Z`f$ eXYXZfekiXcX_fdf^\e\`[X[\jk\k`Z`jkX[\c [fZld\ekfXik`jk`ÔZX[fgi\[fd`eXek\\e \m\ekfjZfdfcX;fZld\ekX()#mfcm`\e[f jfYi\jd`jdXcXgfk\eZ`Xc`[X[[\jd`k`Ô$ ZX[fiX[\cX\og\i`\eZ`Xfi`^`eXi`X% <jk\\e]fhl\\g`jk\dfZik`Zfi\m\cXcXj ÔjliXj[\kf[fi\cXkfhl\gi\k\e[Xgifm\\i Xc\jg\ZkX[fi[\leX\ogc`ZXZ`elemfZX [\cj\ek`[f_`jki`Zf[\Xhl\ccXjgi}Zk`ZXj# XgfjkXe[f gfi cX j`e^lcXi`[X[ p cX dlc$ k`gc`Z`[X[[\c\ZkliXjXcX_fiX[\[\Ôe`i [`Xc^`ZX#g\ifkXdY`eX^fejk`ZXd\ek\# jld\dfi`Xj\ej`Yc\%xaX`d\m`e[\c La Red Conceptualismos del Sur en una demostración abierta de los mecanismos de la comunicación global y conceoptual. CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 15 redes HISTORIA Kf[fjjfdfje\^ifj% CXi\mfclZ`e_X`k`XeX[\(/'+ D\ g\id`k`i Zfd\eqXi Z`kXe[f dlp XYilgkXd\ek\leX]iXj\hl\j\_X_\Z_f aljkXd\ek\ Zc\Yi\ \e Z`\ikfj ZiZlcfj i\jki`e^`[fj#Xlehl\[\Y\iXj\icfdlZ_f d}j#gfijlj\efid\jXcZXeZ\jgXiXleX k\fiXZik`ZX[\cX`[\ek`[X[%CX]iXj\[`Z\ Xj1ÈKf[fjcfjZ`l[X[Xefj#[\Xhl\eX[\$ cXek\#j\i}eZfefZ`[fjgficX[\efd`eXZ`e ^\ei`ZX[\e\^ifjÉ% 9`\e%<jkX]iXj\ef\jleXfZlii\eZ`X ZXgi`Z_fjX#e`le\oXYilgkfgifmfZXk`mf# e`dlZ_fd\efjle[\c`i`fjlii\Xc`jkX%<j \cXikZlcf(+[\cX:fejk`klZ`e?X`k`XeX [\(/',#gifdlc^X[XgfiA\Xe$AXZhl\j;\j$ jXc`e\jjfYi\cfjYfiiX[fi\ji\[XZkX[fjgfi KfljjX`ekCflm\ikli\\e(/'(#g\ifZlpX `ejk`klZ`feXc`qXZ`eklmfhl\\jg\iXiXcX ;\ZcXiXZ`e[\@e[\g\e[\eZ`X[\(/'+#Zfe KfljjX`ekpXdl\ikf\ecXjZ}iZ\c\jeXgf$ c\e`ZXj% J`imX[\gXjf#\jkXi\]\i\eZ`X#gXiX`ek\$ iif^XicX\okiXX`[\XZfek`e\ekXc[\]\jk\aXi \cccXdX[f9`Z\ek\eXi`f[\cXji\mfclZ`fe\j `e[\g\e[\ek`jkXjXd\i`ZXeXj\e\c)'('# ZlXe[fcXgi`d\iX#cXd}jiX[`ZXcpcXd}j `e\jg\iX[X[\\jXji\mfclZ`fe\jj\cc\mX ZXYf\e(/'+pef\e(/('%CXd}jiX[`ZXc# [`^f#gl\jkfhl\Xccjfe[`i\ZkXd\ek\cfj \o\jZcXmfjX]i`ZXefjÆ\j[\Z`i#cXZcXj\[f$ d`eX[Xgfi\oZ\c\eZ`XpefcXjel\mXjc`k\j Yli^l\jXj[\Zfdgfj`Z`e\lifg\XYcXeZXÆ <c9`Z\ek\eX$ i`f[\)'(' `^efiXcXd}j iX[`ZXc\ `e\jg\iX[X [\cXj i\mfclZ`fe\j Xd\i`ZXeXj# cX[\?X`k [\(/'+ Acta de una venta de terreno, fechada en el mes de febrero de 1791. Imagen procedente de los Archivos Nacionales de Haití. 16 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 cXjhl\kfdXe\cgf[\igXiX]le[XileXi\$ gYc`ZXccXdX[X#aljkXd\ek\#e\^iX% G\if#mfcmXdfjXel\jkiX]iXj\Z`kX#el\j$ kiX]iXj\$Z`kX%¶Hlj\\jk}al^Xe[f\ejl \okiXX]fidlcXZ`e6I\Zfi[\dfjXc^lefj de`dfjXek\Z\[\ek\j%?X`kÆhl\Xek\j [\(/'+j\ccXdXYXJX`ek$;fd`e^l\Æ\iX [\c\afjcXd}ji`ZXZfcfe`X]iXeZ\jX\e\c :Xi`Y\#p_Xphl`\eXÔidXhl\\iXcXd}j i`ZXZfcfe`X\eZlXchl`\igXik\% <e(./0#ZlXe[f\jkXccXcXI\mfclZ`e =iXeZ\jX_XYX\e\jXjfZ`\[X[gcXekX[fiX p\jZcXm`jkX#gif[lZkfiX[\XqZXipZX]# lefj,''%'''\jZcXmfj[\fi`^\eX]i`ZXef# lefj).%'''ZfcfefjYcXeZfjplefj*+%''' dlcXkfj%PX[\j[\gi`eZ`g`fj[\cj`^cfOM@@@ cfjdlpZXik\j`XefjfZlgXek\j]iXeZ\j\j# ZfejliXZ`feXc`jkXgXj`ekXofed`ZX#_X$ YXeZi\[fgf[\i[\k\ZkXipZcXj`ÔZXi()- kfeXc`[X[\j[`]\i\ek\j[\e\^i`kl[#ZX[X leXZfejli\jg\Zk`mX[\efd`eXZ`epZX$ iXZk\ifcf^X% ;fjZ`\ekXjd`cm`[Xj%<jkXccX[XcXi\mfcl$ Z`e\ecXd\kigfc`j#cfj\jZcXmfji\Z`Y\e XcYfifqX[fjcXjefk`Z`XjjfYi\jld}o`df [fZld\ekfgfck`Zf#cX;\ZcXiXZ`e[\cfj ;\i\Z_fj Le`m\ijXc\j [\c ?fdYi\ p [\c :`l[X[Xef# jcf gXiX \ek\iXij\ i}g`[X$ d\ek\[\hl\\ccfjefjfed`\dYifj[\\j\ le`m\ijXc1jfecXgXik\j`ecXZlXc\ckf[fef gf[iX]leZ`feXiXc^fd}j[\cXk\iZ\iX gXik\[\cfj`e^i\jfj]iXeZ\j\jgifm`\e\e jfcXd\ek\[\ckiXYXaf\jZcXmf[\JX`ek$;f$ d`e^l\ #pgficfkXekf[\Y\ehl\[XiZfdf gXik`ZlcXi`[X[\oZcl`[X[\cLe`m\ijXcgXiX hl\\cel\mfKf[fgl\[Xj\ijfjk\e`[fgfi cX\ZfefdX%Phl\gficfkXekfk\e[i}ehl\ `e`Z`XiÆ\e(.0(ÆlecXi^fpm`fc\ekfgifZ\$ jfi\mfclZ`feXi`fgifg`fZfecXgXiX[a`ZX ÔeXc`[X[[\hl\j\ZldgcX`ek\^iXcd\ek\ \jXgfjklcXZ`e[\le`m\ijXc`[X[hl\c\j\j Xa\eXfd\afi[`Z_f\eXa\eX[X#cfZlXcZfj$ kXi}Xcfj\o\jZcXmfjcX]i`fc\iX[\)''%''' m`[Xj% CXm\i[X[\iXgXiX[faXÆZXj`efjXki\m\$ iXdfjX[\Z`i\c\jZ}e[XcfÆ\jhl\cXi\$ mfclZ`e_X`k`XeX\j#\e\jk\j\ek`[f#d}j ]iXeZ\jXhl\cX]iXeZ\jXÆgl\jkfhl\jcf \jXgXik\\oZcl`[X[\cfLe`m\ijXcgl\[\ cc\mXiXZXYf\cgi`eZ`g`f[\le`m\ijXc`[X[Æ# g\ifjcfgl\[\j\id}j]iXeZ\jXhl\cX ]iXeZ\jXgfihl\\j_X`k`XeXÆgfihl\\jcX gXik`ZlcXi`[X[hl\gfi[\Ôe`Z`ec\]XckXX cXkfkXc`[X[Æ%<cXikZlcf(+\jgl\j#Zfdfj\ jl\c\[\Z`i#leXi\gXiXZ`eali[`Zf$gfck`ZX \egi`d\icl^Xi#g\ifkXdY`e#pjfYi\kf[f# ÔcfjÔZX#p[\leXiX[`ZXc`[X[ÔcfjÔZXXl$ kek`ZXd\ek\`e[`kX% <ecfhl\i\jg\kXXck\dXhl\efjZfe$ Z`\ie\#jl[`e}d`ZX`ek\iif^XZik`ZXd\e$ k\#[\_\Z_f#kf[XjcXjXgfiXj[\ZlXchl`\i gi`eZ`g`f[\`[\ek`[X[le`m\ijXc%:fecX;\$ ZcXiXZ`e[\@e[\g\e[\eZ`X[\(/'+eXZ\# Zfdf[\ZXdfj#leXi\gYc`ZXe\^iX#g\if ZfeefdYi\`e[^\eX?Xpk`#\e\]\Zkf#\j \cXek`^lfefdYi\kXef[\cX`jcX %Gi`d\iX dXe`]\jkXZ`e[\gcliXc`[X[\j`[\ek`kXi`Xj ZilqX[Xj% G\ifj`j\hl`j`\iXed}jgil\YXj[\cX [\ej`[X[ÔcfjÔZX[\cZfek\e`[fgfck`Zf [\cXi\mfclZ`e#YXjkXiXZ`kXi\cgi`d\i g}iiX]f[\cGi\}dYlcf[\cXel\mXZfejk`$ klZ`e#hl\;\jjXc`e\jgifdlc^X\c)'[\ dXpf[\(/',1 È<e gi\j\eZ`X [\c J\i Jlgi\df# Xek\ hl`\ekf[fjcfjdfikXc\jjfe`^lXc\j#phl\ _X[`j\d`eX[fkXekXjZcXj\j[\j\i\j[`]\$ i\ek\jjfYi\cXjlg\iÔZ`\[\c^cfYfZfe\c jfcfgifgj`kf[\dXe`]\jkXijl^cfi`Xpgf$ [\id\[`Xek\cX[`m\ij`[X[[\jljfYiXj¿É PXefj\kiXkX#j\m\#[\cXj`dgc\_f$ df^\e\`[X[XYjkiXZkX[\cX`^lXc[X[Xek\ cXC\p_ldXeXf[`m`eX %J\\dg`\qXgfi XÔidXileX`^lXc[X[le`m\ijXcgXiX#\e\c d`jdfdfm`d`\ekf#Xj\m\iXicX[`]\i\eZ`X pcX[`m\ij`[X[%J\Xg\cXXcXi\ki`ZX`clj$ kiX[X[\cXi\mfclZ`e]iXeZ\jX\cJ\iJl$ gi\df gXiX`ed\[`XkXd\ek\[fkXiXcJ\i [\[\k\id`eXZ`fe\jgXik`ZlcXi$ZfeZi\kXj% CXj`^l`\ek\]iXj\XmXeqXlegXjfd}j\e \jk\ZXd`ef1 È8ek\cXZi\XZ`e\ek\iX#Zlpfj_`afj[\j$ gfj\[fj_\dfjkXe`ealjkXd\ek\p[liXek\ kXekfk`\dgfj`[fZfej`[\iX[fj¿É Le`m\ijXc`jdfpgXik`ZlcXi`jdf%FkiX m\q#cXkfkXc`[X[[\cXZi\XZ`e\j\jg\Z`$ ]`ZX[XgfijlgXik\\oZcl[X#[\jgfj\[X Ægfi\jXgXik\$hl\$ef$k`\e\$gXik\Æ#Zfdf [`iXAXZhl\jIXeZ` i\1gXiXel\jkifZXjf# cfjXek`^lfj\jZcXmfje\^ifj\ke`XpZcXj\ jfeel\mXd\ek\ZfemfZX[fjgXiX[\Ôe`i leef$cl^Xi\ecXkfkXc`[X[ % Kf[fZfeZlii\XcXXihl`k\ZkliXk\oklXc [\ leX Zfdgc`ZX[X [`XcZk`ZX \e cX ZlXc le`m\ijXc`jdfpgXik`ZlcXi`jdfjfeZfe$ ]ifekX[fj%Le`m\ijXc`jdfpgXik`ZlcXi`j$ df#\e\]\Zkf#j\i\]\i\eZ`XedlklXd\ek\# Xlehl\j`efg\iXileXjek\j`jjlg\iX[fiX# Zfdfhl`j`\iXZ`\ikXmlc^XkX_\^\c`XeX1cX `^lXc[X[le`m\ijXcefgf[iXj\iXcZXeqX[X j`ecX[\dXe[XgXik`ZlcXi[\cfj\jZcXmfj e\^ifjhl\_Xej`[f\oglcjX[fj[\cXle`$ m\ijXc`[X[2Xci\mj#\jX[\dXe[XgXik`ZlcXi efk`\e\j\ek`[fj`efgfijli\]\i\eZ`XXcX le`m\ijXc`[X[%G\ifgXik`ZlcXi`[X[ple`m\i$ jXc`[X[efj\i\ZlYi\ee`j\`[\ek`ÔZXegc\$ eXd\ek\1cXgi`d\iX[\jYfi[XXcXj\^le[X# pcXj\^le[Xc\hl\[XZ_`ZXXcXgi`d\iX%CX gXik\\jd}jhl\\ckf[fXcZlXccXgXik\c\ _XZ\]XckX% <jkX\jkilZkliXj\dXe`Ô\jkXd}jXe ZlXe[fZfe]ifekXdfjXhl\ccfjXikZlcfj [\cZl\igfZfejk`klZ`feXchl\XYfi[Xe\j$ g\Z`Xcd\ek\cXjZl\jk`fe\jiXZ`Xc\jpZcXj`j$ kXj%<cXikZlcf()efjX[m`\ik\hl\ÈE`e^leX g\ijfeXYcXeZX#[\ZlXchl`\ieXZ`feXc`[X[# gf[i}gfe\ig`\\e\jk\k\ii`kfi`f\eZXc`[X[ redes [\Xdffgifg`\kXi`f#e`\e\c]lklifX[hl`i`i Xhlgifg`\[X[Xc^leXÉ%<cj`^l`\ek\Xik$ Zlcf#j`e\dYXi^f#XZcXiXhl\È\cXikZlcf gi\Z\[\ek\efk\e[i}\]\Zkfe`e^lefjf$ Yi\cXjdla\i\jYcXeZXjhl\_XpXej`[feX$ kliXc`qX[Xjgfi\c^fY`\ief¿ @eZcl`[fj\e cXgi\j\ek\[`jgfj`Z`e\jk}ekXdY`ecfj Xc\dXe\jpgfcXZfj¶6 eXkliXc`qX[fjgfi \c^fY`\iefÉ%PXjcc\^XdfjXel\jkif]Xdf$ jfXikZlcf(+#hl\X_fiXZ`kXdfjZfdgc\kf1 ÈKf[XjcXj[`jk`eZ`fe\j[\Zfcfie\Z\jXi`X$ d\ek\[\jXgXi\Z\i}e\eki\cfj_`afj[\leX pcXd`jdX]Xd`c`X#[fe[\\cA\]\[\c<jkX[f \j\cgX[i\2kf[fjcfjZ`l[X[Xefj_X`k`Xefj# [\Xhl\eX[\cXek\#j\i}eZfefZ`[fjgficX [\efd`eXZ`e^\ei`ZX[\e\^ifjÉ% EfjXY\dfjgfihlj\_XZ\cX\okiX$ X \jg\Z`]`ZXZ`e jfYi\ cfj ÈXc\dXe\j p gfcXZfjÉeXkliXc`qX[fj%G\if#j`e[l[X#jl d\eZ`e\j\cZfcdf[\cX`ifeXgXik`Zl$ cXi`jkX#d}jjlYiXpX[fXegfi\c_\Z_f[\ hl\kXdY`eXc\dXe\jpgfcXZfjÆhl\lef jl\c\XjfZ`XiZfecXg`\cYcXehlj`dXpcfj ZXY\ccfjilY`fj[\jXafe\jp\jcXmfj$jfe# X_fiX#e\^ifj% <jkX^\e\iXc`qXZ`eXgi`d\iXm`jkXXY$ jli[Xk`\e\\c\efid\mXcfi[\gif[lZ`i leX[`jilgZ`e[\ciXZ`Xc`jdfY`fcf^`Z`jkX feXkliXc`jkXhl\#\eki\Ôe\j[\cj`^cfOM@@@ pgi`eZ`g`fj[\cO@O#_XZfd\eqX[fX`d$ gfe\ij\1j``eZcljfcfjgfcXZfjpXc\dXe\j gl\[\ej\i[\Zi\kX[fje\^ifj#\ekfeZ\j \jk}ZcXifhl\e\^if\jleX[\efd`eXZ`e gfck`ZXfgfck`Zf$ZlckliXc#j`j\hl`\i\ #\j [\Z`iXiY`kiXi`X\elej\ek`[fd}jfd\efj jXljjli`Xef[\cXXiY`kiXi`\[X[[\cj`^ef p efeXkliXce`e\Z\jXi`X%Phl\#gficfkXekf# cf]l\j`\dgi\1Zfe\cd`jdf^\jkfj\[\$ Zfejkilp\cX]XcXZ`XiXZ`jkXhl\Xki`Ylp\iXj$ ^fj[`]\i\eZ`Xc\jXcXj()-[`jk`ekXj\jg\Z`\j [\e\^i`kl[% :ik`ZX[\cdlck`ZlckliXc`jdf%?Xphl\ `ej`jk`i \ekfeZ\j1 d\[`Xek\ \jk\ XZkf [\ _XYcXÆ\jk\m\i[X[\ifpgf[\ifjfg\i]fi$ dXk`mfÆj\gif[lZ\leX`ehl`\kXek\Xgf$ iXÔcfjÔZX#cX[\hl\\cle`m\ijXc\j[\$ i`mX[f[\leX^\e\iXc`qXZ`e[\lef[\jlj gXik`ZlcXi\j%Pef[\lefZlXchl`\iX#j`ef# el\mXd\ek\#[\chl\_XjkX\ekfeZ\j_XYX j`[fdXk\i`Xcd\ek\\oZcl`[f%<jleXXgf$ iXZXj`Y\eaXd`e`XeX1\j\cgfcf\oki\df Xhl\chl\j\ZfekiXgfe\XcXgi\k\ej`e[\ le`m\ijXc`[X[#\chl\gfe\[\dXe`Ô\jkfcX Zfejk\cXZ`e\ejlkfkXc`[X[% :fdf[`Z\#efj`e[`jZi\kfjXiZXjdf#Jp$ Y`cc\=`jZ_\i#ÈccXdXiXkf[fjcfj_X`k`Xefj# d}jXcc}[\cZfcfi[\jlg`\c#e\^ifj#\jle ^\jkfj`d`cXiXc[\ccXdXiXkf[f\cdle[f# d}jXcc}[\jlj\of#dla\i\jÉ%;\ZlXchl`\i dXe\iX#pgXiXmfcm\iX\ccf#\jk}ZcXiXcX `ek\eZ`egfck`Zf$ZlckliXc[\cXZc}ljlcX% =`eXcd\ek\#¶gXiXhl\je\Z\jXi`fc\^Xc$ d\ek\`ekif[lZ`icX#j`pX_X\dg\qX[fgfi XZcXiXij\hl\\e?X`kefj\i}g\id`k`[X e`e^leXZcXj\[\[`jk`eZ`fe\jgfi\cZfcfi [\cXg`\c6<cj\ek`[fef\j#gl\j#d\iXd\e$ k\ali[`Zf1j\kiXkX#kf[XmX#[\effZlckXi e`[`j]iXqXi#\ecX_`jkfi`Xhl\X_fiXgl\[\ ccXdXij\_X`k`XeX#\ccl^Xi[\k\id`eXek\ hl\\e\ccX_Xk\e`[f\cZfe]c`Zkfgfck`Zf \eki\cXjiXqXj% <cXikZlcf(+pkf[XcX:fejk`klZ`eXcX ZlXcg\ik\e\Z\ _XZ\[\]XZkfcXZik`ZX#`e$ ZcljfXek`Z`gX[X#[\leX`[\f c^`ZXZfej$ k`klZ`feXc hl\ `dX^`eX \c \jkX[f$eXZ`e df[\ief Zfdf leX le`[X[ _fdf^e\X# j`e[`jk`eZ`fe\j[\ZcXj\j#iXqXj#^e\if# \kZk\iX%PkXdY`e#_Xphl\[\Z`icf#_XZ\ cXZik`ZX$dlZ_fd}jXek`Z`gX[X$[\Z`\ikXj Z\c\YiXZ`fe\jdlck`ZlckliXc`jkXj#`e^\elXj fef#hl\jl\c\egXjXigfiXckf_XjkXhl glekfcX\d\i^\eZ`X[\cXj[`]\i\eZ`Xjjfe leX]leZ`e[\cXj[\j`^lXc[X[\jgif[lZ`$ [Xjgfi\cgf[\i% 8cd`jdfk`\dgf#j`e\dYXi^f#_Xp\e cXZfejk`klZ`e[\(/',#p\e\cgifg`fXi$ kZlcf(+#leXZfeZ\gZ`ele`kXi`X[\cXeX$ Z`e%G\ifmXj\ZfeZl}cZi`k\i`f1ÈKf[Xj cXj[`jk`eZ`fe\j[\Zfcfie\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\ [\jXgXi\Z\i}e\eki\cfj_`afj[\leXpcX d`jdX]Xd`c`X#[fe[\\cA\]\[\c<jkX[f\j \cgX[i\É%GXk\ieXc`jdf#[\ZXdfjXek\jÆp gfijlgl\jkf#gf[iXdfjX^i\^XigXki`Xi$ ZXc`jdfÆ2cXeXZ`e\jg\ejX[XZfdfleX ^iXe]Xd`c`Xle`[X\`e[`m`j`Yc\[fe[\#pX jXY\dfj#kf[fjcfjd`\dYifjjfee\^ifj # [`i`^`[X#ZfdfZfii\jgfe[\XcXd\k}]fiX# gfi\cgX[i\\ekXekfA\]\[\c<jkX[fXle$ hl\efjfcXd\ek\1pX_\dfjm`jkfhl\#Xc\$ ^i`ZXd\ek\#_XpXcXm\qlei\kfief[\cX dXk\i`X `dgcZ`kX\e\jXZXie\e\^iX#j`e cXZlXcefgl\[\g\ejXij\cXZ`l[X[XeX _X`k`XeX % @[\ek`[X[[`m`[`[X%<jaljkXd\ek\ZfekiX \jkXXeXcf^X\eki\\c\jkX[fpcX]Xd`c`XleX fgfj`Z`ehl\\ecXkiX[`Z`egfck`ZX\lif$ g\Xgl\[\pX[\k\ZkXij\\ecXXek`^lX>i\Z`X pjl[`jk`eZ`e\eki\gfc`jpf`bfj#Z\ekiXc `eZcljfZfdfdfk`mf[\ZfeÕ`Zkfki}^`Zf kXcpZfdfj\\eZl\ekiX\ecX8ek^feX[\ J]fZc\j #\jZfekiX\jkXXeXcf^X#[\ZXdfj# hl\clZ_Xecfjgi`d\ifj^iXe[\jk\fi`qX[f$ i\j[\c<jkX[f\lifg\f$df[\ief\c[\YXk\ gl\[\c\\ij\\eDXhl`Xm\cf#\e?fYY\j#\e CfZb\ %FYm`Xd\ek\#j\kiXkXXek\kf[f[\ leZfdYXk\ZfekiX\cgXk\ieXc`jdf]\l[Xc% G\if\jkXdY`eleXi^ld\ekfk\e[\ek\X cXj\gXiXZ`e\eki\jfZ`\[X[gfck`ZXpjf$ Z`\[X[Z`m`cÆfd}j^\ei`ZXd\ek\#\eki\ \jkX[fpjfZ`\[X[Æ#j\gXiXZ`ee\Z\jXi`X gXiXcXXlkfefdX[\cXXjZ\e[\ek\ZcXj\ Yli^l\jX%G\ifj\XZfdfj\X#\jX\jleX Zl\jk`e\lifg\X#fZZ`[\ekXc% <cXikZlcf(+eX[Xk`\e\hl\m\iZfe\jX gfcd`ZX#pgfifkiXgXik\#XcZfej`[\iXicX [\]XZkfXa\eX#i\]lkXXj`d`jdfjleXkliX$ c`[X[1cXle`[X[gfck`ZXhl\c\mXekXZfdf gif^iXdX\jcX[\cX\jkilZkliXjfZ`Xcef kiX[`Z`feXcfgi\df[\ieX#j`ef#j\eZ`ccX$ d\ek\#X]i`ZXeX#\j[\Z`ifkiX#\ecXZlXccX c^`ZX[\cgf[\igfck`Zf\j`e[`jk`e^l`Yc\[\ cfhl\cfjXekifgcf^fj_Xe\jkl[`X[fZfdf \jkilZkliXj[\cgXi\ek\jZf#hl\#Xc[\Z`igfi \a\dgcf[\Cm`$JkiXljj#kiXej]fidXecX ZfejXe^l`e`[X[Y`fc^`ZX\eXc`XeqXjfZ`Xcp gfck`ZX%FkiXdl\jkiX#gl\j#[\gfc`k`qXZ`e Æ\j[\Z`i#[\dXk\i`Xc`qXZ`e#\e\cj\ek`[f \jki`ZkfÆ[\leXeXkliXc\qXXYjkiXZkX% Grabado francés de la época que representa al libertador de Haití Toussaint Louverture, portando en sus manos la Declaración de Independencia de 1804. 8cZfekiXi`f [\cfhl\ jlZ\[\i}Zfe cXjfkiXj`e$ [\g\e[\eZ`Xj Xd\i`ZXeXj ?X`k\jleX eXZ`eel\mX Kf[fcfXek\i`fi_XZ\Xcfhl\gf[iX$ dfjccXdXileX`[\ek`[X[[`m`[`[XÆf#j` j\hl`\i\#Y`]liZX[XÆ_X`k`XeX%K\e\dfj leXeXZ`eel\mX#]le[X[X[\j[\Z\if1Xc ZfekiXi`f[\cfhl\jlZ\[\i}ZfecXjfkiXj `e[\g\e[\eZ`XjXd\i`ZXeXj#_XpleXiX[`$ ZXc[`jZfek`el`[X[ ali[`ZX#j`e[l[X#g\if kXdY`e#pjfYi\kf[f#ke`Zf$ZlckliXc1\j leXeXZ`ee\^iX i\jg\Zkf[\cXj`klXZ`e Zfcfe`Xc% G\ifjlefm\[X[Zfej`jk\#Xek\kf[f#\e lei\ZfefZ`d`\ekfpleXgl\jkX\e\jZ\eX [\cfj`ii\jfclYc\jZfeÕ`Zkfj_\i\[X[fj[\ cXj`klXZ`eZfcfe`Xcp[\cXc^`ZXke`ZX# jfZ`Xcp\Zfed`ZX[\cXgcXekXZ`e1\c`[\X$ i`f[\cXI\mfclZ`e=iXeZ\jX\j#Xcd`jdf k`\dgfhl\Zfej\imX[f#cc\mX[fd}jXcc}[\ \ccXd`jdX#led}jXcc}[fe[\j\\eZl\ekiX Zfe\cZfcfie\^if2p\j\ZfcficfZXc#gfiXj ccXdXicf#fYc`^XXlei\kifZ\jfÆgXiXcXj ZfeZ\gZ`fe\j\mfclZ`fe`jkXjpgif^i\j`jkXj \lifZeki`ZXjÆ_XZ`XcXjkiX[`Z`fe\jjfZ`X$ c\jpdk`ZXjX]i`ZXeXj% Jldf[\ie`[X[Ægc\eXd\ek\Xjld`[X YXaf\c`[\Xi`f[\cXI\mfclZ`e=iXeZ\$ jXÆjcfgl\[\j\ii\Xc`qX[Xd\[`Xek\le i\ZlijfXcXkiX[`Z`e%:fdfi\qX\jX\o$ kiXfi[`eXi`Xgi`d\iX]iXj\[\cXY`f^iX]X [\QXgXkXgfiAf_eNfdXZb1È<jkX\jcX _`jkfi`X[\lefjZXdg\j`efjhl\efhl\iXe ZXdY`Xi#phl\gfi\jfd`jdf_`Z`\ifeleX i\mfclZ`eÉ% Gf[iXeZ`kXij\mXi`XjfkiXj`ejkXeZ`Xj gXiX[a`ZXjfkXcm\q_XYiXhl\[\Z`i[`X$ CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 17 redes Intervención del artista argentino Juan Carlos Romero a raíz de la iniciativa “Todos somos negros”. cZk`ZXj gXiX`cljkiXi\jkXY`]liZXZ`e[\cfj k`\dgfj_`jki`Zfjhl\#c\afj[\j\i\okiX$ df[\ieX#g\ik\e\Z\XleXdf[\ie`[X[hl\ jcfZlXe[fj\XYfi[X[\j[\cfhl\9\eaX$ d`eccXdXiXcX_`jkfi`X[\cfjm\eZ`[fjj\ dl\jkiX#\ccXkXdY`e#Zfdfk\e`\e[fleX `[\ek`[X[[`m`[`[X% <e?X`k#j\iX\cZXjf[\cXi\c`^`eml[ f[\cXc\e^lXZifc\#hl\efmXdfjX[`j$ Zlk`iX_fiX%<jkXgf[iXj\ileXmXgXiX g\ejXicXj`ekfd}k`ZXpZXj`kfkXcXlj\eZ`X# \ecX[\efd`eX[Xk\fiXgfjZfcfe`Xc#[\i\$ ]\i\eZ`XjXle]\ed\efZfdf\c_X`k`Xef hl\gXi\Z\iX[\Y\ij\ile\a\dgcfgXiX$ [`^d}k`ZfgXiXjljZXk\^fiXj%¶Ef`cljkiX \e\]\Zkf\a\dgcXid\ek\\cXikZlcf(+\jf hl\>XpXki`Jg`mXb_X[\efd`eX[f\j\eZ`X$ c`jdf\jkiXk^`Zf6J`e\dYXi^f#gXi\Z\hl\ cXjZfjXjef]l\iXekXe]}Z`c\j% EXZ`feXc`jdfZi`fccf%;fi`j>XiiXnXp `ekif[lZ\leX_`gk\j`jgXiX\ogc`ZXi\jkX `dgfk\eZ`X[\cXk\fiXgfjZfcfe`XcXek\\c ]\ed\ef?X`k1cX[\cXefg\ik`e\eZ`X[\ cXjZXk\^fiXj[\eXZ`feXc`jdfZfecXjZlX$ c\jcfjXZX[d`Zfj`ek\ekXeZXiXZk\i`qXi cfjdfm`d`\ekfjXek`Zfcfe`Xc\jdf[\iefj# ZXk\^fiXjhl\efgl\[\e[XiZl\ekX[\c ]\ed\ef[\cXi\mfclZ`e_X`k`XeX% Lef[\cfjk\okfjd}j`e]clp\ek\jjf$ Yi\\jk\k\dX#\c[\9\e\[`Zk8e[\ijfe#\c c`Yif:fdle`[X[\j@dX^`eX[Xjhl\#ef _XZ\]XckX[\Z`icf#eleZXd\eZ`feXX?X`$ k #XmXeqXcXjl^\jk`mX_`gk\j`j[\hl\\c eXZ`feXc`jdfef\jlegif[lZkf\lifg\f gfjk\i`fiXcXI\mfclZ`e=iXeZ\jXÆZfdf Zfem\eZ`feXcd\ek\j\[Xgfij\ekX[fÆj`ef 18 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 le`em\ekf[\cdle[fZfcfe`Xc\ejlclZ_X gfiifdg\iZfecXjgfk\eZ`Xj`dg\i`Xc\j% ?X`k#j`e\dYXi^f#ef\eZXaX\ee`e^lef [\cfjgXiX[`^dXjhl\8e[\ijfe\ogfe\ [\kXccX[Xd\ek\% Ef \j le kg`Zf eXZ`feXc`jdf Zi`fccf Zfdf cfj _XY`klXc\j \e cXj `e[\g\e[\e$ Z`Xj[\8di`ZXCXk`eX#[fe[\cXjd`efiXj dXpfi`kXi`Xd\ek\YcXeZXjgifglcjXifecf hl\j\gl\[\ccXdXileeXk`m`jdf]ifek\i`qf# Xlehl\Zfej\imXe[fcfjmXcfi\jZlckliXc\j \lifg\fjplefi[\ejfZ`XcZfejlgi\dX$ ZXYcXeZX%KXdgfZf\j?X`k\oXZkXd\ek\ \cZXjf[\cfjdfm`d`\ekfjXek`Zfcfe`Xc\j [\cX@e[`Xf[\8]i`ZX#hl\`ejlÕXife\e jlj[\dXe[Xj[\jfY\iXeXle[\j\f[\[`$ ]\i\eZ`XXYjfclkXZfe<lifgX#YXjX[X\ecX gli\qX[\jljfi^\e\jke`Zf$ZlckliXc\j% CX i\mfclZ`e _X`k`XeX jlgljf leX kiXejZlckliXZ`eZfeÕ`Zk`mXfZXkXjkiÔZX# ZfdfcX_\dfj[\efd`eX[f\efkifcl^Xi dXiZX[XgfileXk\ej`eefi\jl\ckX\eki\ \jXji\]\i\eZ`XjZlckliXc\j1leXk\ej`e\e Yl\eXd\[`[Xm`eZlcX[XZfe\c_\Z_f[\ hl\#\e\cdfd\ekf[\gif[lZ`ij\\cdf$ m`d`\ekf\dXeZ`gXkfi`f#leXdlp`dgfi$ kXek\gfiZ`e[\cfj\jZcXmfj`ejli^\ek\j# Xc^fd}j[\lek\iZ`f[\ckfkXc#ef\iXeX]i`$ ZXefjfi`^`eXi`fj#j`efhl\jljXek\gXjX[fj gifm\eXeleXgifm\e`\eZ`X]fiqX[X#gfi jlgl\jkf [\Ý]i`ZX#g\ifpXgf[XeZfej`$ [\iXij\Xek`ccXefjfZXi`Y\fj% ?Xp gl\j \e \jk\ ZXjf leX jl\ik\ [\ ki`}e^lcfk\ej`feXchl\\jXc^fXjZfdfj`$ dki`ZXd\ek\`em\ijfXcki`}e^lcfXkc}ek`Zf [\chl\kXekfj\_X_XYcX[fgXiXZXc`ÔZXiXc Zfd\iZ`f\jZcXm`jkX#phl\ZfdfkXcjlgfe\ ki\jmik`Z\jÝ]i`ZX&<lifgX&8di`ZX #pef leXd\efjZfdgc\aXfgfj`Z`ec`e\XcZfdf \ecfjfkifjZXjfjhl\_\dfjd\eZ`feX[f Ý]i`ZX&<lifgX#@e[`X&<lifgX#\kZk\iX #f leXZfek`el`[X[ZlckliXcZfe[`jZfek`el`$ [X[ali[`ZXZfdf\e\cZXjf[\cfjfkifj dfm`d`\ekfj `e[\g\e[\ek`jkXj cXk`efX$ d\i`ZXefj% <cmik`Z\Ý]i`ZX\jXhl#gfijlgl\jkf#\c k\iZ\if\oZcl`[fhl\j\`eZclp\ifdg`\e[f kf[Xgfj`Y`c`[X[[\le\hl`c`Yi`fXlehl\ ]l\iXZfe]c`Zk`mf \eki\[fjgfcfj<lif$ gX&cXjZfcfe`Xj #Xc`ekif[lZ`i#gfilecX[f# cX efZ`e [\ le i\kfief dk`Zf X >l`e\X Zfdf[\efd`eXYXecfj\jZcXmfjX8]i`ZX pjlgifg`Xk\ej`e`ek\ieXZfeleXZi\fc`k X]ifXd\i`ZXeX#gfi\cfkifcXZl\jk`e[\cX e\^i`kl[#pkf[f\ccfXcd`jdfk`\dgfX[_`$ i`\e[fef_XZ\]XckXi\g\k`iZfehldXpf$ i\jp_\k\ifkg`ZfjXcZXeZ\j \c`[\Xi`f[\cX I\mfclZ`e=iXeZ\jXpcXdf[\ie`[X[% E`cXjk\fiXjZc}j`ZXj[\ceXZ`feXc`jdf Æhl\#Zfdf_\dfj[`Z_f#k`\e[\eXZfe$ j`[\iXicfle]\ed\ef[\cXdf[\ie`[X[ \lifg\XÆ#e`cXk\fiX[\9\e\[`Zk8e[\i$ jfeÆhl\j`Y`\eYljZXjfik\Xi\jX`dgife$ kX \lifZeki`ZX# Zfejkilp\ leX j\i`\ [\ df[\cfj\ee`e^lef[\cfjZlXc\j\eZXaX\c ZXjf_X`k`XefÆ#e`\cdX`ejki\Xd[\cXk\f$ iXgfjZfcfe`XcÆhl\#Zfekf[fjjlji`qfdXj# _`Yi`[\Z\j#`e$Y\kn\\ejp[\d}jj`^l\g\e$ jXe[f#gXiX[a`ZXd\ek\#[\dXe\iXY`eXi`X cXi\cXZ`ed\kigfc`jZfcfe`X$gl\[\egfi cfkXekf[XiZl\ekXXZXYX[Xd\ek\[\cfhl\ ccXdXi\dfjÆj`^l`\e[fXel\jkifdf[fX Cm`$JkiXljj$cXY`]liZXZ`eki`gXik`kXZfe cXhl\klmfhl\Zfe]ifekXij\cXi\mfclZ`e _X`k`XeX% CXY`]liZXZ`eki`gXik`kX%:feY`]li$ ZXZ`eki`gXik`kX\jkXdfjXZlXe[f#gXiX dXpfiZcXi`[X[#cfhl\\em\i[X[\jlegc\f$ eXjdf1g\j\Xc\hlmfZf[\cXiXqY`#kf[X Y`]liZXZ`eXYi\ki\j[`i\ZZ`fe\j#Zfdf\j ]}Z`cXgi\Z`Xi\ecfhl\j\ccXdXleXY`]liZX$ Z`e[\cZXd`ef#Xek\cXZlXcj\gl\[\XmXe$ qXigficX`qhl`\i[X#gficX[\i\Z_Xf_XZ`X Xki}j[\ml\ckXX>l`e\X#gfiXj[\Z`i % CXY`]liZXZ`e#\jjXY`[f#\jleXÔ^liX Z\ekiXc\ecXccXdX[Xk\fiX[\cXjZXk}jkif$ ]\j[\I\eK_fdpfkifj%P\efkifi\^`j$ kifk\i`Zfpc`k\iXi`f#\j\ccl^Xi\e\cZlXc <[`gfj\\eZl\ekiXZfejl[\jk`ef1\j\Zil$ Z\[\ki\jZXd`efjhl\cfjcXk`efjccXdXe ki`m`ld#[\cZlXc[\i`mXel\jkifX[a\k`mf ki`m`Xc [fe[\#aljkXd\ek\gfiefhl\i\i i\kifZ\[\i#Xj\j`eXXjlgX[i\CXpfpj\ gi\Z`g`kX\ecXkiX^\[`X% 8_fiXY`\e#\eleg}iiX]fXek\i`fi\jg\$ Zlc}YXdfjZfecX`[\X[\hl\cfj\jZcXmfj Æi\m`ik`\e[fcXc^`ZX[\le`m\ijXc`qXZ`e [\cXgXik`ZlcXi`[X[fg\iX[Xgfi\c\lifZ\e$ ki`jdfZfcfe`XcÆj\Xjld\eZfdfcXgXik\ hl\j\gifp\ZkX_XZ`X\ckf[fj\Xc}e[fc\jl le`m\ijXc`[X[Zfdf]XcjX#gl\jkfhl\kile$ ZX%8\jfgl\[\ccXd}ij\cfle`m\ijXc`jdf gXik`ZlcXi\eZlXekffgl\jkfXcgXik`ZlcX$ i`jdfle`m\ijXc\lifg\fp\eZlXekfZld$ gc\cXgi\d`jX[\leXlkek`Zfg\ejXd`\ekf Zik`Zf1cX[\ÆgXiX[\Z`icfZfe8[fiefÆleX redes [`XcZk`ZXe\^Xk`mXhl\i\`ejkXcX\e\cZ\e$ kif[\cle`m\ijXc\cZfe]c`Zkf`ii\jfclYc\ Zfe\cgXik`ZlcXi\oZcl`[f#[\jel[Xe[fcX m`fc\eZ`X[\cXe\^XZ`e[\cfkif`ek\iefp i\Z_XqXe[fcXjk\ekXZ`fe\j[\cg\ejXd`\e$ kf`[\ek`kXi`f% <jk\\j\cj`^e`ÔZX[fgif]le[f[\cXik$ Zlcf(+Zfejl`ie`ZXÆpgfc`k`qX[XÆle`$ m\ijXc`qXZ`e[\cZfcfie\^if%G\ifkXcc^`ZX cfhl\_XZ\\jZfejkil`ipZfejk`kl`iX\j\ ZfcfiZfdf\cj`^e`ÔZXek\gi`m`c\^`X[fÆf# j`j\hl`\i\[\Z`iXj#\cfg\iX[fij\d`k`Zf ]le[Xd\ekXc$[\leXdXk\i`Xc`[X[Zik`ZX# leXY`]liZXZ`eZXkXjkiÔZX#hl\mXXXkiX$ m\jXi[\leXlfkiXdXe\iXcXgif[lZk`m`[X[ [`jZlij`mXÔcfjÔZX#\ejXpjk`ZX#ÔZZ`feXc# eXiiXk`mX#gfk`ZXp\jkk`ZX [\cXZlckliX Xek`ccXeX% E\^ifjXlehl\efkf[fj%;\j[\pX#\c ZilZ\ZfeÕ`Zk`mfpcX`ek\ik\oklXc`[X[ki}$ ^`ZXjfelegifZ\jfgi\j\ek\\ekf[XcXZlc$ kliXcXk`efXd\i`ZXeXp\ekf[XZlckliXe\f fgfjZfcfe`Xc p\e\j\Zfek\okf[\Y\j\i g\ejX[f\cZfcfie\^if%G\if\e\c:Xi`Y\cX Zl\jk`e[\cXe\^i`kl[`ekif[lZ\leX\jg\$ Z`ÔZ`[X[#`eZcljfleX\oki\d`[X[#hl\c\[X kf[Xjlg\Zlc`Xij`e^lcXi`[X[%P\jX\oki\d`$ [X[#\jX\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[hl\kXdY`eÆYXafcX c^`ZX[\cXikZlcf(+$\jZik`ZXd\ek\le`$ m\ijXc`qXYc\#\eZlXekfdl\jkiXcXjXgfiXj `ii\jl\ckXjpgifYXYc\d\ek\`ii\jfclYc\j[\ leXi\cXZ`e[`jk`ekXZfeleXdf[\ie`[X[ gi\jlekXd\ek\_fdf^\e\`qX[XgficXZlc$ kliXfZZ`[\ekXc% <jkXck`dXZfeZclj`egf[iXcc\^XiXj\i `dgfikXek\%G\ijfeXcd\ek\#j`\dgi\d\_X jfigi\e[`[fcX\oZ\j`mX]XZ`c`[X[ZfecXhl\ \cg\ejXd`\ekfgfjkj\jfd\k\ÆXlehl\j\X gXiXfgfeij\c\$XcXm\ij`e[fd`eXek\[\ cXdf[\ie`[X[gi\j\ekX[XZfdfcfhl\\j\ d`jdfg\ejXd`\ekf[\efd`ele^iXei\$ cXkf_fdf^e\fpc`e\Xc% G\ifef_XpleXjfcXdf[\ie`[X[1cXdf$ [\ie`[X[\jkXekf\cgXik`ZlcXi`jdfle`m\i$ jXc[\cKf[fjjfdfj`^lXc\jd\efjXc^lefj [\cXI\mfclZ`e=iXeZ\jXZfdf\cle`m\i$ jXc`jdfgXik`ZlcXi[\cKf[fjjfdfje\^ifj Xlehl\efkf[fjcfj\Xdfj[\cXI\mfclZ`e ?X`k`XeX% <c ZfeZ\gkf [\ leX `[\ek`[X[ `ek\e$ Z`feXcd\ek\Y`]liZX[X#dfjkiXe[fZfdf [\ZXdfjhl\_XpfkiXdf[\ie`[X[#f`e$ Zcljf leX ZfekiXdf[\ie`[X[ g\i`]i`ZX# hl`q}g\id`k`iXjfik\XicXfgfj`Z`eY`eX$ i`Xdf[\ie`[X[$gfjdf[\ie`[X[\ecXhl\ g\idXe\Z\ \eZ\iiX[f \c XZX[\d`Z`jdf gfjk#`eZclp\e[fXcfj\jkl[`fjZlckliXc\jp cXk\fiXgfjkZfcfe`Xc% ;\j[\pX#\jleXmXj`\dgi\`eZfdgc\kX p\egifZ\jf[\[\jkfkXc`qXZ`epi\kfkXc`qX$ Z`e#Zfdf[`iXleJXiki\%<j[\Z`i1cXmX d`jdX[\cfhl\jfc\dfjccXdXi`[\ek`[X[% CX i\cXZ`e [\ [\jZfe\o`e$i\Zfe\o`e Y`]liZXek\ [\ cXj `[\ek`[X[\j i\j^lXi$ [X#Xc]`epXcZXYf#jljgifg`fj\e`^dXj# hl\kXcm\qj\iXZfem\e`\ek\Zljkf[`Xi% x \[lXi[f^ie\i#Gif]\jfi[\8ekifgfcf^X [\c8ik\p[\K\fiXGfck`ZX[\cXLe`m\ij`$ [X[[\9l\efj8`i\j% CONVOCATORIA LeX[\efd`eXZ`e^\ei`ZX% CXgifZcXdX_X`k`XeX\ecXZXcc\ Billete conmemorativo de la proclamación de la Constitución haitiana de 1801, con la efigie de su libertador ToussaintLouverture. ÈKf[fjcfjZ`l[X[Xefj#[\Xhl\eX[\cXek\# j\i}eZfefZ`[fjgficX[\efd`eXZ`e^\e$ i`ZX[\e\^ifjÉ8ikZlcf(+#:fejk`klZ`e ?X`k`XeX[\(/',% Ef_Xp leXjfcX df[\ie`[X[1 mXc\kXekfcf le`m\ijXc[\ cXI\mfclZ`e =iXeZ\jX Zfdfcf gXik`ZlcXi[\ cXI\mfclZ`e ?X`k`XeX <ed\[`f[\cfj]\jk\afjgi\m`jkfj\ekfief Xc9`Z\ek\eXi`f[\cXji\mfclZ`fe\j`e[\$ g\e[`jkXjXd\i`ZXeXj[\(/('#\jccXdXk`$ mXcXfd`j`e[\cXi\mfclZ`e_X`k`XeX[\ (/'+#cXgi`d\iX#cXd}jiX[`ZXcpcXd}j `e\jg\iX[X[\kf[Xj\ccXj%8cc]l\ifecfj \o\jZcXmfj[\fi`^\eX]i`ZXefÆ\j[\Z`i cXZcXj\[fd`eX[Xgfi\oZ\c\eZ`X#pefcXj el\mXjc`k\jYli^l\jXj[\Zfdgfj`Z`e \lifg\XYcXeZX$cfjhl\kfdXife\cgf[\i gXiX]le[XileXi\gYc`ZXccXdX[X#aljkX$ d\ek\#e\^iX%E\^iXpXcXm\qZfeefdYi\ `e[^\eX#pXhl\?Xpk`\j\cm`\afefdYi\ kXef[\cX`jcX% ?X`k# _XjkX \ekfeZ\j ccXdX[X JX`ek$ ;fd`e^l\#\iXgfic\afjcXd}ji`ZXZfcfe`X ]iXeZ\jX\e\c:Xi`Y\%LeXjfZ`\[X[gcXe$ kX[fiXp\jZcXm`jkXgif[lZkfiX[\XqZXi pZX]#Zfed\[`fd`cce[\\jZcXmfj#hl\ gifgfiZ`feXYXd}j[\cXk\iZ\iXgXik\[\ cfj`e^i\jfj]iXeZ\j\j% CX:fejk`klZ`e[\?X`k]l\gifdlc^X[X jfYi\cfjYfiiX[fi\ji\[XZkX[fj\e(/'(gfi \cc`Y\ikfKfljjX`ekCflm\ikli\#dl\ikf\e cXZ}iZ\ceXgfc\e`ZX#hl`\e_XYX\eZXY\$ qX[fcXi\ml\ckXXek`\jZcXm`jkX[\j[\(.0(% 8[`]\i\eZ`X[\cfhl\jlZ\[\i}ZfefkiXj `e[\g\e[\eZ`XjXd\i`ZXeXj#_Xp\e\jk\ j`c\eZ`X[fZXjf#hl\Zfjk[fjZ`\ekXjd`c m`[Xj_ldXeXj#leXiX[`ZXc[`jZfek`el`[X[ ali[`ZX#j`e[l[X#g\ifkXdY`epjfYi\ kf[f#ke`Zf$ZlckliXc i\jg\Zkf[\cXj`klX$ Z`eZfcfe`Xc% <c`[\Xi`f[\`^lXc[X[[\cXI\mfclZ`e =iXeZ\jX[\(./0\jcc\mX[fd}jXcc}[\\ccX d`jdX#hl\k\id`egi\k\e[`\e[f`dg\[`i cXXYfc`Z`e[\cX\jZcXm`kl[\e?X`k%Cfj\j$ ZcXmfj_X`k`Xefjj\\ek\iXifedlpgifekf [\hl\\ecXefZ`e[\le`m\ijXc`[X[gif$ ZcXdX[Xgficfj;\i\Z_fjLe`m\ijXc\j[\c ?fdYi\#efk\eXcl^XijlgXik`ZlcXi`[X[% CXiX[`ZXc`[X[ÔcfjÔZX`e[`kX[\cX^\$ e\iXc`qXZ`eXiY`kiXi`XX_fiXkf[fjjfdfj e\^ifj# `eZclp\e[f \ogcZ`kXd\ek\ X cXj dla\i\jYcXeZXj#cfjgfcXZfjpcfjXc\dXe\j j`Z #[\aXZcXifhl\gXiXcfji\mfclZ`feX$ i`fj_X`k`Xefje\^if\jleX[\efd`eXZ`e gfck`ZXpefY`fc^`ZX#hl\[\jZfejkilp\cX ]XcXZ`XiXZ`jkXpXjg`iXXleel\mfle`m\i$ jXc[\j[\cX^\e\iXc`qXZ`e[\cgXik`ZlcXi d}j \oZcl`[f% :femfZXdfjXi\kfdXicXgifZcXdX_X`$ k`XeX\`ejkXcXicX\ecXZXcc\#efjcfgXiX ccXdXicXXk\eZ`ejfYi\cX_`jkfi`Xj`c\e$ Z`X[X[\\jkXi\mfclZ`ee\^iX[\(/'+Xek\ cfj_fd\eXa\j[\c9`Z\ek\eXi`fZi`fccf#j`ef X[\d}j gfi cX ZXi^X [`jilgk`mX hl\ Xe gfikX`ekXZkXcX`[\X[\hl\kf[fjpkf[Xj gf[Xdfj[\Ôe`iefjZfdfe\^ifj% :Xik\c\j# X]`Z_\j# XlkfX[_\j`mfj# mf$ cXek\j# ^iX]`k`# Xm`jfj \e glYc`ZXZ`fe\j p ZlXchl`\ifkifd\[`fgl\[\i\[le[Xi\e \ok\e[\i\jkXZXdgXXXee`dXpZfc\Z$ k`mXgfikf[X8di`ZXCXk`eXp\ci\jkf[\c dle[f%x I\[:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJli Gfjk$JZi`gkld1<jkXZfemfZXkfi`XXee`dX# XY`\ikXp[\jZ\ekiXc`qX[X#cXeqX[X[\j[\ cXI\[:feZ\gklXc`jdfj[\cJlim`\e\ Z`iZlcXe[fgif]ljXd\ek\[\j[\XYi`c[\ )''0XkiXmj[\`ek\ie\kp[\[`jk`ekXj glYc`ZXZ`fe\j`dgi\jXjcXi\m`jkXIXdfeX [\9l\efj8`i\jpcXi\m`jkXGclj[\ MXc[`m`X#\eki\fkiXj %?Xj`[fkiX[lZ`[X X[`jk`ekfj`[`fdXjZXjk\ccXef#`e^cj# ]iXeZj#gfikl^lj pj\_X[`jZlk`[f\e [`m\ijfj]fifjpXjXdYc\Xj%M`\e\j`\e[f Xjld`[Xgfi[`jk`ekfjXik`jkXjpZfc\Zk`mfj# XjZfdfgfiXjfZ`XZ`fe\jjfZ`Xc\jp ZlckliXc\j%8c^lefji\^`jkifj[\cXj XZZ`fe\jpgif[lZZ`fe\jhl\\ekfiefX\jkX ZfemfZXkfi`Xj\_Xe`dglcjX[fj\i\e\e\e nnn%kf[fjfdfje\^ifj%Ycf^jgfk%Zfd% CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 19 CARTA DE... M8CG8I8àJF CXZ`l[X[Z_`c\eXj`^l\[\jXÔXe[fXcXlkfgX[\j[\jl<jZl\cX[\8ihl`k\ZkliX% Lei\]\i\ek\\ecX\og\i`d\ekXZ`edle[`Xc[\j[\ÔeXc\j[\cfjXfjZ`eZl\ekXhl\]le[\ gf\jXpZfejkilZZ`e\ejld\kf[fcf^X%;fjm`j`fe\jXYfi[Xelegifp\ZkfiX[`ZXc% ?XZ\ij`e\jg\iXeqX Gfi8c\aXe[if>XYi`\c:i`jg`Xe` G fZXj[l[XjZXY\e[\hl\cX<jZl\cX[\ 8ihl`k\ZkliX[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[:Xkc`ZX [\MXcgXiXjf_Xj`[fphl`q}jXej`^X j`\e[fleX\og\i`\eZ`X\oZ\gZ`feXchl\ _X\oZ\[`[f\c}dY`kfcXk`efXd\i`ZXef%>l`X[X [\j[\(0,)gfileZfc\Zk`mf[\Xik`jkXjpgif]\j`f$ eXc\j#\eki\cfjhl\klm`\ifelegXg\cgi`eZ`gXc \cXihl`k\Zkf8cY\ikf:ilq:fmXiilY`Xjp\cgf\kX >f[f]i\[f@fdd`#jlmXcfiXZ`e_Xj`[f#[\kf[Xj dXe\iXj#dlZ_fd}j\oki\dXp[`jgXi[\cfhl\ jl\c\j\i\ei\cXZ`eZfe\jk\k`gf[\\og\i`\eZ`Xj g\[X^^`ZXjpXikjk`ZXj%G\ifj`_XpXc^fhl\efj\ c\gf[iXe\^Xi\j\cZXc`ÔZXk`mf[\iX[`ZXc%<jkX iX[`ZXc`[X[\jk}#gfijlgl\jkf#\ecXjfYiXjZi\X$ [Xj\ei\cXZ`eZfe\ccX#gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\fYiXj[\ Xihl`k\ZkliX#Xlehl\efjcf#pXhl\kXdY`egf$ [iXdfj_XYcXi[\\jZlckliX#gf\jXp[`j\f#g\if cXiX[`ZXc`[X[hl\j\\ogi\jX\e\jkXjfYiXj\j\e i\Xc`[X[lei\Õ\af#Xm\Z\j`eZclj`m\g}c`[f#[\cX [\jlg\ejXd`\ekf%IX[`ZXc`[X[[\ejXpgXik`Zl$ cXid\ek\kiXYXaX[X[\j[\\cglekf[\m`jkXk\i`Zf# hl\kfdXgfj`Z`e]i\ek\XcXkfkXc`[X[[\cdle[f phl\\o`^\[\hl`\ehl`\i\]fidXigXik\[\\ccX# eX[Xd\efjhl\ZXdY`Xi[\m`[X%<jleXgfj`Z`e hl\efj\[\aXXgi\_\e[\iZfdgc\kXd\ek\#hl\ XgXi\Z\Zfdfi\j`jk\ek\XZlXchl`\i\ogc`ZXZ`e \o_Xljk`mXhl\cXX^fk\pcXÔa\hl`k}e[fc\c`Y\ikX[ [\dfm`d`\ekf#hl`q}j\e\c\ek\e[`[f[\hl\gXiX Zfdgi\e[\i\je\Z\jXi`fgi`d\ifZXdY`Xi[\m`[X pefXci\mj#ZfdfkXekXjm\Z\jdXe[Xeel\jkif _}Y`kfj`ek\c\ZklXc\j% GXiXcfjhl\`ek\ekXdfjm\icXpZfdgi\e[\icX [\j[\]l\iXhl\ef_\dfjZXdY`X[fel\jkiXm`[X \ej`ekfeXZfejlj`[\Xj #cfhl\j\gi\j\ekX\e gi`d\icl^Xi\jcX\o`jk\eZ`X[\leeZc\f[lif[\ Zfem`ZZ`fe\jhl\efj\gfe\e\e[`jZlj`epXhl\ efj\kiXkX[\Zfem\eZ\iZfe\ccXjXeX[`\%;\j[\ \ccXjj\Zfejkilp\leXgfj`Z`ehl\jl\c\i\ZcXdXi YXjkXek\i}g`[Xd\ek\cXX[_\j`efcX`dgl^eX$ Z`e#hl\\eXdYfjZXjfjgl\[\j\igif]le[Xf 20 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 jlg\iÔZ`Xc%D}jhl\ZfdfleZfiglj[\`[\Xj#\jkX gfj`Z`ej\ZfdgfikXlekXekfZfdfcXjfYiXjXikj$ k`ZXj#Zfei\jg\ZkfXcXjZlXc\jeX[`\\jk}fYc`^X[f X\ekiXi\eZfekXZkfphl\k`\e\ekf[XcXc`Y\ikX[ [\gi\j\ekXij\ZfdflekdXcff[aXcf%;\fg$ kXigficXgi`d\iXXck\ieXk`mX#cfhl\j\efjgXjX Xi\hl\i`i\jleXZ`\ikXjljg\ej`e[\cX`eZi\[l$ c`[X[#hl\efk`\e\gfihlj\iZfdgc\kXg\ifhl\ [\ef\o`jk`iYcfhl\X#[`^Xdfj#kf[XcXfg\iXZ`e% 8c^f[\\jkf\jcfhl\cX<jZl\cX[\8ihl`k\ZkliX [\MXcgXiXjfi\ZcXdpi\ZcXdXgXiXjlj]fidXj [\Zi\XipXgi\e[\i#pkXdY`e\eleZ`\ikf^iX[f gXiXjlZfdgi\ej`eZXYXc%<jkfgfi jlgl\jkfef\jZXjlXc`[X[#j`efhl\ j\[\Y\#\]\Zk`mXd\ek\#XcX`ek\eZ`e hl\gi`dX\edlZ_fj[\jljdfd\e$ kfj[\Zfej`[\iXij\p[\_XZ\ij\\ecfj kid`efj[\leXfYiXXikjk`ZX#Xgc`$ Z}e[fj\Xjd`jdXpZfejkilpe[fj\ \eYXj\XcXgifg`X`[\X[\fYiX[\Xik\ hl\jfjk`\e\%<ekXcj\ek`[f#efdXe$ k`\e\jcfleXi\cXZ`eZfecXjfYiXj [\Xik\\e^\e\iXcj`ef#phl`q}j\jkf j\Xcfd}j`ek\i\jXek\#ZfeleX]fidX [\Xik\\jg\ZÔZXhl\[\Xc^leXdXe\$ iXZi\p[\jXiifcc% :fdfi\jlckXZfefZ`[f\ecXZlc$ kliX[\cXik\pcXXihl`k\ZkliX\e:_`$ c\#\jkX]fidX[\Xik\hl\c\\jgifg`XX cX<8M#hl\\ecXgi}Zk`ZXc\g\ik\e\Z\ jcfX\ccXphl\jcf\ccX_X[\jXiifccX[fjfecfjccX$ dX[fjXZkfjgfk`Zfj#lek`gf[\fYiXZi\X[fgfi\c gf\kX>f[f]i\[f@fdd`gifYXYc\d\ek\_XZ`XÔeX$ c\j[\cfjXfjZlXi\ekXphl\j`^l`[\jXiifccXe[f _XjkXjldl\ik\\e(00.%I\Zf^`\e[fk\dXjkXekf [\cXjmXe^lXi[`Xj_`jki`ZXjZfdf[\cX]\efd\ef$ cf^Xp\cg\ejXd`\ekf[\?\`[\^^\i#\cXZkfgfk`Zf \jY}j`ZXd\ek\cfhl\`e[`ZXjlefdYi\1gf\jX\e ]fidX[\XZkf#hl\gl\[\j\ii\Z`kX[XfZi\X[X\e jlkiXejZlijf%LeXdXe\iX[\_XZ\igf\jXhl\ i\ZfefZ\È\cZl\igf#cXmfq#\cX[\d}e#cXgXljX# cXgXcXYiX#cXj`klXZ`ei\Xc#ZfeZi\kX\`ed\[`XkX [\cfhl\j\[XÊXccpX_fiXË[fe[\j\XYi\\cal\^f Xcfhl\pXj\jXY\pXcfhl\efj\jXY\É@fdd`# J\^le[XZXikXjfYi\cXG_Xce\ %E\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\# \cXZkfgfk`Zf\jZfdXe[X[fgfilegf\kX#g\if \jk}XY`\ikfXZlXchl`\iXhl\hl`\iX`ek\im\e`i\e c%;\X_cXgXik`ZlcXik\ej`e[\\jkfjXZkfjhl\ gf[XegfjklcXij\ZfdfXik\Zfc\Zk`mfj`ehl\\jkf X]\ZkXiXcX`[\X[\cXik`jkXZfdfgfj\\[fi[\le[fe \okiXfi[`eXi`f%<egi`eZ`g`fgl\[\i\ZfefZ\i[`j$ k`ekfj^iX[fj[\]fidXc`qXZ`e#gl[`\e[fj\iZfd$ gc\kXd\ek\\jgfek}e\flfY\[\Z\i XleXZ`\ikX\jZ\e`ÔZXZ`e% KXdY`e\ejlkiXejZlijfgl\$ [\k\e\iZXY`[XcXZi\XZ`e[\fYiXj gc}jk`ZXjf[\fkiXe[fc\#Xlegif$ p\Zkfj[\Xihl`k\ZkliX%<jdlZ_fcf hl\Xei\jkXjXY\iZfei\jg\ZkfX cfjXZkfjgfk`Zfj[\jXiifccX[fjgfi @fdd`%<e\ccfjjlXlkfim`fefcX dXe\iX[\_XZ\iXik\hl\[\dXe$ [XYXecfjk`\dgfj#j`ef\j\k`gf[\ fYiXhl\jld}e[fj\XcXkiX[`Z`epX XY`\ikXXÔeXc\j[\cj`^cfO@O\jkXYX [\jk`eX[Xgfijlgifg`XeXkliXc\qX [\fYiX[\Xik\pj`ee\Z\j`[X[[\ gifgfeij\cf XZfe[lZ`icfjk`\d$ gfj#Xfi`\ekXicfj%EfXcXdXe\iX[\ cXji\mfclZ`fe\jjfZ`Xc\j#gfck`ZXj fkZe`ZXj#j`efj\^efkiXc^`ZXd}jgf[\ifjX# `dg\iZ\gk`Yc\pXa\eX\e[\Ôe`k`mXXZlXchl`\imf$ clekX[`e[`m`[lXc% @fdd`m`f\ecfjXZkfjgfk`Zfjlej\ek`[fgXi$ k`ZlcXid\ek\Xckf#`eZfed\ejliXYc\1cXgfj`Y`c`[X[ [\_XZ\igi\j\ek\ÈcXi\Xc`[X[gfk`ZX[\cdle[f \e ZlXekf gfk`ZXÉ# le k`gf [\ Èal\^f gXiX hl\ ZlXchl`\iXkiX`^XXcc\cal\^fgfk`Zf[\cdle[fÉ J\^le[XZXikX%%% %CX^iXm`kXZ`e[\cg\ejXd`\ekf [\?\`[\^^\i\j\m`[\ek\%<cXZkfgfk`Zf\jleX CX]fidX [\Zi\Xi# Zfejkil`ip \ej\Xi[\ cX<jZl\cX klmf\e\c XZkfgfk`Zf jlg`\[iX YXjXc En la Escuela de Valparaíso domina la visión de la arquitectura como acto poético. En la imagen, una instalación de los primeros tiempos de Ciudad Abierta, hacia 1972. fg\iXZ`ehl\j\i\Xc`qXjfYi\\cc\e^lXa\phl\ i\jl\eX\ekf[f\c_XZ\i[\c_fdYi\%CX]fidX[\ Zi\Xi#Zfejkil`ip\ej\Xi[\cX<8M#jlgfj`Z`e ]i\ek\XcXi\Xc`[X[#jldXe\iX[\\ek\e[\icXi\cX$ Z`e\eki\cXjXik\j#cXZ`\eZ`X#cXkZe`ZXpcXj[`jZ`$ gc`eXj[\cXgifp\ZkXZ`epXejlgifg`f[`jZlijf Xd\i`ZXe`jkXklm`\ife\e^iXed\[`[X\e\cXZkf gfk`Zfjlg`\[iXYXjXc% ; \j[\Xccj\Zfejkilp\cXi\cXZ`e\eki\ Xihl`k\ZkliXpgf\jX#pkXdY`e\eki\ cXj[`jk`ekXjXik\j%JfYi\cj\Xj\ek cXgfj`Z`ehl\cX<jZl\cX_XkfdX[f \ei\cXZ`eZfe\ci\jkf[\cdle[f%CXZi\\eZ`X\e cXZXgXZ`[X[i\m\cX[fiX[\\jkfjXZkfjhl\efj\ jlgfe\_X[\dXe`]\jkXij\[\dXe\iX`ed\[`X$ kX #cXjljg\ej`e[\cX`eZi\[lc`[X[i\jg\ZkfXcfj d`jdfjpjlXZ\gkXZ`e\eZlXekfkXc\j#i\jlckp gifYXYc\d\ek\Xei\jlckX`ejXcmXYc\gXiXgXik`Z`$ gXigc\eXd\ek\\ecXÔcfjf]X[\cX<8M#Xcd\efj [\cXm`j`e[\jkXhl\jfjklm`\ifejljgi`eZ`gXc\j Zi\X[fi\j#\cgifg`f>f[f]i\[f@fdd`p8cY\ikf :ilq:fmXiilY`Xj%:fe\cXZkfgfk`ZfZfd`\eqX# gXi\Z\iX#\j\kdXcff[aXcf% CXiX[`ZXc`[X[[\cX<8Mj\`e`Z`X\e\cXZkf gfk`Zf#hl\Zfek`\e\`eelZ\kf[XjlÔcfjf]X%CXj [`m\ijXjdf[Xc`[X[\j[\\jkfjXZkfjcXXZfdgXX$ ifeXcfcXi^f[\kf[Xjl_`jkfi`Xhl\j\`e`Z`X\e (0,)\ei`^fi#cX<jZl\cX[\8ihl`k\ZkliX[\cXLe`$ m\ij`[X[:Xkc`ZX[\MXcgXiXjfpX\o`jkXp\iXleX `ejk`klZ`ei\ZfefZ`[X\e\cd\[`fZ_`c\ef#g\if \e\j\Xfj\_XZ\eZXi^f[\\ccX:ilq#@fdd`ple ^ilgf[\am\e\jgif]\jfi\j pj\gifcfe^X_XjkX _fp[X%8cZfekiXi`f[\mXi`Xj[\cXjmXe^lXi[`Xj cXk`efXd\i`ZXeXj[\cfjXfjj\j\ekXhl\YljZXife XleXiiX[`ZXc`[X[\jkk`ZXpiX[`ZXc`[X[gfck`ZX#cX iX[`ZXc`[X[[\cX<8Mefi\ZfefZ\e`hl`\i\i\Zf$ efZ\ie`e^leX[`d\ej`egfck`ZX#gfihl\\ek`\e$ [\hl\cXm\i[X[\iXkiXej]fidXZ`e#cfm\i[X[\iX$ d\ek\el\mf#efgl\[\m\e`i[\Xcc#j`ef[\fkiXj }i\Xj[\cf_ldXefhl\j\dXe`]\jkXiXe\ecXfYiX [\Xik\%CXfYiX[\Xik\k\e[iXcXZXgXZ`[X[[\[Xi Zl\ekX\ejljgifg`fjkid`efjpj\^ejlgifg`X eXkliXcXqXefjcf[\cX[`d\ej`egfck`ZX#j`ef kXdY`e[\cXi\c`^`fjX#jfZ`Xc#kZe`ZX#\kZ%<j[\j$ [\\ccX[fe[\cf[\d}jXZfek\Z\p[fe[\eXZ\iXcf m\i[X[\iXd\ek\el\mf% <j\ekfeZ\j#[\j[\\jkXel\mX]fidX[\Xik\# \cXZkfgfk`Zf#hl\cX<8Mj\gifgljfZfejkil`i jlgifg`Xi\Xc`[X[Zfdf<jZl\cX[\8ihl`k\ZkliX% I\Xc`[X[dXk\i`XcZfeZi\kX#hl\j\[XXhlpX_fiX pj\_XZ\[\dXe\iXZfc\Zk`mX#Zfdf\cXZkfgfk`$ Zfd`jdf%CX\dgi\jXhl\d}jmXXZXiXZk\i`qXi \jk\`dglcjf#Zfdfhl`q}ji\jlck\ZfefZ`[f#]l\cX Zi\XZ`e\e(0.)[\:`l[X[8Y`\ikX#\ecXhl\cX <8Mj\gifgljfefj`eZ`\ikf^iX[f[\[\jd\jliX# Zi\XiefleXXihl`k\ZkliXj`efleXZ`l[X[hl\c\ ]l\iXgifg`X%<jkfj`ee`e^leX`ek\eZ`e\m`[\ek\% ;\e`e^leXdXe\iX:`l[X[8Y`\ikX`ek\ekXj\ile df[\cf[\eX[X%Efj\gcXek\XZfdfle\a\dgcf e`hl`\i\Zfem\eZ\iXeX[`\[\Xc^f%<j\eki\fkiXj ZfjXj\c`ek\ekf[\cc\mXi\cdle[f[\Zfek\e`[fj pgifgfj`Z`fe\j[\cXZkfgfk`ZfXc}dY`kfdXpfi hl\_`jki`ZXd\ek\\c_fdYi\_XZfejkil`[f#cX Z`l[X[%8jg\ejX[X[\j[\cXfYiX[\Xik\#\jkXZ`l$ [X[gl\[\efk\e\ieX[Xhl\[\Z`iZfei\jg\ZkfX cXZ`l[X[XZklXc%Efk`\e\i\cXZ`e[`i\ZkXZfejlj gifYc\dXjpXhl\fY\[\Z\Xfkifle`m\ijf[\j\e$ k`[fj#\c[\cXZkfgfk`Zf%Ef\je`lecXYfiXkfi`f e`ledf[\cf% KXdY`e]i\ek\X:`l[X[8Y`\ikXZXY\cX`eZi\[l$ c`[X[#ZXY\gi\^lekXij\j`efj\kiXkXÔeXcd\ek\[\ CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 21 CARTA DE... leZfealekf[\ZfejkilZZ`fe\jZfeleefdYi\d}j fd\efjd\kX]i`ZfpXck`jfeXek\%<jleXgfj`Y`c`$ [X[ZfekXekf[\i\Z_fpiXqe[\j\iZfdf\cm\icX ZfecfjfafjZfehl\\e^\e\iXcj\m\leXfYiXXikj$ k`ZX%KXdY`eZfdfkf[XfYiX[\Xik\e\Z\j`khl\ \jkX`eZi\[lc`[X[pX]l\iXjljg\e[`[XdlZ_fXek\j# \e\cdfd\ekf[\jl`[\XZ`ep[liXek\kf[f\ccXi$ ^fgifZ\jf[\ZfejkilZZ`e#hl\Zfek`eX_XjkX_fp% <cZfealekf[\\[`ÔZXZ`fe\jpcl^Xi\j[\:`l[X[ 8Y`\ikX#gifp\ZkX[Xp_\Z_XXdXefgfigif]\jfi\j pXcldefj[\cX<8M[\j[\(0.)#[Xdl\jkiXhl\ \jkXjljg\ej`e[\cX`eZi\[lc`[X[#hl\j\`e`Z`X\e i\cXZ`eZfe\cXZkfgfk`Zf#j\_Xg\ejX[fZfdf legi`eZ`g`fXZk`mfd}jhl\ZfdfleX`ejkXeZ`X Zfek\dgcXk`mX%Gi`eZ`g`f\ei`^fiZfejkilZk`mfhl\ Xgifm\Z_XaljkXd\ek\\c`dglcjf_XZ`XleXik\_\$ Z_fgfikf[fjhl\\jk}\e\cZfiXqe [\\jkfjXZkfj% G\if\jk\_XZ\ihl\[\dXe[XcXjlj$ g\ej`e[\cX`eZi\[lc`[X[#[\dXe[X kXdY`efkiXZfe[`Z`e#kXe`dgfi$ kXek\pZ\ekiXcZfdfcXXek\i`fi%LeX Zfe[`Z`ehl\[\ef\o`jk`i_XiXhl\ cfXek\i`fij\kiX`Z`feXiXXjd`jdf# 8cXjljg\ej`e[\cX`eZi\[lc`[X[c\ [\Y\XZfdgXXie\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\\c [\aXi kf[X \jg\iXeqX% J` ef \j Xj# \jX `eZi\[lc`[X[ ef \j gliX# \jk} ZfekXd`eX[Xpefgl\[\[\jgc\^Xi$ j\gc\eXd\ek\%:fdf\ecX;`m`eX :fd\[`X#Xc`e^i\jXipXj\XXleXZkf gfk`Zf#\ecX:`l[X[8Y`\ikXf\ecX <8M#j\[\Y\[\aXiXki}jkf[X\jg\$ iXeqX#gXik`ZlcXid\ek\cX[\Zfej$ kil`iledle[fd\afifkiXej]fidXi\c\o`jk\ek\# Xlehl\efjcf\jkXj%<c_XZ\ij`e\jg\iXeqX\jle glekf Z\ekiXc \e \c g\ejXd`\ekf [\ >f[f]i\[f @fdd`%:Xj`ef_Xpk\okfjlpf\e\chl\#[\leX dXe\iXpXj\Xm\cX[Xf[`i\ZkX#efj\kiXk\\jk\gle$ kf%M`m`ipZi\Xij`e\jg\iXeqXj\iX\c^iXedXe[Xkf pcXdXe\iX[\j`klXiefj]i\ek\Xkf[f% [\Xc^leXdXe\iXhl`kXic\j`^e`ÔZXZ`e#jXZXic\\c g\jff\ccXjki\[\cj`^e`ÔZX[fgXiXXjgf[\iXZklXi \ec`Y\ikX[%MXZ`XiXcgi\j\ek\[\jlj`^e`ÔZXZ`e gXiXhl\Xjklm`\iXcXfgfikle`[X[[\mfcm\ij\Xl$ kek`Zfpi\Z\gk`mfXcfm\i[X[\iXd\ek\el\mf#\jkX \jcXgifgl\jkX[\@fdd`% <jkfpX_XYiXXZfek\Z`[f\ecXfYiX[\Xik\ df[\iefp[\_\Z_f\ekf[XfYiX\ehl\j\_lY`\iX gl\jkf\eal\^fleXm\i[X[\iXgf`\j`j#pX]l\iXle gif[lZkf[\cXZ`\eZ`X#cXkZe`ZXlfkiXZi\XZ`e _ldXeX%J`^l`\e[fcXgif]\j`e[\]\_\`[\^^\i`X$ eXhl\\jZXiXZk\ijk`ZX[\jlg\ejXd`\ekf#@fdd` gfjklcXhl\\jkf_XYiXk\e`[fcl^Xigi`d\iXd\e$ k\\e\c}dY`kf[\cc\e^lXa\#\jg\ZÔZXd\ek\\ecX gf\jXdf[\ieX%8ccaljkXd\ek\_XYiXZfd\eqX$ [fXXYi`ij\ZXd`efcXgXcXYiXj`ej`^e`ÔZX[f#\e cXfYiX[\cfjj`dYfc`jkXj]iXeZ\j\j# gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\9Xl[\cX`i\#CXlki\$ dfekpI`dYXl[#g\ifkXdY`e\eGf\ \eC\n`j:Xiifcc%CX`dgfikXeZ`X[\ \jkXjfYiXj\jZXg`kXc1È<jk\hl`\Yif \j[\Z`j`mfp^iXe[`fjf#gfihl\XYi\\c dle[f[\cXdf[\ie`[X[É#[`Z\@fd$ d`\elek\okfk`klcX[f?fpd\mfpX fZlgXi[\d`Zc\iX%CXdf[\ie`[X[ kiXYXaXiX#\ekfeZ\j#gXiX[\jdXek\$ cXicfjj`^e`ÔZX[fj#d}jhl\gif[lZ`i ZfefZ`d`\ekfc\`ek\i\jXiXd\[`ij\ `eZXejXYc\d\ek\Zfecf[\jZfefZ`[f% <ecXZi\\eZ`X[\@fdd`#jcfcXXY$ jfclkXÔ[\c`[X[X\jk\gi`eZ`g`fXj\$ ^liXiX cX Xlkek`ZX Zi\XZ`e Zfdf XÔidX\e?Xphl\j\iXYfjclkXd\ek\ df[\ief1 È<ogcfiXij`eki\^lX\cc\e^lXa\d}jXcc}[\ kf[fj`^e`ÔZX[f%KXcel\jkiX`eZXcZlcXYc\c`Y\ikX[% :fdfj\cf[`a\ifecXjDljXjX?\jf[f#gXcXYiX Xek\i`fiXcal`Z`f%GXcXYiXhl\i\m\cX#\ogcfiXe[f jldXiXm`ccX[\j\igXcXYiX`ek\id`eXYc\d\ek\%8c ]fe[f[\cXY`jdfgXiX\eZfekiXicf[\jZfefZ`[f% :Xp\ifecfjj`^e`ÔZX[fj#Zfe\ccfj\cj\ek`[f[\le dle[f%¶HlmXXfZlii`i6Cf\jgce[`[f#[\el\mf XY`\ikXpi\`e`Z`X[XcXXm\ekliX%CXXm\ekliX[\cX gXcXYiXhl\Xhlp\ecfjZ`\cfjdXe`Ô\jkX\cj\i [\c_fdYi\%Hl`\ifi\Zfi[XiXc^f%:lXe[f[\Z`dfj ZX[X[\j`^e`ÔZX[fjefgi\k\e[\dfj`^efiXihl\ kf[XgXcXYiXcfk`\e\%Hl\i\dfj`e[`ZXihl\ef\j cXZfkXgi`m`c\^`X[X[\cXgXcXYiX#hl\\jj`dgc\$ d\ek\legXi}d\kifd}j#ZfdfcXgifeleZ`XZ`e fZXc`^iX]Xhl\`ek\im`\e\Zfdf\c\d\ekfZfejk`$ klk`mf\ecXZfejkilZZ`e[\lej\ek`[f%EfZl\e$ kXpXcXc^`ZX]fe[f$]fidX#g\ejXd`\ekf$c`i`jdf# Zfek`e\ek\$Zfek\e`[f#`[\fcf^X$[`jZlijf#\kZ%gXiX XZ\iZXij\XcXgf`\j`jÉ% CXjfYiXj[\cXgf\jXdf[\ieXdfjkiXiXe [\j[\jleXkliXc\qXXikjk`ZX\jkXZX[X[\cfjj`^$ e`ÔZX[fj#dXiZXiXe\cgXjf#\cildYfhl\`e[\]\Z$ k`Yc\d\ek\_XYiXe[\kfdXicfjk`\dgfj#g\j\XcXj [\dfiXjhl\gl[`\iXegif[lZ`ij\%CXZX[X[\cfj j`^e`ÔZX[fjXiiXjkiXiXZfej`^fcX\jg\iXeqXpcX efjkXc^`X#g\ifcfd}j`dgfikXek\gXiX@fdd`j\iX kfdXiZfeZ`\eZ`X[\cX\jki\Z_Xi\cXZ`ehl\\jkfj j`^e`ÔZX[fj^lXi[XeZfecXgi`d\iX%CXk\ekXk`mX [\cX\jg\iXeqXj\iXcX[\_XZ\ij`^e`ÔZXi\c]lkl$ ifXgXik`i[\leXdXe\iX`eXlkek`ZXpi\kiXjX[X [\Zfdgi\e[\i\cgi\j\ek\#XgXik`i[\kiX`Z`feXi legi\j\ek\hl\pXefXZ\gkXiXj\i\ek\e[`[fX gXik`i[\leXj`^e`ÔZXZ`ehl\`ek\ekX[fd`eXicf \eefdYi\[\ledXXeX`[\X[f[\j[\cXjm`\aXj fgfj`Z`fe\j% <ecXg}^`eXÔeXc[\cgi`d\ic`Yif[\8d\i\`[X# fYiX\jZi`kX\eZfealekfgfi@fdd`#:ilqpfkifj Xik`jkXj\`ek\^iXek\j[\cX<8M#glYc`ZX[faljkX$ d\ek\\e(0-0phl\_Xj`[fp\jj`e[l[X\cc`Yif$ M`m`ipZi\Xi j`e\jg\iXeqX ]l\\c^iXe dXe[Xkf[\ @fdd`gXiX Zfejkil`ile dle[fd\afi fkiXej]fidXi \c\o`jk\ek\ < e(0-0#\e\c_`im`\ek\Zc`dXgfck`Zfp ZlckliXcgfi\cgfi\chl\XkiXm`\jX:_`$ c\pdlZ_fj[\cfjgXj\j[\cdle[f hl\\iXjcfcXXek\jXcX[\cfhl\j\`YX Xm`m`i\ecfjgi`d\ifjXfjj\k\ekX#ZlXe[fj\]le$ [X:`l[X[8Y`\ikX#\jZi`Y\gifmfZX[fiXd\ek\jlj ce\Xjd}jkXoXk`mXjXci\jg\Zkf1 ÈCX\jg\iXeqX\jcXdXki`q[\kf[XjcXjalj$ k`ÔZXZ`fe\j%G\ifcfhl\j\XYi\Zfdfgfj`Yc\\j m\i[X[\iXd\ek\lek`\dgfel\mf%LeXefZ`e[\c k`\dgfhl\[\j\jk`dXcX\jg\iXeqX#hl\i\Z_XqXcX efjkXc^`Xpcf]lkli`Yc\Zfdfglekfj[\Xgfpf%Fkif df[f[\\ek\e[\icXjlZ\j`ej\[`YlaX#pXj\[`Yl$ a_XZ\dlZ_fk`\dgf\ecXi\Xc`[X[%<ecX\jg\$ iXeqX\cdle[fj`\dgi\j\i}dXXeX%<c[\_fp\j le\eki\kXekf%Kf[XjcXj]fidXj[\\o`jk\eZ`Xhl\ ZfefZ\dfjj\XgfpXe\e\ck`\dgf[\cX\jg\iXeqX pcXefjkXc^`X%CXjel\mXjhl\j\i\ZcXdXeg`[\e jfjk\e\ij\\ecXXY\ikliXfm`^`c`X`e`ek\iildg`[X [\cXc`Y\ikX[É% <cXZkfgfk`Zfpkf[fcfhl\jfYi\cj\gl\[\ Zfejkil`i#ZfejliX[`ZXci\ZfefZ`d`\ekf[\cXhl p\cX_fiX#j\`ejkXcXiXaljkXd\ek\\e\jk\k`\d$ gfel\mf#hl\j\_XYiXml\ckfgXik`ZlcXid\ek\ \m`[\ek\\e\jfjXfj#g\ifhl\pXm\e[iXgXigX$ [\Xe[fp[\_\Z_f_XZ`e[fj\gi\j\ek\\efYiXj pX]l\iX[\cXik\fcXZ`\eZ`X#[\j[\ÔeXc\j[\cj`^cf O@O%CX\jg\iXeqXpcXefjkXc^`Xj\iXe]fidXj[\ _XZ\ij`^e`ÔZXi\cgi\j\ek\i\ZlYi`\e[fjlm\i[X$ [\iXZfe[`Z`epcXjgfj`Y`c`[X[\jhl\jkXZfek`\e\ \eZlXekfkXc%Hl`kXic\Xcgi\j\ek\cXefjkXc^`XpcX \jg\iXeqX#hl\j\iXe\e[\Ôe`k`mXcfd`jdf#j\iX 22 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 ^lX[\cX<jZl\cX#j\ZfeZclp\hl\È\cZXd`efef\j \cZXd`efÉ%<jk\\jlef[\cfjc\dXj[\cX<8M%<j\ ZXd`efhl\ef\jkXc#\jcX\jg\iXeqX%<j\c]lklif gcXe`ÔZX[f#\jcX]fidX[fd`eX[Xgfi\cj`^e`ÔZX[f hl\efg\id`k\[\jmfjphl\c\fi[\eXXcgi\j\e$ k\jlildYf[\dXe\iXkXoXk`mX\`eXg\cXYc\%<c ZXd`ef\jcfZfekiXi`f[\cXXm\ekliXpj\jlgfe\ kXdY`ehl\[\cXc`Y\ikX[%KfdXigfi\cZXd`ef [\cX\jg\iXeqXj\iXi\eleZ`XiXcXc`Y\ikX[%J\iX kXdY`e`i\eZfekiX[\cgi\j\ek\Xlkek`Zfhl\j\ dl\m\[\fkiXdXe\iX% @ fdd`Zi\XkXdY`ehl\\cXkXij\XcX\jg\$ iXeqXk\eXj`\dgi\Zfej\Zl\eZ`Xj^iXm\j% <j\_XYiXj`[f#j\^e\ogc`ZX\e\cd`jdf k\okfXek\i`fi#\cÈgXjf]XkXc#\c^il\jf#Xle$ hl\e\Z\jXi`f#kXcm\q#\iifiÉ[\cXjmXe^lXi[`Xj[\c j`^cfOO#gXik`ZlcXid\ek\[\cfjdfm`d`\ekfjhl\ d}jc\`ek\i\jXife#\c]lkli`jdf`kXc`Xefp\cjl$ ii\Xc`jdf]iXeZj%8dYfj_XYiXejlZldY`[fXleX [\cXjg\fi\j]fidXj[\cX\jg\iXeqX#Xhl\ccXhl\ j\elki\[\j`^e`ÔZX[fjhl\k`\e\ehl\m\iZfe\c ^fY`\ief[\cfj_fdYi\j#\ejldX#ZfecXgfck`ZX% <c^il\jf\iifi[\\jkXjmXe^lXi[`Xj\ji\]\i`[fgfi @fdd`\ecfjj`^l`\ek\jkid`efj1 È<ecXgi`d\iXgfj^l\iiXdle[`Xc Gl\jkf hl\_XYXhl\ZXdY`XicXm`[X#\j\cfYa\k`mf\j\e$ Z`Xc[\cXgf\jX#cfgifg`f\iX_XZ\icfZfed\[`fj X[\ZlX[fj%¶:l}c\j]l\ife6CXgfck`ZX%P[\le jXckfcXgf\jXZ\[\jlgifg`fZXdgfgXiXgfe\i$ j\Xcj\im`Z`f[\cfhl\jlgfe\cXcc\mXi}Xj\id}j gfk`ZX#cXgf\jXZfdgifd\k`[X%¿ <cdle[f m`m`\eXhl\ccfj[XjcXj^iXe[\j\jg\iXeqXj%Gfi lecX[f#gfigi`d\iXm\q\ecX_`jkfi`X_ldXeXj\ mXXZfejldXicX\og\i`\eZ`X[\cfhl\j\ccXd\c jfZ`Xc`jdfZ`\ekÔZf%:Xd`efZ\ik\ifgXiXXcZXeqXi cXc`Y\ikX[gc\eX[\cj\i_ldXefpm`m`i\cXdficXj [fjclZ\j[\cjlii\Xc`jdf %CXi\jgl\jkX[\<lif$ gX]l\fkiX`em\eZ`e%EX[X_XYXhl\_`gfk\ZXiX \c]lklif%?XYXhl\m`m`i\c`ed\[`Xkfgi\j\ek\ Zfecfd\afi[\cj\i_ldXef#jlZXgXZ`[X[gXiX\c Xiifaf%?XYXhl\m`m`ig\c`^ifjXd\ek\ZfdfZXek E`\kqjZ_\%PDljjfc`e`Zfejkilp]i\ek\XC\e`e fkiX]fidX[\m`[X%KXc\j]l\ifecXj[fjXcXj[\cX \jg\iXeqX%Pcfjgf\kXjj\Zfdgifd\k`\ife%Cfj ]lkli`jkXjp;¡8eeleq`f]l\ife]XjZ`jkXj%Cfjjl$ ii\Xc`jkXj#Zfdle`jkXjÉ% @fdd`efk`\e\[l[Xj#\ci\jlckX[f[\\jkXj ^iXe[\j\jg\iXeqXjXcXjhl\j\_XYiXejldX[fcfj gf\kXj#j\iXaljkXd\ek\cXJ\^le[X>l\iiXDle$ [`Xcpjlj_fiifi\j%Jcfle^ilgf[\`ek\c\ZklXc\j pXik`jkXj\eki\cfjhl\@fdd`lY`ZXZl\jk`feXYc\$ d\ek\X?\`[\^^\i j\_XYiXdXek\e`[fXcdXi^\e [\\ccXj1È<ccfj]l\ifecfj`ekXZ_XYc\jk\jk`^fj[\cX ZXk}jkif]\[\cX\jg\iXeqX%E`Ilj`X#e`8c\dXe`X#e` <jkX[fjLe`[fj#e`e^leX`[\fcf^XZXeZ\cXcXd\e$ k`iXhl\cc\mXZfej`^fZlXchl`\iZcXj\[\\jg\iXeqX d\iXd\ek\_ldXeXÉ% Hl\[X]cfkXe[f\ecXjck`dXjgXcXYiXjhl\ hl`q}jXhl\ccfhl\`emXc`[XiXcX\jg\iXeqXj\iX cXg\ijg\Zk`mXd\iXd\ek\_ldXeX\ehl\jkXj\ `ejkXcX% KXdY`e j\ kiXejgXi\ekX jlk`cd\ek\ cX X[jZi`gZ`ei\c`^`fjX[\@fdd`#hl\Xc`^lXchl\ cXdXpfiX[\cfjd`\dYifj]le[X[fi\j[\cX<8M ]l\leZXkc`Zfd`c`kXek\%<ekXcj\ek`[f#ef[\Y\iX Zfe]le[`ij\\jg\iXeqXZfe]\% J`e\ekiXi\e\jk\k\dX#i\jlckX`dgfikXek\j\$ XcXihl\\jkXZfeZ\gZ`ekXee\^Xk`mX[\cX\jg\$ iXeqXhl\jljk\ekX@fdd`#[\j[\cXhl\j\`emXc`[X kf[fk`gf[\XZZ`egfck`ZX#Xcd\efjgXiX\cXik`jkX fXhl\ccfj\dg\X[fj\eZlXchl`\i_XZ\igfk`Zf pef[\Y\iX\oZcl`ij\[\\jk\_XZ\iXZ`\ekÔZfj fgiXZk`ZXek\j[\ZlXchl`\ifÔZ`f \jkXdY`eleX [\cXjce\Xj[\jl[`jZlj`eZfe\cdXio`jdf%<jkX Una de las imágenes más simbólicas de Godofredo Iommi, creador y animador de la EAV y propulsor del texto colectivo “Amereida” sobre el viaje y la fundación de América. En medio de una carretera nevada de los Andes, Iommi aparece saludando una nueva acción poética de su invención. [`jZlj`e#eleZX[\dXj`X[f]ifekXc#i\Zfii\[\kf$ [XjdXe\iXjjlj\ejXpfj#\d\i^`\e[fZfeZcXi`[X[ \eXc^lef[\\ccfj%9Xjk\le\a\dgcfgXiXdfjkiXi lekXekfcfjdf[fj[\\jkX[`jZlj`e%<elek\okf Zfc\Zk`mf[\cX<8M#j\_XZ\e\ogcZ`kfjjlj]le[X$ d\ekfj#cfjccXdX[fjg`qXiife\j[\cX<ogfj`Z`e)' Xfj<jZl\cX[\8ihl`k\ZkliXL:M#\jZi`kfj\e(0.)# j\`eZfigfiXleXcXi^XZ`kX[\DXiokfdX[X[\jl @ekif[lZZ`e^\e\iXcXcXZik`ZX[\cX\ZfefdXgf$ ck`ZX#i\]\i`[XXjlj`[\XjZfei\jg\ZkfXcXik\pcXj fYiXj[\Xik\#Xlehl\j`e_XZ\iefkXijlfi`^\e%<j leXZ`kXhl\gfjk\i`fid\ek\]l\lk`$ c`qX[Xgfi@fdd`gXiXZfek\jkXialj$ kXd\ek\XcXZik`ZX[\Xik\dXio`jkX# kXekf\ejlm\ik`\ek\d}jfikf[foX Zfdf X cfj Xlkfi\j hl\ i\efmXife \jkXZik`ZX\ecfjXfjj\j\ekX%<iX \m`[\ek\d\ek\leX[`jZlj`e`e\m`$ kXYc\#k\e`\e[f\eZl\ekXcfjXcZXe$ Z\jpcX^iXm`kXZ`ehl\\cdXio`jdf klmfkXekf\ecXgfck`ZXZfdf\ecX ZlckliX[\cfjXfjj\j\ekXpj\k\ekX% GXik`ZlcXid\ek\\e\cZXjf[\:_`c\# hl\XgXik`i[\c^fY`\ief[\cXLe`[X[ GfglcXi[\JXcmX[fi8cc\e[\\e(0.' m`fcXcc\^X[XXcgf[\i#ZfejljXck\ieX$ k`mXj#[\\jXÔcfjf]X%:`l[X[8Y`\ikX j\]le[aljkXd\ek\YXaf\c^fY`\ief [\8cc\e[\#j\^liXd\ek\leXel\mXZXk}jkif]\[\ cX\jg\iXeqX\ecXm`j`e[\@fdd`% CX i\Zfej`[\iXZ`e [\ cX \jg\iXeqX gfi \c dXio`jdfi\efmX[f[\cXj\^le[Xgfj^l\iiXpcfj Xfjj\j\ekX#klmfjl]fidlcXZ`ek\i`ZXd}j[\$ jXiifccX[X\`eÕlp\ek\\ecXfYiX[\<iejk9cfZ_# i\gi\j\ekXek\[\cccXdX[f_ldXe`jdfdXio`jkX pXlkfi`eÕlp\ek\kXdY`e\eZ`\ikfjg\ejX[fi\j Zi`jk`Xefj[\cfjXfjj\j\ekX#gXik`ZlcXid\ek\ \ejl]Xdfjfc`Yif<cgi`eZ`g`f\jg\iXeqXglYc`$ ZX[f \e jl m\ij`e [\]`e`k`mX \e (0,0 % <e \jk\ dfeld\ekXc kiXkX[f jfYi\ cX \jg\iXeqX# 9cfZ_ [\jXiifccX `e \ok\ejf \oXZkXd\ek\ cf ZfekiXi`f [\ cf jfjk\e`[f gfi @fdd`# Zfej`[\iXe[f X cX \jg\iXeqXZfdfleXjl\ik\[\Èjl\fZfejZ`\e$ k\ _XZ`X X[\cXek\É# gifZ\jf _ldXef `e\m`kXYc\ ^l`X[fgfi\cÈgi\j\ek`d`\ekffYa\k`mf[\cfhl\ kf[XmX$ef$_X$cc\^X[f$X$j\i#\e\cj\ek`[f[\cfhl\ kf[XmX$ef$_X$cc\^X[f$X$j\i$cf$hl\$[\Y`\iXÉ% CX\jg\iXeqXj\iXgXiX9cfZ_legi`eZ`g`f[\$ j\Xek\hl\efk`\e\eX[X[\]XekXj`fjf#leXjl\ik\ [\<ifjZXgXq[\[`i`^`icfi\Xcgi\j\ek\_XZ`Xcf hl\[\Y\j\i#leX`ejkXeZ`Xjlg\i`fi pZfeZ`\ek\[\cjfXi[\jg`\ikfhl\ j`\dgi\_XXZfdgXX[fXc_fdYi\% <j[\j[\Xcchl\`ek\ekXleXm`j`e dXj_ldXeX[\cdXio`jdf#d\efj Z`\ek]`ZX g\if jlgl\jkXd\ek\ ef d\efjfYa\k`mX% CX lkfgX ZfeZi\kX gfjklcX[X gfi9cfZ_#gif[lZkf[\cXhlpX_f$ iXdXio`jkXpdfm`[Xgfi\cgi`eZ`g`f \jg\iXeqX#\jkXYX\ecXjXekgf[Xj [\cle`m\ijf[\`[\Xj[\cX<8MXle$ hl\effYjkXek\j\ZilqXe\eXc^l$ efjglekfj%KXdY`e:`l[X[8Y`\ikX j\Zfejkilp\ZfeZi\kXd\ek\Xhlp X_fiX#XcXm\qhl\k`\e\Xc^f[\lkf$ gX#pXhl\j\`ejkXcX\elecl^Xij`e cl^Xi#gfi\eZ`dX[\cXj]l\iqXjd}j\m`[\ek\jhl\ gl^eXe\ecXi\Xc`[X[%G\ifefcXdl\m\e`e^leX \jg\iXeqX#cX[`d\ej`e[\]lklif_Xhl\[X[f\e jljg\ejf%:fdfcfj\XcXe:ilqp@fdd`#Xccj\ ZfejldXlegifZ\jfhl\ef\jkXiXZcXifj`hl`q}j efi\Zfii\iXkf[XcX_`jkfi`XpXchl\:`l[X[8Y`\i$ kX[XiXi\jgl\jkX#gifZ\jfhl\`iX#Zfdfi\qXlef [\jljk\okfj#[\cXlkfgXXc\jg\a`jdf% <c\jg\a`jdf\jXjldXe\iXlek`gf[\i\Xc`$ [X[#leXi\Xc`[X[j`e\jg\jfihl\_XZ\XgXi\Z\i Xc^f[\j\XYc\\cfXj`j g\ifhl\efefjdl\jkiX :`l[X[ 8Y`\ikXj\ ]le[YXaf\c ^fY`\ief[\ 8cc\e[\Zfdf leXel\mX ZXk}jkif]\[\ cX\jg\iXeqX e`e^eZXd`efgXiXcc\^XiXc%Efj\gl\[\\jg\iXi eX[XZfeZi\kf[\c#pef[\Y\iX[\jg\ikXie`e^leX \jg\iXeqX2g\ifjli^`[f\e\cd\[`f[\c[\j`\ikf dl\jkiXfkiXZfjX[`]\i\ek\Xc[\j`\ikf%CX[`d\e$ j`egfck`ZXhl\gl\[\kfdXicX\jg\iXeqX#\jjf$ cXd\ek\leX[\cXj[`d\ej`fe\jgfj`Yc\j% <c_XZ\ij`e\jg\iXeqX[\@fdd`efj\i\Ô\i\ jcfX\ccXj`efhl\`ek\ekXXYXiZXikf[Xj#\jXYjf$ clkXd\ek\iX[`ZXc%E`e^ek`gf[\\jg\iXeqX[\$ Y\iXZfekXd`eXi\c_XZ\iZi\X[fi%E`e^ek`gf[\ `ek\ij#e\Z\j`[X[#gi\m`j`e#Xej`X#\og\ZkXk`mXf Z}cZlcfhl\efj\XXYjfclkXd\ek\^iXkl`kf%<c_XZ\i j`e\jg\iXeqX\jleX\dgi\jX[\jd\jliX[X#_`g\i$ Yc`ZX#`e_ldXeX\ekf[f\cj\ek`[f[\cXgXcXYiX# [\cXhl\j\jXY\[\Xek\dXefhl\\j`dgfj`Yc\[\ jfjk\e\igc\eXd\ek\% Kf[XjcXj\dgi\jXjZi\Xk`mXj\eZXiX[Xjgfi @fdd`XcfcXi^f[\jlm`[Xi\jgfe[\eX\jk\iXj^f# Zfdf\j\dXe[Xkfhl\j\`dgljf\ejlalm\ekl[ \e9l\efj8`i\jalekfXjljZfdgX\ifj[\cX?\i$ dXe[X[[\cXFihl[\X#[\j\i;Xek\feX[X%Jfe \dgi\jXjXcXjhl\\c]iXZXjfaljkXd\ek\c\j[XiX cX[`d\ej`e[\jl^iXe[\qXp\jkXiXe[\jk`eX[Xj Xj\ikiX`Z`feX[Xj%G\if\jkfkXdY`e\iXgXik\[\c al\^f1È<jkXclqfi`^`eXi`X#[\j[\cXZlXcefjfkifj gXik`dfj#cX_\dfjÆefjfkifjd`jdfj$kiX`Z`feX$ [fdlZ_Xjm\Z\j#gfihl\\e\cmX`me[\ckiXYXaf lefj\kiX`Z`feXpj\i\jZXkXZfejkXek\d\ek\1\j leX`clj`e#gfief[\Z`ileXd\ek`iX#Zi\\ihl\j\ gl\[\kiXYXaXi[\fkifdf[f#pf[`iXm`m`i[\fkif df[f%Lefm`m\ZfejkXek\d\ek\kiX`Z`fe}e[fj\p ZfejkXek\d\ek\i\jZXk}e[fj\É%x 8c\aXe[if>XYi`\c:i`jg`Xe` Gif]\jfi[\cX=XZlckX[[\8ihl`k\ZkliX#;`j\f p<jkl[`fjLiYXefj[\cXGfek`ÔZ`XLe`m\ij`[X[ :Xkc`ZX[\:_`c\% CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 23 CARTA DE... MXcgXiXjfXlkf Zfi\f^i}ÔZf GfiGXlc`eXMXiXj! ¶Ef\o`jk\#\ecX`[\X[\[\jgcXqXd`\ekfcXi^f\e \ck\ii`kfi`f#kf[XmXcX`clj`e[\cXYjhl\[X[\cf fi`^`eXc\ek\e[`[fZfdfi\dfkf6 DXiZ\cf<ogj`kf LeXgi\^lekX[\jZ`]iXdlZ_fd}jhl\ledXgX flek`gf[\eXiiXZ`e[\jZi`gk`mXXleXZ`l[X[ \ej#leMXcgXiXjfgif]le[fhl\\jXcd`jdf k`\dgfde`dfple`m\ijXc#c`jfp\jki`X[f#fjZlifp \ogl\jkf#hl`q}\jcX\og\i`\eZ`XZfejkil`[XZfdf _l\ccXpjfYi\$\ogl\jkXXlek`\dgfZ`iZlcXi% AfjCcXefCfpfcX ? XpleXce\X[\MXcgXiXjf#leXc\kiX [\MXcgXiXjf#leXi\ki`ZX[\MXcgX$ iXjf¿:lXe[fd\gi\^lekfXhlefj i\]\i`dfj Zfe MXcgXiXjf# j`\dgi\ g`\ejf\eleXfjZ`cXZ`e%EfZi\fhl\_XYcXi[\ leXZ`l[X[j\X]}Z`c#e`d\efji\gi\j\ekXicX%CXj Z`l[X[\jk`\e\e]fidXjhl\gf[iXej\i[`YlaX[Xj# g`ekX[Xj#[\jgc\^X[Xj#]fkf^iXÔX[Xj#gXiX[\\jk\ df[flY`ZXicXj\e\c`dX^`eXi`fZfc\Zk`mf^cfYXcp j\XcXicXjZXiXZk\ijk`ZXj\jg\ZÔZXj[\ZX[XleX% G\if\jaljkXd\ek\jfYi\jlZfe[`Z`e`e]fid\#\e cXhl\j\[\gfj`kXecXjgfj`Y`c`[X[\j[\i\]\i`ij\ X\ccXjXYXiZXe[fjlgfk\eZ`XcZik`Zf%Cf`e]fid\ [\ZX[XZ`l[X[j\i`XXhl\ccfhl\ef\jjfcXd\ek\ \c[`j\f[\cfj\[`ÔZ`fje`jlfi[\e\jgXZ`Xc#e`cfj df[fj[\_XY`kXi[\k\id`eX[fj#e`cfjZ`l[X[Xefj pcXj\j]\iXjgYc`ZXj#j`efleXd\qZcX`e[\k\id`$ eX[X[\cd`k\jXe}cf^fjpc^`ZXjdXk\i`Xc\j%<jkfj \c\d\ekfjmXek\a`e[fj\#`dgXZkXejfYi\d`Y`f$ ^iX]Xpd\XkiXm`\jXeZfdf\jg\Zkifjhl\Zfdgf$ e\eXhl\ccfhl\\ek`\e[fZfdf\c\jgXZ`fZfde# [\jXÔXe[fjl]lklif]i\ek\XcXj`eZ\ik`[ldYi\j hl\j\gif[lZ\eZX[Xm\qhl\X[a\k`mXdfjpgcliX$ c`qXdfjXhl\ccXgXcXYiX`ekiX[lZ`Yc\hl\j`^e`ÔZX 24 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 MXcgXiXjf#¶8cGXiXjf6?XpXc^f\e\jkXZ`l[X[ hl\j\dXe`Ô\jkXZfdfleXgfj`Z`e[\Z`\ikX`ii\$ c\mXeZ`XZfej\ek`[f%LeX\jg\Z`\[\Y`f^iX]XZf$ c\Zk`mXhl\[\k\id`eX\ccl^Xip\cgfj`Z`feXd`\ekf [`jZlij`mf#d}jXcc}[\kg`ZfjZfdle\ji\]\i`[fj jcfXcfZXc`qXZ`fe\j^\f^i}ÔZXj%J`kl}e[fefj\e \jk\ Zfek\okf $[\k\id`eX[f gfi jl cl^Xi`[X[ p \og\i`\eZ`XjlYa\k`mX$hl\j\kiXdXXgXik`i[\jl kfgf^iX]X[`j\d`eX[Xp]iX^d\ekX[X#j\mXeZfe$ ]fidXe[f[`jk`ekfjj\ek`[fjgfk`Zfjpgfck`Zfj hl\ef\jZXgXeXle\jgXZ`fY`f^i}ÔZf#_\i\[\ifj [\leX_`jkfi`XZfdgc\aX#hl\XcXm\qjfYi\m`m\X cXjX[m\ij`[X[\j[\ck`\dgf% <c\jgXZ`fY`f^i}ÔZfj\i\Ô\i\# X[\d}j[\XcXjgi}Zk`ZXjhl\df[\$ cXeel\jkiX_`jkfi`X#XXhl\ccfj`ek\$ i\j\jgfck`Zfjhl\\jk}egi\j\ek\j \ecXji\cXZ`fe\j[\ekif[\cZfek\okf Xikjk`Zf# Xhl\ccXj XZk`m`[X[\j hl\ gi\j\ekXeZ`\ikX[`]\i\eZ`Xe\Z\jX$ i`XgXiXel\jkif\jgXZ`fZfde%?Xc =fjk\i_XZfd\ekX[fhl\È\j`e[l[X$ Yc\hl\\cgifYc\dX[\cXjgfck`ZXj[\ cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e\j[\ZXi}Zk\i\j$ ki`ZkXd\ek\Zfek\oklXc1cfhl\gl\[\ gXi\Z\i iX[`ZXc \e Jf_f gl\[\ j\i ZfekiXii\mfclZ`feXi`f\ecXE`ZXiX$ ^lXjXe[`e`jkXÉ#p\jffZlii\gfihl\ \cZXi}Zk\iZfek\oklXc[\cXjgfck`ZXj [\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`ej\kiXej]fidX\e legifYc\dXXcX_fiX[\`[\ek`ÔZXi cXgif[lZZ`e\jkk`ZXfZlckliXc[\cfj[`m\ijfj gXj\jpZ`l[X[\j[\cX^\f^iX]XZfek\dgfi}e\X% KXdY`e\eleXZfejkXek\clZ_X]i\ek\Xcfj`e$ k\ekfj[\_fdf^\e\`qXZ`e#jfYi\cfjZlXc\jj\ ^\e\iXiXZ`\ikXi\j`jk\eZ`XZfele]l\ik\ZXi}Zk\i gif[lZk`mf#ZfdfleXZfe[`Z`e[\fi`^\e#Zfdfj` ef_lY`\iXfkiXfgZ`egfj`Yc\hl\\c[\jXZl\i[f% ÈCX_`jkfi`X\ji\gi\j\ekXZ`e#i\ZfejkilZ$ Z`e[\cgXjX[f%CXd\dfi`X\jm`[X\eZXieX[X\e ^ilgfj#ZXdY`Xek\#g\e[lcXi\eki\\ci\Zl\i[fpcX Xde\j`X#[\jXkX[Xfd}jY`\e`eZfejZ`\ek\[\cXj [\]fidXZ`fe\jpdXe`glcXZ`fe\j#j`\dgi\Xgif$ m\Z_XYc\#XZklXc`qXYc\#gXik`ZlcXi#d}^`ZXgfijl \]\Zk`m`[X[jX^iX[XÉ#Zfdfjfjk`\e\G`\ii\EfiX \eCfjcl^Xi\j[\cXd\dfi`X#gl\j#Zfdf[\ZXXc gi`eZ`g`f[\\jk\k\okf#ZlXe[fg`\ejf\eMXcgXiX$ jf#efjdlpY`\eXhl\MXcgXiXjfefji\]\i`dfj# j`Xc[\_`jkfi`Xji\gi\j\ekX[XjfXcX`ek\dg\i`\[\c MXcgXiXjf\]\Zk`mfpX]\Zk`mfhl\j\ \eZl\ekiX\ecXZXcc\% CX<jZl\cX# ]le[X[X\e (0,)#[`f XZfefZ\i fkiXd`iX[X [`jk`ekX[\ ZfeÔ^liXi leX]le[XZ`e gifp\ZklXc JfYi\cXj d\dfi`Xj %?XpleX j\i`\[\i\cXkfjhl\]fidXegXik\[\ cX_`jkfi`Xpjljd\dfi`Xj#pZfeÔ^l$ iXe\c`dX^`eXi`fZfc\Zk`mfhl\Ylj$ ZXlecl^Xi[\j[\[fe[\fi`^`eXij\% Lef[\\ccfj\j\cj`k`f[\j[\[fe[\ Zfd\eq\cgfYcXd`\ekf\ecX:`l$ [X[Xd\[`X[fj[\cJ`^cfOM@pj\ccX$ dXCXDXki`q¿:fdfj\XcX8cY\ikf DX[i`[\eCXce\X[\cXd\dfi`X# ÈcX gi`d\iX `dX^\e [\ MXcgXiXjf Zfii\jgfe[\ X leX o`cf^iX]X hl\ `cljkiX\ck\okf[\8cfejf[\FmXcc\# ?`jki`ZXi\cXZ`e[\cI\pef[\:_`$ c\IfdX#(-+- %<e\ccXj\`cljkiX\c Yfi[\Zfjk\ifp\cj\ZkfidXki`q[\ cXjZfejkilZZ`fe\j[\cXZ`l[X[%8[\d}j[\Xcl[`iX MXcgXiXjf`ek\i\jXXjlXlkficXd\eZ`eXcX@^c\$ j`X[\cX:fdgXX[\A\jj#JXeJXcmX[fi[\cXDX$ ki`q%CXi\Xc`qXZ`e[\\jkXo`cf^iX]X\jk}\cXYfiX[X \eYXj\Xci\cXkf[\f[Xj#\jFmXcc\hl`\eZl\ekXXc `cljkiX[fi[\ck\okf#Zfe`d}^\e\jhl\i\k`\e\\ejl d\dfi`Xphl\jfe\a\ZlkX[Xjgfi\c^iXYX[fiÉ%<c \a\iZ`Z`f[\ci\cXkfpjl`ek\igi\kXZ`eefjcf]l\ leX\jg\Z`\[\kfgfe`d`XY`f^i}ÔZXhl\Zfejkil$ pkiXp\Zkfi`Xj^\e\Xc^`ZXj#j`efhl\Zfeki`Ylp XXc^fd}j`ek\ejf#X\ek\e[\icX[\i`mX[\\j\m`Xa\ ZfdfleX_l\ccX[\cgifg`f`dX^`eXi`fgfik\f% <jXjZfdf\o`jk\e[fjXZfek\Z`d`\ekfjhl\ i\jl\eXe\e\c`dX^`eXi`fZlckliXc[\MXcgXiXjf# hl\efi\dXiZXekf[XjcXj\og\i`\eZ`Xjhl\Xcc j\_XeZfek\e`[fp[\jXiifccX[f#g\ifji\Õ\aXep Zfe[`Z`feXeXc^leXjgi}Zk`ZXjZi\Xk`mXj#[\i\cXkf p[\i`mXhl\#\ejli\cXZ`eZfeXhl\ccfhl\ccXdX$ dfjd\dfi`X#XZk`mXe[\j[\\cZl\igfcXkiXm\jX `ek\i`fi% CXLe`m\ij`[X[#cX<jZl\cX[\8ihl`k\ZkliX[\ cXLe`m\ij`[X[:Xkc`ZX[\MXcgXiXjf#]le[X[X\e (0,)gfile^ilgf[\am\e\jXihl`k\Zkfjc`[\iX[fj gfi8cY\ikf:ilqp\cgf\kX>f[f]i\[f@fdd`#[`fX ZfefZ\ifkiXd`iX[X[\ZfeÔ^liXileXZkf[\]le$ [XZ`egifp\ZklXc#jlg\Zlc`Xigifp\Zkf[fZ\ek\j\ YXj\ecXZfealeZ`e[\Xihl`k\ZkliXpgf\jXÆX cfd\afi\ek\e[`\e[fhl\cXefZ`e[\cXgXcXYiX k`\e[\XZfdgi\e[\icffi`^`eXcZfdf^\id\eÆ \jkXYc\Z`\ifele[`}cf^f\eki\[`m\ijXj[`jZ`gc`eXj# [fe[\ZX[XZ`\ikfk`\dgfi\Xc`qXYXeXZkfjgfk`Zfj gYc`ZfjÆhl\Xk\jfiXYXecXmfclekX[pcfgc}jk`Zf Zfdfc^`ZXj[\j\ek`[fpef[\gif[lZZ`e$#[\ cfjZlXc\j\cd}jZfefZ`[fj\[\efd`eXYXg_Xc $ VALPARAISO Proyectos de habitáculos e ingenios voladores, algunos de los bocetos que Iommi dibujaba pensando en soluciones e\hl\Zfej`jkX\eleXZi\XZ`eZfc\Zk`mXgYc`ZX phl\@fdd`[\jXiifcc\e[`m\ijXjZ`l[X[\j[\c dle[f% <e(0-,#j\Zfe]fidX\ecX<jZl\cXleXgif$ gl\jkXgfk`ZXjfYi\8di`ZXccXdX[X8d\i\`[X% <jkXgifgfj`Z`ekiXkX[\lek\okfZfc\Zk`mfhl\ j\^\jkXjfYi\\cgifZ\jf[\cm`Xa\pXcl[\gi`eZ`$ gXcd\ek\XCX<e\`[X#\ei\cXZ`eXcm`Xa\pcX]le$ [XZ`e#hl\j\Zfeal^X\ecX\og\i`\eZ`X[\leX \jkXkliXg`ZX%:fdf_Xj\XcX[f8cY\ikf:ilq# È_XY`kXdfjleZfek`e\ek\hl\efZl\ekXZfele GXik\eee`ZfeleZfik\af[\fYiXjfi`^`eXc\j# \jXj#hl\\ogi\jXe\cj\i\ccXj\ekf[XfYiX%Gfi \jfcXgf\jX_Xj\XcX[fhl\cfjfi`^`eXc\j_Xe [\j\icfjgf\dXj2efgXiXjljk`kl`i#jgXiX[\aXi XY`\ikXcXZl\jk`eÉ#j`^l`\e[fkXcm`j`e#gif]\jf$ i\j[\cX<jZl\cXfi^Xe`qXYXeleXkiXm\jXgfi\c `ek\i`fi[\cZfek`e\ek\#le`\e[fK`\iiX[\c=l\^f ZfeJXekX:ilq[\cXJ`\iiX#[fe[\gXik`Z`gXYXeXi$ k`jkXj\`ek\c\ZklXc\j\lifg\fjhl\i\ZfeÔ^liXYXe \cEfik\pXefZfdflei\Õ\afj`efZfdfle^fqe\ fleY`j\cX[fd}jZfdgc\af[\el\jkiXXd\i`ZX$ e\`[X[%Gfjk\i`fid\ek\#\e(0/+#j\`eZclp\\e\c GcXe[\<jkl[`fjcXi\Xc`qXZ`e[\kiXm\jXjXelX$ c\jgfi8di`ZXXcl[`\e[fXcd`kf[\cm`Xa\Zfdf ]le[XZ`epZfdfgXik\[\cXkiXejd`j`efiXc[\cX gf\jX#\j[\Z`i#ZfdfleX]fidX[\gXik`Z`gXZ`e Xek\i`fiXcX\jZi`kliX%<e\ccXjj\cc\mXeXZXYfXZ$ kfjpgifZcXdXZ`fe\j#hl\Zlcd`eXe\ec\m\jfYiXj [\Xihl`k\ZkliXp[`j\fhl\j\[feXeXcX^\ek\ [\ccl^Xi% CXGfck`ZXDle`Z`gXc\j\cj\^le[fXZfek\Z`$ d`\ekfXchl\efji\]\i`dfj[X[fhl\k`\e\ecl^Xi leXj\i`\[\jlZ\jfj\e\cZfek\okfXikjk`Zf[\cX Z`l[X[hl\j`kXecX\o_`Y`Z`eZfdfle\a\iZ`Z`f [\Z`iZlcXZ`epc\^`k`dXZ`e[\ekif[\cXji\[\jp Z`iZl`kfjXikjk`ZfjXgXi\ek\j%;\j[\(0-'#]leZ`f$ eXYXe\eMXcgXiXjfcfjJXcfe\j[\Fkff#Zfemf$ ZXe[fXleXj\i`\[\g`ekfi\jp\jZlckfi\jeXZ`feX$ c\j#ZfeleX\ogfj`Z`eXelXcg\ifgfiZl\jk`fe\j gi\jlgl\jkXi`Xj(*Xfj[\jglj\cJXce[\jXgXi\$ Z\pj\kfdXcX[\Z`j`e[\Zi\XileX9`\eXc% <c[X-[\j\gk`\dYi\[\(0.*#j\`eXl^liXcX Gi`d\iX9`\eXc@ek\ieXZ`feXc[\8ik\[\MXcgXiX$ jf\e\cDlj\f[\9\ccXj8ik\jDle`Z`gXc%<e\j\ dfd\ekf#leXj\i`\[\YXiZfjpYlhl\j\okiXea\ifj originales para la futura Ciudad Abierta e incluso llamar la atención del turismo internacional desde Valparaíso. _XYXeXkiXZX[f\e\cgl\ikf#leXm`j`kXj`e[l[X gXik`ZlcXigXiXle[Xhl\j\`ejZi`Y`i}\eleZfd$ gc\af`dX^`eXi`fgfck`Zf$ZlckliXceXZ`feXc#gl\jcX gi`d\iX9`\eXc[\MXcgXiXjfj\i}ZcXljliX[XZ`e$ Zf[Xj[\jglj[\jl`eXl^liXZ`eÆ[\jglj[\c >fcg\D`c`kXi[\c(([\j\gk`\dYi\Æpj\i\XYi`i}e jljgl\ikXj\c(,[\fZklYi\[\cd`jdfXfZfeleX X[d`e`jkiXZ`e[`]\i\ek\[\cXfi`^`eXi`X[\cgif$ p\Zkf%CX9`\eXcj\^l`i}jlZlijfX[d`e`jkiX[Xgfi g\ijfeXjZfcXYfiX[fiXj[\ci^`d\e[`ZkXkfi`Xcpj\ i\Xc`qXi}[liXek\d}j[\m\`ek\XfjcX`dgfjkliX [\\jkXX[d`e`jkiXZ`ej`\dgi\dXek\e`\e[fZfdf j\[\gi`eZ`gXc\cDlj\fDle`Z`gXc#p\dgcXq}e[f$ j\j\^ecfji\hl\i`d`\ekfj\jgXZ`Xc\j\e[`jk`ekfj glekfj[\cXZ`l[X[% 8ci\m`jXiZX[XleX[\cXjgfikX[Xj[\cfjZX$ k}cf^fj[\cX9`\eXc[\MXcgXiXjfÆ\ekid`efj[\ cXm`jlXc`[X[hl\XeleZ`XYXÆ\jgfj`Yc\\ek\e[\i Zdf\jXjgfck`ZXj[\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`ej\kiXej]fi$ dXe\eleXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e[\cXgfck`ZXdle`Z`gXc hl\Xccj\dXe`]\jk¿8dYfjXZfek\Z`d`\ekfj#cX <jZl\cXpcXDle`Z`gXc`[X[#j`kXeXcXd\dfi`X\e jl[`d\ej`ed}jdXk\i`Xc#\elei\ZfefZ`d`\ekf CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 25 CARTA DE... jfYi\lemXZf[\cl^Xihl\YljZXjli\[\Ôe`Z`e \eki\\cm`Xa\pjlkiXjd`j`efiXcpcX\d\i^\eZ`X [\cXm`jlXc`[X[`dgl\jkXZfdflek`gf[\gfc`k`ZX [\cXj`d}^\e\j%:XY\d\eZ`feXihl\\e\jkXj[fj [`d\ej`fe\jcXi\gi\j\ekXZ`ej\kiXej]fidX\ele Zl\igfhl\cf^iXjldXk\i`Xc`[X[jfYi\cf[`Xc^`Zf pi\cXZ`feXc#\e\jg\Z`Xc\ogfe`\e[f cX\og\i`\eZ`XZfdfZXd`ef[\Zf$ dle`[X[% iXZ`fe\j[fe[\\cjla\kf\jkXYc\Z\[\dXe\iX[`$ m\ijX#_\k\if^e\X#dck`gc\#Zfdgc\aXpd`okX#leX c\ZkliX[\cXi\Xc`[X[pjli\Xc`[X[d\[`Xek\\jk\ j`jk\dX[\efkXZ`edXk\i`Xc#Zfejkilp\e[fXjleX j`klXZ`e\jZ`e[`[XefjcfZfecX[`jZlij`m`[X[[\c gifp\ZkfXihl`k\ZkliXcZc}j`Zfj`efXjlm\qZfecX gifg`XZfeZ\gZ`e[\gifp\ZkfXihl`$ k\Zke`ZfÉ% ;\ \jkX dXe\iX \c jla\kf# \e$ k\e[`\e[fcfZfdgc\af[\`ejkXcXij\ jfYi\leZfek\okf#pZfdgi\e[`\e$ [fhl\\jgXik\[\\j\gifZ\jf#Zf$ d`\eqX X ]fidXi# X j\c\ZZ`feXi p X ^\e\iXileXj\i`\[\c\ZkliXj#k\okfj# `ejkild\ekfjpdXk\i`Xc\jjfYi\jlj gif[lZZ`fe\j jfZ`f\jgXZ`Xc\j hl\ j\Zfejkilp\eZfdf#j\^ejfjk`\e\ CcXef#È\cZfiglj[\jlj_l\ccXjp[\ jlc\e^lXa\%;\\jXj_l\ccXjpgif[lZ$ Z`fe\jj\[\jgi\e[\e[\j[\Xc^fkXe _XY`klXcZfdfcXjgfjkXc\j$j`jk\dX [\ i\^`jkif jfZ`f_`jki`Zfj$ hl\ cf Zfk`[`XefkfdXZfdfleXk`gf[\i\$ ^`jkifZlckliXc#gXjXe[fgfii\cXkfj ^\e\iXZ`feXc\jpcXj_`jkfi`XjjfZ`Xc\j jfYi\cXjd`iX[Xj[\cgl\ikfpjljgifg`Xjc\p\e[Xj# Xi\^`jkifj[\i\gi\j\ekXZ`eZfdfZd`Zj#g`ekl$ iXj#gf\dXj#pZifhl`jhl\`ek\ig\cXeXci\Zlijf[\ leXd`iX[X]l^Xqg\ifgi\Z`jXjfYi\cXZ`l[X[É% GfiZfej`^l`\ek\#cXEfkXZ`e[\c@ekigi\k\j\ YXjX\ecXdXk\i`Xg\ifkXdY`ei\Z`Y\\c\Zf[\ jlj`dX^`eXi`fj#ZfdfXhlchl\i\Zl\i[Xpi\cXkX >l`cc\idfHl`e\q%È:X[XZfc`eXgfik\Xk`\e\ jlXihl`k\ZkliX#jl`e^\e`\iX#jl^\f^iX]X#[\j$ `^lXc\j\ecXjZlY`\ikXj#\ecfjXgXi\afj#[`]\i\ek\j \ecXjgifXj#kf[XjXd\eXqXe[fXcgcXe%KXdY`e ZX[XleXk`\e\jlZfcfigifg`f#[`lieffefZklief% :X[XZ\iifk`\e\jldfiXc#XjZfdfjljm`\ekfj pcclm`Xj2j\i\Z_XqXcXgfc`^Xd`Xp\cfkif[\Xc cX[fcXXdgXiX%<ejk\_XpleX`^c\j`XZXkc`ZXp \e\cfkifleX`^c\j`Xd\kf[`jkXÉ%EX[`\jXY\[e[\ ]leZ`feXecfjki`YleXc\jhl\Zldgc\ecfj[i}jk`$ >XYi`\cX D`jkiXc [\ZXhl\ MXcgXiXjf \iXleX Z`l[X[hl\ef g\idXe\ZX eleZX\ele cl^XiÔaf ;`}cf^fj8lkfZfi\f^i}ÔZfj%Cf\j$ g\ZÔZf[\\jkXZ`l[X[\j\c\ekiXdX$ [fjfZ`Xc#cXd\dfi`Xhl\\ogfe\cX ZlckliXdXk\i`Xc#cXj]fidXj[\Xgif$ g`XZ`epfZlgXZ`e[\cgX`jXa\#g\if jfYi\kf[fcXdXe\iX[\g\ejXijfYi\ Zdfj\ZfeÔ^liXpj\Zfejkilp\leX Xck\ieXk`mXXgXik`i[\cXiXg`[\qZfe cXhl\`ejkXcXegifp\Zkfj`edfY`c`X$ i`fj[\cXdXef[\gifgl\jkXjZlckl$ iXc\j[\c\jg\Zk}Zlcf%CXZfe[`Z`e [\cXZ`l[X[X[hl`\i\\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[\j \e\jXZlfkXhl\gfk\eZ`XjlZXg`kXc Zik`Zf#p\ecXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\hl\j\ kiX[lqZX\efYa\k`mfjZfdle\j#`ek\$ i\j\jZfc\Zk`mfjp\og\i`\eZ`Xj_\k\if^e\Xjdck`$ gc\jgXiXg\id`k`iefji\g\ejXiel\jkifcl^Xi[\j[\ \cjli%<jXjZfdf\c[`jZlijfjli^\efpXZfdf \d\i^\eZ`Xj`efZfdfleXgXik\[\cX[\i`mXhl\ `emfclZiXiXcXgifg`\[X[\eYXj\XcX`ek\im\eZ`e ZfdfgXik`Z`gXZ`e% ?XpdlZ_Xj]fidXj[\i\]\i`ij\XcXZfe[`Z`e liYXeX[\MXcgXiXjfZfdf\ekiXdX[f[\i\gi\$ j\ekXZ`fe\jdXk\i`Xc\j#aljkXd\ek\\e\j\`ek\ij$ k`Z`f[fe[\\c_XY`kXek\\jgXik\[\cd`jdfgX`jXa\# XlkfZfejkilpe[fcf%J\^e\cXihl`k\ZkfAfjCcX$ efCfpfcXcXefZ`e[\cXEfkXZ`e[\c`ekigi\k\ j\iXXhl\ccfhl\gifgfe\Zdf\jkXjgi}Zk`ZXj [\i\gi\j\ekXZ`edXk\i`Xc[\cXZ`l[X[[\j[\\c ZXdgfXihl`k\Zke`Zfj\XcXeleXdXiZX[`]\i`[X \e\cgX`jXa\1ÈLek`gf[\i\gi\j\ekXZ`edXk\i`Xc hl\fg\iXiXXdf[f[\_l\ccXp[\ZXdgf[\fg\$ 26 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 ZfjZ[`^fjdfiXc\j%CXZXjXfZXjlZ_XgfglcXi\j e`ZX#p]leZ`feXc#\jk}Zfejkil`[X#X[XgkX[XgXiX cXXZk`m`[X[ZfejkXek\[\cdfiX[fiÉ#p\ek\e[\dfj \jXXZk`m`[X[ZfejkXek\ZfdfleZ[`Z\XY`\ikfp \ok\ejfÈjfYi\el\jkifjgifg`fj`dX^`eXi`fji\$ gcXek\Xe[fcXefZ`e[\`[\ek`[X[hl\[\gfj`kX[X jfYi\cXjZfe[`Z`fe\j[\jljZ\iifjpjlj\jg\ZlcX$ Z`eliYXeXj#p\eki\k\a`[XgficXji\Xc`[X[\j#XZkX Zfdf\jgXZ`f[\\eZl\ekifYXaf\c[`jZlijf[\cX \og\i`\eZ`XÉ% CXgf\kXZ_`c\eX>XYi`\cXD`jkiXc[\ZXhl\ MXcgXiXjf\jleXZ`l[X[hl\efg\idXe\ZX\ele cl^XiÔaf#j`efhl\jlcfZX^\f^iX]Xp\c\k_fj[\ jl`ejg`iXZ`egfk`ZXZfejkilp\eleXi\gi\j\ekX$ Z`e[\cjl\f[\cXlkfgX%JfYi\cfhl\AfjCcXef Zfd\ekX#ÈMXcgXiXjf\jleXZ`l[X[`eXZXYX[X[\ i\Ze[`kfj`dX^`eXi`fj#hl\YljZX[\ki}j[\ZX[X gl\jkfleXZlfkX[\jfYi\m`m\eZ`X#[\jlgifg`X m`[Xp[\jli\Zlijf[`Xi`f%Jl^\f^iX]X[\jgi\e[\ leX\ol[XZ`ehl\j\[\jgc`\^X]i\ek\XcX_XY`kX$ Y`c`[X[[\leZfek\okfi\dfkfpYfiifjfÉ% <jkX k\dgfiXc`[X[ [\jZi`kX jfYi\ \eZl\e$ kifj]j`ZfjpfiXc\jhl\[XeZXY`[XXcXjgifg`Xj ZfejkilZZ`fe\jgfik\Xj[\jXiifccXeefjcfZX$ iXZk\ijk`ZXjk\Zke`ZXj\ejlZfe]fidXZ`eZfdf _l\ccXj`efleXj\i`\[\X^ilgXZ`fe\j\ekfiefXcX ^\f^iX]X`e]iX\jkilZkliXc#ZfdfcXi\cXZ`e[\cfj XjZ\ejfi\jalekfXcfjgl\jkfj[\YXii`f#\jXZfk`$ [`Xe`[X[[\cfjfZ`Xc\ecX_`jkfi`XfiXc[\cgl\i$ kf¿È8hlcfjm\Z`efjlefpXcfjZfefZ\É#Zfd\ekX CcXef#ÈXcfjhl\jlY\ekf[fjcfj[Xj#pXj\_XZ\e ZfefZ`[fj#pXjXY\jhl`\e\jm`\e\eXkiXjX[fj#Zf$ ii`\e[fpc\ji\Zl\i[XjZfjXjg\hl\Xj#Zfdfj` j\c\j_Xehl\[X[fcXjccXm\jfXc^e[fZld\ekfÉ% :lXc`[X[\jhl\i\gi\j\ekXeZfdfcX[`jki`YlZ`e [\c\jgXZ`fZfejkil`[fpX]\ZkX[fgficfZfk`[`Xef i\dXiZXpZXiXZk\i`qXcXi\cXZ`ekfgf^i}ÔZX\eki\ cfj\jgXZ`fjm\ik`ZXc\jp\cg\hl\f\jgXZ`fgcXef [\cXZ`l[X[% ;\\jkXdXe\iX#cX^\f^iX]Xek`dX[\MXcgX$ iXjfpjljjfigi\e[\ek\jÔ^liXjpZfi\f^iX]Xj i\j`[\eZ`Xc\jÈZfejkilp\ifeleXjl\ik\[\Z`l[X$ [\jXiZ_`g`cX^fj[fe[\_XpdlZ_fjdle[fjpj\ gl\[\e`i[\ledle[fXfkif\eZ`eZl\ekXgXjfj¿ cXj_XpZfegl\ikX#hl\efj\XYi\eleZX#lk`c`qXe[f cXm\ekXeXgXiX\ekiXifjXc`iÉ% 8gXik`i[\\jkXj\i`\[\fYj\imXZ`fe\j#cXEf$ Z`e[\@ekigi\k\hl\Zfek`\e\\ckiXYXaf[\Afj CcXefj\ÔaX\e\jkXj\i`\[\X]\ZZ`fe\j`dgcZ`kXj \e\c\jkl[`f[\cXjZfeÔ^liXZ`fe\jliYXeXjpjf$ Z`Xc\j#gXiXÔeXcd\ek\`dgXZkXijfYi\\cj\ek`[f [\Xhl\ccfhl\j\\ogfe\]l\iX[\j%ÈK\e^fcX`d$ gi\j`eÉ#XÔidXCcXef#Èhl\MXcgXiXjf\jj`\dgi\ Xc^fd}j#d}jhl\leZfealekf[\ZXcc\jfleZfe$ alekf[\`e[`m`[lfj#[\kiX[`Z`fe\j#[\ZfjkldYi\j f[\ZlckliX% ?XpleXZfe[`Z`ehl\j\kiXejd`k\d}jXcc}# hl\j\gcXjdX\ecX`[\ek`[X[pj\j\[`d\ekXef jcf\ejlk\Zke`ZXZfk`[`XeX#j`efkXdY`e\ecf gi\ZXi`f[\cXZfek\Z\i%<ecX`e\]XYc\d`iX[X[\hl\ Xc^fjlZ\[\i}phl\jcf\jg\iXm\ipZfek\dgcXi \j\Xc^f2\jkfefjcc\mXiXXg\ejXihl\legifZ\jf fleXj\Xc\edlpZfikfk`\dgfjlZ\[\i}pXgXi\$ Z\i}XcXm\q%<jk\gX`jXa\[\XZfek\Z`d`\ekfj#hl\ k`\e\cXZXgXZ`[X[[\Zfejkil`ileXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e XkiXmj[\leXgXiX[faX[\cXgi\j\eZ`XjfYi\cX Xlj\eZ`X[\fi[\e#hl\ef`e[`ZXle[\jfi[\ej`ef leXgi\^lekXjfYi\¶hl\j6[lgc`ZXcXXlj\eZ`Xp cX\ÔZXZ`X[\cXZfjXd`jdX% <j\ MXcgXiXjf hl\ j\ i\gi\j\ekX YXaf leX Z`l[X[Zfdgc\aXp[\leXeXkliXc\qX\ekig`ZX# hl\kiXej]fidXpkiXejdlkXjljj`^efjjfYi\leX ^iXd}k`ZXj\[`d\ekX[X[\k\Zke`ZX\jgXZ`Xc#hl\ efj\jg\iXjfYi\\ckiXejZlijf[\jl_`jkfi`Xpefj VALPARAISO _XYcXjfYi\cfjdf[fj[\_XY`kXipjlZfejkilZZ`e [\leXgfk`ZX\ogl\jkX%É CXd\dfi`XpcXi\j`[\eZ`X%<c_`jkfi`X[fiZ_`c\$ efGXYcf8iXm\eXj\_Xgi\^lekXjfYi\¶Hljla\kf \j\c[\cXd\dfi`XgXki`dfe`Xc6#i\Ôi`e[fj\XcX `eZclj`e[\cfjYXii`fj_`jki`Zfj[\MXcgXiXjf \ecXc`jkX[\GXki`dfe`fDle[`Xc[\cXLE<J:F [\j[\ d\[`X[fj [\c )''*% J\ kiXkX [\ gcXek\Xi hl\\cgXki`dfe`fj\iXleXXg\cXZ`eXcgXjX[f# jlgfe`\e[flek`gf[\d\dfi`X[fe[\\cXlkfi gi\^lekX¶cXd\dfi`X[\hl`e6GfikXekf#j\kiXkX [\Zfej`[\iXiefjcfleX`[\ek`ÔZXZ`ej`efkXd$ Y`eXhl\ccXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\cjla\kf[\i\XZk`mXicX d\dfi`X[\j[\jl\og\i`\eZ`XZfek\dgfi}e\XX gXik`i[\jlZXgXZ`[X[Zik`ZX%<e\jkXZ`l[X[j\ dXe`Ô\jkXkXdY`ele\ekiXdX[f[\gfj`Z`fe\j [`j\ejlXc\j#hl\dlZ_Xjm\Z\jefjfem`j`Y`c`qX[Xj [\j[\cfjd\[`fj[\dXjXjX[d`e`jkiX[fj#pXhl\c jla\kfkXdY`edXe`Ô\jkXdXe\iXj[\_XZ\i#m`m`i pZfdgXik`ihl\efj\Zfe[`Z\eZfeXhl\ccXZ`l[X[ hl\j\hl`\i\\ogfikXi% GfifkifcX[f#\c_`jkfi`X[fi[\cXik\Afj[\ Efi[\eÕpZ_kXi^ld\ekX#Èef\jleXj`dgc\d\k}$ ]fiX[\Z`ihl\\ccl^Xi[\cgXki`dfe`fef\jj`\dgi\ lecl^XiXd\ef2[\_\Z_f#\cmXcfiXeXck`Zf[\\jkX fYj\imXZ`eiX[`ZX\ehl\_fpcXgi\^lekXjfYi\ \ccl^Xi\jg\iXi\jgl\jkXjXledXc\jkXiiX[`ZX[f \e[`jk`ekfje`m\c\jefj`\dgi\Zfem\i^\ek\jÉ#p gi\^lekXd}jX[\cXek\#ȶ:l}c\j\ccl^Xi[\cgX$ ki`dfe`f\e\cgifZ\jf[\cjXY\ihl\`ek\iif^XXc gf[\i6¶:l}c\j\ccl^Xi[\cgXki`dfe`f\e\c[\YX$ k\Zfek\dgfi}e\fjfYi\cXgif[lZZ`eZlckliXc6É <jXgif[lZZ`eZlckliXc`emfclZiXleXe\Z\jXi`X Zfe[`Z`e[`j\ejlXcgXiXgifgfe\ile\ekiXdX[f ZlckliXcZfdgc\afp[`m\ijf#hl\i\j`[\Z`\ikXd\e$ k\\e\j\dXc\jkXihl\j\XcX\cXlkfi%<jkXZl\j$ k`e_X[\k\id`eX[fhl\leXj\i`\[\gifp\Zkfj [\i\]fidXZ`eliYXeXj\_XpXeZfd\eqX[fX[\$ jXiifccXi]i\ek\XcXZ\iZXeX[\le^iXegifp\Zkf ZlckliXchl\j\[\jXiifccXi}\eMXcgXiXjf#hl\\j cXk\iZ\iXm\ij`e[\c=fild[\cXj:lckliXj\e\c Xf)'('% <cZXi}Zk\igif[lZk`mfhl\[\k\id`eXcXZfej$ kilZZ`e[\leXkfdX[\gfj`Z`e]i\ek\Xgifp\Z$ kfjZlckliXc\j[\c\jg\Zk}ZlcfdXj`mf#j\`ejkXcX ZfdfleXgi\j\eZ`X[`]\i`[X#le[\jgcXqXd`\ekf [\cXjgiXZk`ZXjpXZZ`fe\jjfYi\\jXZfejkilZZ`e[\ cl^Xi%<e\cZXjf[\el\jkiX\og\i`\eZ`X[\kiXYXaf \eMXcgXiXjf#[fe[\cXjgif[lZZ`fe\jZlckliXc\jp jlXlkf^\jk`ej\i\[\Ôe\e\ei\cXZ`eXcZfek\o$ kfliYXefp_ldXefp[fe[\j\\dgcXqX\c:\e$ kif[\I\j`[\eZ`XjgXiX8ik`jkXj:fek\dgfi}e\fj :I8: #X[hl`\i\\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[\jhl\`dgc`ZXeXc Xik\ZfdfleX\og\i`\eZ`XgYc`ZXphl\ZcXiXd\e$ k\i\[\Ôe\ecfjd`jdfjZfeZ\gkfjhl\_\dfj\jkX$ [fkiXYXaXe[f#g\ifaljkf\e\jXZlfkXhl\gfk\eZ`X jlZXg`kXcZik`Zf#pcXgfj`Y`c`[X[\ehl\j\kiX[lqZX \efYa\k`mfjZfdle\j#`ek\i\j\jZfc\Zk`mfjp\og\$ i`\eZ`Xjdck`gc\j#_\k\if^e\Xjphl\efjg\id`$ kXei\g\ejXiel\jkifcl^Xi[\j[\\cJli% ;\j[\ cX \og\i`\eZ`X [\ kiXYXaf hl\ _\dfj ZfdgXik`[fZfeDXiZ\cf<ogj`kfXgXik`i[\jli\$ j`[\eZ`X\e\c:I8:[liXek\mXi`fjd\j\j#XgXik`i [\jlgifp\ZkfXl[`fm`jlXcccXdX[fJ`e]feX[\cX Z`l[X[^cfYXc`qX[XcXZ`l[X[[`e}d`ZX #hl\Zfe$ j`jk\\ele[gk`Zfm`[\f^i}ÔZf`ejg`iX[f\e\cdf$ m`d`\ekf_`jki`Zf[\cXjj`e]feXjliYXeXj[\cZ`e\ [\mXe^lXi[`X\lifg\f[\cX[ZX[X[\(0)'gXiX# j\^egXcXYiXj[\cXlkfi#ÈXZfd\k\ileXk\ekXk`mX [\i\gi\j\ekXZ`em`jlXc[\cXjkiXej]fidXZ`fe\jX cXjhl\cfjgifZ\jfj[\^cfYXc`qXZ`ejfd\k\e[\j$ [\_XZ\XfjX\ekfiefjd\kifgfc`kXefj[\kf[f \cdle[fÉ% En estas páginas, otro de los desarrollos más leonardescos de Godofredo Iommi, el llamado “boingballon”, un ingenio volador en el que se funden conocimientos propios DXiZ\cf_Xi\Xc`qX[fleXj\i`\[\efkXjjfYi\ \cgifp\Zkfhl\_XZfd\eqX[f#phl\j\YXjXe\e ZfdfcXjX[d`e`jkiXZ`fe\jglYc`ZXjpcXj\dgi\$ jXjgi`mX[Xj_Xe`dX^`eX[f\c]lklif[\cXZ`l[X[% ÈCXg\e\kiXZ`e[\cXel\mXZfcfe`Xc`[X[É#XÔidX \eleX[\\ccXj#Èj\gif[lZ\efjfcXd\ek\gficX gif]le[`qXZ`e[\cfj[`jgfj`k`mfj[\\ogcfkXZ`e [\ cfj i\Zlijfj eXkliXc\j p _ldXefj% :fej`jk\ kXdY`e\e\c\jkXYc\Z`d`\ekf[\leX]l\ik\_\$ ^\dfeX[\cZXg`kXc`jdfXcX_fiX[\Zfejkil`ile `dX^`eXi`f^cfYXcjfYi\Zl}c\jjfecfjdf[\cfj[\ [\jXiifccf[\j\XYc\jÉ% FkiX[\jlji\Õ\o`fe\jmXd}jc\afj#Èi\jlckX `dgi\jZ`e[`Yc\g\ejXiZdf\cdf[\cf=ild\jk} j`\e[f\ogfikX[f#efXcXjd\kigfc`jZ\ekiXc\j# Zfdf_`jki`ZXd\ek\jlZ\[`Zfe\cdf[\cf\ogf$ j`Z`ele`m\ijXc#j`efXk\ii`kfi`fjpZ`l[X[\jhl\ j`dlck}e\Xd\ek\\jk}e\e[\ZX[\eZ`Xpj\Zfej`$ [\iXe\d\i^\ek\j#\ecfhl\gf[iXdfjccXdXicfj d}i^\e\j%EfX9\icee`XÝ]i`ZX#j`efXDfek\ii\p# MXcgXiXjf#E}gfc\j%<cdf[\cf=ildj\\ogfikX \ogcfkXe[fcXj`clj`fe\jhl\\e[\k\id`eX[fjcl^X$ i\j[\cXg\i`]\i`X^\e\iXcXdXiZX9XiZ\cfeX2\cdf$ [\cf]ild\ogcfkX[`i\ZkXd\ek\[\jZXiX[Xd\ek\ cXj`clj`fe\jcfZXc\j[\i\ÕfkXicl^Xi\j\ei\Z\jf d\[`Xek\cXX[hl`j`Z`e[\\jXdXiZX%É GXiXcXZ`l[X[\jk\\jZ\eXi`f[\kiXejXZZ`fe\j ^cfYXc\ji\gi\j\ekXi}le[\jX]fgXiXg\ejXiXhl\$ ccfjdf[fj[\fi^Xe`qXZ`ehl\g\idXe\Z\ed}j Xcc}[\le\m\ekfZlckliXc[\dXjXj%AlekfX\ccf# cX`dgfikXZ`e[\cdf[\cf[\`e[ljki`XjZi\Xk`mXj de la mecánica y aerodinámica con la habitual propuesta poética y utópica que caracterizó siempre las acciones más singulares de la Escuela de Arquietctura. [\aX[\cX[fcX\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[hl\jfYi\m`m\XcX`d$ gcXekXZ`e[\df[\cfjhl\XYjfiY\ecXjgXik`ZlcX$ i`[X[\j%JfYi\kf[f#jXY\dfjhl\cXjXck\ieXk`mXj jfeg\ejXi\jkiXk\^`Xj\e\jkfj\jZ\eXi`fjhl\mXe d}ji}g`[fhl\cXZfk`[`Xe`[X[hl\cXjXZ\Z_X% CX:`l[X[[\Y\iXg\ejXi\ejl]lklif[`j\X[f \eZfealekfZfecfj[\j\fjZfc\Zk`mfj#\eYXj\Xjl i\Xc`[X[]iX^d\ekX[XgficX^\f^iX]Xhl\cXZfek`\$ e\#\j\ekfeZ\jZlXe[fj\gl\[\e\eleZ`XiXhl\ccXj gi\^lekXjhl\Zfek`\e\\ckiXYXaf[\ZXdgf[\DXi$ Z\cfgXiXjlgifp\ZkfXl[`fm`jlXc#phl\jfeȶ:l}c\j jfecfjel\mfjZfeÕ`Zkfjpk\ej`fe\jXci\[\[fi[\cX ]l\iqX[\kiXYXafZi\Xk`mX6¶:dfj\i\`em\ekXecXj [`e}d`ZXj[\e\^fZ`XZ`epZfeÕ`Zkf6¶:dffg\iXi \e\c`ek\i`fi[\cdf[\cf#pef]l\iX[\c6É CXji\jgl\jkXj#Xdf[f[\\jkiXk\^`Xj[\XZ$ Z`epg\ejXd`\ekf#j\YXjXe\e`[\Xjhl\k`\e\ejl Xj`[\if\eXhl\ccfhl\efj\dfZ`feX[`Xi`Xd\ek\# Xj\ekX[f\ecXjgi}Zk`ZXjZfdf]fidXj[\XZklXip df[fj[\_XZ\i#XgXik`i[\cXZi\XZ`e[\j`^efj hl\i\j`^e`ÔZXeel\jkif\jZ\eXi`fZlckliXcpjfZ`Xc# hl\j\YXjXe\ecXjX]\ZZ`fe\jhl\ZfdgXik`dfj# ZfdfleXkiXdX[\[\j\fjpjl\fjZfdle\j%x GXlc`eXMXiXj\jZf[`i\ZkfiX[\c:I8::\ekif [\I\j`[\eZ`XjgXiX8ik`jkXj:fek\dgfi}e\fj[\ MXcgXiXjf !<eZfcXYfiXZ`eZfeAfjCcXefCfpfcXpDXiZ\cf <ogj`kf CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 27 Una de las láminas más simbólicas del “Álbum” de Melchor María Mercado, en que la crítica a las elites dominantes se hace patente, en este caso el clero. Principio 28 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 PORTADA I\gcXek\Xi\cZfeZ\gkf[\df[\ie`[X[ pZfii\^`idlZ_fjglekfj[\m`jkX[\cX fZZ`[\ekXc`qX[Xm`j`egfjZfcfe`XcjfYi\cX :fehl`jkX#jfe[fj[\cfjfYa\k`mfj[\Gi`eZ`g`f Gfkfj#lef[\cfjd}jXii`\j^X[fj\`dgfikXek\j gifp\Zkfj\ogfj`k`mfjhl\\cDlj\fEXZ`feXc I\`eXJf]Xgi\j\ekX_XjkX\c-[\j\k`\dYi\ [\)'('\ejljjXcXj%CXgi\j\eZ`X[\cXg`ekliX YXiifZXm`ii\`eXc[\cfjj`^cfjOM@@pOM@@@Zfe cX[\j`e_`Y`[Xc\ZkliX[\d}j[\leX[fZ\eX [\Xik`jkXjZfek\dgfi}e\fjcXk`efXd\i`ZXefj XYi\e\cZXdgf[\`ek\igi\kXZ`eX`k`e\iXi`fj `e\ogcfiX[fj%8cd`jdfk`\dgf#cXdl\jkiXgfe\ [\i\c`\m\cXkiXjZ\e[\eZ`X[\cX\ogcfkXZ`e \Zfed`ZXpcXgi\\d`e\eZ`XZlckliXc[\cXj ilkXjZfd\iZ`Xc\jhl\gXikXe[\CXGXq#Gfkfj lFilif_XjkX<c:XccXfi\Zfii`\e[fcXZfcldeX m\ik\YiXc[\leXjjfZ`\[X[\j\jkiXk`ÔZX[Xjp [fd`eX[XjgficX\oZclj`ep\ciXZ`jdf%CX df[\ie`[X[ef\dg\q\e8di`ZXZfecX @cljkiXZ`ej`efZfecXjd`eXj[\gcXkXpjl `e_ldXeX\ogcfkXZ`epZfd\iZ`f% K\okfj[\J`cm`XI`m\iX#8cY\ikfDfi\`iXj# <jg\iXeqXCg\q$GXiX[Xp:_XekXcDX`ccXi[ Potosí CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 29 PORTADA Bolivia, la historia alternativa CXZ`e\dXkf^iX]X[\Afi^\JXea`ejp\cÝcYld[\D\cZ_fiDXiXD\iZX[f[Xeg`\Xle Xe}c`j`jgfjZfcfe`Xc[\9fc`m`Xhl\[\ii`YXcfj\jk\i\fk`gfj[\cX_`jkfi`f^iX]XfZZ`[\ekXc% ;fjjfZ`cf^fj[\cX`dX^\e`ek\iif^XeXleXjfZ`\[X[`e[^\eX%GfiJ`cm`XI`m\iX:lj`ZXehl`% E cgi`d\iXeZcXa\d\kf[fc^`Zf[\cX `[\X[\_`jkfi`XjXck\ieXk`mXj#\jhl\ jljfcX\eleZ`XZ`eefji\d`k\XcX gcliXc`[X[[\j`^e`ÔZX[fjhl\gl\[\ k\e\icX_`jkfi`X#j\^ehl`e\jj\Xe cfjjla\kfjhl\cX_XZ\e#cXeXiiXefcXjl]i\e%<ecX ZlckliXYfc`m`XeXdf[\ieX#\jkXgcliXc`[X[[\j`^$ e`ÔZX[fjj\_XdXe`]\jkX[f\e[`m\ijfj]fidXkfj ef\jZi`kfj#`eZclp\e[f\ck\jk`dfe`ffiXc#\c[`Yl$ af#cXg`ekliX#cX]fkf^iX]Xf\cZ`e\%<eleXjfZ`\$ [X[gfjZfcfe`Xcpgcli`ZlckliXcZfdfcXYfc`m`XeX# ZfeleXgfYcXZ`e`e[^\eXdXpfiXc-'[\ckfkXc# \ecXhl\cX^iXedXpfiX_XYcXh_`Z_nX#XpdXiX# ^lXiXefY\j\ifÆalekfXdlZ_XjfkiXjc\e^lXj$# cXj `d}^\e\j _Xe al^X[f le gXg\c ZilZ`Xc \e cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e`ek\iZlckliXc#efZfdflegifZ\jf lemfZfj`ef[fkX[f[\dck`gc\jj`^e`ÔZX[fj%<j\c ZXjf[\cXjg`ekliXjZfcfe`Xc\j[\cYXiifZfXe[`ef# `[\X[XjgficX@^c\j`XZfdfled\[`f[\Zfem\i$ j`e[\cfj`e[`fjXcZXkfc`Z`jdf#hl\jfei\j`^e`$ ÔZX[Xjpj\Zfem`\ik\e\em\_Zlcfj[\[\eleZ`X [\cXfgi\j`eZfcfe`XcgfigXik\[\cX\c`k\ZXZ`ZXc `e[^\eX%;\_\Z_f#\o`jk\\ecfj8e[\jleXcXi^X kiX[`Z`e[\k\XkifjfZ`Xc#XjZfdf[\g`ekliX#k\$ a`[fpfkifjdf[fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`em`jlXc#\a\d$ gcXid\ek\i\gi\j\ekX[fj\e\ckiXYXaf[\cZife`jkX h_`Z_nX$_XYcXek\NXdXeGldX[\8pXcX#hl\\e jl]XdfjX:XikXXcI\p[\<jgXX>lXd}eGfdX R(-(*T(0// #le[fZld\ekf[\d}j[\d`cg}^`eXj pZ`\ekfj[\[`Ylafj#\ogljfcXjg\eli`Xj[\cfj`e$ [`fjpcfjXYljfj[\cfj\jgXfc\j#\eleXj`klXZ`e Zfcfe`Xchl\cg\iZ`Y`Zfdf\cdle[fXci\mj% <e\jk\\ejXpf[\j\f_XZ\ileXe}c`j`ji\kifj$ g\Zk`mf[\cljf[\d\[`fjm`jlXc\j\ecfjj`^cfjO@O pOO#XkiXmj[\cXjg\cZlcXjpg`ekliXj[\[fjXl$ kfi\j1\cZ`e\XjkXAfi^\JXea`ejp\cg`ekfi$\ogcf$ iX[fipgfck`ZfD\cZ_fiDXiXD\iZX[f#YljZXe[f Zfdgi\e[\ijljZfdgc\afjdf[fj[\eXiiXZ`ep i\gi\j\ekXZ`e#hl\Xjlm\qj\m`\ifedXiZX[fj gficX_`jkfi`XjfZ`Xc[\jlgfZX%Gifgfe^fZfeZ\g$ klXc`qXijlkiXYXafZfdfleXjl\ik\[\jfZ`fcf^X[\ cX`dX^\e#[X[fhl\efefjdl\jkiXej`dgc\d\e$ k\leXZfg`XfXeXcf^fe[\cXi\Xc`[X[Z]%9Xik_\j# (00, #j`efd}jY`\eleX`ek\igi\kXZ`e[\cXjfZ`\$ [X[[\jlgfZX#\ejlj[`d\ej`fe\jXY`^XiiX[Xjp ZfeÕ`Zk`mXj%G\j\Xhl\\eki\\jkfjXlkfi\jd\[`X ZXj`lej`^cf[\[`jkXeZ`X#cXfYiX[\XdYfjefj dl\jkiXi\gi\j\ekXZ`fe\jfc\ZkliXjm`jlXc\j[\cXj i\Xc`[X[\jjfZ`Xc\jhl\Xk\jk`^lXife#[fe[\cfj^\j$ kfjpgXcXYiXj[\cX^\ek\efji\m\cXecXeXkliXc\qX efZf\k}e\X[\cXjfZ`\[X[pcfj[`m\ijfj_fi`qfek\j [\d\dfi`X\`[\ek`[X[hl\g\id\XecXjXZZ`fe\j \`ek\iZXdY`fjjfZ`Xc\j[\jljjla\kfjZfc\Zk`mfj% KXekf JXea`ej Zfdf D\iZX[f j\ elki`\ife [\ ]l\ek\jfiXc\j#p\a\iZ`\ife]fidXjefZfem\eZ`f$ eXc\j[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\kef^i}ÔZX%G\ifd`\ekiXj JXea`ej#kiXYXa\egc\eX\iX[\cXi\gif[lZZ`e d\Z}e`ZX9\eaXd`e#(0./ #pjljg\cZlcXj^fqX$ ife[\Xdgc`XZ`iZlcXZ`eeXZ`feXc\`ek\ieXZ`feXc# cXe`ZXfYiXhl\efjc\^D\iZX[f#\cÝcYld[\ GX`jXa\j#K`gfj?ldXefjp:fjkldYi\j[\9fc`m`X (/+($(/-0 efcc\^XglYc`ZXij\\em`[X%<eki$ 30 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 d`efj[\c`dgXZkfhl\gl[`\ifek\e\i\jkXjfYiXj jfYi\jljZfek\dgfi}e\fj#gXi\Z`\iX`dgfj`Yc\ ZfdgXiXicXj%G\if\ji\c\mXek\XYfi[XicXj[\j[\ leglekf[\m`jkXjfZ`fc^`Zf#\ecXd\[`[X\ehl\ cX\kef^iX]X#cX`dX^`eXZ`epcXfiXc`[X[]l\ife `ek\^iX[Xj\ejljg\cZlcXjpg`ekliXj#Zfejk`klp\e$ [fleX`ek\igi\kXZ`eZfdgi\ej`mX[\cXjfZ`\[X[# hl\i\jlckXm}c`[XXe\eel\jkifj[Xj% 8dYfjXlkfi\jjfed`\dYifj[\cX\c`k\c\kiX$ [Xd\jk`qf$Zi`fccX1D\iZX[f\ecXZ`l[X[[\JlZi\ hl\\e\cj`^cfO@O\iXcXZXg`kXc[\cXi\gYc`ZX pJXea`ej\e\cj`^cfm\`ek\\eCXGXqj\[\[\cfj gf[\i\j\a\Zlk`mfpc\^`jcXk`mf %<c[`jZlijf`Zfef$ ^i}ÔZf[\XdYfjgfe\\jg\Z`Xce]Xj`j\ecX`e`Z`X$ k`mXZlckliXcpcXXZZ`eZfc\Zk`mX[\cXjgfYcXZ`fe\j `e[^\eXjpZ_fcXj#hl\jfecXjgifkX^fe`jkXjgi`e$ En una sociedad poscolonial y pluricultural como la boliviana, las imágenes han jugado un papel crucial en la comunicación Z`gXc\j[\cXj\jZ\eXjeXiiX[Xj\ejlkiXYXaf%<e cXjg\cZlcXj[\JXea`ej#\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\<cZfiXa\ [\cgl\Ycf(0.( p9Xe[\iXj[\c8dXe\Z\i(0/* # gl\[\ fYj\imXij\ cX _l\ccX [\ leX fYj\imXZ`e gXik`Z`gXek\XckXd\ek\gfc`k`qX[XpZfdgifd\$ k`[X\ecXclZ_XZfekiXcXj[`ZkX[liXj[\cfjXfj (0-'$(0/'#XjZfdf\cljf[\]fidXkfj[\`em\j$ k`^XZ`egi\gXiXkfi`fjÆk\jk`dfe`fjfiXc\j#]fkf$ ^iX]X#Z`e\[fZld\ekXc$hl\]l\ife_\iiXd`\ekXj Z\ekiXc\jgXiXjli\ZfejkilZZ`epk\fi`qXZ`e[\ cXjfZ`\[X[Yfc`m`XeX#\eZlXekf\jgXZ`f\e\chl\ gi\[fd`eXe]fidXjZfcfe`Xc\j[\[fd`eXZ`e#hl\ dXiZXecX\og\i`\eZ`XZfk`[`XeX[\cX^\ek\%<jkXj `[\Xjj\i}egi\j\ekX[Xj\e]fidXd}j\cXYfiX[X lefjXfjd}jkXi[\#\ejlg\cZlcXCXeXZ`eZcXe$ [\jk`eX(0/0 %<e\cÝcYld[\D\cZ_fiDXiXD\i$ ZX[f(/+($(/-0 #cX\og\i`\eZ`X[\cZfeÔeXd`\ekf p[\gfikXZ`eX[`jkXek\j]ifek\iXj[\cXI\gYc`ZX c\g\id`k`\ogi\jXileXd`iX[XjfYi\\cgXjhl\ _XYiXj`[f`eXZZ\j`Yc\gXiXcXd`fg\\c`k\c\kiX[X hl\_XY`kXYXcXjZ`l[X[\j%<ejljXc\^fiXj#D\iZX$ [fi\Õ\o`feXjfYi\cXeXkliXc\qX]i}^`c\`c\^k`dX [\cgf[\igfck`Zf\ecXafm\eI\gYc`ZX#hl\Zfe$ k`elXYX]le[X[f\ecX_`gfZi\jXpcXj\^i\^XZ`e jfZ`Xc#p\ecXhl\leXd`efiXc\kiX[X[\k\ekXYXcX gifg`\[X[#\cgf[\ipcXXlkfi`[X[#d`\ekiXjcX^iXe dXpfiX[\cXgfYcXZ`e\jkXYXfYc`^X[XkXejcfX kiXYXaXipXfY\[\Z\i% <cZ`Zcfk\jk`dfe`Xc\ecXjg\cZlcXj[\Afi^\ JXea`ej%El\jkif`ek\ijgficXj]l\ek\jef\j$ Zi`kXjZfd`\eqXgficfjXfj(0.'#ZlXe[fj\m`mX leXjl\ik\[\j`c\eZ`fZfc\Zk`mf[liXek\cX[`ZkX[l$ iX[\c:fife\c9}eq\i(0.($(0./ %=l\leXgfZX \ecXhl\jcfj\gf[X_XYcXiZfeXc^leXc`Y\ikX[# j`j\ljXYXecXj]fidXjZf[`ÔZX[Xjpd\kX]i`ZXj [\cXpdXiXf\ch_`Z_nX%CXfiXc`[X[i\jlckXjle d\[`fZilZ`XcgXiXZfe]ifekXicXj^iXm\j[`jkfij`f$ e\j`e]fidXk`mXjpcXZ\ejliX[\gi\ejX`dgl\jkXj gfi\c>fY`\ief%<e\jfjXfjjXc`\ifeXcXclq[fj c`Yifj[\^iXe`dgXZkfgfck`Zf1cX`em\jk`^XZ`e[f$ Zld\ekXcjfYi\CXdXjXZi\[\cmXcc\\e\if[\(0.+# mXcc\j[\:fZ_XYXdYX pcXXlkfY`f^iX]X[\;fd`$ k`cX:_le^XiX#J`d\g\id`k\e_XYcXi#ÔidX[Xgfi Df\dXM`\qq\i%8dYfjZ`iZlcXifeXdgc`Xd\ek\#p Zfeki`Ylp\ifeXcXkfdX[\ZfeZ`\eZ`XgYc`ZXjf$ Yi\cXjXZZ`fe\ji\gi\j`mXj[\c^fY`\iefpjljXd$ gc`XjZfej\Zl\eZ`Xjgfck`ZXj:fd`j`e[\Aljk`Z`X pGXq(0.,#M`\qq\i(0.- %8g\jXi[\cXd\[`XZ`e XlkfiXc\eXdYfjc`Yifj#Xccj\\jZlZ_XcX`ed\[`X$ k\qp\cj\ek`[f[\i\Xc`[X[[\cXjmfZ\jjlYXck\ieXj# hl\]l\ifek\jk`^fjpgifkX^fe`jkXj[\ledfd\e$ kfZik`Zf\ecX_`jkfi`XYfc`m`XeX%J\kiXkX[\mfZ\j gXik`ZlcXi\j#\eiX`qX[Xj\e\og\i`\eZ`XjcfZXc\jp Z`iZlejZi`kXj%<ck\jk`dfe`f[\;fd`k`cXefj_XYcX [\j[\\cglekf[\m`jkX[\leXdX[\ZXjXd`e\iX# hl\m`m\\e\cZfiXqe[\cX\ZfefdXZXg`kXc`jkX \jkXkXc#cXjd`eXjeXZ`feXc`qX[Xj\e(0,)2\ekXekf hl\cX[fZld\ekXZ`ejfYi\cXdXjXZi\ZXdg\j`eX [\(0.+efj_XYcX[\j[\cfjZl\igfj_\i`[fjpdlk`$ cX[fj[\jljmZk`dXj%LeZfealekf[\\okiXfi[`eX$ i`Xj]fkf^iX]Xjp[fZld\ekfj\jZi`kfjpfiXc\jefj i\m\cXcfhl\cXj]l\ek\jfÔZ`Xc\jYljZXYXeXZXccXi1 \c^fY`\iefjfcfi\ZfefZ`(*dl\ikfj#('_\i`[fj p)(gi`j`fe\ifj#Xcfjhl\XZlj[\j\iÈ\oki\d`j$ kXj\okiXea\ifjÉ%CX:fd`j`e[\Aljk`Z`XpGXq#le fi^Xe`jdfm`eZlcX[fXcX@^c\j`X:Xkc`ZX#\eZXi$ ^X[f[\cfj[\i\Z_fj_ldXefj#ZXcZlchl\_lYf /'dl\ikfjpd}j[\(''_\i`[fj#kf[fj\ccfjZXd$ g\j`efjh_`Z_nX$_XYcXek\j[\cXjZfdle`[X[\j[\ KfcXkX#<g`qXeXpD\c^X#hl\i\Z`Y`\ife\c`dgXZkf [\YXcXj[`jgXiX[Xj[\j[\cfjkXehl\jpZXd`fe\j \em`X[fjgfi\c>fY`\iefgXiX[`Xcf^XiZfe\ccfjp gXZ`ÔZXicXgifk\jkXI`m\iXR(0/+T)''* % ;fd`k`cX:_le^XiXpdlZ_fjfkifj[`i`^\ek\j gfglcXi\j#XjZfdfcfjZXdg\j`efjdl\ikfj[\:f$ Z_XYXdYX#i\XgXi\Z\e\eXc^leXj[\cXjg\cZlcXj [\Afi^\JXea`ej%CXj]fkf^iX]Xjhl\`cljkiXife\c `e]fid\jfYi\CXdXjXZi\[\cmXcc\gl\[\em\ij\# Zfdfgl\jkX\e\jZ\eX#\ecXjgi`d\iXjj\Zl\eZ`Xj [\CXeXZ`eZcXe[\jk`eX#pefjkiXejd`k\e\j\j\e$ k`d`\ekf[\_fiifi\`dgfk\eZ`Xhl\\o_XcXcX_`j$ PRINCIPIO POTOSÍ El “Álbum” de Melchor María Mercado recogió entre 1841 y 1869 las distintas costumbres y tipos humanos de Bolivia. kfi`X[\cXj[`ZkX[liXj\eel\jkifgXj#XcdfjkiXi cfjZl\igfjcc\mX[fj\e]iXqX[XjgfijljZfdgX\$ ifj%CXjfc`[Xi`[X[[\\jk\^\jkfgf[iX`ek\igi\$ kXij\kXdY`eZfdfleX[`jglkXjfYi\cXm\i[X[ _`jki`ZX1Xci\jZXkXijljZl\igfj#cfjdl\ikfj\e cXdXjXZi\gf[Xeefjcfj\im\cX[fjp\ek\iiX[fj gfijlj]Xd`c`Xi\j#j`efkXdY`eZfekX[fjgficXj Zfdle`[X[\jpfi^Xe`jdfj[\[\i\Z_fj_ldXefj% <e\cZXjf[\;fd`k`cX#cXg\cZlcX<cZfiXa\[\cgl\$ Ycf(0.( j\YXjX\ejli\ZfejkilZZ`ek\jk`dfe`Xc [\cXj`klXZ`ehl\j\m`mX[liXek\cX[`ZkX[liX [\c>\e\iXc9Xii`\ekfj(0-+$(0-0 \ecXjd`eXj [\\jkXfeXZ`feXc`qX[Xj#pkfdXcX]fidX[\le jfZ`f[iXdX\e\chl\cXdXjXZi\[\JXeAlXe)+ ale`f(0-, \ji\XZklXc`qX[XgficfjjfYi\m`m`\e$ k\jp]Xd`c`Xi\j[\cXjmZk`dXj%=i\ek\XcXZ}dXiX# \ccfji\m`m\ecXYilkXci\gi\j`ejl]i`[X[liXek\ cXki}^`ZXefZ_\[\JXeAlXepcfj\g`jf[`fjjlYj`$ ^l`\ek\j[\m`fc\eZ`X\jkXkXcpi\j`jk\eZ`XfYi\iX# hl\Zlcd`eXife\e\cXgfpf[\Xc^leXj]iXZZ`fe\j [\cj`e[`ZXc`jdfd`e\ifXcXjXZZ`fe\j^l\ii`cc\$ iXj[\c:_\>l\mXiX\ezXeZX_lXq\e(0-.%G\if X[\d}j#;fd`k`cXpcXj[`i`^\ek\j[\c:fd`k[\ 8dXj[\:XjX[\jX]Xe#XkiXmj[\jljmfZ\jpjlj XZZ`fe\j#cXm`j`edXjZlc`eX[\cX`[\ek`[X[jfZ`Xc d`e\iX#`dYlpe[fc\leXdXiZX[\_ldXe`[X[p [`^e`[X[hl\j\\ogi\jX\ejlclZ_XgficXjlg\im`$ m\eZ`X]j`ZXpZlckliXc%CXm\ij`e`Zfef^i}ÔZX[\ JXea`ej\j\ekfeZ\jleXi\ZfejkilZZ`eÆd\[`X[X gfijlgifg`XmfqXlkfiXc$[\cXd\dfi`XZfc\Zk`mX [\\jkfj[`m\ijfjj\^d\ekfj[\cXjgfYcXZ`fe\jd`$ e\iXj#kXcZfdfj\]fiaXkiXmj[\cXfgfj`Z`eXcXj [`ZkX[liXj[\9Xii`\ekfjp9}eq\i%Cfjj`^e`ÔZX[fj gcliXc\j[\cX_`jkfi`Xjfei\Zi\X[fjXkiXmj[\le ZfekiXglekf\eki\mfZ\j[\_fdYi\jpdla\i\j#[\ fYi\ifjpZXdg\j`efj#hl\c\afj[\`ek\^iXij\\e leXm`j`ec`e\Xcpgif^i\j`mX[\cX_`jkfi`X#g\idX$ e\Z\eZfdf_`cfjjl\ckfj[\lek\a`[f`eZfeZcljf# hl\j\i}k\id`eX[f[\k\a\igfi\c\jg\ZkX[fi% <e9Xe[\iXj[\cXdXe\Z\i(0/* #lecXi^fd\$ kiXa\[fZld\ekXc#JXea`ejZfemfZXel\mXjmfZ\j m`mXjhl\gifm`\e\e[\\jXeXZ`eZcXe[\jk`eX#jf$ Yi\cXhl\k\fi`qXi}gfjk\i`fid\ek\\ecXg\cZlcX [\cd`jdfefdYi\%J\kiXkX[\leXjl\ik\[\g`ZX [\cX[\dfZiXZ`X#hl\Xik`ZlcXZfeÕ`Zk`mXd\ek\\c gXjX[f\eleX[`m\ij`[X[[\m\ij`fe\j#Zfejkilp\e$ [fledXgXZf^efjZ`k`mfZfdgc\af#hl\k\id`eXgfi [\jXÔXicX`e\m`kXY`c`[X[[\cXdl\ik\%CXmXc\ekX p\cZfiXa\[\cXjdlck`kl[\jhl\XgXi\Z\e\e9Xe$ [\iXj%%%[XeZfek`el`[X[XcZ`Zcf_`jki`Zf`e`Z`X[f Zfe<c:fiXa\%%%<ck\dX[\cXdl\ik\pZcXljliX [\cgXjX[fmfcm\i}d}jZcXiXd\ek\\eCXeXZ`e ZcXe[\jk`eX#leXg\cZlcX[\ÔZZ`ehl\i\Õ\o`feX gif]le[Xd\ek\ jfYi\ cX eXkliXc\qX [\c k`\dgf _`jki`Zf%<e\jk\kiXYXaf#JXea`ejefjf]i\Z\leX c\ZkliX[\cgXjX[f#ÈefZfdfXc^fdl\ikfp[\jgif$ m`jkf[\]leZ`fe\j[\i\efmXZ`eÉ#j`efZfdfle k`\dgfÈi\m\ij`Yc\É#\j[\Z`i#leÈgXjX[fhl\gl\[\ j\i]lklifÉDXdXe`#(00) % 8kiXmj[\c`k`e\iXi`f[\cg\ijfeXa\gi`eZ`$ gXc#J\YXjk`}eDXdXe`#hl\i\kfieXXcXZfdle`$ [X[[\jglj[\cXi^fjXfj`ek\ekXe[fYljZXij\ cXm`[X\ecXZ`l[X[#cXg\cZlcXeXiiX#d\[`Xek\le dfekXa\gXiXc\cf#cXi\Zlg\iXZ`e[\cXd\dfi`Xp \c[fcfi[\c\o`c`f%LeXYl\eXgXik\[\ck`\dgfeX$ iiXk`mfefjdl\jkiXXJ\YXjk`}eZXd`eXe[f[\j[\ cXZ`l[X[XjlZfdle`[X[\e\cXck`gcXef#cc\mXe[f Zfc^X[XXki}jleXd}jZXiX[\[XeqXek\#hl\jl^\j$ k`mXd\ek\d`iX_XZ`XXki}j%<jkXd}jZXiXc\j\im`i} gXiX\a\ZlkXileX[XeqX$i`klXc[\cXdl\ik\#d\$ [`Xek\cXZlXc\jg\iXi\ZfeZ`c`Xij\ZfejlZfdle`$ [X[#[\cXhl\]l\\oglcjX[fgfikiX`Z`epgfijlj XZkfjZfiilgkfj\ecXZ`l[X[%;liXek\\cm`Xa\#\c gifkX^fe`jkXkiXej`kX\eki\cXXkdj]\iXZXk`ZXp m`fc\ekX[\leYXii`fjlYliYXef#_XZ`Xjl]Xd`c`Xp jlZfdle`[X[%D\[`Xek\jlZ\j`mfjÕXj_$YXZbji\$ Zfejkilp\cfj_\Z_fjgXjX[fjhl\cfZfe[la\ifeX kfdXicX[\Z`j`e[\dfi`i[XeqXe[f%<e\jk\\jZ\$ eXi`f#cXd\dfi`Xefi\jlckXleXZkf[\efjkXc^`X# j`efleXc`Y\iXZ`eple[\jg\ikXi[\cXm`[XXc`\eX$ [X\ecXZ`l[X[#[fe[\gfidlZ_fk`\dgfe\^jlj fi^\e\j`e[^\eXjpj\ZXdY`[\efdYi\% <cgifm\iY`fXpdXiXh_`geXpilkXj`jjXieX$ hXgoXXe`\ogi\j`eZfeZ\gklXcZfdgc\aXhl\j\ kiX[lZ\d}jfd\efjgfiÈd`iXe[fXki}jpX[\cXek\ gf[\dfjZXd`eXiÉ#YXjX[X\e\cal\^f[\d\k}]f$ iXj\eki\eXpiX#hl\j`^e`ÔZXfafpkXdY`egXjX[f ph_`gXhl\j`^e`ÔZX\jgXc[Xp#Xcd`jdfk`\dgf# ]lklif \ogi\jX\jkXg\iZ\gZ`eiX[`ZXcd\ek\[`$ ]\i\ek\[\ck`\dgf_`jki`Zf#gficfZlXccX`dX^\e [\J\YXjk`}e#ZXd`eXe[fZfeleXd}jZXiXhl\d`iX Xki}j#Zfe[\ejX\cgifm\iY`f\e]fidX\cfZl\ek\p gi\Z`jX%GXiX[a`ZXd\ek\#cXi\Zlg\iXZ`e[\cX ZfeZ`\eZ`Xp\ci\eXZ`d`\ekfhl\\og\i`d\ekX\e \cgifZ\jf[\i\kfiefXcXZfdle`[X[#k\id`eXi} ZfeleX]i\ek`ZX[XeqX\ecXhl\dfi`i}#\eleX CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 31 PORTADA jl\ik\[\XlkfjXZi`]`Z`f_ldXef#hl\g\id`k`i} i\fi[\eXi\ck`\dgfpi\jkXliXi\cZ`Zcf[\cXm`[X Zfc\Zk`mX%CX`ek\igi\kXZ`ejfZ`fc^`ZX[\JXea`ej XZ\iZX[\ck`\dgf_`jki`Zf\ecfj8e[\jg\id`k\ \ekfeZ\jZl\jk`feXicX`[\X[\gif^i\jf\eZXieX[X \ecX_`jkfi`XfÔZ`Xc#j\X\ejlm\ij`efc`^}ihl`$ ZXfeXZ`feXc`jkXm\i#gfi\a\dgcf#Dfi\ef#(0.*2 =\ccdXeM\cXi[\#(0.' %8cdfjkiXiefjcX\og\i`\e$ Z`X[\jZ\ekiX[X[\cXjZfdle`[X[\j`e[^\eXj\e cX9fc`m`XZfek\dgfi}e\X#Afi^\JXea`eji\m\cX cXj_l\ccXj[\legXjX[fZfcfe`Xcef[`^\i`[f#pcfj dfd\ekfj[\g\c`^ifm`m`[fjgficXjjfZ`\[X[\j `e[^\eXjhl\clZ_XegfimXc`[XijljkiX[`Z`fe\j XeZ\jkiXc\jZfdfilkXjm`XYc\j_XZ`Xle]lklifc`$ Yi\[\fgi\j`e#g\idXe\ek\d\ek\Xd\eXqX[fgfi cXd`iX[XfÔZ`XcpgficXi\gi\j`e\jkXkXc#hl\cXj Zfe[\eXXcXdl\ik\pXcXYfiiX[liX[\cX_`jkfi`X 9\eaXd`e#(0.' % GXiXi\Z`Y`i\cZXekf[\cfjg}aXifj(00, g\ik\$ e\Z\Xc^e\ifXc\^i`Zf#hl\ef_Xj`[fdlpkiXe$ j`kX[f\ecXÔcdf^iX]XYfc`m`XeXZfek\dgfi}e\X% <jd}jY`\ekg`Zf[\cfj[iXdXjpfYiXj[\k\Xkif$ [XeqXhl\Xej\gfe\e\e\jZ\eX\edlZ_XjZf$ dle`[X[\jpgl\Ycfj[\cXi\^`e%<e\jk\j\ek`[f# j\kiXkX[\leXg\cZlcXdlpfi`^`eXc#p_XgifmfZX$ [fleXj\i`\[\Zik`ZXjpZfekifm\ij`Xj\e\cgXj# hl`q}jgfihl\`ek\ekXi\Õ\o`feXijfYi\cXj]fidXj jlk`c\j[\iXZ`jdfhl\`dgi`d\ejlj\ccf\ecXm`[X [`Xi`X[\cX`ek\c\ZklXc`[X[Zi`fccf$d\jk`qX%CXg\c$ ZlcXg`ekXleZil\ci\kiXkf[\cX[fYc\dfiXc[\le \hl`gf[\Z`e\XjkXjhl\kiXYXaX\eleXZfdle`[X[ [\:_XiXqXe`ÆcXk`\iiX[\cfj]XdfjfjZliXe[\ifj 32 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 `k`e\iXek\jBXccXnXpX$#[fe[\j\\eZl\ekiXeÔc$ dXe[fleXfYiX[\ÔZZ`ehl\i\Zfejkilp\cXg`ZX [\cXZfehl`jkX\jgXfcXpcX[\iifkXpdl\ik\[\c @ebX%J`e\dYXi^f#\c\hl`gf[\Z`e\XjkXjk\id`eX Zfdgfik}e[fj\ZfdfcfjZfehl`jkX[fi\j#jXZXe[f XcXclqcfjd`jdfjgi\al`Z`fj#m`fc\eZ`Xj`dYc`ZX piXZ`jdf`ek\ieXc`qX[f#hl\jlkiXYXaf[\ÔZZ`e gi\k\e[\Zi`k`ZXi% <jk\ kiXkXd`\ekf Xc\^i`Zf p j`dYc`Zf [\c Xi^ld\ekfkXdY`e\jklmfgi\j\ek\\eCXeXZ`e ZcXe[\jk`eX(0/0 #\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\\eleXjlY$kiX$ dX\ecXhl\le\jkl[`Xek\#hl\\jZXgX[\cXgfc`ZX# kiXkX[\YljZXii\]l^`fpXYi`^f\e\cZXdgf#\ecX ZXjX[\leX]Xd`c`X[\_XYcXXpdXiX%@eZXgXq[\Zf$ dle`ZXij\Zfe\ccfj#\c\jkl[`Xek\`qhl`\i[`jkX#hl\ jlgl\jkXd\ek\clZ_Xgfijlc`Y\iXZ`e#ÔeXcd\ek\ \jXcZXeqX[fgficXjYXcXj#gfZf[\jglj[\\ogi\$ jXijliXY`Xp]iljkiXZ`eZfeleX]iXj\kg`ZXd\ek\ iXZ`jkX1È@e[`fj`^efiXek\j#\jkg`[fjÉ%<c_\Z_f[\ hl\m`jkXleXZXd`jX_\Z_Xa`ife\j#p[\hl\g`[X gi\jkX[XifgXgXiXgifk\^\ij\[\jljg\ij\^l`[f$ i\j#XX[\dXk`Z\jXcXXc\^fiX#pXhl\cXgXcXYiX XpdXiXZfecXhl\j\[\j`^eXXcXd`efiXfgi\jfiX d\jk`qf$Zi`fccX\jhËXiX#c`k\iXcd\ek\[\jel[f% <eGXiXi\Z`Y`i\cZXekf[\cfjg}aXifj#cXXc\$ ^fiXmXd}jc\afj#XcfcXi^f[\leXj\i`\[\jlY$ kiXdXjhl\i\Õ\aXecX[\jZfeÔXeqXpj\^i\^XZ`e `ek\ieX\e\c\hl`gf[\Z`e\XjkXj$leXZfdle`[X[ XgXi\ek\d\ek\_fdf^e\X$pjljgi\al`Z`fjpXZk`$ kl[\jiXZ`jkXj_XZ`Xcfjd`\dYifj[\cXZfdle`[X[ `e[^\eXhl\kiXYXaXeZfdf\okiXjfc\jYi`e[Xe _fjg`kXc`[X[\ejlk`\iiX%CXYi\Z_Xg\iZ\gk`mX\ `[\fc^`ZX\eki\jla\kfpfYa\kf#ÔZZ`epi\Xc`[X[# dXjZlc`efp]\d\e`ef#_XY`kXek\jliYXefjpZXd$ g\j`efj`e[^\eXj2XjZfdfcXZfe]ifekXZ`ed}j jlk`c\eki\Z`e\XjkXjZ_fcfjpYcXeZfj#\jkiXkX[X ZfdfleXjl\ik\[\al\^f[\\jg\afj#\e\cZlXcZX[X j`klXZ`eZfii\gXiXc\cXpd\kX]fi`qXXcXjfkiXj# Zfejkilp\e[fleXgf[\ifjX[\jZi`gZ`e[\Zfe$ alekf[\cXkiXdXZfcfe`Xchl\_XZ\[\cXjfi[\iX ZlckliXcleXdXiZXi\m\cX[fiX[\cX`dgfj`Y`c`[X[ [\Zfdle`ZXij\%:fdf\e\c[iXdXi`klXc[\cj`^cf OM@@@#Dl\ik\[\8kXnXccgX#\ecXhl\Yl\eXgXik\ [\cXXZZ`ej\[\jXiifccXXkiXmj[\le[`}cf^f\e [fj`[`fdXjdlklXd\ek\`eZfdgi\ej`Yc\j#cXkfkXc Xlj\eZ`X[\Zfdle`ZXZ`epcXeXkliXc\qX[\]fi$ dXek\[\cXkiX[lZZ`ei\jlckXeleXZcXm\gXiXcX Zfdgi\ej`e[\cXjg\cZlcXj[\JXea`ej#XjZfdf leiXj^f[liX[\if[\ck\a`[fjfZ`Xc\ecX9fc`m`XZf$ cfe`XcpgfjZfcfe`Xc% CXfi`^`eXc`[X[[\GXiXi\Z`Y`i\cZXekf[\cfj g}aXifji\j`[\\e\c_\Z_f[\hl\XYfi[X\ck\dX ZfelekfefXlkfZik`Zf#XcZfd\ekXijfYi\\cXZkf `emXjfi[\_XZ\iZ`e\#i\Õ\o`feXe[fjfYi\cXjYi\$ Z_XjZlckliXc\jpk\Zefc^`ZXj\eki\cfjZ`e\XjkXjp jljg\ijfeXa\j%8c_XZ\icf#i\eleZ`XXcX_XY`klXc m`j`e`[c`ZXpmfclekXi`jkX[\Zffg\iXZ`edlklX pZfdgifd`jfZfecXjd\kXjZfdle\j#hl\]fidX gXik\[\cXi\ki`ZX[\cX`ek\c\ZklXc`[X[gif^i\j`jkX _XZ`XcXgfYcXZ`e`e[^\eXXcXhl\YljZXi\gi\$ j\ekXi%<cXi^ld\ekf\eki\cXqX[fjdfd\ekfj_`j$ ki`Zfj1lef`dX^`eXi`f#\e\chl\j\i\XZklXc`qX\c [iXdX[\cXZfehl`jkX#pfkifi\Xc#\ck`\dgfm`m`[f gficfjZ`e\XjkXj#\ejl`ek\ekf[\\ogcfkXicfj\j$ PRINCIPIO POTOSÍ Una de las ilustraciones más celebradas de Mercado es la representación irónica del g\ZkXZlcXi\jgX`jXa\jpcX`e[`Xe`[X[\dYc\d}k`ZX [\cXZfdle`[X[hl\\c`^`\ifeZfdfcfZXc`qXZ`e gXiXjlg\cZlcX% 8kiXmj[\\jkXd\qZcX[\k\dgfiXc`[X[\j#cfj Z`e\XjkXjj\m\eZfe]ifekX[fjXjlgifg`X`eZXgXZ`$ [X[[\dXe\aXijlji\cXZ`fe\jZfecXZfdle`[X[p Zfdgi\e[\ijljmXcfi\jZlckliXc\j#cfhl\g\id`k\ XJXea`ejgfe\i\e\m`[\eZ`XleXYi\Z_XZfdl$ e`ZXk`mXhl\i\jlckXkg`ZX[\cXj`klXZ`eZfcfe`Xc% <c]i}^`c\jg\af[\cXZ`l[X[XeXpcXdf[\ie`[X[ \jkXccXXj\eg\[Xqfj%<jkX\jleXm\ij`edf[\ieX [\cfhl\NXdXeGldX[\8pXcXpX_XYXj\XcX[f \elef[\jlj[`Ylafj[\CXEl\mX:fife`ZX#\ehl\ j\m\XcX[\cXekX[f:Xe[`X\eleZli`fjf[`}cf^f Zfe\c@ebXNXpeXH_XgXh%yjk\c\gi\^lekX1BXp hli`kXZ_ld`b_leb`ȶ<jk\fifZfd\j6É #p:Xe[`X i\jgfe[\1ÈJ#\jk\fifZfd\dfjÉ% 8hlj\\ogfe\[\dXe\iXj`dYc`ZXpZfe$ [\ejX[X cfj iXj^fj Y}j`Zfj [\ cX i\cXZ`e Zfcf$ e`Xc%JXea`ej[\jXiifccX\jk\k\dX\ejljXi`jkXj d\efjm`j`Yc\j#dfjkiXe[fcX`ek\ieXc`qXZ`e[\c dXc\ek\e[`[f ZlckliXc \e \c j\ek`[f Zfde [\ cX\c`k\d\jk`qX#hl\j\ml\cZXZfekiXjd`jdXp k\id`eXgXiXc`qXe[fjljgifg`XjXZZ`fe\j%8j#cX cXi^X_`jkfi`X[\`eZfdle`ZXZ`eZfcfe`Xci\jlckX efjcfefjlg\iX[X#j`efi\]fiqX[X#Ycfhl\Xe[f cXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\leXi\cXZ`e[\ZfeÔXeqXpZf$ \o`jk\eZ`X`ek\iZlckliXc%<eledfd\ekf[\Zi`j`j# \cFkif`e[^\eXj\Zfem`\ik\ÆXcfjfafj[\cfjZ`$ e\XjkXj$\ele\e\d`^fgfk\eZ`Xcd\ek\g\c`^ifjf# le]XekXjdXhl\XZ\Z_X\ej`c\eZ`fpfYjkXZlc`qXcX gfj`Y`c`[X[[\kf[XXZZ`eZi\Xk`mX#pXj\XÔcdXif j`dgc\d\ek\\jZlZ_Xi\cZXekf[\cfjg}aXifj%yjkX i\jlckXj\ileXgf[\ifjXd\k}]fiXjfYi\cXeXkliX$ c\qXXc`\eXek\[\cX[fd`eXZ`eZlckliXcfZZ`[\ekXc jfYi\\ck\ii`kfi`f[\cXZfdle`[X[`e[^\eXpjf$ Yi\jljdf[fj[\Zfdle`ZXij\ZfecXeXkliXc\qX% G\ifkXdY`e\jleXd\k}]fiX[\cXZik`ZXZlckliXc hl\cXZfdle`[X[\a\iZ\jfYi\\cfi[\ejfZ`XcZfcf$ e`Xc#kXem`^\ek\p[fd`eXek\\ecX9fc`m`Xdf[\i$ eX%Jlm`j`eg\j`d`jkX[\cXm`[XZfek\dgfi}e\X j\Zfe\ZkXXjZfeleXcXi^XkiX[`Z`e[\\jZi`kfi\j pXik`jkXjhl\]l\ifeZXgXZ\j[\g\iZ`Y`icX[fcfifjX ]iXZkliXgjhl`ZXhl\`ekif[lZ\cX\og\i`\eZ`XZf$ cfe`Xc#YXafcX]fidX[\cj`c\eZ`fjfZ`Xc% D\cZ_fiDXiXD\iZX[f#fcXeXiiXk`mX[\leX eXZ`egfj`Yc\%J\i}gi\Z`jfi\kifZ\[\ilej`^cf gXiXXYfi[XiXcj\^le[f[\el\jkifjjfZ`cf^fj[\ cX`dX^\e#D\cZ_fiDXiXD\iZX[f#XgXik`i[\jl e`ZXfYiXZfefZ`[X#\cÝcYld[\GX`jXa\j#K`gfj ?ldXefjp:fjkldYi\j[\9fc`m`X(/+($(/-0 #hl\ m`fcXclqgYc`ZXi\Z`e\e(00(%D\iZX[fg`ekXjlj c}d`eXj\e\cZlijf[\gifcfe^X[Xj[\gfikXZ`fe\j# Zfdfgi`j`fe\ifgfck`Zf#\ei`eZfe\jXc\aX[fj[\c k\ii`kfi`f%9fc`m`X_XYXXcZXeqX[fcXZfe[`Z`e[\ gXj`e[\g\e[`\ek\i\Z`e\e(/),#ZlXe[fc\iXle \jZfcXi#pcXj`ejk`klZ`fe\ji\glYc`ZXeXj#XjZfdf cXm`[XjfZ`XcZfc\Zk`mX#Zfek`elXYXeXedfc[\X$ [Xjgfi\cj`jk\dXZfcfe`Xc% JljXZlXi\cXjdl\jkiXeleX\jg\Z`Xcj\ej`Y`$ c`[X[XcX\jkiXk`ÔZXZ`eZfcfe`Xc[\cXel\mXi\g$ Yc`ZX#Zfejlji^`[Xj]ifek\iXjke`ZXj#\dYc\dX$ k`qX[Xj\ecXm\jk`d\ekX#g`ekXe[fXcfj[`m\ijfj “Mundo al revés”, una crítica a la estratificada sociedad colonial boliviana. \jkiXkfj[\cXgfYcXZ`egfglcXi#\ejljkiXa`e\j gficfjZXd`efj[\cd\iZX[f`ek\iefp]ifek\i`qf% CXdXpfiX`e[^\eX\iX\ejlk`\dgfcXe`ZXhl\ gX^XYX`dgl\jkfjj`klXZ`ehl\Zfek`el_XjkX Y`\e\ekiX[f\cj`^cfOO #gl\j\cc\^X[f[\cj`jk\dX ki`YlkXi`fZfcfe`Xc_XYXg\idXe\Z`[f`ekXZkf%CX _`jkfi`f^iX]XkiX[`Z`feXcefj_XdfjkiX[fXcj`^cf O@OZfdfleXgfZX[\Zi`j`jp[\gi\j`e\Zfed`$ ZX#p\jZcXm`kl[[\cXgfYcXZ`e`e[^\eX#hl\jcf j\iXjlg\iX[XZfe\cZi\Z`d`\ekf[\cX\ZfefdX \ogfikX[fiX[\d`e\iXc\j_XZ`XÔe\j[\\j\j`^cf% J`e\dYXi^f#D\iZX[fefjdl\jkiXleXjfZ`\[X[ m`kXcd\ek\ `ek\iZfe\ZkX[X X kiXmj [\ ilkXj [\ Zfd\iZ`fpleXj\i`\[\i\cXZ`fe\j\Zfed`ZXjp j`dYc`ZXj#\ecXjhl\j\`emfclZiXife_fdYi\jp dla\i\j[\\jkiXkfjgfglcXi\j#Xjld`\e[f\cgX$ g\c[\\dgi\e[\[fi\j#Zfd\iZ`Xek\j[\Z_`Z_Xp Xc`d\ekfj#m`eZlcX[fjXleXj\i`\[\`ek\iZXdY`fj iliXc$liYXefj% CXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\ji\Z`\ek\j[\_`jkfi`X[fi\j [\cj`^cfO@Oefj_XeZfeÔidX[fhl\\cki`le]f[\ cX\ZfefdX\ogfikX[fiX]l\\ei\Xc`[X[ledf$ d\ekf[\`ek\ej`ÔZXZ`e[\cXfgi\j`e_XZ`XcXj gfYcXZ`fe\j`e[^\eXj#\ekXekfhl\cXj[ZX[XjXe$ k\i`fi\j[\[\gi\j`epZi`j`j\ecX\ZfefdX\ogfi$ kX[fiXXc`d\ekXifed}jY`\eleXXdgc`X^XdX[\ fgfikle`[X[\jgXiX\cZfd\iZ`f`ek\i`fi#\cZi\Z`$ d`\ekf[\cfjd\iZX[fjpcXgifc`]\iXZ`e[\kiXkfj pZfekiXkfjgfigXik\[\cXjgfYcXZ`fe\j`e[^\eXjp Z_fcXj[\cXi\^`eXe[`eXZ]%D`ki\#(0/- #kXcZfdf efjdl\jkiX\cfZl\ek\d\ek\\cÝcYld[\D\iZX[f% 8j`d`jdf#d`\ekiXjcXj]l\ek\j\jZi`kXjk`\e[\eX CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 33 PORTADA Zfej`[\iXie`ZXd\ek\XcfjmXife\jZfdfjla\kfj \Zfed`ZXd\ek\XZk`mfj\eZlXekfkiXYXaX[fi\j# Zfd\iZ`Xek\jfki`YlkXi`fj #cfj\jZ\eXi`fjpilkXj d\iZXek`c\jhl\i\kiXkXD\iZX[f\jk}ecc\efj[\ dla\i\j#`eZcljf\eZXY\qXe[fZlX[i`ccXj[\Zfd\i$ Z`Xek\j#pefjcfZfdfm\e[\[fiXjXdYlcXek\jf XZfdgXXek\j[\jljgXi\jdXjZlc`efj% <e\cj`^cfO@O#kXekfZfdf\e\cg\if[fZf$ cfe`Xc#cXjgi`eZ`gXc\jilkXj[\Zfd\iZ`f\jklm`\$ ifeZfe\ZkX[XjZfecfjZ\ekifjd`e\ifj[\CXGXq# FilifpGfkfj%Cfj_`jkfi`X[fi\jZfek\dgfi}e\fj _Xegl\jkf\e\m`[\eZ`XcXfi^Xe`qXZ`e\jgXZ`Xc[\ cfjd\iZX[fj[\cXi^X[`jkXeZ`X#gfe`\e[fe]Xj`j \ecXZ\ekiXc`[X[[\cXjd`eXjZfdf\cZfiXqe[\ lemXjkfj`jk\dX[\`ek\iZXdY`fjm\i#gfi\a\d$ gcf#CXijfe#(00)2KXe[\k\i#(00)2D`ki\#(0/- hl\ j\]fid[\j[\\cj`^cfOM@#fj\X#[\j[\\c`e`Z`f d`jdf[\c[fd`e`fZfcfe`Xc%G\ifcX`Zfef^iX]X[\ D\iZX[fmXd}jXcc}[\cX\ZfefdXd`e\iXZfdf ]l\iqXdfki`q\ecXfi^Xe`qXZ`e[\cd\iZX[fi\$ ^`feXc%8ci\gi\j\ekXi\jkfjZ\ekifj#j\elki\[\cXj `[\Xj[\Z\ekiXc`[X[#gf[\ipjXZiXc`[X[gifg`Xj[\c dle[fXe[`ef1CXGXqpGfkfjj\dl\jkiXeZfdf Z`l[X[\ji\^`[Xjgfigf[\ifjXjdfekXXj@cc`dXe` pJldXhLihl #pj\ZfeZ`Y\e#[\XZl\i[fZfecX m`j`e`e[^\eX#Zfdfi\gfj`kfi`fj[\i`hl\qXd`$ e\iXcp[\gf[\ijX^iX[f% CXGXqpGfkfjjfeÔ^liX[XjZfdfjXeklXi`fj eXkliXc\j\ecfjhl\cXjdfekXXjfi^Xe`qXe\c\j$ gXZ`fpcXm`[X[\jlj_XY`kXek\j#Zfejk`klpe[fj\ \eel[fjZ\ekiXc\j[\le`ek\ejfpXY`^XiiX[fk\$ a`[f[\ilkXjZfd\iZ`Xc\jgficXjhl\kiXej`kXejlj g\ijfeXa\j% Cfj^\jkfjZfigfiXc\jpcXm\jk`d\ekX[\cfj k`gfj_ldXefji\kiXkX[fj\e\cÝcYldefj[Xe leXi`ZX`e]fidXZ`ejfYi\cXj\k`hl\kXjp]ife$ k\iXj ke`ZXj# p jfYi\ cX gifc`]\iXZ`e [\ k`gfj d\qZcX[fjhl\ZilqXe\jkXj]ifek\iXjXcfcXi^f [\cXjilkXjd\iZXek`c\j%Cfjd\iZX[fjj\dl\j$ kiXeZfdf\jgXZ`fjXY`^XiiX[fjp_\k\if^e\fj# Las alegorías de Mercado, tan oscuras como las de Sanjinés, reflejan un punto de vista pesimista sobre la sociedad boliviana \ecfjhl\j\[Xe\eZl\ekif\`ek\iXZkXe[`m\i$ jfj\jkiXkfjjfZ`Xc\j%G\ifkXdY`egl\[\em\ij\ [`jk`eZ`fe\j1[\gf[\i#i`hl\qXpZXk\^fiXjfZ`Xc% <cZ`iZl`kfZfd\iZ`Xc[\CXGXq#d}jfc`^}ihl`Zfp iXZ`Xcd\ek\j\^d\ekX[f#\j[\dXiZX[fXgXik`i[\ Zfem\eZ`fe\j[\m\jk`d\ekXpfkifj\dYc\dXj[\ a\iXihlXjfZ`Xc#hl\gXi\Z\ei\^lcXicX\ok\ej`e p[`i\ZZ`e[\cfj`ek\iZXdY`fjjfZ`Xc\jpd\iZXe$ k`c\j%GXi\Z\X[\d}jhl\cXjdla\i\jjfehl`\e\j ZilqXecXj]ifek\iXjke`ZXjZfedXpfi]XZ`c`[X[ hl\cfjmXife\j2\jkfjck`dfj\jk}ei^`[Xd\ek\ ÔaX[fjXZXk\^fiXjjfZ`Xc\jhl\j\\ogi\jXe\e Z[`^fj[\m\jk`d\ekXfYc`^Xkfi`fj#g\id`k`\e[f [`jk`e^l`iXcfj`e[`fj[\cfjZ_fcfj#cfjd\jk`qfj pcfjZXYXcc\ifj#hl\j\m\XeÆ[\XZl\i[fZfejl \jkXkljjfZ`Xc$fYc`^X[fjf\o`d`[fj[\gi\jkXi Zfeki`YlZ`fe\jki`YlkXi`XjXc<jkX[f%<jkXj[`jk`e$ Z`fe\jp\k`hl\kXjkXdY`ej\Xgc`ZXeXcXjdla\$ i\j#g\if\ejlZXjf#cXjj`d`c`kl[\jp\cZfdgfi$ kXd`\ekf`d`kXk`mfj\_XZ\e\m`[\ek\j%<jkl[`fj Zfek\dgfi}e\fjjfYi\cXm\jk`d\ekXpjl`eÕlaf \ecfhl\IfjjXeX9XiiX^}e(00) [\efd`eXcX \d\i^\eZ`X[\cXk\iZ\iXi\gYc`ZXcXi\gYc`ZX d\jk`qX#lY`ZX[X\eki\cXI\gYc`ZX[\@e[`fjp cXI\gYc`ZX[\<jgXfc\j#jXeZ`feX[XjgficXc\$ ^`jcXZ`eZfcfe`Xck\dgiXeX #efj_XeYi`e[X[f \m`[\eZ`Xj[\hl\cXjdla\i\jZilqXed}j]}Z`c$ d\ek\cXj]ifek\iXjke`ZXj#\ejlki}ej`kfgficfj Z\ekifjliYXefjpilkXjZfd\iZ`Xc\j[\cj`^cfO@O% <jkXj`klXZ`egXi\Z\_XY\ij\i\m\ik`[f\eXc^e dfd\ekfgfjk\i`fi#pXhl\cXgfcc\iXpcXdXekX# \dYc\dXj[\cX`[\ek`[X[Z_fcX#jfeljX[XjgficXj dla\i\jh_`Z_nXjpXpdXiXj[\cfj8e[\j#Zfdf dXiZX[\`e[`^\e\`[X[#\ekXekfhl\cfjmXife\j jl\c\elk`c`qXi\ck\iefp\cjfdYi\iffZZ`[\ekX$ c\j#hl\j\mfcm`\ife_\^\de`Zfj[liXek\\cj`^cf O@OZ]i%9\i^\i#(0/' %<e\jk\j\ek`[f#cXjc}d`$ eXj[\D\iZX[fZfejk`klp\eleXmXc`fjX]l\ek\ gXiXcXZfdgi\ej`e[\cXm`[XZfk`[`XeX\ecfj \jgXZ`fjiliXc\jpliYXefj[\9fc`m`X#i\m\c}e[f$ efjiXj^fjhl\[`]Z`cd\ek\gl\[\eiXjki\Xij\\e cX[fZld\ekXZ`e\jZi`kX% :fdf\e\cZXjf[\Afi^\JXea`ej#D\iZX[f lk`c`qX\c^e\ifXc\^i`ZfgXiXi\gi\j\ekXiZfe$ Z\gkfjd}jXYjkiXZkfjpal`Z`fjZik`ZfjjfYi\cX jfZ`\[X[%D`\ekiXjhl\\ejljj\i`\j\kef^i}ÔZXj# cXXZk`m`[X[d\iZXek`c\j\jZ\eXi`f[\cgcliXc`jdf pcXXlkfefdXZlckliXc[\cXjfZ`\[X[Z`m`c\ejlj \jkiXkfjgfglcXi\j#\e\cgfcffgl\jkf#cXjfZ`\[X[ gfck`ZXdXjZlc`eXj\dl\jkiXZfeiXj^fjXlkfi`kX$ i`fjpi\ki^iX[fj#Zfdffgi\jfiX[\cfjj\Zkfi\j `e[^\eXjpkiXYXaX[fi\j%<jkfj\g`ekXZfdfle dle[fXci\mj#\e\chl\[fjYl\p\jdXe`glcXele XiX[f#hl\\jk`iX[fgfi]l\iqX_ldXeX%CX`[\X[\c dle[fXci\mj#ZfdfpXj\j\Xc#\mfZXcfj[`Yl$ afj[\cXEl\mX:fife`ZX[\NXdXeGldX#lef[\ cfjd}jk\dgiXefjjfZ`cf^fj[\cX`dX^\e\ecfj 8e[\j#pi\jlckXleX`[\Xgif]le[Xd\ek\\eiX`qX$ Un malentendido E j[`]Z`cgXiXdXik`ZlcXi[\df[fZf$ _\i\ek\lekiXp\Zkf[\[\YXk\jpZfi$ kfZ`iZl`kfjkXei`ZfpZfdgc\afZfdf\c hl\m`m`dfj[\j[\hl\]l``em`kX[Xgfi 8c`Z\:i\`jZ_\i#8e[i\XjJ`\bdXepDXo?`e[\i\i# ZfdfZf$ZliX[fiXYfc`m`XeX[\cXdl\jkiXGi`eZ`g`f Gfkfj%D``eZfigfiXZ`eXc\hl`gfj\gif[laf\e \e\if[\c)''0p[li_XjkXefm`\dYi\[\\j\Xf# ZlXe[fi\eleZ`[\Ôe`k`mXd\ek\X[`Z_Xgfj`Z`e# efj`eXek\j_XY\icXeqX[fleX\jg\Z`\[\lck`d}$ kld#Xek\\cgifg`fDlj\fI\`eXJf]X#XZcXiXe[f cXjZfe[`Z`fe\j\ecXjhl\pfp\c\hl`gfZfe\chl\ kiXYXafXZ\gkXiXdfj]fidXigXik\[\cgifp\Zkf%<e XdYfjZXjfjjlYpXZXledfk`mf`ekl`[f[\]fe[f1 :i\dfjg\iZ`Y`ileXXZk`kl[ZfdfeXkliXc`qX[X[\ gXkifeXa\ZlckliXcpZfcfe`Xc`jdf#hl\Z\ik`ÔZXYX pXlkfi`qXYX[\j[\\cEfik\#cfhl\g\ej}YXdfjp j\ekXdfj\e\cJli% El\jkiXi\cXZ`eZfe\cXik\Zfek\dgfi}e\f\j ZXj`elcX#pg\ejhl\8c`Z\#8e[i\XjpDXoYljZX$ YXeleX]l\iX#Zfe\cZlXc[`Xcf^Xi%LeX]l\iX[\c Xik\#\egi`d\icl^Xi%Fhl`q}jle\jgXZ`f$\e$\c$ d\[`fkXpg` \eki\cXj[fj\j]\iXj#hl\efjg\i$ d`k`\iX#gfi\ccfd`jdf#_XZ\i`ek\c`^`Yc\\j\X]l\$ iX%G\ejhl\d`k\okfjfYi\\cÈ`e[`f#Xjkicf^f# 34 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 gf\kXhl\jXY\[\cil\[f[\cjfcp[\cXcleXp[\ cXj\jkXZ`fe\jp[\cfjZlXkifm`\ekfj[\cdle[f# gXiXj\dYiXicXZfd`[XÉ#YXjX[f\ecXEl\mX:f$ ie`ZX[\>lXd}eGfdX[\8pXcX#c\j_XYX_\Z_f Yl\eX`dgi\j`e#kXekfZfdfel\jkiXd\kf[fcf$ ^X[\cXjfZ`fcf^X[\cX`dX^\e#hl\Zl\jk`feXYX fkiXj]ifek\iXj\eki\\cXik\pcXjfZ`fcf^X#\eki\ cXXik\jXeX`ek\c\ZklXcpcXjd\kXeXiiXk`mXjhl\ ]le^\eZfdfk\fiX#\eki\cXgfck`ZXp\chl\_XZ\i \jkk`Zf$k\i`Zf% 8cXjXqe_XYXdfjZi\X[f\eCXGXqle^il$ gf[\kiXYXafccXdX[f<c:fc\Zk`mf#hl\\jkXYX\e gifZ\jf[\\[`kXijlgi`d\iXi\m`jkX%<c^ilgfj\ _XYX]fidX[fgfiXÔe`[X[Æk\i`ZX#\jkk`ZX#m`$ m\eZ`Xc$\eki\^\ek\[\mXi`Xj^\e\iXZ`fe\j[\cX le`m\ij`[X[gYc`ZXgXZ\X#\jkl[`Xek\j#\^i\jX[fj fc`Z\eZ`X[fj[\JfZ`fcf^X#Xcfjhl\j\jldd}j kXi[\leXZfdgX\iX[\8ekifgfcf^X#le_`jkf$ i`X[fiXi^\eYfc`#le]fk^iX]fkXcfYiXj`c\ifpleX _`jkfi`X[fiX[\<jkX[fjLe`[fj%<e\ceZc\fd}j XZk`mfj\_XccXYXle^ilgf[\am\e\j\oXcldefj p Xcldefj [\ d` j\d`eXi`f# hl`\e\j j\ _XYXe i\Xgifg`X[f[\cXd\kf[fcf^Xdlck`d\[`X[\cX jfZ`fcf^X[\cX`dX^\ep\ejXeZ_X[fgfiZl\ekX gifg`Xjljgfk\eZ`Xc`[X[\jZfdfgifgl\jkX[\Zf$ efZ`d`\ekf%MXi`fj[\\ccfj\iXekXdY`eXik`jkXj [\cZcfj\k#ZfdfpfccXdfXdlZ_X^\ek\hl\\jkl[`X Z`\eZ`XjjfZ`Xc\j\e9fc`m`X%Gl\jXhl\cj\iXik`jkX k\gi`mX[\leXgXcXYiXgYc`ZXi\c\mXek\gXiXcX gfck`ZX#Xlehl\gl\[Xj\jkXi\e\cZ`iZl`kf[\cfj i\ZfefZ`d`\ekfjpcfjgi\d`fj% 8gXik`i[\\jkXgfjkliX#hl\efjZfem`ik`\e j\i\j]ifek\i`qfjÆXZXYXccf\eki\\cXZk`m`jdfpcX jfZ`fcf^X#\eki\\cXik\p\cg\ejXd`\ekfk\i`ZfÆ efjXe`dXdfjXXZ\gkXi\ci\kf[\kiXYXaXi\ecX Zfek\oklXc`qXZ`e[\cXj\ZZ`eZfcfe`Xc[\cXdl\j$ kiXGi`eZ`g`fGfkfj%D`]leZ`eZfdfZliX[fiXp cXjd\kXj^\e\iXc\j[\ckiXYXaf]l\ife[`jZlk`[Xj \eZfdle`[X[#\`eZcljfjfd\k`[XjXleZ`Zcf[\ i`kfjpZfejlckXjZfecX_faX[\ZfZX#[\cXdXef[\ el\jkifjZfej\a\ifjppXk`i`j#[feIfY\ikfp[fX GXeZ_X%:feZ\Y`dfjel\jkiXm\ij`e[\cX\ogf$ j`Z`eZfdflei\m\ijf[\cX_`jkfi`X_\^\de`ZX [\fZZ`[\ek\#hl\Xek`Z`gXle[fd`e`f`eZfek\e`Yc\ [\cXZfj`ÔZXZ`e[\cdle[f%G\ejXdfjZlcd`eXi \jkXc\ZkliXXkiXmj[\ledfekXa\m`jlXc[\el\j$ kiXj`[\Xj#Xm\i`^lXZ`fe\jpg\iZ\gZ`fe\jjfYi\\c le`m\ijfZfcfe`Xcgfkfj`efpjlkiXj]fe[fXe[`ef% G\ifX[\d}j\jk\gifZ\jfgi\k\e[X\ogcfiXicXj Zfe\o`fe\jÆd\kX]i`ZXjpZfek`e^\ek\jÆ[\cGi`e$ PRINCIPIO POTOSÍ [X\ecX\og\i`\eZ`XZXkXjkiÔZX[\cXZfehl`jkXp cXZfcfe`qXZ`ejfYi\cXgfYcXZ`e`e[^\eX[\cfj 8e[\j% <cÝcYldZlYi\leXmXi`\[X[[\k\dXjpi\^`f$ e\jhl\mXe[\j[\cX\kef^iX]X[\cZfd\iZ`fpcfj d\iZX[fj#leX[`m\ij`[X[[\]\jk`m`[X[\jpi`klXc\j gfglcXi\j#cXm`[X\ecXjd`j`fe\j[\cXi\^`eXdX$ qe`ZXpleXcXi^Xj\i`\[\c}d`eXj[\[`ZX[XjXcX Xihl`k\ZkliXpXcXj`^c\j`XjiliXc\j#gXiXk\id`eXi ZfelegXi[\Xc\^fiXjhl\`ek\igi\kXeZik`ZX$ d\ek\cXZfiilgZ`ep[fYc\dfiXc[\cX`^c\j`Xp \cgf[\ial[`Z`Xc#\edXiZX[Xj\ecXefZ`e[\le dle[fXci\mj%Gf[iXdfjXm\ekliXicX`ek\igi\$ kXZ`e[\hl\\cZfealekf[\cÝcYld\jle`ek\ekf [\i\gi\j\ekXiXcd`jdfk`\dgfcfj]le[Xd\ekfj dXk\i`Xc\jpZlckliXc\j[\leXeXZ`egfj`Yc\#XcX gXihl\cfjcd`k\jhl\jfYi\\jk\gifp\Zkf`dgljf \cc\^X[fZfcfe`XcpcXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jali[`ZXjpgf$ ck`ZXjhl\dfc[\Xepfi^Xe`qXecXm`[Xi\glYc`ZX$ eX%<e\jk\j\ek`[f#D\iZX[fkiXYXaXXZfekiXg\cf [\cX_`jkfi`f^iX]XkiX[`Z`feXc#gXiXcXZlXc\cj`^cf O@O]l\leXgfZX[\i\kifZ\jfp\jkXeZXd`\ekf# kXejcfjlg\iX[XgficXXZZ`egif^i\j`jkX[\cXj iXqXjjlg\i`fi\j%KXc\j\cglekf[\m`jkX[\c_`j$ kfi`X[fi[\cj`^cfO@O#>XYi`\cI\eDfi\efZ]% R(///T(0.* #gXiXhl`\ecXgfYcXZ`e`e[^\eX[\c gXj\iX\cdXpfifYjk}Zlcf\e\cZXd`ef_XZ`X\c gif^i\jfpcXZ`m`c`qXZ`e%G\if\jk\glekf[\m`jkX# Zfekf[fcfXeXZie`Zfhl\gl\[XgXi\Z\i#_Xj`[f i\kfdX[fpXZklXc`qX[fgficfj_`jkfi`X[fi\jeX$ Z`feXc`jkXj[\(0,)#ZfdfAfj=\ccdXeM\cXi[\# gXiXhl`\ecXjfZ`\[X[Yfc`m`XeX\iXleZfe^cfd\$ iX[f[\`[\ek`[X[\j\j\eZ`Xc`qX[Xj\ekid`efj[\ iXqXpZcXj\#hl\YXaf\cc`[\iXq^f[\leXd\kX]j`$ ZXZcXj\d\[`X#[\aXiXgfiÔeXki}jcXgi\_`jkfi`X gXiXkiXej]fidXij\\eleXjfZ`\[X[df[\ieXp fZZ`[\ekXc#jlg\iXe[fXjjlgXjX[f`e[^\eX[\ YXiYXi`\pgi\ZXg`kXc`jdf%<jkXj`ek\igi\kXZ`fe\j jfegl\jkXj\ek\cX[\al`Z`f#[\Xek\dXef#\ecX fYiX[\D\iZX[f#XkiXmj[\cXj}k`iXpcXXc\^fiX# hl\efji\m\cXecXjgXiX[faXj[\leXjfZ`\[X[Zf$ cfe`Xc#pcXZfekiX[`ZZ`e\eki\jlj`jk\dXali[`Zf pcXji\Xc`[X[\j\Zfed`ZXjhl\Xc`d\ekXecXm`[X Zfc\Zk`mX CXjXc\^fiXj[\D\cZ_fiDXiXD\iZX[f#kXe fjZliXjZfdfcXj[\Afi^\JXea`ej#i\Õ\aXele glekf[\m`jkXgif]le[Xd\ek\g\j`d`jkXjfYi\cX jfZ`\[X[Yfc`m`XeX#\egXik`ZlcXi[\jlj\c`k\j[f$ d`eXek\j1cX`^c\j`XZfdfe`[f[\ZfiilgZ`e#\c j`jk\dXal[`Z`XcdXiZX[fgficXXdY`Z`epcX[fYc\ dfiXc1ledle[fXci\mj\e\chl\cfjgXg\c\j[\ kiXYXaX[fi\jpXe`dXc\ji\jlckXe`em\ik`[fj%<jkf \jXcXm\qle[`X^ejk`ZfcZ`[f[\cXjYi\Z_Xj\e$ ki\cfjfZ`XcZfdfZfealekf[\efidXjhl\i\^lcXe cXi\cXZ`e\eki\[fd`eXek\jp[fd`eX[fj#YXjX$ [Xj\ecX`^lXc[X[Z`l[X[XeX#pXhl\ccXjgi}Zk`ZXj jfZ`Xc\jhl\i\gif[lZ\ecX`e\hl`[X[#\cXlkfi`kX$ i`jdfpcX`ealjk`Z`X[\df[fZfk`[`Xef%;\c`Y\iX$ <c gfk\eZ`Xc \g`jk\dfc^`Zf [\ cXj ]l\ek\j fiXc\j \ `Zfef^i}]`ZXj% <e \jk\ \ejXpf _\ `e$ k\ekX[fXYfi[Xicfhl\?fd`9_XY_X[\efd`eX cXjeXiiXk`mXj]iX^d\ekX[Xj[\cXeXZ`e9XY_X# (00' %<eleXjfZ`\[X[gfjZfcfe`XcZfdfcXYfc`$ m`XeX#cX`dX^\e[\leXeXZ`edf[\ieXgfj`Yc\p [\j\XYc\\jk}ZilqX[Xgfi]l\iqXj[`m`j`mXjZfdfcX \ke`Z`[X[pcX[fd`eXZ`eZfcfe`Xc#hl\[`jZlii\e gfi[\YXaf[\cXXgXi\ek\`^lXc[X[gifdfm`[Xgfi \cd\iZX[f#\cdf[\cfZ`l[X[XefpcX[\dfZiXZ`X% <jkXj[`m`j`fe\j#e\^X[XjgficXj\c`k\j[fd`eXek\j f#\e\cd\afi[\cfjZXjfj#i\ZfefZ`[XjjcfZfdf fieXd\ekfjZlckliXc`jkXj\eledf[\cf_\^\de`$ Zf[\jfZ`\[X[fZZ`[\ekXc#\d\i^\eXcXjlg\iÔZ`\ Zfekf[Xe`k`[\q#ZlXe[fgl\[\e\jZlZ_Xij\fi\$ gi\j\ekXij\cXj`d}^\e\jpmfZ\jjlYXck\ieXj%<c Z`e\pcXg`ekliXjfe#\e\jk\j\ek`[f#d\[`fjd}j Xgkfj gXiX XkiXm\jXi cX jlg\i]`Z`\ [\ \jXj `[\Xj ZfejfcX[fiXj#\ecXd\[`[X\ehl\\ogi\jXedf$ d\ekfjpj\^d\ekfj[\legXjX[fefZfehl`jkX[f# hl\_Xg\idXe\Z`[fi\Y\c[\Xc[`jZlijf`ek\^iX$ [fipkfkXc`qXek\[\cXZ`\eZ`XjfZ`Xcpjlj^iXe[\j eXiiXk`mXj%<jgfi\jfhl\#\ecl^Xi[\m\i\e\ccXj kXejcf]l\ek\j`cljkiXk`mXjgXiX`ek\igi\kXZ`fe\j d}j^\e\iXc\j[\cXjfZ`\[X[ÆkXc\jZfdfcXjhl\ ]fidlcXekg`ZXd\ek\cfjZ`\ek`jkXjjfZ`Xc\jc`Y\$ iXc\j# eXZ`feXc`jkXj f dXio`jkXj$ gifgfe^f d}j Y`\eZfdgi\e[\icXjZfdfg`\qXj`ek\igi\kXk`mXj Z`g`fGfkfj#ZfecX\og\i`\eZ`XZfek\dgfi}e\X[\c XbXgXZ_X#\cÈXhlpX_fiXÉ[\cZXg`kXc`jdf^cfYXc`$ qX[f#Xchl\Æ[\d}j\jk}[\Z`icfÆefjfkifjm`m`dfj pZfefZ\dfj\ep[\j[\\cJli%Hl`q}jgfi\jfefj gXi\Z`kXe\okiXXcXd\cXeZfcXpcXe\^Xk`m`[X[ [\cXd`iX[XXc\dXeX#`ejg`iX[X\eÔcjf]fj[\c [\jXjki\Zfdf>`fi^`f8^XdY\e%Fglj`dfj[\j[\ \c`e`Z`fleXm`j`egZXiX#Z\c\YiXkfi`X#e\^X[XX kf[X`[\XjfYi\cX`e\m`kXY`c`[X[[\le[\m\e`iZX$ kXjkiÔZf%:i\Xdfjhl\\cGi`eZ`g`f<jg\iXeqX#[\ <iejk9cfZ_#gf[X_XY\ij`[flegl\ek\#leX\jg\$ Z`\[\kiX[lZZ`e[\cfhl\j\ekXdfjZfdfi\m\ijf [\cXgifgl\jkXfi`^`eXc#Z\ekiX[XZfdf\jkXYX\e cX_\^\dfeX#cXXZldlcXZ`ep\cjl]i`d`\ekfZf$ c\Zk`mf% <cX]l\iX[\chl\_XYcXdfjgXik\kXdY`e[\ leXefZ`eXpdXiXhl\gf[iXkiX[lZ`ij\Zfdfle \jkXi\e$[`}cf^f$\eki\$^\ek\jaXhaXdgXicXX # Xek\gfe`\e[fcX_fe\jk`[X[XcXZfem\e`\eZ`X#\c ^fZ\Zi\Xk`mfXcXefidXc`qXZ`e%<dgi\e[`dfj \ekfeZ\jleX^`iXgficXjÔ\jkXjgXkifeXc\j[\cXj @^c\j`Xj\ecXjhl\j\^lXi[XeZlX[ifj\c\^`[fjgXiX cXdl\jkiX%;\\ekiX[X#efjg\iZXkXdfj[\leX^iXe Xlj\eZ`X\ecXj\c\ZZ`e1KXkXJXek`X^f@ccXgXhl\ \j#alekfZfecXM`i^\eDXiX#cX`dX^\e[\dXpfi gi\^eXeZ`Xj`dYc`ZXgXiX\cdle[f`e[`fXd\i`$ ZXef%CfjdXc\ek\e[`[fjZfd\eqXifealjkXd\ek\ ZlXe[fefjkfZ\ogc`ZXipaljk`ÔZXi[\d`cdXe\$ iXj\jkXjl^\i\eZ`X[\\c\ZZ`e#XcXhl\XX[`dfj leXjfc`Z`kl[[\gijkXdf[\+b`glj[\cDlj\f <kefc^`Zf[\9\icehl\gfiZ`\ikf]l\e\^X[X % <cZ`iZl`kf[\Ô\jkXjhl\Xid\cZXc\e[Xi`f[\ el\jkifkiXYXaf`eZclXcX[\c),[\alc`f\e>lXhl`# ,[\X^fjkfp+[\fZklYi\\eA\jj[\DXZ_XhX# \c(+[\j\gk`\dYi\p(.[\\e\if\e:Xhl`Xm`i`#\c (-[\alc`fp\c/$0[\j\gk`\dYi\\e:_lZ_lcXpX# Kf[fjJXekfj\e:XiXYlZf#X[\d}j[\cXjÔ\jkXj [\cE`fp\c:XieXmXcD`e\if\eGfkfj%Kf[f\jk\ `k`e\iXi`fefjXpl[XZfdgi\e[\i\cgXg\c[\cXj @^c\j`Xjp\egXik`ZlcXi[\cXjZXg`ccXjiliXc\j#Zfdf j`k`fjZfek\jkX[fj[\_\^\dfeXZlckliXc%<jkXZfe$ k\jkXZ`ecf^iX#Xe\e]fidX\]d\iXÆ\ejljdf$ d\ekfj[\Zc`dXoi`klXc$XidXiledXgXjX^iX[f [\g\i\^i`eXZ`fe\jpZ\i\dfe`Xj#[fe[\j\\ogi\jX efjcfle^\jkf[\dfc\[fi[\cfjXgXiXkfj`[\f$ c^`ZfjZfcfe`Xc\j#j`efkXdY`eleXdf[\ie`[X[ Xck\ieXpjlYm\ij`mX#leZfekiXgf[\ij`dYc`Zfp dXk\i`Xc% ;\kf[f\jk\gifZ\jf]l\jli^`\e[fleX`[\X[\ Zfek\oklXc`qXZ`epleXgifgl\jkX[\`ejkXcXZ`e [\ckiXYXaf#hl\gifmfZleX^iXm\Zi`j`j\e\cgif$ p\Zkf#Zlpf[\j\ecXZ\]l\d`i\eleZ`XXcXgfj`Z`e [\ZliX[fiX%LeXj\j`e[\ZfejlckXZfecX_faX [\ZfZXefjcc\mX[\Zc`eXikXdY`ecX`em`kXZ`e [\cDlj\fI\`eXJf]XgXiXfi^Xe`qXileX]\i`Xp dfekXile\jgXZ`f\ogfj`k`mfgifg`fÆ\ekfiefX -[\cfjZlX[ifjj\c\ZZ`feX[fj$hl\`YXXj\ileX jl\ik\[\\jgXZ`fgXiXc\cfp[`j`[\ek\[\cXdl\jkiX fÔZ`Xc% Efi\eleZ`Xdfj#\dg\if#XZfek`elXiZfe\c kiXYXaf[\Zfek\oklXc`qXZ`epX`e`Z`X[f%Gifglj`$ dfjhl\kf[Xel\jkiX`em\jk`^XZ`ep\cdfekXa\ Zi\Xk`mfhl\_XYXdfj`[\X[fgXiX\ccX#j\gcXjd\e \eleZXk}cf^fdlck`d\[`Xhl\k`klcXi\dfjGi`eZ`$ g`fGfkfjI\m\ijX% :i\\dfjhl\jcf\e\j\k\okfÆhl\j\gi\$ j\ekXi}\eDX[i`[\ecXgi`d\iXj\dXeX[\alc`f$ cf^iXi\dfj\ogc`Z`kXigc\eXd\ek\cXj`[\Xjhl\efj dl\m\epcfjdXc\ek\e[`[fjhl\gifmfZXife%<e c\jg\iXdfjgcXjdXi#ZfeXlkfefdXpXg\ikliX d\ekXc#le[`}cf^fZ_Ë`o`\eki\\cJlip\cEfik\# le\jgXZ`fXY`^XiiX[fpdXeZ_X[f#\e\chl\cXj k\ej`fe\jZfcfe`Xc\jpcXji\j`jk\eZ`XjjlYk\ii}e\Xj gl\[XeZfe]`^liXileZXd`ef[\`ek\c`^`Y`c`[X[ gXiXel\jkiX\og\i`\eZ`XZfc\Zk`mX%x J%I%:%% Tras la revolución de 1952, la palabra “indio” fue purgada del lenguaje oficial y sustituida por la de “campesino” [Xd\ek\#D\iZX[f`ekif[lZ\le\]\Zkf[\dfekXa\ gXiXdfjkiXiefjX^l[fjZfekiXjk\j\eki\[`m\ijXj j\Zl\eZ`Xjpk\d}k`ZXj% <cgXjgfck`Zfp\cgXji\XckXcZfdf]l\ife [\Ôe`[fjgfi\cc[\igfglc`jkXZfcfdY`XefAfi^\ <c`\Z\i>X`k}e#Z]i%I`m\iX#(0/) \jk}ej\gXiX[fj gfileXY`jdf1\cgi`d\if\j\oZclp\ek\#gXki`XiZXc pgXiXj`kXi`f#\ekXekfhl\\cj\^le[f\jle\jgXZ`f _\k\if^e\f\e\chl\Õfi\Z\ecfj`ek\iZXdY`fj`e$ k\ike`Zfj#[Xe[fcl^XiXcXd`jZ\^\eXZ`eZlckliXc pXcXZi\Xk`m`[X[gif[lZk`mXp]\jk`mX CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 35 PORTADA El “Álbum” de Melchor María Mercado recogió entre 1841 y 1869 las distintas costumbres y tipos humanos de Bolivia. \epgfijd`jdXj#g\id\X[XjgfimfZ\jXlkfiXc\j hl\efjcf[\jZi`Y\efi\Õ\aXeleXi\Xc`[X[[X[X# j`efhl\cX`ek\igi\kXe#k\fi`qXepi\Õ\o`feXejf$ Yi\\ccX#Yi`e[}e[fefjleXd`iX[X^\el`eXd\ek\ jfZ`fc^`ZXjfYi\cXfi^Xe`qXZ`e#cfjmXcfi\jpcXj ]l\iqXjdfiXc\jp\Zfed`ZXjhl\dfc[\XecXjf$ Z`\[X[%D`\ekiXjhl\cfjk\okfj\jZi`kfji\gi\j\e$ kXk`mfj[\cg\ejXd`\ekfjfZ`XcYfc`m`Xefk`\e[\eX [fd\jk`ZXi\cgXjX[fÆ_XZ`e[fcfkiXejgXi\ek\\ `ek\c`^`Yc\$cXj]l\ek\jfiXc\j\`Zfef^i}ÔZXjXgle$ kXeXcX`ii\[lZk`Y`c`[X[[\cX\og\i`\eZ`X_ldXeX# XcXj^i`\kXjp]iXZkliXj[\c}dY`kfefidXk`mf#dfj$ kiXe[fZdfcXjZfjXjjfe#\ecl^Xi[\g\ejXi\e Zdf[\Y\iXej\i%D`\ekiXjhl\cX\jZi`kliXpcfj dXiZfjZfeZ\gklXc\j[\cXZ`\eZ`XjfZ`XcZfem\eZ`f$ eXck`\e[\eXfYc`k\iXicXjmfZ\jjlYXck\ieXjfX`e$ k\^iXicXj\eleXeXiiXk`mXdfefc^`ZX[\gif^i\jf pdf[\ie`qXZ`e#cX`dX^\eg`Zki`ZXfXl[`fm`jlXc i\XZklXc`qXcXj]l\iqXjhl\dfc[\XecXjfZ`\[X[#X k`\dgf[\fi^Xe`qXicfXY`^XiiX[fpZXk`Zf\ele Zfealekf[\[\jZi`gZ`fe\j[\ejXj\`cld`eX[fiXj% D}jhl\fieXd\ekfj#`ek\i]\i\eZ`Xjfil`[fj#\ecX fYiX[\JXea`ejpD\iZX[fcfjj\Zkfi\jjlYXck\i$ efj`e[^\eXj#kiXYXaX[fi\jpZXdg\j`efj#fZlgXe lecl^XiZ\ekiXcp\a\iZ\eleXZik`ZXgi}Zk`ZXXcXj ]l\iqXjjlYpXZ\ek\j[\cZfcfe`Xc`jdf#\ciXZ`jdfp cXfgi\j`egXki`XiZXc#`eZcljf[\j[\dlZ_fXek\j [\hl\\jkfjZfeZ\gkfj]l\j\eX[fgkX[fjgficX Z`\eZ`XjfZ`XcZfek\dgfi}e\X% Cl\^f[\cXi\mfclZ`e[\(0,)#ZlXe[fj\kfi$ e_\^\de`Zf\c`[\Xc[\leXjfZ`\[X[_fdf^e\X pfZZ`[\ekXc#\cc\e^lXa\fÔZ`Xc]l\gli^X[f[\cX gXcXYiX`e[`f#jljk`klpe[fcXgfiZXdg\j`ef%;\ \jk\df[fcXjgXcXYiXj]l\ifeljX[XjgXiX\eZl$ Yi`icXi\Xc`[X[Xek\jhl\gXiX[\j`^eXicX#cfhl\ g\id`k`[\jZfefZ\ipYfiiXi[\c[\YXk\gYc`Zf# [\cXZ`\eZ`XjfZ`Xcp[\cXgi\ejX#cXg\ij`jk\eZ`X[\c gifYc\dXZfcfe`Xcp[\ciXZ`jdf%Ef]l\lejfZ`cf$ ^fj`efleZ`e\XjkXÆAfi^\JXea`ej$\cgi`d\if\e \ogfe\icfjgifYc\dXjZfk`[`Xefj[\ciXZ`jdf\e cX`ek\iXZZ`e\eki\d`\dYifj[\cX\c`k\fZZ`[\e$ kXcpkiXYXaX[fi\jfZXdg\j`efj`e[^\eXj#dfj$ ki}e[fefj\ejljg\cZlcXjPXnXiDXccbl(0-0 36 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 pLbXdXl(0-- #hl\cfj`e[`fj\o`jkXephl\\c Zfcfe`Xc`jdfj\^lX\egc\eXm`^\eZ`X#Xg\jXi[\ cfj\]\Zkfj[\dfZiXk`qXek\jpi\[`jki`Ylk`mfj[\ cXi\]fidXX^iXi`X#\cmfkfle`m\ijXcpcXi\]fidX \[lZXk`mX%<jkXkiXej]fidXZ`e[\cXeXkliXc\qX Zfcfe`Xc[\cXjfZ`\[X[Yfc`m`XeXg\id`k`hl\jl$ a\kfjjfZ`Xc\jXek\jj`c\eZ`X[fjZfd\eqXiXeX_X$ YcXi#i\m\c}e[fefjlegXjX[fefjlg\iX[f#Xa\efXc [`jZlijf`ek\^iX[fipkfkXc`qXek\[\c<jkX[f% L XjmfZ\jZik`ZXjpZfe]c`Zk`mXj[\cfj jla\kfjjlYXck\iefjpXZkfi\jjfZ`Xc\j `e[^\eXjjfeXjfYc`k\iX[Xj[\cj\e$ k`[fZfde[fd`eXek\#X]\ZkXe[fcX gifg`Xgif[lZZ`e[\]l\ek\j_`jki`ZXjp[\`e$ k\igi\kXZ`fe\jgfigXik\[\cX_`jkfi`f^iX]XpcX Z`\eZ`XjfZ`Xc%CX`dX^\e[fd`eXek\hl\jli^\[\ \ccXjj\\eZl\ekiXdfc[\X[XgfileXm`j`ec`e\Xc p\mfclZ`fe`jkX[\cX_`jkfi`X#gifg`X[\cXiXZ`feX$ c`[X[fZZ`[\ekXc#\ecXhl\\jkXjmfZ\jj\g\iZ`Y\e ZfdfXeXZife`jdfj#fYjk}Zlcfjf`ek\i]\i\eZ`Xj Xc`[\Xc[\leXjfZ`\[X[_fdf^e\X#df[\ieXp fZZ`[\ekXc`qX[X%8j#cXjjfZ`\[X[\j`e[^\eXjjfe m`jkXjZfdfXa\eXjXcd\iZX[f#\jk}k`ZXj\`eZXd$ Y`Xek\j#Xg\^X[XjXkiX[`Z`fe\j`iiXZ`feXc\jhl\ Zfej`jk\e\ei\g\k`Z`fe\jd\Z}e`ZXj[\legXjX[f `eXgi\ej`Yc\%:fdfefjcfdl\jkiXecXjXZlXi\cXj [\D\iZX[f#cX`e`Z`Xk`mX_`jki`ZXpZlckliXc[\cfj jla\kfj`e[^\eXj`eZclpleXXZk`mXgXik`Z`gXZ`e \ecfjZ`iZl`kfj[\d\iZX[f`ek\ief#hl\j\\jkXe$ ZXifejcfZlXe[fj\mfcm`[fd`eXek\\cdf[\cf fc`^}ihl`Zf[\leX\ZfefdX\ogfikX[fiX[\dX$ k\i`Xjgi`dXj% ;\fkifcX[f#cXmfqk\jk`dfe`Xc[\;fd`k`cX :_le^XiXpcXj]fkf^iX]Xj[\cXdXjXZi\[\(0.+# i\Zfejkil`[Xj\ecXjg\cZlcXj[\Afi^\JXea`ej# i\m\cXecX\o`jk\eZ`X[\leXgcliXc`[X[[\jla\kfj# hl\j\elki\e[\cXZlckliXXpdXiX$h_`Z_nXpi\$ m\cXeZfeZ\gZ`fe\j[`m\ijXj[\ck`\dgf_`jki`Zf p[\cfi[\ejfZ`Xc%8g\jXi[\hl\cX`ek\igi\kXZ`e [\Zfealekf[\XdYfjXlkfi\j\jiX[`ZXcd\ek\g\$ j`d`jkX#dfjkiXe[fcX`dgfj`Y`c`[X[[\leZXdY`f hl\gifm\e^X[\c`ek\i`fi[\cXj\c`k\jd\jk`qf$Zi`f$ ccXj#XdYfjcf^iXeXik`ZlcXipgfe\i\e\m`[\eZ`X cXjYXj\j[\leX[`jk`ekXeXZ`egfj`Yc\#d}jXl$ kek`ZXpgcliXc#p[\fkiXdf[\ie`[X[#hl\GXik_X :_Xkk\ia\\_XccXdX[fÈel\jkiXdf[\ie`[X[É#gXiX \cZXjf[\cX@e[`X:_Xkk\ia\\(00. %<cXhlpX_fiX [\XdYfjXlkfi\j\jk}`ek\ejXd\ek\Zfdgifd\k`$ [fZfecX_`jkfi`XpcXgfck`ZX#XkiXmj[\cXj`ek\$ iXZZ`fe\jjfZ`Xc\jhl\j\[Xe\ele\jZ\eXi`fZfdf \cXe[`ef1legX`jXa\hl\efgl\[\j\i]}Z`cd\ek\ [fd\jk`ZX[ffZfekifcX[fj`ef\jgficXgXZ`\ek\p Z\ek\eXi`XXZZ`e_ldXeX[\Xg\ikliX[\\jgXZ`fj gif[lZk`mfj#ZXd`efjpj`k`fjZ\i\dfe`Xc\j%<jk\ c\^X[fefi\jlckX\ofk`qX[f#j`ef`ek\^iX[f\ecX Xi\eXjfZ`XcXkiXmj[\cXd\k}]fiX[\cXZXd`eXkX Zfc\Zk`mXhl\kiXej`kXgfiXdgc`fj\jgXZ`fjXY`\i$ kfj#leX`dX^\ei\Zlii\ek\kXekf\ecXjXZlXi\cXj [\D\iZX[fZfdf\ecXjg\cZlcXj[\JXea`ej% <j\cfYj\imX[fi[\\jkXjfYiXjhl`\e\eZfekiXi} \e\ccXjcXjYXj\j[\leel\mfj\ek`[f[\g\ik\e\e$ Z`XXleXeXZ`egfj`Yc\#gcliXcpXY`\ikX#\ecXhl\ j\i\ZfefqZXcX_\k\if^\e\`[X[jfZ`XcefZfdfle fYjk}Zlcfj`efZfdfleX]l\ek\gfk\eZ`Xcd\ek\ \ei`hl\Z\[fiX[\cXdf[\ie`[X[pcX[`]\i\eZ`X# ZXgXq[\jlg\iXicXjjlZ\j`mXj[\iifkXjp]iljkiX$ Z`fe\jZfc\Zk`mXjXk\jk`^lX[Xjpi\`k\iX[Xd\ek\\o$ gl\jkXjgficX_`jkfi`f^iX]XkiX[`Z`feXc%CX`ed\$ [`Xk\qpcX]l\iqX[\jlj`d}^\e\jpXc\^fiXj#p\c j\ek`[fd\kX]i`Zf[\cXZfdgfj`Z`ep\cdfekXa\ ]fidXegXik\[\leal\^f[\`ek\igi\kXZ`fe\jjfYi\ \cgXjX[f#efZfdfXc^f[X[f#XZXYX[fpdl\ikf# j`eflegXjX[f$Zfdf$]lklifZfdfcf\ogi\j\c gifm\iY`fXpdXiXpXZ`kX[f 1leX]l\ek\[\i\efmX$ Z`ep[\Zik`ZXdfiXc]i\ek\Xcf[X[f#XcXfgi\j`e pXcX[fd`eXZ`efZZ`[\ekXc\ekXekfi\jlckX[fj `e\m`kXYc\j[\cgif^i\jfpcXdf[\ie`qXZ`e% <e cX m\ij`e [\ JXea`ej# \c k\jk`dfe`f [\ ;fd`k`cXefj_XYcX[\j[\leXgfj`Z`e\o`jk\e$ Z`Xc[fYc\d\ek\[\jZ\ekiX[X1Zfdfdla\ipZfdf d`\dYif[\leXZcXj\fgi`d`[X#dXiZX[Xgfijlj iXZ\j h_`Z_nXj1 cXj Zfdle`[X[\j d`e\iXj [\c efik\[\Gfkfj%;\fkifcX[f#g\ijfeXa\jZfdfJ\$ YXjk`}eefji\m\cXecXj[fcfifjXj[`jpleZ`fe\j[\ cXd`^iXZ`eiliXc$liYXeXpcXfZZ`[\ekXc`qXZ`e# PRINCIPIO POTOSÍ Zfejlj_l\ccXj[\e\^XZ`epm\i^\eqXZlckliXc% GXiXXdYfj#cX_`jkfi`Xk`\e\j\ek`[fjZfekiX[`Zkf$ i`fj#hl\fjZ`cXe\eki\cX[\iifkXpcX\jg\iXeqX[\ cXc`Y\iXZ`e#\eki\cXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\cXm`[Xf[\cX dl\ik\#Zfdfj`\e\ccfjd`jdfjj\i\le`\iXeZfe$ kiX[`Zkfi`Xd\ek\cfj]iX^d\ekfj[\cXeXZ`e%Jlj m`[Xji\gi\j\ekXeleXjl\ik\[\Zik`ZXgi}Zk`ZXXcX m`j`e_fdf^\e\`qXek\#dXjZlc`ef$Z\ekiX[XpiX$ Z`feXc`jkX[\cXjfZ`\[X[p[\cX_`jkfi`X#[fd`eXek\ \e\c[`jZlijffÔZ`XckXekfZfdf\ecXjeXiiXk`mXj _\^\de`ZXj[\cXZ`\eZ`XjfZ`Xc% <e\cÝcYld[\D\iZX[f#\cdfekXa\[\c}d`$ eXjpcXjj\Zl\eZ`Xjk\d}k`ZXjhl\cffi^Xe`qXeefj g\id`k\e`dX^`eXileXjfZ`\[X[XY`^XiiX[X#dl$ Z_fd}j[`m\ijXpZfdgc\aXhl\cXhl\efji\m\cXcX _`jkfi`f^iX]XZfek\dgfi}e\X%CXm`[XZfk`[`XeX[\ cfjZfd\iZ`Xek\j[\Z_`Z_X#Xii`\ifjpm\e[\[fi\j XdYlcXek\jÆdlZ_fj[\\ccfjdla\i\jÆ_X[\aX[f \jZXjXj\m`[\eZ`Xj[fZld\ekXc\j#pcXjhl\k\e\$ dfjjfegficf^\e\iXc\hlmfZXj%8j#cXj]l\ek\j Zfcfe`Xc\j\jgXfcXj\iXeZfdgc\kXd\ek\Z`\^Xj XcX`e`Z`Xk`mXpXcXgXik`Z`gXZ`e\Zfed`ZX[\cXj dla\i\j\ecfjkXdYfj[\cfjZXd`efjhl\Zfe\ZkX$ YXeC`dXXGfkfj1cfjZife`jkXjefgf[Xej`hl`\iX `dX^`eXihl_XZXe\jXjdla\i\j\ecfjkXdYfj# \oZ\gkfm\e[\ijljgifg`fjZl\igfj% D\iZX[f i\gi\j\ekX cf hl\ m`f \e cXj ilkXj [\Xii`\iXhl\Zfe[lZXeXCXGXqpGfkfj#[\jX$ ÔXe[f[\Xek\dXefcfhl\m\e[iXXj\icX_`jkfi`X fÔZ`Xc\e\cZ`Zcfgfglc`jkX[\cDEIDfm`d`\e$ kfEXZ`feXc`jkXI\mfclZ`feXi`f %GXiXjkX#Xek\j [\cXi\mfclZ`e(0,) #cXjjfZ`\[X[\j`e[^\eXj pZXdg\j`eXj\iXegi\$d\iZXek`c\j#\jkXeZX[Xj\ `eZXgXZ\j[\cZXdY`fjfZ`Xc%<e\cÝcYldm\dfj aljkXd\ek\cfZfekiXi`f1leXdlck`gc`Z`[X[[\\j$ kiXkfj\e\c`ek\i`fi[\cfj^ilgfjjlYXck\iefj[\ cXjfZ`\[X[#hl\efj_XYcX[\cfjZXdY`fjefjcf \ecXXZk`m`[X[\Zfed`ZXj`efkXdY`e\ecXm\j$ k`d\ekX#cfjgXkife\j[\ZfejldfpcXj]fidXj[\ `ek\iZXdY`f`ek\iZlckliXc% D`\ekiXjcfj_`jkfi`X[fi\j[\cXi\mfclZ`e i\kiXkXife X dlck`kl[\j Xg\^X[Xj X kiX[`Z`fe\j fYjfc\kXjp\jk}k`ZXj#hl\[\YXej\iZfe[lZ`[Xj gXj`mXd\ek\Xcgif^i\jfgficfjc[\i\j`cljkiX$ [fj#D\iZX[fefjdl\jkiXcXdfm`c`[X[jfZ`Xc[\ cfj\jkiXkfjgfglcXi\j#jldlck`gc`Z`[X[[\fÔZ`fj pgi}Zk`ZXj\Zfed`ZXj#pjl_XY`c`[X[gXiXcXZf$ dle`ZXZ`e`ek\iZlckliXcXkiXmj[\cc\e^lXa\[\ cfj`ek\iZXdY`fjd\iZXek`c\j#Xlehl\XcXm\qi\$ gif[lZ\leX\jkiXk`ÔZXZ`e[\ZXjkXjYXjX[X\e\c jkXkljki`YlkXi`fhl\j\\jkXYc\Z`[\j[\k`\dgfj Zfcfe`Xc\j%Cfhl\\jk}\eal\^f\e\cÝcYld\j\e$ kfeZ\jleXm`j`eXck\ieXk`mX[\cXdf[\ie`[X[#Zfe kf[XjjljZfekiX[`ZZ`fe\j#YXii\iXj`ejk`klZ`feXc\j pa\iXihlXj`dgl\jkXj% E ejfZ`\[X[\jgfjZfcfe`Xc\jZfdfcXYf$ c`m`XeX#cXZl\jk`e[\cXj]l\ek\jk`\e\ gif]le[Xj `dgc`ZXZ`fe\j k\i`ZXj p gfck`ZXj%:fdfeleZXXek\j#j\_XcXe$ qX[fleXj\m\iXZik`ZXXcX_`jkfi`f^iX]XfÔZ`Xcp XcXjfZ`fcf^Xc`Y\iXc%Gl\[\gfe\ij\\e[l[XcX gfj`Y`c`[X[[\leZfefZ`d`\ekffYa\k`mf\eleX jfZ`\[X[dlck`ZlckliXcZfdfcXel\jkiX#\ecXhl\ cXj]l\ek\jfÔZ`Xc\jj\\jZi`Y\e\eZXjk\ccXef#g\if cXdXpfiX[\cXgfYcXZ`e_XYcX`[`fdXjeXk`mfjp j\ZfdgfikXZfe]fid\XdXiZfjZlckliXc\jiX[`ZXc$ d\ek\[`jk`ekfjXcfj[\cXd`efiX%<jkXZik`ZX_X gl\jkf\e\eki\[`Z_f\cgi\k\eZ`fjfgfjklcX[f[\ fYa\k`m`[X[\ecXjZ`\eZ`XjjfZ`Xc\j#[Xe[fgXjfX leXj\i`\[\m`j`fe\j]iX^d\ekX[Xj[\cXjfZ`\[X[# hl\Xeef_Xej`[fZXgXZ\j[\Xik`ZlcXij\\eleX e`ZXc\ZkliXXck\ieXk`mX[\cX_`jkfi`XjfZ`Xc[\c gXj%G\if\jgi\Z`jXd\ek\\ejlgcliXc`[X[p[`m\i$ j`[X[[fe[\i\j`[\\cgfk\eZ`Xc\g`jk\dfc^`Zf[\ cXj]l\ek\jef\jZi`kXj#gXiX[\jm\cXicXk\okliX[\ cXji\cXZ`fe\jjfZ`Xc\j\eleXjfZ`\[X[ef$Zf\k}e\X ZfdfcXYfc`m`XeXZ]%9cfZ_(0.( % <e\jkXi\Õ\o`e\ekfiefXcXj]l\ek\jfiXc\j pm`jlXc\j#d\_\gifgl\jkfXeXc`qXi\ckiXYXaf[\ [fjjfZ`cf^fj[\cX`dX^\ehl\_Xei\gi\j\ekX[f pk\fi`qX[fcXeXkliXc\qX[\cXjfZ`\[X[Yfc`m`XeX# [\j[\\cglekf[\jlgfYcXZ`e`e[^\eXpkiXYX$ aX[fiX#i\Zi\Xe[flegXjX[fXem`mfpi\j`jk\ek\ XcXj]l\iqXj_fdf^\e\`qX[fiXj[\cXfZZ`[\ekXc`$ qXZ`e% <ck`gf[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfgif[lZ`[fgfi\jkfj Xlkfi\j efj g\id`k\ YfiiXi cX [`jk`eZ`e \eki\ Xik\ p Z`\eZ`Xj jfZ`Xc\j p efj \o`^\ le \e]fhl\ kiXej[`jZ`gc`eXi`f hl\ efj Xpl[\ X \ogcfiXi cXj ZfekiX[`ZZ`fe\jpj\j^fj[\cXdf[\ie`qXZ`e#Xj Zfdf jl eXkliXc\qX `eZfeZcljX p ]iX^d\ekXi`X% <jk\\e]fhl\efjfcfefjg\id`k`i}Zfdgi\e[\i d\afi\cgXjX[f#j`efkXdY`eÈ`dX^`eXileXZf$ dle`[X[$eXZ`eÉZXgXq[\jlg\iXi\c[\jk`ef[\ Xefe`dXkfZfc\Zk`mf`dgl\jkfXcX^iXedXpfiX [\cXgfYcXZ`e#XgXik`i[\cdf[\cf[\eXZ`efZ$ Z`[\ekXc8e[\ijfe#(00( % @dX^`eXileXZfdle`[X[]lkliX\ecXhl\\c XY`^XiiXd`\ekfpcX_\k\if^\e\`[X[jfZ`Xc[\cgXj gl\[Xej\ii\ZfefZ`[fjpgc\eXd\ek\`ek\^iX[fj \ecfj[`j\fj`ejk`klZ`feXc\jp\ecfjdXiZfjefi$ dXk`mfj[\cXXZZ`egYc`ZX#jlg\iXe[fXj\cc\^X$ [fZfcfe`XcpZfejkilp\e[flej`jk\dX[\dfZi}k`Zf \e\chl\cX[`m\ij`[X[gl\[X\ogi\jXij\gc\eXd\e$ k\pcXZf\o`jk\eZ`Xj\Xgfj`Yc\\ekid`efjd\efj m`fc\ekfjpd}j`eZclp\ek\j%x J`cm`XI`m\iX:lj`ZXehl` Gif]\jfiX[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[DXpfi[\JXe8e[ij# CXGXq#9fc`m`X% !<jk\XikZlcf]l\\jZi`kf\ejlm\ij`efi`^`eXc \e(00-#Xek\j[\cX`iilgZ`e[\cfjdfm`d`\ekfj `e[^\eXj\ecXXi\eXgfck`ZX\c\ZkfiXccfhl\[`f cl^XiXZXdY`fjhl\_Xek\id`eX[fZfeleXel\mX :fejk`klZ`eGfck`ZX[\c<jkX[f\ecXhl\\ci\Zf$ efZ`d`\ekf[\cX[`m\ij`[X[ZlckliXc_XX[hl`i`[f ]l\iqXefidXk`mX% 9`Yc`f^iX]X\`Zfef^iX]X 8e[\ijfe#9\e\[`Zk% @dX^`e\[Zfddle`k`\j%I\Õ\Zk`fejfe k_\fi`^`eXe[jgi\X[f]eXk`feXc`jd% Cfe[fe$E\nPfib1M\ijf#(00(% 9XiiX^}eIfjjXeX% È<eki\gfcc\iXj#cc`hccXjpXXZXj% Cfjd\jk`qfjpcX\d\i^\eZ`X[\cX k\iZ\iXi\gYc`ZXÉ#\e8iq\#9XiiX^}e# <jZfYXi`pD\[`eXZ\cc`Zfdgj% #`e <ke`Z`[X[#\ZfefdXpj`dYfc`jdf\ecfj 8e[\j#@@:fe^i\jf@ek\ieXZ`feXc[\ <kef_`jkfi`X#:fif`Zf#CXGXq1?@J9FC# @=<8#J9?$8JLI#(00)% 9Xik_\j#IfcXe[% CffYm`fpcffYkljf%@d}^\e\j#^\jkfj# mfZ\j%9XiZ\cfeX1GX`[j#(00,% 9\eaXd`e#NXck\i% @ccld`eXk`fej%E\nPfib1J_fZb\e# (0./% 9\i^\i#Af_e% ÈK_\jl`kXe[k_\g_fkf^iXg_É#\e 8YflkCffb`e^#E\nPfib1GXek_\fe# (0/'% 9cfZ_#<iejk% È<]\Zkfjgfck`Zfj[\c[\jXiifccf [\j`^lXcÉ#\eBlikC\ebZfdg% #<c ZfeZ\gkf[\`[\fcf^X%9l\efj8`i\j1 8dfiifikl#(0.(% 9_XYX#?fd`% EXk`feXe[EXiiXk`fe%Cfe[feXe[ E\nPfib1Iflkc\[^\#(00'% :fd`j`e[\Aljk`Z`XpGXq% CXDXjXZi\[\cMXcc\%CXGXq1:fd`j`e [\Aljk`Z`XpGXq#(0.,% :_Xkk\ia\\#GXik_X% FliDf[\ie`kp%Ifkk\i[XdXe[;XbXi1 J<G?@J$:F;<JI@8#(00.% =\ccdXeM\cXi[\#Afj% ?`jkfi`X[\9fc`m`X*mfcj %CXGXq$ :fZ_XYXdYX1Cfj8d`^fj[\cC`Yif# (0.'% CXijfe#9iffb\% :fcfe`Xc`jdfpkiXej]fidXZ`eX^iXi`X \e9fc`m`X%:fZ_XYXdYX#(,''$(0''% :fZ_XYXdYX$CXGXq1:<I<J\ ?@J9FC#(00)% DXdXe`#:Xicfj% CfjXpdXiXj]i\ek\XcX_`jkfi`X%;fj g\ijg\Zk`mXjd\kf[fc^`ZXj%CXGXq1 8iln`p`i`#(00(% D\e[fqX#C%#>leeXi% ÈMfZXZ`e[\Xik\p[iXdX_`jki`Zf eXZ`feXc\e9fc`m`X1\cg`ekfiD\cZ_fi DXiXD\iZX[f(/(-$(/.( 1le gi\ZlijfiÉ#\jkl[`f`ekif[lZkfi`fX D\iZX[f#(00(%gg%(*$.)% D\iZX[f#D\cZ_fiDXiX% ÝcYld[\gX`jXa\j#k`gfj_ldXefjp ZfjkldYi\j[\9fc`m`X(/+($(/-0 %CX GXq$JlZi\19:9#8E9#9E9#(00(% D`ki\#8ekfe`f% <cdfe\[\if[\cfj8e[\j%I\^`e \Zfed`ZXpdfe\[XYfc`m`XeX\e\c j`^cfO@O%CXGXq1?@J9FC#(0/-% Dfi\ef#>XYi`\cI\e% R(///T%:Xk}cf^f[\c8iZ_`mf[\Dfafjp :_`hl`kfj%CXGXq1Alm\ekl[#(0.*% GfdX[\8pXcX#>lXd}eNXdXeGldX % R(-(*T<cgi`d\iel\mXZfie`ZXpYl\e ^fY`\ief%<[`Z`eZik`ZX[\Af_em% DliiXpIfc\eX8[fiefZfekiX[lZZ`e [\ch_`Z_nXgfiAfi^\C%Li`fjk\# Do`Zf1J`^cfOO@#(0//% I`m\iX:lj`ZXehl`#J`cm`X% Gfck`ZX\`[\fcf^X\e\cdfm`d`\ekf ZXdg\j`efZfcfdY`Xef%<cZXjf[\cX 8EL:%9f^fk}#:@E<G% R(0/+T)''*Fgi`d`[fjg\ifefm\eZ`[fj% ClZ_Xj[\cZXdg\j`eX[fXpdXiXp h_`Z_nX[\9fc`m`X%CXGXq#8iln`p`i`$ PXZ_XpnXj` (00/ÈJ\Zl\eZ`Xj`Zfef^i}ÔZXj\e D\cZ_fiDXiXD\iZX[f(/+($(/-0 É# \eIfjjXeX9XiiX^}e#;fiX:XaXjp J\\d`eHlXpldZfdg`cX[fiXj <c J`^cfO@O%9fc`m`Xp8di`ZXCXk`eX%CX GXq1@=<8#GcliXc#(0/)% JXea`ej#Afi^\% LbXdXl%>ilgfLbXdXl#(0--% PXnXiDXccbl%>ilgfLbXdXl#(0-0% <cZfiXa\[\cgl\Ycf%>ilgfLbXdXl# (0.(% 9Xe[\iXj[\c8dXe\Z\i%>ilgf LbXdXl#(0/*% CXeXZ`eZcXe[\jk`eX%>ilgfLbXdXl# (0/0% GXiXi\Z`Y`i\cZXekf[\cfjG}aXifj% >ilgfjLbXdXl#(00,% KXe[\k\i#<ei`hl\% :fXZZ`epd\iZX[f%CXd`e\iX[\cX gcXkX\e\cGfkfjZfcfe`Xc#(-0)$(/)-% :ljZf1:\ekif9Xikfcfd[\cXj:XjXj# (00)% M`\qq\i#Df\dX% J`d\g\id`k\e_XYcXi%%%K\jk`dfe`f[\ ;fd`k`cX#leXdla\i[\cXjd`eXj[\ 9fc`m`X%Do`Zf1J`^cfOO@#(0.-% CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 37 PORTADA El Noviciado del Infierno :feGfkfjZfd\eqleX`ejk`klZ`feXc\`ejk`kl`[Xd\Z}e`ZX[\c[\j^Xjk\pcX\ogcfkXZ`e Zfcfe`Xc%M`XaXdfjXcXj\ekiXXj[\lejdYfcf[\^iXegf[\iXc\^i`ZfpXle`e]iXdle[f [fe[\j\XeXecX\jZcXm`kl[pcXXmXi`Z`X%Gfi<jg\iXeqXCg\q$GXiX[X D \j[\jlYcf^#\c:fc\Zk`mfE`Z_f\Zf$ c^`Zf`e]fidX[\ck\iZ\i\m\ekfXi$ kjk`ZfD`eXjhl\#ZfemfZX[f\c)+[\ fZklYi\[\)''0\eJXek`X^f[\:_`c\ YXaf\ckklcfZfde[\D`eXjkiXYXaXe[f$kiXYX$ aXe[fD`eXj#al^XYXZfecXk\id`efcf^X^\fc^`ZX pZfe\c[fYc\j\ek`[f[\cXgXcXYiX\eCXk`efXd\$ i`ZX#hl\[\j`^eX#gfilecX[f#\cpXZ`d`\ekf[\d`$ e\iXc\j\e\cj\ef[\cXk`\iiXpÈ\ei\]\i\eZ`X\ogc$ Z`kXd\ek\^\e`kXcÉ\cZl\igf[\cXdla\i#gfYcX[f [\gif]le[`[X[\j#[\ek`dfjp]\Zle[XYc\ji\Zf$ m\ZfjYXafcXg`\c[\leXk`\iiX$]d`eX#`dgfj`k`mX pkiX[`Z`feXcd\ek\Zfehl`jkX[X%CXm`fcXZ`e[\cX `ek\i`fi`[X[#hl\le\XcXd`eXpXcXdla\i\elej`$ d`cXipki}^`Zf[\jk`ef#pX_XYXj`[f\ogcfiX[Xgfi \cGifp\Zkf[\8ik`jkXjhl\\ejlgi`d\iXm\ij`e# D`eXjdlck`[`jZ`gc`eXi\jZfigfiXc\j#[\eleZ`XYX cXjm`fc\eZ`Xj`ekiX]Xd`c`Xi\j#\c]\d`e`Z`[`fpcXj [\j`^lXc[X[\j[\^e\if% D}j Xcc} [\ cX ]XZ`c`[X[ le gfZf Y}j`ZX [\ cXd\kfe`d`X#[\ki}j[\cX\jkiXk\^`Xhl\i\e\ Xclj`mXd\ek\XdYfjkid`efj#_XpleZfdgc\af d\ZXe`jdf[\j`^e`ÔZXZ`epZfe[\eX1cXd`eX\j \cjdYfcf_`jki`Zf[\leX\ogcfkXZ`eZfcfe`Xc# [\i\cXZ`fe\jm\ik`ZXc\j[\[fd`e`fp\ogfc`f%<j kXdY`e\c}dY`kfgfi\oZ\c\eZ`X[\c@dg\i`f\e @e[`Xj#Xc\jkXYc\Z\icfj\jgXfc\jlei^`d\e[\ \okiXZZ`ep[\j^Xjk\#[\XZldlcXZ`e[\iifZ_X[X [\cfj`ek\i`fi\j[\cZfek`e\ek\#]i\ek\XcX\Zfef$ dXX^iXi`X[\jlg\iÔZ`\`e[^\eX% <cZ\iifGfkfj#gfi\a\dgcf#i`Zf\em\kXj[\ gcXkX#j\c\mXekX\eZlXekfeZc\fgif[lZk`mfÆp j\[`iX`eX^fkXYc\$[\cM`ii\`eXkf[\cG\i#[\j$ ZlY`\ikfZfdfled`cX^if`e\jg\iX[f[\cEl\mf Dle[f%<ejli\[fe[\X[Xjj`dXjj\Zfek`\e\eXck$ j`dfjpjfÔjk`ZX[fjgifZ\jfj[\ZfeZ\gklXc`qXZ`e \jgXZ`XcgXiXlek`gf[\Èd\ZXe`jdf_\^\de`Zf hl\XZkXjfYi\cfj`e[`m`[lfjÉ\jkiXk`ÔZ}e[fcfj# Xjlm\q#\ee`m\c\j[\[`]\i\eZ`XZ`e\Zfed`ZX% GfZfXgfZf#j\^eZife`jkXj#d`e\ifj#Xqf^l\ifj# Zi`fccfjf`e[`fj\jZcXm`qX[fj\ejlj^Xc\iXj#j\^e kXdY`ecfjg\e`ejlcXi\jp\lifg\fj[\cOM@@hl\ i\Z`Y\ejljfYa\kfjpjlj]}YlcXj[\\ei`hl\Z`d`\e$ kf`ed\[`Xkf#Gfkfjj\\i`^\\egf[\ifjXd}hl`eX Xc\^i`ZX#]le[X[fiX[\leXZfeÕ`Zk`mXdf[\ie`$ [X[#leX\jg\Z`\[\ldYiXc[\kf[fcfZfefZ`[f#\c ^iXei^Xefgif[lZkfihl\\og\c\leXXYle[XeZ`X `eZfekXYc\% <ecXj\ZZ`e[\cXEl\mX:fife`ZXp9l\e>f$ Y`\iefhl\=\c`g\NXdXeGldX[\8pXcX[\[`ZXX cXZ`l[X[jli^`[X[\jld`eX#\cZife`jkXcX[`efcX Zfej`[\iX\ckfg\[\Èki\q\Z`\cfjÉ#Èd`\eYifle`$ m\ijXc#jfZfiif[\cgl\Ycf[\;`fj[\A\iljXc\d# Xpl[X[\cXjXekX]\\ZXkc`ZXp^iXej\im`[fi[\ cXZfifeX\eg\i\XcÉ((+) %Gfi\ccX#ÈgficX[`Z_X d`eX#R:Xjk`ccXT\j:Xjk`ccX#IfdX\jIfdX#\cgXgX \jgXgX#\cii\p\jdfeXiZX[\cdle[f#pcXjXe$ kXdX[i\p^c\Z`X\j[\]\e[`[Xpel\jkiXjXekX]\ ^lXi[X[XgficfjhlXkifii\pj[\cXjPe[`Xjpgfi \c\eg\iX[fiPe^XÉ%M`ccXgf[\ifjXpefYc\hl\ ÈXZl[\ZfeZfd`[X#l`ef#ZXie\piifgXÉ#_XY`kX[X [\ÈdlZ_fjZXlXcc\ifj#pY\q`efjpjfc[X[fjpe\$ 38 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 ^ifjdlpii`ZfjÉ#fieX[X[\dfeXjk\i`fj#k\dgcfj pjXeklXi`fj#cXjm\kXjpd`e\iXc\jj\[Xe\e\ccX\e kXe^iXeed\ifhl\\cfifj\kiXkXÈZfdfgfcYfÉ pcXgcXkXÈZfdfg`\[iXÉ((+' % <e\c^iXYX[fhl\XZfdgXXXjlk\okfphl\ `cljkiX\jkXg}^`eX #=\c`g\NXdXeg\iÔcXZfekiX cXdfekXX\c\jZl[f[\8iX^ep:Xjk`ccXhl\cX ZfifeXeZfdfleX\jg\Z`\[\^iXeZXY\qX_\i}c[`$ ZX2XcfjcX[fj#cXjZfcldeXjGcljLckiX#Xdf[f[\ \oki\d`[X[\j#\ci\^XcfZfehl\:XicfjMgi\d`X \cj\im`Z`fZi\dXkjk`Zf[\jlj\okiXZZ`fe\j2jfj$ k\e`e[fcXj#cfjZlXkifjlpfjfgifm`eZ`XjXe[`eXj# g\ijfe`ÔZX[fj\eZl\igf[\cdfekZlcf#p\c@eZX d`jdf#\ed\[`f#XcXdXe\iX[\ZfiXqe#jla\k}e$ [fcfkf[f%<ecX]Xc[X[\cdfek\j\[\aXm\icXd`eX [\gcXkXZfdfleX`e]fid\dXki`q#le[\Y`c`kX[f k\if#ZXj`\o_Xljkf#[\ZlpfZXeXc^\jkfigXi\Z\ Potosí se erige en una poderosa máquina alegórica, fundadora de una conflictiva modernidad gXi`[XcXÕfi\Z`\ek\m`ccXhl\j\\ok`\e[\Xcg`\% GXiX\cZife`jkX`cljkiX[fi#GfkfjÆpef:lqZf$ gf[iXj\i\cm\i[X[\iffdYc`^f[\kf[XjcXjZfjXj# \cZfd`\eqf[\c@dg\i`f#jlgi`d\iXYXj\%G\if#\e \]\Zkf#Zfdfj\XcX8cY\ikfDfi\`iXj)'(' #Èef j\kiXkXkXekf[\leXi\k\ii`kfi`Xc`qXZ`e[\cfiY\X kiXmj[\cXi\Õ\o`e^\f^i}ÔZXhl\cXj@e[`Xj`d$ gc`ZXe#Zfdf[\cX\ogfj`Z`e[\ZcXiX[X[\lej`j$ k\dX[`jk`ekf[\i\cXZ`fe\j#\cZfd`\eqf\eGfkfj [\ledf[\ief\jkX[f[\cXZl\jk`e2eflefi`^\e j`efleZfe[lZkffi`^`eXi`fhl\]le[X\cel\mf fi[\e[\cXm`fc\eZ`XÉ%CXd`eX[\GfkfjÆZfdf cXj[\FlifGi\kf#D`eXj>\iX`jf?lXeZXm\c`ZXÆ gfj`Y`c`kcXXZldlcXZ`e`dgi\jZ`e[`Yc\pgi\m`X XZlXchl`\iifYf#kXdY`eXZlXchl`\iZfejkilZZ`e `dgfj`k`mX\jkXkXc%;\jlj^Xc\iXjjXc`\ifecXjZXe$ k`[X[\je\Z\jXi`XjgXiX\jkXYc\Z\ij\cfhl\\dg`\$ qXZfe\ccX1leX`ejk`klZ`feXc\`ejk`kl`[Xd\Z}e`ZX [\c[\j^Xjk\p[\cX\ogcfkXZ`eZfcfe`Xc% <c [`Ylaf [\c `e[`f NXdXe ZfcfZX \c \jZl$ [f`dg\i`Xc\ecXZ`dX[\cGfkfj%:li`fjXd\ek\ leX[`jgfj`Z`ej`d`cXif]i\Z\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e [\cXjd`eXj[\QXZXk\ZXj\ele^iXYX[f[\Afj [\I`Y\iX=\ie}e[\q%<jk\k`gf[\\jZ\eXjefjfe `e]i\Zl\ek\j\ecXgfikX[X[\lec`Yif[\dXgXj f#`eZcljf#\ecfjYfi[\j[\Xc^egcXef%DlZ_Xj m\Z\j#efj\eZfekiXi\dfjcXm\[lkX[\leXZ`l[X[ \ecX[`jkXeZ`X#pjfYi\\ccX#cfjj`^efj[\cXgfj\$ j`e\jgXfcX#\e\a\m\ik`ZXcp_\^\de`Zf#\eleX a\iXihl`qXZ`ekX`dX[Xhl\fi^Xe`qXp[\k\ekXjl ]l\iqXZfe\c\ogfc`f[\XhlcXchl\[fd`eX%<c fkifZfcfe`qX[fj\jfd\k\d\[`Xek\cfj`ejkil$ d\ekfj[\legf[\ifYk\e`[ff\eXa\eX[f[\jl d`jdfjlYjl\cf% <ekfeZ\j#cXg\im\ij`[X[[\\jk\Z`iZl`kfgX$ iX[a`Zf\eZl\ekiX#gXiXjl\ogi\j`e#mXjXc\^$ i`ZXj\`d}^\e\j`eZclp\ek\j#pcX_\i}c[`ZXkfdX gfj\j`e[\cZ\iif\eefdYi\f\ejljk`klZ`e[\ cX\Ô^`\[\ci\phl\j`dYc`ZXd\ek\j\jlg\igfe\ XcXXeXkfdX[\cXgl#dfek\#Zfc`eXf\c\mXZ`e jX^iX[X[\cfj`eZXj%<cZl\igf`dgi\m`j`Yc\[\le dfeXiZXc\aXefjlg\igl\jkfXcZl\igf\ogifg`X[f [\leXdfekXXXek`^lX#f\cel\mffi[\egfck`Zfp m`fc\ekf[\cdle[fjfYi\\cm`\af\jhl\dXi\cXZ`f$ eXceXk`mf%8ci\[\[fi[\cXjd`eXj[\gcXkXp[\jl gfj\j`e#jli^`i}\jk\[`jZlijf[gc`Z\#YÔ[f#hl\ Zf`eZ`[\\ejljjfÔjkXji\kilZXefjZfecfjXc\^X$ kfjaljk`ÔZX[fi\j[\cXZfehl`jkX\jgXfcX#ZlXe[f cXg\ij\^l`[X`[fcXkiX`e[^\eX#jlgXj`e`Ze`ZX gfi\c[fcf[\fif#gXc`[\Z\Xek\cXZf[`Z`X\eZf$ d\e[\iXhl\\eZl\ekiX#j`e\dYXi^f#gXk\ek\[\ Zfijf\e\cd`jdfXgXiXkf[\cgf[\iXchl\Zfeki`$ Ylp\Zfelehl`ekf[\cf\okiX[f% Cfjg\ejX[fi\j`dg\i`Xc\j[\Ô\e[\e\ekfeZ\j cXgifg`\[X[eXkliXc[\\jk\\jgXZ`fgXiXcXZfifeX ZfeleXi^ld\ekf[\[\i\Z_fle`m\ijXc_`jg}e`Zf jfYi\cXjk`\iiXj]ik`c\j\egcXkXpd\iZli`f[\9fc`$ m`X%Afj[\8ZfjkXXi^lp\cX`dgfikXek\]leZ`e[\ Z\Yf#cXXkiXZZ`ehl\jkXjf]i\Z\eXcfjYljZXm`[Xj g\e`ejlcXi\j#ZfeZlpXiXg`Xcc\^Xi}kXdY`e#j`e \dYXi^f#\c<mXe^\c`f%8ZfjkXj\_XZ\XZfdgXXi [\leXk\fcf^Xgif]k`ZXpgi\[`jgl\jkXÆ[\@jXXj XJXe8^ljke$gXiXcXc\^`k`dXZ`eX[\k\ield[\c gifZ\jf\eZfeÔidXZ`eZ\c\jk`Xc[\i\^d\e\j Zfcfe`Xc\j%Gfkfj]le^\Zfdfleglc`[fjdYfcf [\cXZfem\ij`e[\cZfek`e\ek\#[\cXgi\m`jfiX gifm`[\eZ`X[`m`eXhl\\ei`hl\Z\Xlegl\Ycf#hl\ cf]Xmfi\Z\_XjkX\jk`dlcXi\cifYf#jcfZfdfmX gXiXjld}ji}g`[fYXlk`jdf#[\jZlYi`e[fj\Xj Èhl\cXjk`\iiXj[\@e[`Xjd}jZfg`fjXj[\d`eXjp i`hl\qX_Xej`[fcXjd}jZlck`mX[Xj\ecXi\c`^`e Zi`jk`XeX#Xgifm\Z_}e[fj\\cJ\figXiXjljÔe\j jfY\iXefj[\el\jkiXjgi\k\ej`fe\jÉ0/$00 % ;\j[\cl\^f#kf[XjcXjXc\^fiXjhl\j\dfm`$ c`qXegXiXeXiiXiGfkfjgifm`\e\ekXdY`e#i\$ ]fiqXe[f\j\Z`iZl`kfZ\iiX[f[\cX\ogcfkXZ`e# [\cgifg`fj`jk\dX`Zfef^i}ÔZffZZ`[\ekXchl\cf ]l\iqX%CfZfeÔidX_XjkX\c[`Ylaf[\NXdXe#\c Zife`jkX`e[^\eXhl\_XXgi\e[`[fX[liXjg\eXj leX\jZi`kliXpleZXjk\ccXef[\li^\eZ`X#XcZlYi`i Zfecfjj`^efjdfe}ihl`Zfj[\c\jZl[f#ZfcldeXj pjdYfcfjdXki`Z`Xc\j[\cgifg`f@dg\i`fXhl\ccX d`eX[\gcXkXhl\#XcXm\q#c\f]i\Z\]le[Xd\ekf fg\iXk`mf%I\Zfi[\dfjhl\NXdXeZfcfZXgfi\e$ PRINCIPIO POTOSÍ El indio Waman deja entrever el poder imperial de Carlos V, cuyo escudo sostienenen los cuatro “suyos” y el Inca, y la mina como una matriz exhausta en su representación de Potosí. Z`dX[\c`eZXeXkf\cgf[\i[\:Xjk`ccX#gXiXZX\i[\ \jk\df[f\e\cZfdgc\af[\d`d\j`jhl\[\jZi`Y`\$ iX?fd`9_XY_Xphl\IXeX_`k>l_XZXc`ÔZXj\[\ ]iXZXjf_`jki`Zf1ÈcX[\g\e[\eZ`Xi\gi\j\ekXk`mX [\cfj\jgXZ`fjfgi`d`[fji\jg\ZkfXcfjgifZ\jfj [\i\gi\j\ekXZ`efgi\jfi\jÉ)/+ % CX`dgfj`Y`c`[X[[\g\ejXiGfkfj#d}jXcc}[\ \jfj\jhl\dXjXjZ\ej`feXc\jpXc\^i`Zfjm`^\ek\j \ecXi\ki`ZX`dg\i`Xc#[\jm\cXfjXZXXcXclq#Zfdf leXgfYi\\okiXZZ`e[\^Xe^X#_XjkXhlglekfcXj XZldlcXZ`fe\jZfcfe`Xc\j]leZ`feXeZfdfj`jk\dX _`jki`Zf`dgfj`k`mf#^\e\iX[fi[\`d}^\e\jhl\ jfjk`\e\ejlgifg`X`ealjk`Z`X% A jgl\j#k\e\dfjcXÔ^liX[\ci\p#jlk`c# \jhl\d}k`ZXd\ek\jl^\i`[XjfYi\cX Ô^liX\oZXmX[X[\leZ\iif%CfjjfÔj$ k`ZX[fjgifZ\jfjhl\g\id`k\ec\\icX leXjfYi\cXfkiXg\ik\e\Z\eXcj`jk\dXhl\jfZXmX Xhlc#hl\\ogcfkXcXdfekXX[\d`e\iXcpXqf^l\% Gfijlgl\jkf#cX\jkiXk\^`X\jgfck`ZX#g\ifZfdf m\iXdlpY`\eCfl`jDXi`e\ejl\jkl[`fjfYi\ cXXeXkfdXdfe}ihl`ZX[\Cl`jO@M#j\[\jc`qX _XZ`XleXZl\jk`e]fidXc+)* %?XpdXe`fYiXj Æj`eZ[fhl\j#d\kfe`d`Xj#g\ijfe`ÔZXZ`fe\j#jf$ Yi\[\k\id`eXZ`fe\j#d\k}]fiXj$hl\_XZ\egfj`Yc\ cfhl\j\fi`\ekXX_fiX\em`fc\eZ`XXeXc^`ZX#\e `dgfj`Z`e\jk`cjk`ZX% CX`ek\c`^`Y`c`[X[[\cXk`iXeXj\[\jc`qX_XZ`X cX\o^\j`j[\jli\gi\j\ekXZ`e2fd}jY`\e#cX \Ô^`\#cXÔ^liX[\cgf[\ifZlgXiX\ccl^Xi#jljk`$ klpe[fcf#[\cgf[\i\ej1\ci\kiXkf[\ci\p$Z\iif \ecl^Xi[\ci\`eX[f[\lefdemfif=\c`g\[\<j$ gXX%CXZl\jk`e[\c[fd`e`f_\^\de`Zf#[\jl aljk`ÔZXZ`e#j\Xik`ZlcXiX[\j[\cXZl\jk`e[\cf hl\DXi`eccXdXjlÔ^liXY`c`[X[phl\Zfej`jk\\e \cdf[fgc}jk`Zfgfi\cZlXc\cdfeXiZXj\X^fkXp j\i\[lZ\Xjlg\iÔcÔ^liX[f%<cXYjfclk`jdf[\c i\^\ek\#ZfejlZ[`^f[\\jZcXm`kl[\jpdXe`gl$ cXZ`fe\j#j\[`jfcm\iX\e\c\jZ\eXi`f[\cX`dX^\e# \eleX_\id\elk`ZX[\cfj`dYc`Zf2j\[\jd\d$ YiXiX\eleXj`dgc\Zl\jk`ei\ki`ZX#cXg\idX$ e\eZ`X[\leXYjfclkf`ealjkf\ecXg\idXe\eZ`X [\leXXc\^fiX%¶Ef\j\jk\[\jc`q#j`e\dYXi^f# jfjg\Z_fjXd\ek\df[\ief#\jkXjlgcXekXZ`e[\c gifYc\dXgficXgi\^lekXXZ\iZX[\cX]fidX[\c gifYc\dX6 Hl\[dfefj[\dfd\ekfZfe\jkXXi^lZ`X gc}jk`ZX[\NXdXe#cX]le[`Z`e[\cX`dX^\ei\Xc pcX`dX^\ed`e\iX\eleXe`ZXXc\^fiXgfck`Zf$ Xekifgfc^`ZXhl\j\Xik`ZlcXd\[`Xek\\c\jhl\$ dXpcXd\kf[fcf^X[\cXi`hl\qXXZldlcX[X#[\cX Xgifg`XZ`e\eledfeXiZXp\elecl^Xi[\kf[fj cfjY`\e\jgfj`Yc\j#XZldlcXZ`e[\mXcfi\j\ecX g\ijfeX\ogifg`X[fiXp\e\cj`k`f\ogifg`X[f%P [`^Xdfj#\eZfej\Zl\eZ`X#hl\cXXZldlcXZ`e\j\c m\_Zlcfhl\gfj`Y`c`kXcXfg\iXZ`eXc\^i`ZX% G\ifj`Gfkfj\jleXXc\^fiX#k\e[iXhl\j\i# d}jY`\e#leXXc\^fiXgclke`ZX#lejljk`klkfXgX$ iXkfjfpYXiifZf[\cXjYfZXj[\c?X[\jÆFijXp M\cXcfccXdXÈefm`Z`X[f[\c`eÔ\iefÉ\ejl?`j$ kfi`X[\cXm`ccX`dg\i`Xc[\cGfkfjÆ#cXdXe`]\jkX$ Si Potosí es una alegoría, tendría que ser una alegoría plutónica, un sustituto aparatoso y barroco de las bocas del Hades Z`e[\le`e]iXdle[fhl\efk`\e\leXlY`ZXZ`e ZcXiXe`leXZZ\jf]}Z`c%Cfj[`Ylafjhl\i\gi\j\e$ kXecX\ekiX[X\e\cZ\iifef[\aXe[\f]i\Z\ij`$ d`c`kl[\j[Xek\jZXjZfeleXYXaX[X[\^iX[f\ecX fekfc^`ZX\jZXcX[\cfjj\i\jfZfecX`ed\ij`e\e leXj`e`\jkiXZXm\ieXgcXke`ZX#[fe[\cXj`[\Xjj\ dXk\i`Xc`qXe\e\jZcXm`kl[]j`ZXp\eZX[\eXj[\ XmXi`Z`X%Jfigi\e[\\cd`e\ifd\[`fm\jk`[f[\le ^iXYX[f[\K_\f[fi[\9iphl\\ej\XXc\jg\ZkX$ [fijlkiXj\iX[\jel[X\eleZfekiXg`ZX[fXl[Xq# Zfdfle[\dfe`f`dgXiXYc\[\cX\okiXZZ`ep\c g\ZX[f%CfjdXgXj[\cXqfeXefjfed\efj\ogc$ Z`kfjpgfi\e[\\dYc\d}k`Zfj%:Xikf^iX]XeZfe d`elZ`X\jkfj\jZ\eXi`fj[\[\YXaf#cfj\jgXZ`fj ]i\}k`Zfjpg\im\ijfj[\leXi\Xc`[X[Xe`hl`cX[X# cXjg}iZ\cXjj\Zi\kXj[\leX`em`j`Y`c`[X[#hl\jfe# j`e\dYXi^f#gXik\i\Ze[`kXpjlYpXZ\ek\#gXik\ jljk\ekXek\[\cfm`j`Yc\pkXe^`Yc\#[\cfZfk`[`Xef pZfefZ`[fhl\gXjX\eZ`dX% Gfkfjj\ZfcfZX\ekXekf\jg\af[\cf`e`dX$ ^`eXYc\Æ\jfjld\i^`[fhl\efgf[\dfjm\iÆ2j\ f]i\Z\\e\jg\Zk}Zlcf_fii`Yc\[\cfhl\jlZ\[\gfi [\ekif#\jcXZ`]iX[\kf[XjcXj\jg\ZlcXZ`fe\jYX$ iifZXj\e\jX[`i\ZZ`e%<ca\jl`kXB`iZ_\iXe[XYX# CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 39 PORTADA gfi\ekfeZ\j#c\mXekXe[fZXikX[\cXj`ek`d`[X[\j [\>\X#[\jljmfcZXe\j#ifjpcX^fjfZlckfj\ejl c`YifDle[ljjlYk\iiXe\lj#hlfle`m\ijX\[\e`hl\ eXkliX\[`m`k`X\(--+ #g\ife`e^lef[\jlj^iXYX$ [fjphl`d\iXjjlg\iX\cmik`^f[\c[\jZ\ejljX[ Gfkfj#\cXY`jdf[\ZcXifjZlifj[\\jXfhl\[X[% CX`ek\i`fi`[X[hl\Gfkfj[\jm\cX#\c`ek\i`fi hl\cXd`eX\ok\i`fi`qX`dgc`ZX[`ÔZlckX[\jefkX$ Yc\j[\\ogi\j`epj`^e`ÔZXeZ`X1¶Zdfj\Zl\ekX cfhl\gXjXXcc#\e\jX_fe[liXe\]XjkXhl\^\e\iX dl\ik\6Hl`\if[\Z`ihl\cXjd`eXj[\gcXkX[\Gf$ kfjjfe#[\el\mf#ZfdfpX_\dfjm`jkf#d}jhl\ lecl^Xii\gi\j\ekXk`mf#leXcf^jk`ZX[\cXi\gi\$ j\ekXZ`e%<o`^\eleXjkXi\Xj[\jZi`gk`mXjdlp Zfdgc`ZX[Xjhl\_XY`c`k\ecXm`j`e[\cf`ek\i`fi# [\cfYXafpj\Zi\kf%Cfgi`mX[f#cf`ek\i`fij\gfe\ \eZfekXZkfZfe\c\ok\i`fihl\c\\j[\g\e[`\ek\% GfkfjZfdle`ZXleX[\ekif`e`dX^`eXYc\Zfe leX]l\iXhl\\jjlfo`dfie`Zf\jg\af%@em`\ik\j`e [l[XcXji\cXZ`fe\j[\XdYfj#pcfjYfi[\j[\cfek`$ dfpj\Zi\kfj\`ejZi`Y\e\ecX[`e}d`ZX[\cfm`j`$ Yc\gfigi`d\iXm\q%CXZfe]lj`e[\jlj[`i\ZZ`fe\j _XZ\[\cXd`eX[\cOM@@leX_\k\ifkfgX`ii\gi\$ La destrucción y la riqueza corren paralelas en Potosí, como la vida humana. Tanto es así que las ciudades mineras tenían algo de infierno para los grabadores y cronistas de la época. En la imagen pequeña, la visión que Waman Poma realiza de la ciudad portuaria de El Callao, lugar de salida de todos los metales preciosos hacia España. 40 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 j\ekXYc\#XeÔYfc^`ZX#ZfdfkXekfjef$cl^Xi\jZfe$ k\dgfi}e\fj#leZfekiX\dgcXqXd`\ekfhl\`em`\i$ k\gifZ\jfjpXj`^eXZ`fe\j1cfhl\=flZXlck[\j`^eX Zfdf\chl`\Yi\pcXZfekiX[`ZZ`e[\cXjlkfgXj#cf j`e\jgXZ`fd}jXcc}[\kf[fjcfjcl^Xi\j% Cfl`jDXi`eZ`kX\cKiX`k[\jHlXki\Ôej[\i$ e` i\j[\cfj<jjX`j[\DfiXc\[\G`\ii\E`Zfc\gXiX \ek\e[\i#ZfdfZXiXZk\ijk`ZX`e\cl[`Yc\[\cZl\i$ gfgif]Xef[\cgf[\i#hl\\j\[fd`e`fXYjfclkfef j\jfjk`\e\j`efjfYi\leXj\im`[ldYi\XYjfclkX% <okiXgfcXe[fcX\ZlXZ`e#kXdY`ecX]fidX[\cX XZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mXj\^\jk`feXjfYi\le[\j$ ^Xjk\`eXl^liXc#jfYi\]fidXj`e`Z`Xc\j[\c[\iifZ_\ dXj`mf%<ei\Xc`[X[jkXjgXi\Z\eZfX[plmXi[\le df[fY}j`ZfXZlXchl`\igifZ\jfeXiiXk`mf#XZlXc$ hl`\i[`jZlij`m`[X[hl\\oZ\[X\cj`dgc\`ek\ij [\Zfdle`ZXi%CXXc\^fiX\jcXÔ^liX[\cZfejldf \ogi\j`mf#leXZfejkilZZ`e[\jgifgfiZ`feX[Xhl\ i\YfjXcfjcd`k\j[\jld`jdXZf_\i\eZ`X%<e\ccX efgXi\Z\j\im`ijcfcXj\d\aXeqX#e`cXj`dY`fj`j i\jkXliX[fiX%8ek\jY`\e#i\jlckXj`\dgi\[\leX [\jgifgfiZ`eÆ\ci\pZfdfZ\iif#\c`eÔ\iefZfdf d`eX#cXd`eXZfdfdXki`q`dg\i`XcÆ#eleZX[\ Xgifo`dXZ`fe\jaljkXj\eki\\c\d\ekfj#j`ef[\ \ei^`ZXj p ]fiqX[Xj m`fc\ekXj XZldlcXZ`fe\j XeXc^`ZXj#[\[\jfi[\eX[XjXgifg`XZ`fe\j[\j`^$ e`ÔZXZ`e#leX\jg\Z`\[\^iXefi^X`e\jkXYc\[\ cXj\d}ek`ZX% Edg\X[X\ecXXiif^XeZ`Xp\c\oZ\[\ek\# \ecX[\dfjkiXZ`e[\cXZXek`[X[p\ced\if#cX i`hl\qXgfkfj`eXg\id`k\lefjjlgc\d\ekfj[\ZX$ g`kXc\ekf[XjcXj[`i\ZZ`fe\j#kXdY`e[\ZXg`kXc [\j\ek`[f#hl\]XZ`c`kXecXZi\XZ`e[\`d}^\e\j# d\k}]fiXjpZfdgfj`Z`fe\jXc\^i`ZXj%;liXek\ [Xj\ek\ifj#XcXd\efifZXj`e[\al\i^Xp[\j$ g`c]Xiif#cXZ`l[X[j\XlkfZ\c\YiX\e\jg\Zk}Zlcfj [\claf[\jd\[`[fjhl\cfjZife`jkXjef[\aXe[\ i\]\i`i\eki\\c[\jcldYi\pcXXcXidX%CfjXcXi[\j kZe`Zf$]\jk`mfj[Xi}egXiXj`dlcXiledXi\ek\if \ed\[`f[\cXm`ccX#lefZXefXik`ÔZ`Xcgi\k\e[`[f# fgXiXgifmfZXicX\ilgZ`egj\l[fmfcZ}e`ZX[\le ^iXe`qf[\XqZXi#g`ekliXp\jg\a`jdfj[\cXjgfj`$ Y`c`[X[\j[\]XYlcXZ`ehl\cXi\^`e\jk`dlcX%;\ _\Z_f#\cgifZ\jf[\df[\ie`[X[[\Gfkfjcc\^XX jlZlcd`eXZ`eZlXe[fgXiXZfed\dfiXi\c:fi$ glj#\eki\\cafc^fi`f[\XiZfj#ZXdgXeXj#]Xifc`ccfj# PRINCIPIO POTOSÍ \jZlckliXjZfd\jk`Yc\j#ZXiYleZcfj#afpXj#Yi`ccfjp YXe[\iXjYfi[X[Xj[\kX]\k}eZfecXjd`eXjZfdf \dYc\dX#cXZ`l[X[fi^Xe`Z\leXXclj`mX\jZ\ef$ ^iX]X[\jkXjpc\mXek\\ecXgcXqXleZ\iif`^lXc# kf[fcZfe^iXefj[\gcXkX#Xdf[f[\\ogfj`Z`e ]iXZkXcpXY`jdXc[\jd`jdf% CfjZife`jkXjM}qhl\q[\<jg`efjX#8iq}ej[\ FijXp\cd`e\ifp\og\ikf\eXqf^l\Cl`j[\:X$ gfZ_\Zfd\ekXe\jXdXZif\jZ\eX\ecXhl\cXd`eX j\[lgc`ZXpj\i\g`k\%CXXZldlcXZ`e[\cd\kXc\e \cZ\ekif[\cXm`ccX#Zfdffkifdfek\#[\gliX[fp \okiX[f[\j[\jd`jdf#_XZ\[\kf[XcXi\^`eleX eXiZ`j`jkXXc\^fiX`eZclj`mX#leX\jkk`ZX[fYcX[X p\jg\ZlcXi#X[\cXekX[fgXiX[`^dX[\dlZ_Xj[\ el\jkiXjd\kXii\gi\j\ekXZ`fe\jdf[\ieXj%<e\jf Zfej`jk\jl\ecfhl\Z`[XZfek\dgfiXe\`[X[#\ecX ZXgXZ`[X[Zi\X[Xgfi\cZXg`kXcgXiX\c[\iifZ_\p gXiX\cclaf\jk`cjk`Zf[\leXd\k}]fiXZ`iZlcXihl\ j\Xlkfii\Ô\i\%Gfkfj\j#[\j[\cl\^f#\jXgf[\ifjX d}hl`eXXc\^i`ZXhl\`eklXdfj#g\ifjlZfe[`$ Z`e[\df[\ie`[X[iX[`ZX#d}jY`\e#\ecX[`cXg`$ [XZ`ehl\XZfdgXXZlXchl`\iX[\jlj]le[XZ`f$ e\j%MXi`XjjfecXjiXqfe\jhl\cX[\j`^eXeZfdf kXc#\eki\cfjgifZ\jfjj`dYc`Zfj[\ZfeZ\gklXc`$ qXZ`epi\gi\j\ekXZ`ehl\\e^\e[i\% ;\_\Z_f#Z\iif$pm`ccXXjlXdgXif$^\jk`f$ eXecXj`d}^\e\j[\jl\ZfefdX[\iifZ_X[fiXp [\j^XjkXek\[\ekif[\leX\jZXcX[\[`d\ej`fe\j gi\`e[ljki`Xc\j%CXjZ`]iXjhl\jl\ogcfkXZ`eXiifaX [\jcldYiXeZfe\c\eZXekXd`\ekf[\leXZl\mX[\ YXe[`[fj#p8ekfe`f[\C\eG`e\cf\ejlGXiXjf \e\cEl\mfDle[fZXcZlcXcXjZXek`[X[\jfYk\e`[Xj [\gcXkXZfdfgXiXk\e[\ilegl\ek\Xcf:XcXkiX$ mX[\j[\Xcc}_XjkXDX[i`[#Zfejkil`[fZfe)%'.( c\^lXj[\cXi^f#ZlXkif[\[fj[\\jg\jfip(+mXiXj [\XeZ_f**/ %8cXf#j\^ecXi\cXZ`e[\8iq}ej [\FiqXpM\cX#XXZfd`\eqfj[\cj`^cfOM@@@#j\ e\Z\j`kXed`ccXi\j[\dlcXjgXiX\cXZXii\f#,%''' g\jfj\em\cXj#d`c\j\edX[\iX[\Z\[ifgXiXcXj il\[Xj[\`e^\e`fjpkiXejgfik\j2XcXfX[\d}j j\Zfejld\e)%''']Xe\^Xj[\ki`^fp*''%'''[\ fkiXjj\d`ccXj#[\cXjhl\d}j[\(-'%'''ZfjkXc\j[\ dXqj\[\jk`eXeXcXZ_`Z_X[\cfj,%'''`e[`fjhl\ kiXYXaXe\ejlj(%,''^Xc\iXj#XjZfdfled`cce [\Z\jkXj[\ZfZXgXiXdXek\e\icfj\eg`\#(''%''' XiifYXj[\\jg\Z`Xjf()%'''qliife\j[\d`\c% CXjkXi\XjdXk\d}k`ZXjgXiX\cXZfe[`Z`feX$ d`\ekf[\cfjfZ_\ekXjfZXmfe\jhl\Zfe[lZXeX jl`ek\i`fi#cXcX^le`qXZ`e[\cXqfeXgXiXgifm\\i [\]l\iqX_`[i}lc`ZX\cZfdgc\afpcfjgifZ\jfjhl$ d`Zfj[\[\gliXZ`e[\cfjd\kXc\j\okiX[fjZfe$ ki`Ylp\eXcgif^i\jf`e_ldXef[\leX`e^\e`\iX [\cXi`hl\qXp[\leXfjk\ekfjXgc}jk`ZX[\cgf[\i% JfYi\cXjZfc`eXjX[pXZ\ek\j#cXjj\`jd`c^lXpiXj Æ_f^l\iXj\eZ\e[`[XjgXiX]le[`icXgcXkXpj\gX$ iXicX[\\jZfi`Xp[\jdfek\j$#j\d`iXepj\m`m\e ZfdfcXXc\^i\`cld`eXZ`e[\leel\mfii`hl`jdf d`cX^ifjf#[\leg\cfkXqf[\cOM@@#[\chl\ef[\aXe [\ZfekXij\ZXjfj\em`[`XYc\j1\c[\cXqf^l\ifhl\ \efZ_fd\j\jml\cm\X<jgXXd}jgf[\ifjfhl\ \cgXgXifdXef#\cd`e\ifgXlgii`dfhl\gfi\c `dgfik\[\le^l`jf[\^Xcc`eXZfej`^l\ZfdgiXi$ Pocos de los trabajadores que bajaban al corazón esquilmado del cerro salían con vida j\leXm\kX\ek\iXfcX_`jkfi`X[\cfjfÔZ`Xc\j[\c ZXg`k}e>`c[\Efik\jhl\#Xek\j[\hl\\jk]ifjl ZX[}m\i#pX_Xe_l`[fÈZfecfj)%'''%'''[\g\jfj hl\Xhlck\eX[\ZXl[XcÉ8iq}ej@#(.0 % CXcXYfi`ek\im\ekfiXjfYi\leXeXkliXc\qX# hl\efj\\ogcfkXj`efhl\j\\ogfc`X#\mfZX\e dX^e`kl[cXjgifp\Zkfj[\led\^XcdXefXik`j$ kX[\`ek\im\eZ`fe\j#cXjgi\k\ej`fe\j`dgfj`Yc\j [\Xc^ejfYi\[`d\ej`feX[fCXe[8ik%M}qhl\q [\<jg`efjXZfd\ekXZdf\cZ\iif\jkXYXkf[f _fiX[X[fgfi[\ekifgXiX`eZi\d\ekXicXgif[lZ$ Z`epj\dXek\eX\eg`\d\iZ\[Xle\ekiXdX[f [\m`^Xjpjfgfik\j%Fg\iXZ`e[\mXZ`Xd`\ekf[\c g`Zf#jlgcXekXZ`e[\cXdfekXXgfileX\c\mXZ`e _l\ZXXcXdXe\iX[\leXek`^lfK`e[XpX#Gfkfj i\Zl\i[Xcfj<Xik_Nfibj[\Z`\ikXj`ek\im\eZ`fe\j hl\j\Xik`ZlcXeZfdfcXYfi\j\]d\iXj[\k\Zef$ cf^XpgX`jXa\% <c[\iifZ_\#ZfdfcXXZldlcXZ`e#d}jXcc}[\ jlZfek\e`[fgfck`Zf$dXio`jkX#j\iXe\ekfeZ\j fg\iXZ`fe\jkiXej_`jki`ZXj#\ecXjhl\j\al\^X Z`\ikXeXkliXc\qX`edlkXYc\#Z`\ikXfekfcf^X^\$ e\iXc[\cf_ldXef%KiXjdlkX[fiX#XZldlcXek\ pi}g`[Xd\ek\\dgfYi\Z`[XZfecXd`jdXZfd$ glcj`e#\jkXdXZif$`e^\e`\iXgiXZk`ZX[X\eGf$ kfjgXi\Z`XXc^lefjg\ejX[fi\jcXjZXj`XefjleX Xchl`d`X[`XYc`ZX%GfZfj[\cfjkiXYXaX[fi\jhl\ YXaXYXeXcZfiXqe\jhl`cdX[f[\cZ\iifjXcXeZfe m`[XpjkXj\jfgfikXYXjcfZfe\cZfejldf[\ ZfZX2_XYXd`e\ifjhl\efm\XecXclq[\c[X\e d\j\jgfihl\\e\ci\Zfii`[f[\XjZ\ejfj\g\i$ [XdlZ_XafieX[XpcX[liXZ`e[\cX\o`jk\eZ`X efjlg\iXYXe`j`hl`\iXcfj[fjXfj%<c\oZ\jf[\ jXZi`ÔZ`fhl\\jXi`hl\qXg`[\\ei\ki`YlZ`epcfj e`m\c\j[\Zil\c[X[gfi\ccX]Xmfi\Z`[fjZldgcXe \cgi`eZ`g`f[\df[\ie`[X[hl\pX[\]\e[`\iXDX$ hl`Xm\cfp#j\^e\cZlXc#cXd\afidXe\iX[\gf$ j\\ileXi\^`eZfej`jk\\e[\jkil`icX1`ij\Xm`m`i XleXZ`l[X[fXiil`eXicXjfecXj[fjfgZ`fe\j[\ [fd`eXZ`ehl\<cgieZ`g\f]i\Z\jfYi\Z`\ikfj \jgXZ`fji\Y\c[\j% Gfkfjj\[\iildYXYX#j`e[l[X#Xcd`jdfi`k$ df[\`ek\ej`[X[gif[lZk`mXZfehl\j\c\mXek% PcXm`ccX\hl`gXiXi}cX^iXe[\qX[\jlj`e^i\jfj ZfecXÈdX^e`ÔZ\eZ`X[\lefj^XjkfjÉ#hl\_XZ\e [\\ccXÈ\cXYi\m`X[fdle[fÉ[\cd\efjZXYf8i$ q}ej@@#(,/ %<jd}j1gXi\Z\i}`ekl`i#XcÔe[\\jkf# hl\cflef[\i`mX[\cffkif#cXgifjg\i`[X[[\cX il`eX#\c[\jd\[if\jgfiZ`e`e\oZljXYc\[\cX ^iXe[`fj`[X[%<ekfeZ\jZfd`\eqXle\jg\Zk}Zlcf \hl`mXc\ek\[\gfYi\qX#jlY[\jXiifccfp[\g\e[\e$ Z`X#Zldgc`\e[f\cXo`fdXY\eaXd`e`Xefj\^e\c ZlXckf[f[fZld\ekf[\ZlckliXmXXZfdgXX[f [\le[fZld\ekf[\YXiYXi`\2fd\afi#i\Xc`qXe[f \jXj`jk\d}k`ZXp\ekig`ZX[\jgfj\j`fe[\cd`kf ]Xjk`Zf1d`kfhl\Xc^l`\eZXc`ÔZ[\dfm`d`\ekf ZXiXZk\i`qX[fi[\cfdf[\iefphl\g\ij`^l\cXfY$ k\eZ`e[\i`hl\qXj`eZfekXYc\jXcgi\Z`fgXiXc\cf [\lefd`jdf%Gfkfj\eZXieXcX`dX^\e[\el\jkiX Zfek\dgfiXe\`[X[#\j\\jg\a`jdf[\fYk\eZ`e[\ Xc^f_XjkXcfjcd`k\j[\cXgifg`Xgi[`[X#Xc^f$le gf[\i]XcjXd\ek\XZldlcXk`mf$hl\j\gX^X\e\o$ k`eZ`ep[\j^Xjk\%x <jg\iXeqXCg\q$GXiX[X\jgf\kXpgif]\jfiX [\C`k\iXkliX?`jgXefXd\i`ZXeX[\cXLe`m\ij`$ [X[:fdgclk\ej\#DX[i`[% 9`Yc`f^iX]X 8ZfjkX#Afj[\ (,0'?`jkfi`XeXkliXcpdfiXc[\ cXj@e[`Xj%<[%Zik`ZX[\=\ide[\c G`ef%DX[i`[#:fej\afJlg\i`fi[\ @em\jk`^XZ`fe\j:`\ekÔZXj#)''/% >lXd}eGfdX[\8pXcX#=\c`g\ (0/'<cgi`d\iel\mXZfie`ZXpYl\e ^fY`\ief(-(, %<[%[\Af_eM%DliiX# Ifc\eX8[fiefpAfi^\Li`fjk\% Do`Zf#;%=%1J`^cfM\`ek`lef% 8iq}ej[\FijXpM\cX (0-,9Xikfcfd%?`jkfi`X[\cXM`ccX @dg\i`Xc[\Gfkfj%<[%[\C\n`j?Xeb\ p>leeXiD\e[fqX%Gifm`[\eZ\#I@1 9ifneLe`m\ij`kpGi\jj% >l_X#IXeXa`k (0//ÈFeJfd\8jg\Zkjf]k_\ ?`jkfi`f^iXg_pf]:fcfe`Xc@e[`XÉ% J\c\Zk\[JlYXck\ieJkl[`\j%<[j%IXeXa`k >l_XXe[>XpXki`:_XbiXmfikpJg`mXb% E\nPfib1Fo]fi[Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj# *.$++% :XgfZ_\#Cl`j[\ (0,0I\cXZ`e^\e\iXc[\cXj`\ekfpm`ccX `dg\i`Xc[\Gfkfj¿(,/, %<[%p\jk% [\C\n`j?Xeb\#9X\#:OO@@#-0$(/0% DX[i`[18kcXj% C\eG`e\cf#8ekfe`f[\ (0+*GXiXjf\e\cEl\mfDle[f%<[% pZfd\ekXi`f[\GfiiXj9Xii\e\Z_\X% C`dX1R@dgi\ekXKfii\j8^l`ii\T% DXi`e#Cfl`j (00)È<cZl\igf[\cgf[\ipcX \eZXieXZ`e\eGfik$IfpXcpGXjZXc# fcXi\gi\j\ekXk`m`[X[gc}jk`ZX[\c XYjfclkfgfck`ZfÉ%<e=\_\i#D`Z_\c# EX[X]]#IXdfeXEX[`XKXq`\[j% % =iX^d\ekfjgXiXleX_`jkfi`X[\c Zl\igf_ldXef#@@@%DX[i`[#KXlilj# +()$+-,% Dfi\`iXj#8cY\ikf )'('È8lj\eZ`X[\k\id`eX[X1g\ejXicX XZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mXÉ%:fe]\i\eZ`X [`ZkX[X\e\cJ\d`eXi`fGi`eZ`g`f Gfkfj%Df[\ie`[X[pcXccXdX[X XZldlcXZ`efi`^`eXi`X%Dlj\fI\`eX Jf]X#,[\]\Yi\if[\)'('% I\kXdXc#DXiX<c\eX (,.'ÈD`eXjkiXYXaXe[f$KiXYXaXe[f D`eXjÉ%I\m`jkXm`iklXc[\cXik\ Zfek\dgfi}e\fpel\mXjk\e[\eZ`Xj <jZXe\i:lckliXc%_kkg1&&i\m`jkX% \jZXe\i%Zc&ef[\&((&()&)''0 M}qhl\q[\<jg`efjX#8ekfe`f (0-0:fdg\e[`fp[\jZi`gZ`e[\cXj @e[`XjfZZ`[\ekXc\j%<[`Z`ep\jkl[`f gi\c`d`eXigfi9%M\cXjZf9Xpe%98<% DX[i`[18kcXj% CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 41 PORTADA Ausencia determinada 9Xikfcfd[\cXj:XjXj[\]\e[`Xcfj`e[`fjg\ifkXdY`ecX`ek\^i`[X[[\c`dg\i`f\jgXfc% CX_`jkfi`X[\cZfeÕ`ZkfZfcfe`Xc\jcX_`jkfi`X\eki\cXXZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mX[\i`hl\qXpcfj gifZ\jfj_\^\de`Zfj%Gfi8cY\ikfDfi\`iXj S `DXhl`Xm\cf\j\cgi`d\ig\ejX[fi[\c \jkX[feXZ`feXcZfdfXZldlcXZ`egf$ ck`ZXgi`d`k`mX#¶gf[\dfjZfeZ\Y`ile g\ejX[fifi^}e`Zf[\c`dg\i`fZXgXq[\ g\ejXicXXZldlcXZ`e`dg\i`Xcgi`d`k`mX6?XYiX hl\k\fi`qXileDXhl`Xm\cf\jgXfcÇleXXlj\eZ`X [\k\id`eX[X#Zfdf\cd`jdfGieZ`g\dXhl`Xm$ c`Zf#ZXgXq[\_XY\ig\ejX[fp[\_XY\ijfjk\e`[f \cg\ejXd`\ekf[\cXm`fc\eZ`X\e\ceXZ`d`\ekf [\c`dg\i`fXg\jXi[\cfjYcfhl\fj`[\fc^`Zfj`d$ gl\jkfjgficfjk\i`Zfj[\c\jkX[f\jgXfc%DlZ_fj g`\ejXehl\9Xikfcfd[\cXj:XjXj_XYiXj`[f\j\ g\ejX[fi[X[fhl\j\XZ\iZXcg\ejXd`\ekf[\cX m`fc\eZ`X]le[XZ`feXc\ejld`jdXfYj\j`egfi `dg\[`icX% G\if;\cXj:XjXj\jhl`q}d\afi\ek\e[`[f Zfdfleg\ejX[filkg`Zf[\c\jkX[fZi`jk`Xef% Ef]l\leg\ejX[fi[\cXc`Y\iXZ`egfihl\hl`jf \m`kXicX[\jkilZZ`e[\cfjk\ii`kfi`fj`dg\i`Xc\j p[\jlj_XY`kXek\jeXk`mfj\eYljZX[\leXd\afi k\ii`kfi`Xc`qXZ`e%;\eleZ`cXXZldlcXZ`egi`$ d`k`mXZfdfd}hl`eX`e]\ieXc#g\ifjljiXqfe\j \jkXYXekf[XmXXcj\im`Z`f[\c`dg\i`f\eZlXekf lkfgX`dg\i`Xc% CXXZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mXef\jkXekfcfhl\ cfj\jgXfc\j_`Z`\ifeZfdfcfhl\g\id`k`hl\ cfj\jgXfc\j_`Z`\iXecfhl\_`Z`\ife%GXiXDXiocX XZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mXal\^X\ecX\ZfefdXgfck`$ ZX\cgXg\c[\cg\ZX[ffi`^`eXc\ecXk\fcf^X%<j\c fi`^\ej`efi`^\e[\cZXg`kXc`jdf#pkXdY`e\cfi`$ ^\ej`efi`^\e[\cXk\ii`kfi`Xc`qXZ`e`dg\i`Xc%Ef j\\ogc`ZXgfi\ccXj1j\e\Z\j`kXgXiX\ogc`ZXicXj% CXXZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mXifdg\\cgi`eZ`g`f [\iXqejlÔZ`\ek\\e\ZfefdXgfck`ZXpXjcf ]le[X%CXXZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mX\jgXiXDXio\c gifZ\jf_`jki`Zf[\j\gXiXZ`e\eki\\cgif[lZkfi pcfjd\[`fj[\gif[lZZ`e%=l\iX[\cX_`jkfi`X# ]le[XcX_`jkfi`X%J\j`klX\eki\cXef$j\gXiXZ`e pcXj\gXiXZ`ekfkXc#pefcc\mXe`e^leX[\\ccXjX jlZfejldXZ`e% CXj\gXiXZ`ekfkXc\jm`[X[\jel[X%CXefj\$ gXiXZ`e\jm`[X[\jel[X%<e\cd\[`f\jk}cXÔjliX [\cXXZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mX1\c[fYc\[\cX_`jkfi`X% =cfi\Z\gfihl\Õfi\Z\%;`Z\DXio1¢Cfe`Zfhl\ efj`ek\i\jX\j\cj\Zi\kfhl\[\jZlYi`\e\cEl\$ mfDle[fcX\ZfefdXgfck`ZX[\cM`\afDle[f1 hl\\cdf[fZXg`kXc`jkX[\gif[lZZ`epXZldlcX$ Z`e#pgficfkXekfkXdY`ecXgifg`\[X[gi`mX[X ZXg`kXc`jkX#k`\e\eZfdfZfe[`Z`e]le[Xd\ekXccX Xe`hl`cXZ`e[\cXgifg`\[X[gi`mX[Xhl\[\jZXejX \e\ckiXYXaf[\c`e[`m`[lf2\efkiXjgXcXYiXj#\ecX \ogifg`XZ`e[\ckiXYXaX[fiÉ% G\if j` cX \ogifg`XZ`e [\c kiXYXaX[fi \j \c g\ZX[ffi`^`eXc[\cX\ZfefdXgfck`ZX#j`_XZf$ d\eqX[f j`\dgi\ [\ Xek\dXef p eleZX cc\^X X ZfejldXij\#kf[XmXk`\e\_`jkfi`X1_XpleX_`jkf$ i`X[\cX\ogifg`XZ`ep[\cXj\gXiXZ`e#Xlehl\ cX\ogifg`XZ`epcXj\gXiXZ`e]le[\ecX_`jkfi`X% CXk\ii`kfi`Xc`qXZ`e`dg\i`Xc[\cEl\mfDle[f# \ejldfd\ekf\jgXfck\dgiXef#Zfejk`klp\Xc^f XjZfdfcX`iilgZ`e\ecX_`jkfi`X[\c`dg\ejXYc\ d`jdf[\cX_`jkfi`X% 42 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 ¶:dfgf[iXleg\ejX[fifi^}e`Zf[\c`dg\$ i`fg\ejXicXm`fc\eZ`XZfejk`klp\ek\[\c`dg\i`fp dXek\e\ij\\e\ccX6:fdf[`Z\Cfl`j8ck_ljj\i# Èleg\ejX[fi`[\Xc`jkX\jZfdfle_fdYi\hl\ jXY\[\Xek\dXefXcXm\q[\[e[\m`\e\\cki\e Xchl\j\mXXjlY`ipX[e[\mX%%%<cdXk\i`Xc`j$ kX#\eZXdY`f#\j\c_fdYi\hl\j\jlY\Xleki\e \edfm`d`\ekf\cZlijf[\cdle[f#\cZlijf[\cX _`jkfi`X#\cZlijf[\cXm`[X j`ejXY\ie`[\[e[\ m`\e\\cki\ee`X[e[\mXÉ% G\if\cki\ehl\j\dl\m\p\c_fdYi\hl\m`XaX k`\e\ek`\dgfgfi[\cXek\1\ck`\dgfef_Xj`[f\o$ gifg`X[f%<cg\ejX[fidXk\i`Xc`jkX\jk}c\afj[\cX m`[X[\jel[X#efgl\[\kf[XmXXZ\iZXij\X\ccX%J` cXXZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mX\j\cX]l\iXe\Z\jXi`f[\c ZiZlcfm`Z`fjf[\cXi\cXZ`e[\ZXg`kXc#j\gXiXZ`e kfkXc#\e\cfkifcX[f\jk}\cZfcXgjf[\cX[`jk`eZ`e X[\ekif$X]l\iX\ecX`e[`]\i\eZ`XZ`ekfkXc% <cg\ejX[fifi^}e`Zf[\c`dg\i`f#ZlXe[f\c `dg\i`f\jk}Xegfi[\Z`[`ij\#ZlXe[fjcf\o`jk\ cXe\Z\j`[X[[\XZldlcXZ`e`dg\i`Xcgi`d`k`mX#ef g`\ejXcX`e[`]\i\eZ`XZ`eÔeXc[\cX\ogifg`XZ`e1 jcfg`\ejXZdf_XZ\icXg\ejXYc\%F`dg\ejXYc\% <e\c;\dfZiXk\jXck\i#AlXe>`ej[\J\gcm\[X aljk`ÔZX\ckiXYXaf[\cX:fehl`jkX\eleXek\Z\$ [\ek\[\c`dg\iXk`mfZXk\^i`ZfbXek`Xef1ÈKf[fcf hl\hl\i`jhl\cfj_fdYi\j_X^XeZfemfjfkifj# _XZ\[cfmfjfkifjZfe\ccfjÉ%<ciXqfeXd`\ekf[\ J\gcm\[Xhl\[XZfek\e`[f\ecXefidX[\hl\cf hl\\jjlg\i`fik`\e\[\i\Z_f[\[fd`eXZ`ejf$ Yi\cf`e]\i`fi#phl\\c[\i\Z_f`dgfe\fYc`^XZ`e% CX[fd`eXZ`e[\cf`e]\i`figficfjlg\i`fi\jcX e`ZX]fidX\ecXhl\cf`e]\i`figl\[\XYXe[feXi k\e[\eZ`Xcd\ek\jl`e]\i`fi`[X[%GficfkXekf#gXiX c#cX[fd`eXZ`e\jleXZkfk`Zf1Èpkf[f\jkfgfi [\Zi\kfpc\p[`m`eXpeXkliXchl\dXe[Xhl\cfd}j g\i]\Zkfpgf[\ifjf[fd`e\jfYi\cf`dg\i]\Zkfp [\j`^lXcÉ% CX^l\iiX\jaljkXgfihl\\jd\afi#le`m\ijXc$ d\ek\#j\iZi`jk`Xefhl\efj\icfp[X[fhl\ef_Xp j`ef^l\iiXgXiX]fiqXiXcfjeXk`mfjXXYXe[feXi jlje\]Xe[Xjgi}Zk`ZXj`[cXkiXj#cX^l\iiX\je\Z\$ jXi`X%J`ÈpfZfehl`jkfÉj`^e`ÔZXhl\kfdfgfj\j`e [\cXk`\iiX[\kXcdXe\iXhl\g\id`kfXcfZX[f gXik`Z`gXi\ejlgifg`X[fd`eXZ`e#\ekfeZ\jcX`e$ Zclj`e[`]\i\eZ`Xc\j\cd\ZXe`jdf]le[Xd\ekXc [\cX[fd`eXZ`e`dg\i`Xc% CX\ogifg`XZ`e#gficfkXekf#[\Y\g\ejXij\\e gi`d\icl^XiZfdfZfcfZXZ`e[\ekif[\c[`jgfj`$ k`mf[\cXm\i[X[`dg\i`Xc%8ek\j[\hl\cXm\i[X[ `dg\i`Xcgl\[Xi\\jZi`Y`ij\ZfdfZf^`kf#f[\hl\ cXk`ZXgXj\X\g`jk\dfcf^X#Xek\j[\hl\cXZf$ cfZXZ`e[\cfZX[fpefm\i[X[\if\e\c\jgXZ`f [\cXm\i[X[gl\[Xi\[\Ôe`ij\ZfdfcXfg\iXZ`e ZXcZlcXk`mX[\cXi\jZf^`kXej#\cdle[f[\Y\hl\[Xi gi\gXiX[fgXiXjlXgifg`XZ`ej`e]XccX%:fehl`jkf \jcXkifgfcf^Xe\Z\jXi`X[\cZf^`kf\ecXd\[`[X\e hl\e`e^eZf^`kf\jgfj`Yc\j`eleXgi\m`Xk\ii`$ kfi`Xc`qXZ`ehl\cfjfjk\e^X\ejl[`]\i\eZ`XZfe i\jg\Zkf[\jd`jdf% CXXlj\eZ`X[\k\id`eX[X#\cg\ejX[fifi^}e`$ Zf[\cXXZldlcXZ`e`dg\i`Xc\jgXfcX#m`m\\ecX [`]\i\eZ`X\eki\Zfehl`jkfpZf^`kf#\ejlkifgfcf$ ^Xgfj`Y`c`kXek\% <ecX9i\mj`dX#;\cXj:XjXjc\g`[\XcGieZ`g\ =\c`g\hl\k\id`e\ZfecX\okiXZZ`ejXcmXa\[\ ZXg`kXc\ecXj@e[`XjjfYi\cXYXj\[\gi\j\imXicX `ek\^i`[X[[\c[fd`e`ld`dg\i`Xc%<jZfjX#[`Z\ CXj:XjXj#[\\m`kXicX[\jkilZZ`e#gl\jcX[\j$ kilZZ`e[XXi}\c`dg\i`f%;\cXj:XjXj\ek\e[` \cgifZ\jf_`jki`ZfZfdf]fidX\hl`mfZX[X[\ XZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mX1d\afiZi`jk`Xe`qXi#pXj Zffg\iXi}e% CXXZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mX#[\cXgi`d\iXXcX j\^le[X]Xj\[\cX:fehl`jkX#gXj[\\ek\e[\ij\ ZfdfcX\okiXZZ`eYilkXc\`e[`jZi`d`eX[X[\fif# gcXkX#g\icXjpg`\[iXjgi\Z`fjXjXcXg\iZ\gZ`e[\ hl\cfj`e[`fjdl\ikfj\ecfjgifp\Zkfjd`e\ifj gf[iXej\idXef[\fYiXgifm\Z_fjX%CXj\gXiX$ Z`e[\cgif[lZkfi[\cfjd\[`fj[\gif[lZZ`e ]l\[\cXYljfXj\j`efXck`gf[\\jZcXm`qXd`\ekf ki`YlkXi`f[`j]iXqX[fZfdfd`kXj#i\gXik`d`\ekfj# \eZfd`\e[Xj#Xj`\ekfjpfkiXjZcXj\j[\\ogcfkX$ Z`e[\ckiXYXaf% <c dfd\ekf \e \c hl\ cfj eXk`mfj [\c El\mf Dle[f]l\ife]fiqX[fjXX[d`k`ihl\cXgfck`ZX cXjZXj`XeX\iXd\afij`e[l[Xhl\cXjgi}Zk`ZXj[\ cfjZil\c\jk`iXefj8cmXiX[ffG\[iXi`Xj;}m`cX]l\ \cdfd\ekf\e\chl\cXiXqe`dg\i`Xc\jgXfcX \dg\qX_XZ\ij\iXqe_\^\de`ZX#iXqeiXqf$ eXYc\fiXqegfjk$k\iifi%IXqekiXjk\iifi#g\if iXqeYXjX[X\e\ck\iifi1j`e\ck\iififi`^`eXc#cX XZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mXef_XYiXgXjX[fXjlj\$ ^le[X]Xj\#p;\cXj:XjXjef_XYiXZfem\ik`[fX e`e^e`e[`f% <c`dg\i`feleZX_XYiX[\jg\ikX[fXjlZfe$ [`Z`e[\m\i[X[%CX_`jkfi`X[\cZfeÕ`ZkfZfcfe`Xc df[\ief\jcX_`jkfi`X[\cXj[`m\ijXjpZfdgc\aXj i\cXZ`fe\j\eki\XZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mXpgifZ\jfj _\^\de`Zfj% ;\j[\\ce\Z\jXi`fg\if`dgfj`Yc\g\ejXd`\ekf [\cXXZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mXZfdf]le[Xd\ekf[\c ]le[Xd\ekf#iXqe[\iXqe#cX_`jkfi`X[\cZfeÕ`Z$ kfZfcfe`Xcefgl\[\\ek\e[\ij\kf[XmXZfdfcX d\iX_`jkfi`X[\cXZfejk`klZ`e[\leX]fidXZ`e _\^\de`ZX% D}jY`\e#cX_`jkfi`X[\kf[fgifZ\jf_\^\de`$ Zf\jj`\dgi\[\Zfejk`klp\ek\pgi\jZi`Y\cX_`jkfi`X [\lefcm`[f1cX_\^\dfeX\jj`\dgi\\cfcm`[f[\cX XZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mX#cX`eZXgXZ`[X[[\jfjk\e\ij\ \ecXm`fc\eZ`X#\e\cg\ZX[ffi`^`eXc[\cX\ZfefdX gfck`ZX%CXXZldlcXZ`egi`d`k`mX\j\cj\idXk\i`Xc$ `edXk\i`Xc[\cfjj\i\j% <cX]l\iXZfejk`klk`mf[\cXiXqe`dg\i`Xcdf$ [\ieX\jlegi`eZ`g`f[\`ejli^\eZ`Xhl\jcfgl\[\ \ek\e[\ij\e\^Xk`mXd\ek\#\jkf\j#ZfdfXhl\ccfhl\ ef_Xj`[fjla\kfXcX^XiXekX[\cX[fd`eXZ`e#pgfi cfkXekfZfdfcfhl\g\idXe\Z\jla\kXYc\%x 8cY\ikfDfi\`iXj Gif]\jfi[\c:\eki\]fiDf[\ieK_fl^_k% Le`m\ij`kpf]8Y\i[\\e#<jZfZ`X% PRINCIPIO POTOSÍ Arlequines y polichinelas <cXik\[\cX[\eleZ`Xgi\j\ekX\ecX@e[`XleXel\mXgXiX[faX\e\cdle[f^cfYXc%M\e[\ \eFZZ`[\ek\pccfiX`eZfejfcXYc\gficXm`ikl[ifYX[XgficXgifg`XfZZ`[\ekXc`qXZ`e%<e\c ]fe[f\jk}leXi\c`^`e\e]i\ekX[XXkf[XleXjfZ`\[X[[\Zfejldf%Gfi:_XekXcDX`ccXi[ A ik\[\j$`ek\^iX[f%Gi`d\if]l\ifecfj gXpXjfj%D`c\jpd`c\j[\gXpXjfjdf$ i`Yle[fjhl\g\i[XejljXe^i\gfi leX eXi`q i\[fe[X p ZfcfiX[X# p jlj c}^i`dXjZfecXg`ekliXYcXeZX[\jljfafj%GXpX$ jfjhl\j\[\jg\XYXegfileXZXek`cX[fhl\\iX \cÔeXcXYilgkf[\leZfek`e\ek\\eifa\Z`[fgfi jljXe^i\% D\^ljkX`iXm\icXj\ogfj`Z`fe\jj`egi\gXiX$ Z`eXci\jg\Zkf2\ecXd\[`[X[\cfgfj`Yc\#Zl`[f d``^efiXeZ`XgXiXZfecfhl\d\\jg\iX%D\^ljkX hl\cXfYiXd\jfigi\e[X#pgifZlifjXY\id\efj XZ\iZX[\\ccX[\cfhl\gifZliXijXY\ij`d\`d$ gXZkX%D\ck`e^N`kd\ccXdcXXk\eZ`e#Xcgi`eZ`$ g`f#gfihl\\cifaf\jccXdXk`mf[\gfij%D`id}j [\k\e`[Xd\ek\pm`hl\cfjgXpXjfjk\eXe\cifjkif fjZlif%·<iXegXpXjfj`e[`fjKXcZfdfj\i\gi\$ j\ekXYXXhl#ZfejleXi`qi\[fe[XpZfcfiX[Xpjl ifjkifg`ekX[f[\YcXeZfpe\^if#\cgXpXjf\jleX Ô^liXfZZ`[\ekXchl\[XkX[\cfjXcYfi\j[\cO@O2 \iX#\ekfeZ\j#\cXl^ljkf#\c`[`fkX#[\jZ\e[`\ek\ [\cGfc`Z_`e\cXhl\#\e\cj`^cfOM@#XZfdgXXYX XcZcfne#gfijlgXik\#[\jZ\e[`\ek\[\c8ic\hle% EffYjkXek\#cfhl\k\eXXek\d\iXegXpXjfj[\ ifjkifdfi\ef#gXpXjfj`e[`fj#peflefjcf#j`ef kf[flegl\Ycf%¶Hl_XZX\jXÔ^liXgifg`Xd\ek\ fZZ`[\ekXc\ecXfYiX[\leXik`jkX`e[`f6 EfkXi[\eZfdgi\e[\iZlXe[fd\\e]i\ek XcfjZi\X[fi\j[\cXe}lj\X%Lefjg\ijfeXa\jm\j$ k`[fj[\\a\Zlk`mfZXd`eXejfYi\g`cXj[\cfhl\#X gi`d\iXm`jkX#gXi\Z\edfekfe\j[\YXjliX%Dl$ Z_fj[\\ccfjcc\mXeledXc\kee\^if\ecXdXef% ;\jlYfZXjXc\leXelY\e\^iX#Xm\Z\j[fj#hl\j\ [\jgc`\^Xe\emfclkXjgfi\eZ`dX[\cfjdfekZl$ cfjphl\gXi\Z\[\aXic\j\o_Xljkfj%:X\e#j\c\mXe$ kXe#i\jYXcXejfYi\cfhl\X_fiX#[\j[\d}jZ\iZX# Zfdgil\Yfhl\jfeZl\igfj_ldXefj[\jkifqX[fj# dfekfe\j[\Zl\igfjhl\X[hl`\i\e#Zfe\cZfcfi gXi[f[\cXX^lX[X#cXkiXejgXi\eZ`X[\cfXee`df# cX^iXedXjXXee`dXg`jfk\X[Xgficfj_fdYi\j hl\#X]\iiX[fjXcdXc\ke#efgl\[\ec`YiXij\[\ cXe\^iliXhl\\ccfjd`jdfj\o_XcXe%<jkf#\ele c`\eqf[\ZXj`j\`jd\kifj[\cXi^f[`m`[`[f_fi`$ qfekXcd\ek\\eZ`eZf]iXeaXjhl\i\Zl\i[XecXj k`iXj[\Zd`Z% :Xj`XcÔeXc[\cXj\i`\#[\cd`jdfkXdXf[\ cfj\a\Zlk`mfj#[\g`\#le9iX_dX[\ZlXkifZXY\qXj m\jk`[fZfelecfe^l`[\cZfcfi[\cXi\eleZ`X#d`iX _XZ`XcXjZlXkif[`i\ZZ`fe\j#ZfeleifjXi`f\eleX dXef#\efkiX#cfjm\[Xj#leXÕfi[\cfkf\ecXk\iZ\$ iXp\ecXZlXikX#lei\Z`g`\ek\gXiXcXjglaXj% CX^iXe[\jXik`ZlcXZ`e[\ck\ii`kfi`f`e[`f# cfjd`ccfe\j[\j\i\jZfeifjkifj`e[\Ôe`[fj#Zfe fafjpYfZXmXZ`X[fjgfi\c\jgXekf#pcX^iXedX$ i\X#cXelY\g\jk`c\ek\#mfd`kX[X[\YfZX\eYfZX gfig\ijfeXa\jdfi\efjpilY`fj%EX[`\#eX[`\Zfe c`Y\ikX[#Zfe[\Z`j`e#ZfegXcXYiX#kf[fjal^l\k\j [\cXe}lj\X% yjk\\j\ci\`ef[\cfj8ic\hl`e\j#cfjc`jkfj# hl\kifZXifejlkiXa\[\ifdYfjgfilekiXa\[\ \a\Zlk`mfpjl`ejkild\ekfdlj`ZXcgfiledXc\ke% G\c\c\jkf[fj#XcÔepXcZXYf#lefjif[Xe[f_XZ`X El universo de N. S. Harsha representa el mundo de la náusea y de la insatisfacción. \cXY`jdf#fkifj#cc\mX[fjgficXe}lj\X%yjk\\j\c le`m\ijf[\E%J%?Xij_X% ?XYcXi[\Zfcfe`qXZ`e#_fp#\jleXeXZife`j$ df2[\Y\dfj_XYcXi[\^cfYXc`qXZ`e#Xlehl\jkX ef[\a\[\j\ileXZfcfe`qXZ`eX^iXe\jZXcX#`e$ [\g\e[`\ek\d\ek\[\hl`\e\jhl`\iXem\icf[\j[\ cfjY\e\ÔZ`fjhl\[\\jk\]\ed\efgl[`\j\efY$ k\e\icfjgl\YcfjZfehl`jkX[fjpgi\Ô\iXe_XYcXi [\dle[`Xc`qXZ`e% CfjY\e\ÔZ`fj#j`e\dYXi^f#ef\jZfjXdlp XgXi\ek\ gfi \c dfd\ekf# \e @e[`X% ?XYi} hl\ gi\^lekXij\j`#_XjkXcX]\Z_X#cfjZfekiXkfj\dgi\$ jXi`Xc\jef_Xe_\Z_fj`dgc\d\ek\d}ji`ZfjXcfj i`Zfjpj\_XpXkiXej]fidX[fcfhl\gXiXdlZ_fj \iXleX\ZfefdX[\jlYj`jk\eZ`X\e\ZfefdX[\ Y\e\ÔZ`f#gfilecX[f#p[\Xlkek`ZXd`j\i`X#gfi fkif% ?\dfj\ogfikX[fel\jkifjmXcfi\j#el\jkiXj d\iZXeZXj#el\jkifdf[f[\m\icXm`[X#[\g\ejXi# el\jkifj`ek\i\j\jp#XZXdY`f#efj_\dfjXgifg`X$ [f[\jlZlckliX#XcXhl\#gXiXZfem\ik`icX\emXcfi d\iZXek\#_\dfjk\i^`m\ijX[f#ki`m`Xc`qX[fp[\j$ m`iklX[f1c\_\dfjhl`kX[fjlm`ikl[#jl]l\iqXm`j$ m`iklj #hl\\jcfhl\_XZ\hl\leXZlckliXgl\[X jlYj`jk`iZfdfkXc% :fcfe`qXi\jlekid`ef\Zfed`Zfgifg`f [\cXdf[\ie`[X[#eleZX[\jc`^X[f[\cZfeZ\g$ kf[\gif^i\jf\ek\e[`[fZfdf`eZi\d\ekf%CX gfjdf[\ie`[X[cf_\i\[XZfem`ik`\e[fcfhl\\iX `eZi\d\ekf c`e\Xc \e `eZi\d\ekf XZldlcXk`mf% CXjeXZ`fe\jpcfj`e[`m`[lfjhl\gif^i\jXejfe cfjhl\k`\e\ed}j#jXY\ed}j#gl\[\ed}j#i\j$ gfe[\ed}j#\kZ%G\ifd`\ekiXjXc^leXjeXZ`fe\j \`e[`m`[lfji\\dgcXqXed\afigfid}j#gXiXfkifj# Xej\kiXkX[\d\afiXi%Efgif^i\jXe`^lXccfjhl\ pXk`\e\ehl\cfjhl\k`\e\egfZffeX[X%P\j\m`$ [\ek\hl\efgl\[\_XYcXij\[\gfjdf[\ie`[X[Xcc [fe[\Xej\_XYcX[\j\idf[\iefj% 8[`]\i\eZ`X[\cXjZfehl`jkXjYc`ZXj#cX^cfYX$ c`qXZ`ek`\e\Xjl]Xmfihl\\cZfehl`jkX[fXZZ\[\ Xj\icfp#Xed}j#hl`\i\j\icf%¶K`\e\j\ek`[f#\e kXcZXjf#_XYcXi[\Zfehl`jkX6¶:dfef6CXjfZ`\$ CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 43 PORTADA [X[[\d\iZX[flk`c`qXleXidX\oki\dX[Xd\ek\ \]\Zk`mXpdlZ_fd}jjlk`chl\fkiXj2\ei\Xc`[X[ cXm`fc\eZ`X[\jXe^i\g\ik\e\Z\XcgXjX[f#cXhl\ j\\a\iZ\X_fiXk`\e\hl\m\iZfe\c[\j\f%Cfhl\ `ekif[lZ`dfj\j\cd`kf[\cX]\c`Z`[X[2eX[`\j\ gl\[\i\j`jk`iX\jkf%<j]}Z`c#ZlXe[fleXZlckliX _Xj`[f[\jm`iklX[X#Zfem\ik`iXcfj`e[`m`[lfj\e X[`ZkfjXcZfejldf% M\fcX^cfYXc`qXZ`eZfdfcXck`dXZfcfe`qX$ Z`e#Xhl\ccXXek\cXhl\ef_XYi}i\ml\ckXgfj`Yc\ gfihl\\ejlgif^iXdXZ`e\jk}cXZXgXZ`[X[[\ i\Zfem\ik`iZlXchl`\i\e]i\ekXd`\ekfplk`c`qXi jl\e\i^X\egifg`fY\e\ÔZ`f%8j#gfijlgl\jkf# Zfe\cXik\[\[\eleZ`X% CXgXiX[faX[\cXik\[\[\eleZ`X\ecfjk\ii`$ kfi`fj^cfYXc`qX[fj%:lXe[f_XYcXdfj[\Xik\ Zfek\dgfi}e\f \e cfj k\ii`kfi`fj ^cfYXc`qX[fj# \jkXdfj_XYcXe[f[\Xik\fZZ`[\ekXc#gfijlgl\jkf% PZlXe[f_XYcXdfj[\Xik\`e[`fZfek\dgfi}e\f# k\e\dfjhl\_XYcXi[\cXik\[\[\eleZ`X%CXkXi\X [\cfjXik`jkXj`e[`fj#_fp#\j#\e\]\Zkf#\e^iXed\$ [`[X#cX[\eleZ`X[\cfhl\\jk}fZlii`\e[f\ejl \ekfief%¶Hl`ed\afihl\\cXik`jkXgXiX_XZ\i$ cf6GfZfjjfecfjhl\#m`m`\e[f\ejlgXj[\fi`$ ^\eefj\j\ej`Y`c`qXeZfejli\Xc`[X[%8pl[X#gfi jlgl\jkf#\c_\Z_f[\hl\\cXik\[\[\eleZ`X\jk} [\df[Xpj\gX^XY`\e%¶;e[\6<ecfjZ`iZl`kfj [\cd\iZX[ffZZ`[\ekXc#gfijlgl\jkf%P\jhl\\c Xik`jkX`e[`fZfek\dgfi}e\fj\\e]i\ekXZfeleX [fYc\gXiX[faX%<egi`d\icl^Xi#\c[\Xik`jkX\jle ZfeZ\gkffZZ`[\ekXccX_`jkfi`X[\cXik\[\FZZ`$ [\ek\cf\cXYfi_XZ\gfZfjj`^cfj 2\jkf_XZ\hl\# gXiX[\eleZ`Xicfji\jlckX[fj[\cX`ekifd`j`e[\ cXjeXZ`fe\jfZZ`[\ekXc\j#cfjXik`jkXj`e[`fjk\e^Xe hl\_XZ\icfZfecXjXidXjhl\jkXjc\jgifgfiZ`f$ eXe#[\j[\lefjgXi}d\kifjhl\efjc\jg\ik\e\$ Z\e#hl\jfe`dgfikX[fj#p[\ZlpX`dgfikXZ`e \ccfjjfeXcXm\qXikÔZ\jpY\e\ÔZ`Xi`fj%GXjX\e \jkfZfe\cXik\ZfdfZfeZlXchl`\ifkiXZfjX% CXj\^le[XgXik\k`\e\hl\m\iZfecX\ogi\$ j`eXik\[\[\eleZ`Xp#Xek\jXe#Zfe\cgifg`f ZfeZ\gkf[\[\eleZ`X%CX[\eleZ`X\jledfm`$ d`\ekf[\cXZfeZ`\eZ`Xhl\j\j`\ek\fj\Zi\\ c`Yi\#\ek\e[`\e[fcXc`Y\ikX[ZfdfcXgfj\j`e[\ lefj[\i\Z_fjZ`m`c\jhl\gl\[\e[\]\e[\ij\p\o`$ ^`ij\#phl\efj\_XYiXefYk\e`[f[\efj\igficX @cljkiXZ`eÆcX?`jkfi`X#[\el\mf% J`_XYcXdfj[\c`Y\ikX[#\e@e[`X#ZlXchl`\iX \ek\e[\i}hl\efj\jkXdfji\Ôi`\e[fXXc^fdlp [`jk`ekf#Zfdf\c^iX[f[\\c\mXZ`e[\cXZfeZ`\e$ 44 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 La violencia de sangre pertenece, en realidad, al pasado, la que se ejerec ahora tiene que ver con el deseo Z`X\ejlZXgXZ`[X[[\[`jk`e^l`icXm\i[X[\iXeX$ kliXc\qX[\cXi\Xc`[X[]\efde`ZX%Cf[\d}j\j ;_XidX% 8jhl\ZlXe[f\cXik`jkX`e[`f[\eleZ`X#cf_XZ\ ZfeZXk\^fiXjhl\_Xe_\Z_fgfj`Yc\hl\\o`jkXe \e@e[`XcfjXik`jkXjp\cXik\kXcZfdf\ek\e[\dfj [`Z_fjkid`efj[\jglj[\cXjmXe^lXi[`Xjp#gfi jlgl\jkf#\cXik\[\[\eleZ`X%Pcfhl\[\eleZ`X\j# XcÔepXcZXYf#cXd`jdX`ekifd`j`ehl\_X_\Z_f gfj`Yc\jl[\eleZ`X%yjkX\jcXgXiX[faX% <o`jk\#\ecfjkiXkX[fj[\\jkk`ZX`e[`fj#leX efZ`e[\cXhl\j\gXik\gXiX_XYcXi[\kf[XjcXj Xik\j#hl\cXjle`ÔZXXkf[Xjp\jjlgi`eZ`gXc`e^i\$ [`\ek\%<jcXefZ`e[\iXjX%<cXik\[\Y\j\iZXgXq [\\dfZ`feXi[\leX[\k\id`eX[XdXe\iX2[\Y\ j\iZXgXq[\kiXej]fidXicXj\dfZ`fe\jY}j`ZXj# fi[`eXi`Xj#\efkiXjdf[Xc`[X[\j[\cX\og\i`\e$ Z`XjljZ\gk`Yc\j[\j\ijXYfi\X[Xjgfid\[`f[\cX i\gi\j\ekXZ`e%<cKiXkX[f[\cX[iXdXkli^`X[\ 9_XiXkXj`^cfO@@ \eleZ`XYXfZ_fj\ek`d`\ekfj fi[`eXi`fj#Xcfjhl\Zfii\jgfe[\iXefZ_fiXjXj# fdf[Xc`[X[\j[\cX\dfZ`ejljZ\gk`Yc\j[\j\i gXcX[\X[Xj\ecXi\Z\gZ`e% CXk\fiX[\cfjiXjXjj\_`qf\ok\ej`mXXkf[Xj cXjXik\j#gficfhl\\j[\i`^lifjXXgc`ZXZ`e\ecX dj`ZXp\ecXg`ekliXkXekfZfdf\ecX[XeqXl fkiXjdXe`]\jkXZ`fe\j\ecXjhl\cXj\dfZ`fe\j\j$ ke`emfclZiX[Xj#cfZlXc#\ecXjXik\jkiX[`Z`feXc\j `e[`Xj#\jj`\dgi\%<e\]\Zkf#\cgXjf[\cj\ek`d`\e$ kfXc`ek\c\Zkf\jgi`mXk`mf[\cXjmXe^lXi[`Xj2jcf \e\ccXj\j[fe[\cXfYiX#_X[\j\i\ek\e[`[X\ejl ZfeZ\gkf Xek\jhl\`ekl`[Xfg\iZ`Y`[X% FYj\imfcXfYiX[\?Xij_X#pd\gi\^lekfhl ZXk\^fiX\ogi\jX%Ef_XZ\]XckXg\ejXidlZ_f#\jk} [X[X\e\ckklcf[\cfjZi\X[fi\j[\e}lj\X%<ogi\$ jX#\eki\fkiXjZfjXj#_Xjkf%Ef\jjk\lej\ek`$ d`\ekfhl\j\Zfek\dgc\\ecfjkiXkX[fj[\\jkk`ZX `e[`fj#e`Zfdfj\ek`d`\ekfY}j`Zf#e`ZfdfiXjX% E`e^leX[\cXjdf[Xc`[X[\j[\cd`jdf1\cjgc\\e [\cifdXek`Z`jdfp\ck\[`f[\ÔeXc\j[\cO@O#\c ZXejXeZ`f\o`jk\eZ`Xc\cXYjli[fpcXeXj\X [\ cXgi\^l\iiX\e\cOOCXe}lj\X[\JXiki\[XkX[\ (0*/2\cd`kf[\Jj`]f[\:Xdlj\j[\(0+) #f\c [\jXc`\ekfp\cXYXk`d`\ekf[\el\jkiXgfZX#jfe \jkX[fjhl\cX\jkk`ZX`e[`X_XpXZfek\dgcX[f% 8cgXi\Z\i#cXe}lj\Xjcf\ji\gi\j\ekXYc\[\ekif [\cfjgXi}d\kifj[\cXik\[\cXjfZ`\[X[hl\cX _X^\e\iX[f#hl\cX_XefdYiX[fZfdfZXk\^fiX j\ek`d\ekXc%¶Hlgl\[\[\[lZ`ij\[\\jkf6<e gi`d\icl^Xi#hl\cXj\dfZ`fe\jefjcfjfeZlckl$ iXc\j#j`efkXdY`e\gfZXc\j%<ej\^le[fcl^Xi#hl\ jfe\ogfikXYc\j%8jhl\#j`leXik`jkX`e[`fg`ekX cXe}lj\X\jhl\#fY`\ehl\jk\_Xj`[f\[lZX[f \e&gficXjfZ`\[X[fZZ`[\ekXc#fY`\e#hl\\ejljf$ Z`\[X[_Xj`[f`ekif[lZ`[f#gficXiXqehl\j\X#\c ^\id\e[\\jXel\mXdf[Xc`[X[\o`jk\eZ`Xc% @eÕl\eZ`Xj1ZXd`efj[\`[Xpml\ckX%Cfj`e$ [`fjef]l\ifeZfehl`jkX[fi\j1jlkiX[`Z`eefc\j g\id`k\jXc`i[\jlj]ifek\iXj%<dYXiZXij\#ZilqXi cfjdXi\j#j\iXXYXe[feXi[\ck\ii`kfi`fjX^iX[f# mfcm\ij\`dglif%8jhl\lk`c`qXifejl]l\iqX\ecf hl\jgf[Xe_XZ\i1gifk\^\ij\%CXjfZ`\[X[`e[`X gifk\^`jlZlckliX#[\dXe\iXhl\g\j\X_XY\i j`[f#\ccXj#Zfehl`jkX[Xi\g\k`[Xjm\Z\jXcfcXi^f [\jl_`jkfi`X#p_XY\iXj`d`cX[fdlZ_XjZlckliXj# cXjlpXeleZX[\jXgXi\Z`%CX`emXj`edljlcdXeX \cEfik\]l\Zfehl`jkX[fX`e`Z`fj[\cj`^cfO@@@p \cJliXd\[`X[fj[\cOM@ pcX\lifg\X`e`Z`X[X Zfecfjgi`d\ifjXj\ekXd`\ekfjZfd\iZ`Xc\j[\cfj gfikl^l\j\j\e\cOM@pZlcd`eXe[fZfe\ci\`ef[\ cfjYi`k}e`Zfj ]l\ifecXj[fjck`dXj[\leXcXi^X j\i`\[\Zfcfe`qXZ`fe\j% CXdf[\ie`[X[\jlekid`ef\lifg\f%JfcX$ d\ek\gl\[\Xgc`ZXij\Xfkifjk\ii`kfi`fjZfealekX$ d\ek\Zfe\c[\fZZ`[\ekXc`qXZ`e#cfZlXc#\e@e[`X# efjlZ\[\iX_XjkXhl\#Xgi`eZ`g`fj[\cO@O#cfj Yi`k}e`Zfj`ekif[la\j\ejlj`jk\dX[\\ej\XeqX#p cXj]Xd`c`XjX[`e\iX[Xj`e[`Xj\em`Xj\eXjlj_`afjX cXj\jZl\cXjYi`k}e`ZXj%CXi\Z\gZ`e[\cf\lifg\f j\]fd\ekjfYi\kf[f\e:XcZlkX#Z\ekif[\^iXe XZk`m`[X[`ek\c\ZklXcp#Xd\[`X[fj[\j`^cf(/,. j\]le[XifecXjgi`eZ`gXc\jle`m\ij`[X[\jÆleg\i$ ]\Zkfki`}e^lcf[\Efik\XJligXjXe[fgficXZfjkX f\jk\1:XcZlkX$9fdYXp$DX[i}jÆ\ecXjhl\gif]\$ jfi\j\lifg\fj`dgXikXeleX\ej\XeqX\lifg\X% CXX[d`iXZ`ehl\cfj`e[`fjgif]\jXife#[\j[\\e$ kfeZ\j#_XZ`XcfjYi`k}e`Zfj#jfYi\kf[f\ecfj`e$ k\c\ZklXc\j#k\e[iX^iXm\jZfej\Zl\eZ`XjgXiX\c c\^X[fkiX[`Z`feXcpXhl\#Xcj\i`ek\igi\kX[f[\e$ kif[\cfjgXi}d\kifj[\cg\ejXd`\ekf\lifg\f# \c_`e[l`jdfj\\eZfeki#[\i\g\ek\#mfcZX[f\e dfc[\jZi`jk`Xefj#pjlg\ejXd`\ekf#`dgi\^eX[f [\k\fcf^XZi`jk`XeX% Efj\iXZfii\Zkf#j`e\dYXi^f#dXek\e\ileX m`j`elemfZX[\cXj`eÕl\eZ`Xj%<jdlpgifYXYc\ hl\jkXj]l\j\eYXjkXek\d}j\e[\Yc\j\ecX@e$ [`Xhl\XcX`em\ijX#ppXj\iX_fiXhl\i\ZfefqZX$ dfj#c\g\j\Xhl`\ec\g\j\#hl\\cZfefZ`d`\ekf [\cfjk\okfj`e[`fjZfej`^l`Xck\iXigfiZfdgc\kf \cildYf[\cXÔcfjf]X\lifg\X#p\ccf#Zfekf[Xj cXjZfej\Zl\eZ`Xj%<jle_\Z_fhl\dfm`d`\ekfj Zfdf\c`[\Xc`jdfÔcfjÔZfXgXik`i[\=`Z_k\ f PRINCIPIO POTOSÍ El despeñadero de los clowns de Harsha, en esta página, y los señores del maletín negro que pasean por montañas de residuos, en la otra página, denuncian explíctamente el momento que está atravesando un país, la India, desvirtuado culturalmente por la globalización. \cifdXek`Z`jdf#hl\Zfej`[\iXdfjdf[Xc`[X[\j [\cXZfeZ`\eZ`X\lifg\Xp]fidXegXik\[\jl_`j$ kfi`X#_XYiXej`[f`dg\ejXYc\jj`ecX`ekif[lZZ`e [\cm\[XekXp[\cYl[`jdfXgXik`i[\jlkiX[lZZ`e X`[`fdXj\lifg\fj%?Xp#\e\jkXgi\j\eZ`X[\cX @e[`X\eel\jkiXZlckliX#lek\jfifhl\ef_Xj`[f jlÔZ`\ek\d\ek\`em\jk`^X[f%Efj\_XXYfi[X[f ZfejlÔZ`\ek\_fe[liXpZcXi`[X[Zdf#XkiXmj [\JZ_fg\e_Xl\i#=`Z_k\#JZ_\cc`e^p#gfijlgl\jkf# ?\^\c#hl\jlgffZlckXi\jkiXk^`ZXd\ek\cfhl\jl j`jk\dXXkf[XjclZ\jc\[\YXkiXjleXjgfk\ek\j `em\Zk`mXj#j`efcm`[XiXE`\kqjZ_\pXcfjÔcjf$ ]fj[\cXgfjdf[\ie`[X[#i\Zlg\iXdfjlefi`^\e eleZXg\i[`[f[\ckf[f^iXZ`XjXcfjg\ejX[fi\j _\k\if[fofj #\chl\#XkiXmj[\cfjgi\jfZi}k`Zfj# efjleXXcX@e[`X[\j[\leX\[X[k\dgiXeX% CXck`dXZfcfe`qXZ`e%<c[\cXj`eÕl\eZ`Xj\j le]\ed\efhl\j\[X#ZXj`j`\dgi\#[\dXe\iX Y`lemfZX#Xlehl\efj`\dgi\j\XleY`\ecfhl\ j\ [X p cf hl\ j\ i\Z`Y\% CX jfZ`\[X[ d\iZXek`c lk`c`qX#_fp\e[X#leXidX[\cXhl\[`]Z`cd\e$ k\gl\[\ecfj`e[`m`[lfj[\]\e[\ij\1\cm`ilj[\cX `ejXk`j]XZZ`e%Cfjgif[lZkfj[\jm`iklX[fjhl\\c d\iZX[fi\gXik\gifmfZXe\e\c`e[`m`[lf#kiXej$ ]fidX[f\eZfejld`[fi#leXkXjX[\`ejXk`j]XZZ`e hl\c\cc\mXi}X[\j\Xid}jp#Xj#Xj\^l`iZfejl$ d`\e[f% <c[\j\f#[\chl\kf[XjcXj\jZl\cXj[\g\ejXd`\ekf `e[`Xj`em`kXeX[\j_XZ\ij\\j#gi\Z`jXd\ek\#cfhl\ ]fd\ekXcXjfZ`\[X[[\d\iZX[f#[\dXe\iXhl\cX @e[`Xj\\e]i\ekXXcXdXpfi\dY\jk`[XZfekiX\c eZc\f[\jljkiX[`Z`fe\j%<jkf\jcfhl\\cXik`jkX `eklp\#pcfhl\Zfe[\eXp[\eleZ`X%<c[\cX[\$ eleZ`X\jlei`eZe[\cXjXik\j\e\chl\\cXik`jkX _XZ\cfhl\Xleg\i`f[`jkXc\\jk}m\[X[f1\cXgfi$ k\[\al`Z`fdfiXc\e]fidX[\\a\dgcf%Jcfhl\# cfhl\efjXY\ZlXe[f\dg`\qX#cfhl\[\jZlYi`i} gXlcXk`eXd\ek\#\jhl\#[\]fidX`ii\d\[`XYc\#jl gif[lZkfgl\jcXfYiX#leXm\qgl\jkXp\ogl\jkX \ecXjmXjZfd\iZ`Xc\j#j\Zfem`\ik\\egif[lZkf j\i}`ed\[`XkXpZfem\e`\ek\d\ek\[\jm`iklX[f [\df[fhl\gl\[Xj\i\eki\^X[fXcZfejld`[fi \ci\Z\gkfij\_XkiXej]fidX[f\eZfejld`[fi j`ejXZl[`ic\#gXiXhl\XjZfcXYfi\\edXek\e\i# \e\c}dY`kf[\jl[\dXe[X#\ce`m\cX[\ZlX[f[\ `ejXk`j]XZZ`e% ?Xp\ecX@e[`X#XZklXcd\ek\#efgfZXjdXefj hl\kiXYXaXegXiXZfekXiefjcX_`jkfi`X[\\jk\c$ k`dfjfd\k`d`\ekf%Gf[iXdfj_XYcXi[\cXY`\e ZfefZ`[X J_\\cX >fn[X# eXZ`[X \e 9_X[iXmXk` BXieXkXbX \e(0,.#d\eZ`feXijl89cXeb\kXe[ k_\jbp#leXik\]XZkfi\ZkXe^lcXi[\[fjd\kifjp d\[`fgfilefpd\[`f#Zfejkil`[fZfec}d`eXj[\ Y`[fe\jpZlpXgXik\jlg\i`fi\jk}X^la\i\X[X[\ dXe\iXhl\#Xc`ekif[lZ`icXZXY\qX\ejl`ek\i`fi# lefgl\[X`dX^`eXikXekfcXZ`l[X[dj\iXZfejl Z`\cf\jki\ccX[fp\cd\e[`^fhl\#gXiX[fid`i#kXe jcfgfj\\leZ`\cf[\d\ek`iX2fXcl[`iXjlj_`j$ kfi`Xj#jkXjhl\\ccXZl\ekX\ecXi^Xjk`iXj[\]fkf$ ^iX]Xjplekifqf[\dXk\i`Xc#lek\jk`dfe`f%G\if gi\Ô\if_XYcXi[\Xik`jkXjhl\ef_Xe\jkl[`X[f\e ZXg`kXc\j\lifg\Xje`k`\e\ei\j`[\eZ`X\eJl`qX# Xik`jkXjhl\#[\j[\[\ekif[\cX@e[`X#i\Õ\aXe\e jlfYiX#ZfejZ`\ek\pgi\k\e[`[Xd\ek\#jlgifg`X ZfekiX[`ZZ`ehl\\jcX[\kf[fjjljZfeZ`l[X[X$ efj#[\j[\\cd}ji`ZfXcd}jgfYi\ i\jg\Zkf[\cX ^cfYXc`qXZ`e%E%J%?Xij_XeXZ`\eDpjfi\BXi$ eXkXbX 2j\]fidXccpkiXYXaXXcc%Gl\[f[\Z`ihl\ ef_\m`jkffYiXd}j\ogcZ`kXhl\cXjlpX%:fd\ >`m\LjXJg\\Z_\jkf[XcX@e[`X#i\Õ\aX[XZfejl kiX[`Z`feXcgXZ`\eZ`Xhl\ifqX\cXYjli[f#jl\jg\iX dl[X[\hl\cXjfclZ`ec\jm\e^X[\]l\iX% G\ifkXdY`egf[iX_XYcXi[\fkifjXik`jkXj d}ji\dle\iX[fj#Zfdf\j\cZXjf[\JlYf[_>lg$ kX#eXZ`[f\eB_X^flc9`_Xi \e(0-+#hl\i\Xc`qX jljfYiXjZfelk\ej`c`fj[\ZfZ`eX[\d\kXchl\j\ ljXe\ecX@e[`X#Zfdfcfjkg`Zfji\Z`g`\ek\j[\ mXi`fjZfdgXik`d\ekfjjlg\igl\jkfjgXiXcc\mXi cXZfd`[X%:fe\ccfj#\eki\fkiXjZfjXj#i\Xc`qM\ip _le^ip^f[)''- #leX\efid\ZXcXm\iXhl\\cXi$ k`jkXZfeZ`Y`[\jglj[\hl\m\iZdf#\elecl^Xi [\XZf^`[X[\Z`[`\iXegfe\ikifqfj[\Z\i[f\ecX Zfd`[X#[\df[fhl\cfjdljlcdXe\jefgf[Xe XZZ\[\iX\ccX%EX[`\[l[Xi}[\hl\cX`ek\eZ`e ]l\j\cX[\[\eleZ`XiledXckiXkf#g\if¿cXfYiX klmfo`kf%J\\o_`Y`\ecX`^c\j`XJX`ek$9\ieXi[ [\GXij\eleYXii`f[\gfYcXZ`edXpfid\ek\ \d`^iXek\#XZlpXgl\ikX\cXik`jkXi\gXik`Zfd`[X m\^\kXi`XeX1·leX`ek\im\eZ`eef\jleXfYiX[\ ZXi`[X[#Zl`[X[f#\cÔeef\j\cd`jdf p#[\jglj# ]l\X[hl`i`[XgfileZfc\ZZ`fe`jkXpj`klX[X\e\c >iXe:XeXc[\M\e\Z`X#\ecX\ekiX[X[\cGXcXqqf >iXjj`%¶:ldgc`cXfYiXjfZ`XcleXÔeXc`[X[jf$ Z`Xc6Ef#Zldgc`Zfecfji\hl`j`kfj[\cXik\#hl\\j j\ileXd\iZXeZX[\XckfmXcfihl\_X^XZ`iZlcXi cX\ZfefdX%CXÈfYiXZfeZXi}Zk\ijfZ`XcÉm\e[\# p\cXik`jkXcfjXY\% ?Xp#Z`\ikXd\ek\#fkifglekf[\m`jkX#[\j[\ \chl\cX^cfYXc`qXZ`ej\\ek`\e[\Zfdfle]\e$ d\ef[\kiXej]\i\eZ`Xj#[\d`^iXZ`fe\jdlklXj# dXi`[Xa\j\`ek\iZlckliXc`[X[hl\[\j\dYfZXiX# ÔeXcd\ek\#\eledle[f]\c`q%G\ifcXm`j`e`e$ ^\elX[\leX^cfYXc`qXZ`eY`\e_\Z_fiXhl\[XiX g`\XleXjfZ`\[X[[\[\i\Z_fefgXjX]}Z`cd\ek\ gfi\ckXd`q[\cXiXqeZik`ZX#gl\j¶Zl}c\jjfecfj mXcfi\jhl\j\jlgfe\jfjk\e[iXeÆfjfjk\e[i}eÆ cX\jkilZkliX[\\jk\dle[f6¶Efj\i}ecfj[\leX jfZ`\[X[_\Z_XX`dX^\e[\cXel\jkiX#cX[\cfZZ`$ [\ek\\ei`hl\Z`[fXZfjkX[\cfjfkifj#cfjhl\pXef j\i}efkifj6Gfihl\#j`\e[fXj#\cgcXek\Xd`\ekf [\leX`ek\iZlckliXc`[X[\jlefd}j[\cfj\d$ Yljk\jZfecfjhl\#gfi\cdfd\ekf#dXek\e\dfj kiXehl`cfjXhl`\e\j\jhl`cdXdfj%Cfhl\ef_Xp \j`ek\iZlckliXc`[X[2cfhl\_Xp\jcX\ogcfkXZ`e[\ cfjdXk\i`Xc\j\ogfikXYc\j#cXgif]lj`e[\cXjd`o$ kliXj[\mXclXek\j#cX[\jm`iklXZ`ed\iZXek\[\cf ^\el`ef#\c`dg\i`f[\cb`kjZ_#p\jleXjfZ`\[X[ ZlckliXcd\ek\[\gXlg\iX[X#gcliXc\eXgXi`\eZ`X g\ife`ZX\ejl[\^iX[XZ`ep\ejld`eljmXcX# cXhl\Zfej\^l`i\dfjd`\ekiXjj`^Xem`^\ek\jcXj i\^cXj[\\jk\al\^f%x :_XekXcDX`ccXi[\jgf\kXp[fZkfiX\e=`cfjf]X% Jlck`dfc`Yif#È?X`eln\c\É#\jk}\[`kX[fgfi Kljhl\kj%M`m`\e9\eXij#\eZlpXle`m\ij`[X[j\ \jg\Z`Xc`q\ei\c`^`e[\cX@e[`X% CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 45 REVERSO KfdXe[f[\k\jk`^fXC\:fiYlj`\i#Xihl`k\ZkfjpXik`jkXj[\CXk`efXd\i`ZX g\iÔcXife[\j[\cfjXfjki\`ekXcXlkfgX[\leXZ`l[X[[\c]lklif%;\jmfj[\cX[\i`mXgi\j\ekX \e\cDlj\fEXZ`feXcI\`eXJf]XXhl\cdfd\ekf\ehl\\cXik\\dgi\e[`\cml\cf% LekiXa\df[\ief gXiX\c_fdYi\kifg`ZXc GfiC`j\kk\CX^eX[f! ( =c}m`f[\:XimXc_f%Gifgfe^fi\m`j`kXicXj <og\i`\eZ`Xj[\=c}m`f[\:XimXc_fZfdf gifZ\[`d`\ekfXikjk`Zf[\Zfdgc\aXXÔe`$ [X[Zfe\cZfdgfikXd`\ekfc[`Zf$Zfej$ kilZk`mfhl\`ejg`iXjlii\Xc`jkXjpj`klXZ`fe`j$ kXj%GXiX\ccf\je\Z\jXi`fi\le`ijlj`[\Xj#kf[XmX [`jg\ijXj#jfYi\cXZ`l[X[\ekid`efj[\Xihl`$ k\ZkliX#liYXe`jdfpZfdgfikXd`\ekf#pXZ\gkXi jlkiXp\Zkfi`X_\k\if[foX1`e^\e`\ifZ`m`cgfi\c 8idjkife^:fcc\^\[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[[\;li_Xd \eE\nZXjkc\>iXe9i\kXX #=c}m`f]l\lec\Zkfi mfiXq[\=i\l[p[\cX8ekifgf]X^`X[\FjnXc[[\ 8e[iX[\% ;\jkXZX[fXik`jkX[\cdf[\ie`j$ dfYiXj`c\f#Xlkfi[\d\dfiXYc\j i\kiXkfjXcc\fp[`Ylafj[\\jk`cf\o$ gi\j`fe`jkX[\jkXZXe\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\ cfji\kiXkfj[\jldX[i\dli`\e[f#cX j\i`\Ki}^`ZX#(0+.#Zfc\ZZ`eD8:$ LJG #=c}m`f[\Y\gXik\[\jlgi\j$ k`^`fXjlZfeki`YlZ`ej`e^lcXiXcX _`jkfi`f^iX]X[\cXdf[X%<e(0,-# XgXik\ [\ glYc`ZXi j\dXeXcd\ek\ leXikZlcfjfYi\CXdf[Xp\c_fdYi\ el\mf#cXeqXlekiXa\[\_fdYi\gXiX cXm`[X\ecfjkig`Zfj%J`e\dYXi^f# efZfejkilpe`e^e\[`ÔZ`f[\g\jf1 leXm`ccX[\[`\Z`j`\k\ZXjXj\ecX8cX$ d\[XCfi\eX\eJfGXlcf#_fp\e[X Zfdgc\kXd\ek\[\jZXiXZk\i`qX[X#p cX=Xq\e[X[X:XglXmX#\eki\^X[XX jljl\ik\% ;\=c}m`fj\ZfefZ\eÆXlehl\\eki\gfZfj _`jkfi`X[fi\jÆcXj<og\i`\eZ`Xje²)p*2leXe\$ YlcfjX\eml\cm\cX<og\i`\eZ`Xe²(#cXe`ZX[\cX hl\ef_Xpi\^`jkif2p[\cXe²+#leX\og\[`Z`eXc 8dXqfeXjgXiX^iXYXiXcX;`fjX9cXeZXiXgkX[X gfi`e[`fjilY`fjZfefafjXqlc\j#jcfj\jXY\mX$ ^Xd\ek\ hl\efXcZXeq\co`kfgi\k\e[`[fgfi \cXik`jkX%IXpdfe[=iXadle[]l\k\jk`^f[\\jkX \og\i`\eZ`X[\(0,/p]fkf^iX]`leXZ\i\dfe`X Zfecfj`e[`fj%;\kf[Xj\ccXj\eZfekiXdfjlegl$ X[f[\[\ZcXiXZ`fe\jZfekiX[`Zkfi`Xj[\[`m\ijfj g\ijfeXa\j% Gfi\ccf#\jd\afiZ\ekiXij\\e\cXe}c`j`j[\cX <og\i`\eZ`Xe²)#[\(0*(#\ecXhl\\cXik`jkX[\jÔcX \ej\ek`[fZfekiXi`fXleXgifZ\j`e[\c:figlj :_i`jk`#pXcX<og\i`\eZ`Xe²*#\ecXhl\[\jÔcXgfi cXZ`l[X[ljXe[f\cE\nCffb#jlifgXdXjZlc`eX kifg`ZXc(0,- %8dYXjk`\e\elej\ek`[f^\e\iX[f XgXik`i[\leXZXd`eXkXgficXmXgYc`ZX%Kf[Xj k`\e\eleXXdgc`Xi\g\iZlj`e\ecXgi\ejX#hl\ [\jZi`Y\cXÔ^liX[\=c}m`fZfeX[a\k`mfjZfdf\o$ _`Y`Z`fe`jkX#\oZeki`Zf#\kZ% <o`jk\le[XkfiX[`ZXcd\ek\df[\ief\e\jkfj efk`Z`Xi`fj[\k\Zk`m\jZfjhl\XZfdgXXekXekfX cfj_\Z_fjliYXefjZfdfXcfjXikjk`Zfj1j`klXi\e ZXdgfjXekX^e`ZfjcXg\ijfeXc`[X[[\c`e[`m`[lf pcXmfclekX[[\leZfc\Zk`mf#dXjXfdlck`kl[% 8lehl\]l\leXik`jkXdlck`[`jZ`gc`eXi#j\c\ jl\c\`[\ek`ÔZXi]}Z`cd\ek\ZfdfleX^`kX[fiZlc$ kliXc%<eleJfGXlcfkf[XmXgifm`eZ`Xef]le[ \c:clY\[fj8ik`jkXjDf[\iefj:8D#\e(0*)# Zfe;`:XmXcZXek`#8ekfe`f>fd`[\p:XicfjGiX$ [f #[fe[\fi^Xe`qmXi`fjZ`Zcfj[\Zfe]\i\eZ`Xj p\ogfj`Z`fe\jp#jfYi\kf[f#Zi\\e (0**\cK\Xkif[X<og\i`eZ`X%:fe jlgif[lZZ`e\e\cZXdgf[\cX\j$ Z\ef^iX]XpcfjÔ^li`e\jgXiXk\Xkif p[XeqX#XÔidXleXmfZXZ`egXiXcX i\gi\j\ekXZ`e\e\c\jgXZ`fgYc`$ Zf\ek\e[`[fZfdfleXgcXqX[fe[\ leXgcXk\X[\gXik`Z`gXek\jX[hl`\i\ \cgXg\cgi`eZ`gXc% ¶:df jli^\ cX `[\X [\ cX <o$ g\i`\eZ`Xe²)6Efj\Zfii\jgfe[\ ZfeleX[\XdYlcXZ`ej`e[\jk`ef gfihl\\cfYa\k`mfpX\jk}[X[f\e cXjXc`[X1È[\jm\e[Xi\cXcdX[\cfj Zi\p\ek\jgfid\[`f[\leX^\ek\ ZlXchl`\iXhl\g\id`kX\jkl[`XicX i\XZZ`e\ecXj]`j`fefdXj#\ecfj ^\jkfj# \e \c gXjf# \e cX d`iX[X¿ j\ek`igfiÔe\ccXk`[f[\cXdY`\ek\# gXcgXigjhl`ZXd\ek\cX\dfZ`ek\dg\jklfjX[\c XcdXZfc\Zk`mX#i\^`jkiXi\c[\jX^\[\\jX\dfZ`e# gifmfZXileXi\ml\ckXgXiXm\iXc^f[\c`eZfejZ`\e$ k\É%KXdgfZf\jlegXj\ffleXgifd\eX[\%=c}m`f j\gfe\le^fiif\`e`Z`XleXdXiZ_X\e[`i\ZZ`e ZfekiXi`X#jlgl\jkXd\ek\ÈgXiXfYj\imXid\afi \c\]\Zkf[\d`XZkf`dgf\ecXÔj`fefdX[\cfj Zi\p\ek\jÉ%<jlei\Zfii`[fkiXej]fidX[fikXekf gXiXjlXlkfiZfdfgXiX\c^ilgf[\g\ijfeXjhl\ j\ZilqXZfec% <ecl^Xi[\cfjdXgXjgj`Zf^\f^i}ÔZfj[\aX$ [fjgficfjj`klXZ`fe`jkXj#=c}m`fXefkX\cXZfek\$ Z`d`\ekf#gfi\jZi`kfpZfe[`Ylafj#Xgfjk\i`fi`% <ci\cXkfj\[`m`[\\e[fjgXik\jpk`\e\lekfef`e Zi\jZ\e[f#kXekf\e\c]\imfi[\cfji\qfjZfdf\ecX `e[`^eXZ`eZfekiX\jXÈXZk`kl[gifmfZX[fiXÉ% @e`Z`Xcd\ek\\cXik`jkXYljZXi\jZXkXi#[\d\$ dfi`X#cXji\XZZ`fe\j\dfZ`feXc\j[\cXdlck`kl[% <ed`kX[[\cZXd`efjl\ckXmXi`fjZXc`ÔZXk`mfj[\ ZlfjfZ`Xc\ce\^if#cXdla\i#cXj^fi[Xj Zfdf <j`dgfikXek\ \ek\e[\i \cgXjf[\ C\:fiYlj`\i _XZ`Xle liYXe`jdf j\ej`Yc\ jli^`[f\e CXk`efXd\i`ZX 46 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 hl`\ej\\eki\^XXcÕlaf[`jZlij`mfhl\ZXiXZk\$ i`qX\cdkf[fgj`ZfXeXck`Zf%<cc\ZkfigXjXi}g`$ [Xd\ek\[\leX_fjk`c`[X[gXj`mXXleXdY`\ek\ X^i\j`mf%J\_XZ\e\Z\jXi`fÈXYXe[feXi\ck\ii\efÉ g\if#Zfdfaljk`ÔZX=c}m`f#jlÈ[\j\f\og\i`d\e$ kXcÉc\`eZ`kXXZfek`elXi%ÈJfplefZfekiXd`cÉ#[`Z\ XdXe\iX[\\ogc`ZXZ`eiXZ`feXc%J`eo`kf%;\Z`[\ \ekfeZ\j\e]i\ekXij\XcXdXjXZfejlgifg`X`iiX$ Z`feXc`[X[1ÈJfpjcflef¿mfjfkifj#Z\ek\eXi\j¿É% <e\jk\dfd\ekf#cXY\c`^\iXeZ`X[\cXj`klXZ`e XcZXeqX\cZlcd\epj\fp\\cildfiÈdXkX¿X^X$ iiX¿c`eZ_X¿É% CX j\^le[X gXik\# hl\ [\jZi`Y\ cX kiXm\jX# ZXkXcf^XZfeZ\gkfjZfdfkfk\d`jdf#]\k`Z_`jdfp Zfdgc\af[\fde`gfk\eZ`X#gfiZ`kXicfjd}ji\g\$ k`[fj%J`\cXik`jkXhl`jf[\dfjkiXicXYXiYXi`\[\ leXdXjXgifmfZX[X\ejl]\#kXdY`e[\jZi`Y\[\ dXe\iXj`^e`ÔZXk`mX\cd`\[fhl\j\Xgf[\i[\jl d\ek\p[\jlZl\igf% ;\[`ZX\cck`dfZXgklcfXc`ejk`ekf^i\^X$ i`f#\e\chl\Zl\jk`feXcXmfclekX[[\Zfej\imXi \cgXjX[fpcXkiX[`Z`ep[\m`m`i\eYXe[fjfi\$ YXfj#`^lXchl\cfjXe`dXc\j%<ck\okfeXiiXk`mf# i\jlckX[f[\cX<og\i`\eZ`X`eXl^liXc#i\m\cXleX Z`\ek`ÔZ`[X[jlYa\k`mX\ehl\cXZ`l[X[\jlecXYf$ iXkfi`f\e\chl\a\]\j`em`j`Yc\j^lXecXjZfe[lZkXj [\leZfik\afhl\gl\[\j\ikXekfi\c`^`fjfZfdf gXki`k`Zf% ) C\:fiYlj`\i%C\:fiYlj`\i\eZl\ekiXjl gif]\j`efmfZXZ`e#gXcXYiXhl\gi\Ô\$ ifpXhl\\jgfj`Yc\fgkXigficXgXj`ep cXc`Y\ikX[[\g\ejXd`\ekf [\jglj[\le m`Xa\XFi`\ek\#hl\i\Xc`q[\dXpfXfZklYi\[\ (0((p[liXek\\chl\cc\mle[`Xi`fZfedlZ_fj [`Ylafj%J`\cm`Xa\XFi`\ek\[\Ôe`jlfgZ`egif$ ]\j`feXc#cXj`klXZ`eZXdY`Xi}Zfdgc\kXd\ek\\e ZXc`[X[\`ek\ej`[X[\e(0)0% <cm`Xa\XCXk`efXdi`ZX#hl\Zf`eZ`[\ZfeleX Yjhl\[X`ek\i`fipleXÈi\[\Ôe`Z`e[\ildYfjÉ :Xicfj=\ii\`iXDXik`ej #j\aljk`ÔZXkXekfgfi\c m`Xa\\ejZfdfgficX]XYlcXZ`e[\leZfek`e\ek\ el\mfÆcXLkfg`XcXe[[\9cX`j\:\e[iXij#pkXd$ Y`ecfjKi`jk\jKig`Zfj[\:cXl[\Cm`$JkiXljj# ZlpX]iXj\[\Xg\ikliX[`Z\dlZ_fjfYi\cX[`jkXe$ Z`X\eki\\cdfd\ekf[\cXgXik`[Xp\c[\ci\^i\jf1 ÈF[`fcfjm`Xa\jpXcfj\ogcfiX[fi\jÉ% <j`ek\i\jXek\\ek\e[\i\cgXjf[\leC\:fi$ Ylj`\iZcXiXd\ek\iXZ`feXc`jkX#XYjkiXZkf#ZXik\j`X$ ef#d\ZXe`Z`jkX_XZ`XleliYXe`jdfj\ej`Yc\#gfj`$ Yc\d\ek\jli^`[f[\cZfekXZkfZfeCXk`efXdi`ZX% GXiX=\ii\`iXDXik`ej#\cm`Xa\]l\\cd\[`fhl\c\ DESVÍOS DE LA DERIVA Proyecto de Flávio de Carvalho para el “Faro de Colón”, en la República Dominicana,1928. (Archivo Leonardo Crecenti) g\id`k`ÈXdgc`Xi\c_fi`qfek\[\cZfefZ`d`\ekfp [\cX]fidXZ`e[\ZXi}Zk\iÉ%;\cXc\ZkliX[\Gi\$ Z`j`fe\jp\egXik`ZlcXi[\cÈ:fifcXi`f9iXj`c\f¿ hl\kXdY`e\jlil^lXpfÉ#\dXeX\cdX^e\k`jdf [\cfjX`i\jcXk`efj%È:lXe[fkf[f\jleXÔ\jkXÉ# ÈZlXe[f lef \jk} \e If [\ AXe\`ifÉ# ÈZlXe[f ki\gXdfjgficXj]Xm\cXj[\cfje\^ifjÉ#ÈZlXe[f jlY`dfj\eleXm`epgcXe\XdfjÉ#ÈZlXe[fkf[f \jÔ\jkXf\jg\Zk}Zlcf#\ekfeZ\jkf[f\jXc\^iXÉ# ÈZlXe[flef\jliYXe`jkXpXihl`k\ZkfÉ#ÈZlXe[f kf[f\jkXejlYc`d\pdX^eÔZf¿\ekfeZ\jcfm\$ dfjkf[f#cfZfdgi\e[\dfjkf[fÉ% P#¶hl\ek\e[\i[\\jkX\g`]XeX6 ?XpdlZ_fjC\:fiYlj`\ihl\j\gl\[\e[\j$ Zf[`ÔZXi%PXee`jKj`fd`j#Xihl`k\ZkfpliYXe`jkX hl\\jkl[`Xdgc`Xd\ek\\c`dgXZkf[\cgX`jXa\\e jljgifp\Zkfj[\Z`l[X[\j#gi\Ô\i\i\]\i`ij\XleX ^\e\Xcf^XXek\jhl\XleX`eÕl\eZ`XZlXe[fjli^\ cXZl\jk`e[\cXi\cXZ`e[\C\:fiYlj`\iZfecfj Xihl`k\ZkfjYiXj`c\fj[liXek\jlj[fjm`Xa\j(0)0 p(0*- pgfjk\i`fid\ek\d\[`Xek\leZfejkXek\ `ek\iZXdY`f[\Zfii\jgfe[\eZ`X%J\^eKj`fd`j# j`ef_lY`\j\leXgi\[`jgfj`Z`efleXXg\ikliX XcXj`[\Xj[\C\:fiYlj`\i#ef_lY`\iXek\e`[fcX i\Z\gk`m`[X[hl\klm`\ife% * C\:fiYlj`\ip=c}m`f[\:XimXc_f%CX cc\^X[XX9iXj`c[\C\:fiYlj`\ij\[\Y` Xle\j]l\iqfZfealekf[\cfjXihl`k\Zkfj cfZXc\j%ClZ`f:fjkXXi^ld\ekhl\c\_X$ YXe\jZf^`[fgl[`\ife_XY\i`em`kX[fX>ifg`lj# Zfe^iXe\og\i`\eZ`X\ecX9Xl_Xlj gfijlZXgX$ Z`[X[[\i\le`iki\jglekfj[\m`jkX1\cjfZ`fc^`Zf gficX`dgfikXeZ`X[\cfjfZ`Xc #cXX[\ZlXZ`eXcXj el\mXjk\Zefcf^Xjp\cXYfi[Xa\gc}jk`Zf%<eleX i\le`e\eZXjX[\GXlcfGiX[f#dX^eXk\[\cZX]p d\Z\eXj[\cdf[\ie`jdfYiXj`c\f#C\:fiYlj`\i [`Z\jfYi\=c}m`f#[\hl`\ej`^l\jlkiXp\Zkfi`X#hl\ \jleÈi\mfclZ`feXi`fifd}ek`ZfÉ% ¶Pj`Zfe]ifek}j\dfjX_fiX\c^iX[f[\if$ dXek`Z`jdf[\ZX[Xlef6¶=c}m`f[\:XimXc_f#jl$ a\kfZfek\dgcXk`mf#\eleXdY`\ek\[\jm`eZlcX[f [\kf[XXZZ`e6¶Efj\iX\cdfd\ekf[\`eZcl`icXj <og\i`\eZ`Xje²)p*\eleXi\Õ\o`eliYXeXhl\ i\Zlg\i\jlZXi^Xi\mfclZ`feXi`X6PXhl\=c}m`f ef[\jkXZXgfijljZfejkilZZ`fe\j#¶Zdfgl\[\ jli\Õ\o`ejfYi\CXZXjX[\c_fdYi\[\cj`^cfOO Ækklcf[\leXZfe]\i\eZ`Xhl\`dgXik\\e(0*'Æ k\e\ikf[XmX_fpXc^leXi\g\iZlj`e6 FjFjjfj[fDle[fCfj?l\jfj[\cDle[f # Èc`Yif\eZXi^X[fgfileX\[`kfi`Xchl\d}jkXi[\ j\e\^XglYc`ZXicfÉ#j\^e\cgi\]XZ`f[\cgifg`f Xik`jkX#gi\k\e[Xj\ileÈc`Yif[\m`Xa\jÉ%CXgi`$ d\iX\[`Z`ejXc`\e(0*-g\ifj\`eZclp\eef$ kXj[\(0*+%<cZXgklcfMfcXe[fjfYi\cXj:fjkXj 9iXj`c\XjpEfkXjjfYi\cXj\ejXZ`e[\d`\[f#j\$ c\ZZ`feX[fgXiXj\iglYc`ZX[f\e\jk\gi`d\ie$ d\if[\cXi\m`jkX:XikX#kiX\Zfej`^fleX\okiXX i\jfeXeZ`XZfeXc^lefjgXjXa\j[\C\:fiYlj`\i \eGi\Z`j`fe\j%:XY\[\jkXZXihl\\c_\Z_f[\cX fYj\imXZ`eXgXik`i[\cX\og\i`\eZ`X[\cml\cf `eXl^liXiXel\mXjg\ijg\Zk`mXjgXiXXdYfj#jf$ Yi\kf[fcXg\iZ\gZ`e[\leXj`dlckXe\`[X[[\ \jkiXkfj\eki\gi\j\ek\#gXjX[fp]lklifjfYi\leX d`jdXkfgf^iX]X%x C`j\kk\CX^eX[f\jZfd`jXi`X[\cX\ogfj`Z`e ;\jmfj[\cX[\i`mX%<og\i`\eZ`Xj#kiXm\jXjpdfi$ ]fcf^Xj#\e\cDlj\fEXZ`feXcI\`eXJf]X_XjkX \c)*[\X^fjkf[\)'('%KXdY`e]l\cXZfd`jXi`X ^\e\iXc[\cX9`\eXc[\JfGXlcf\e)'',%CX fYiX[\=c}m`f[\:XimXc_fZfdgXik\[`}cf^fZfe fkifjXik`jkXjZfdfC`eX9f9Xi[`#J\i^`f9\ieXi$ [\jf\cg`ekfiZ_`c\efIfY\ikfDXkkX% CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 47 REVERSO MfcXe[fjfYi\ cXjZfjkXjYiXj`c\Xj Gfi=c}m`f[\:XimXc_f! G \i[d`YXiZf\eIf%@e]fidXZ`e\hl`$ mfZX[X[\cjk\nXi[%KiXjleXj\i`\[\g\$ i`g\Z`Xjpjljkfjp[\jglj[\ki\j[Xj# \dYXiZXYX\e\cXm`e#ildYfXcefik\# ZfecXgifd\jX[\cZfdXe[Xek\[\\jg\iXid\\e I\Z`]\pcXgifd\jXhl\cXjZfZ`e\iXj[\d`kX_X$ YXe_\Z_fXJXekXK\i\j`kX% :`eZf [\ cX dX[il^X[X% Dl\cc\ DXl}% D\ gi\j\ekXeXcZfdXe[Xek\#\cZfdXe[Xek\Bcl\k_ Æ\jjlgi`d\im`Xa\\eki\jXfjÆ%<cZfii\fgfjkXc \ekiX\ecXcXeZ_Xpefj[`i`^`dfjXcXg\hl\X`jcX [\GXeX`i% <jkXYXfjZlifp#Xci\[\[fi#cfjeXmfj#cXjYXi$ ZXjpcfj[`hl\jgXi\ZXe]XekXjdXjÕlZklXek\j% <cX^lX#\eleZXekfdXk`eXcpXc\^i\#kXiXi\XYX ZfekiX cX X\ifeXm\%%% ?fdYi\j m\jk`[fj Zfe \c dfef [\ kiXYXaf# Zfdf j` ]l\iXe dl\Zfj YcXeZfj# kiXYXaXYXe \e j`c\eZ`fXZfe[`Z`feXe[f\cXm`e%%% CXjjfdYiXj\iiXek\j[\jg\ikXYXe [\cg\jX[fjl\f[\cXefZ_\pcXj dfekXXjX[fid\Z`[Xj\ei`hl\ZXe \cX`i\]i\jZf[\cXdXXeX%CXjelY\j j\dfmXep#[\YXaf#\cklYf[\^Xjf$ c`eX^il\jfpcXi^fpYcXeZfpil^fjf gXi\ZX\cg\e\[\le[`fj\okiXf% ;fj_fdYi\jZfea\i`e^Xj\efid\j `ekif[lZXeXZ\`k\\ecfjdfkfi\j¿ CX X\ifeXm\ \iX Y\ccX p XZf^\[fiX Zfdf\cj\of[\leXdla\i% <ecXqfeX[\\dYXihl\[\cX`jcX# \cZfdXe[Xek\i\Zf^XgXg\c\j#dX$ gXjpZXikXj[\m`\ekfj#pZfem\ijXYX Zfe\cd\Z}e`Zf%<cZ`\cfZcXi\XYX#cXj ^iXe[\jjfdYiXj[\jXgXi\ZXepcfj fYa\kfj#`cld`eX[fjgfZfXgfZf#Xjl$ dXejlj]fidXjZfem\eZ`feXc\jÆ\cZfdXe[Xek\ d\`e]fidX[\hl\jXc[i\dfjÈ\eZlXekfZcXi\\le gfZfd}jÉÆ% <iX\ce`ZfgXjXa\if#jXcgXiX\oXd`eXicXclq2 \e\c_fi`qfek\#cXjgi`d\iXjdXeZ_XjifaXj[\cjfc \jZfe[`[f#\ci\jkfXefjZlifp^i`j#jcfglek\X[f gficXclqYcXeZX\ekfiefXcXj\dYXiZXZ`fe\j% 8kiXmj[\cX_ldXi\[X[\leZ`^XiifjXYfi\ cfjck`dfjgi\gXiXk`mfj[\cXm`e2\eki\cXjXcXj [\cXgXiXkfdl\ZfjYcXeZfjdXe`glcXea\i`e^Xj \efid\jpZXd`eXe#g`jXeZfeZXlk\cXpZfecXX^`$ c`[X[[\cXjXiXXj1gXi\ZXeleX[`fjXgi\gXi}e[f$ j\gXiXlei`kfjX^iX[f%<cj`c\eZ`f[\cXjjfdYiXj f]i\ZXleXdY`\ek\[\XckXipcX[`fjX\jk}k`ZX i\Z`YXcXjZXi`Z`Xjp\cZfekXZkf[\cXjg\hl\Xj Zi`XkliXj¿ LeXjdXefjk`iXe[\cklYf2cXj\ekiXXj[\cX [`fjXkf[XmXZfek`\e\e\c^iXej\ofYcXeZfpcXi$ ^f¿Le\j]l\iqfd}jp\cklYfj\m\eZ\^fk\Xe[f¿# [\j[\cXjlg\iÔZ`\fjZliX[\cX^lXj\\jZlZ_X\c _`defXc\^i\hl\XcXYX\c_\Z_f% <jcX_fiX[\cZX]\ecXqfeX[\\dYXihl\# gk`dfZX]%ÈMXdfjÉ#[`af\cZXg`k}eÆ[fjZXdgX$ eX[Xj#\dYXihl\[\cXki`glcXZ`eÆ%CXki`glcXZ`e cXZfdgfe\e1\cZfdXe[Xek\#\ciX[`fk\c\^iXÔjkX# \cd\Z}e`Zf#j\ekX[fXccX[f[\cZfdXe[Xek\\ecX ZXY`eX#p\cZXY`eYfphl\j\\eZXi^X[\cXjdXc\kXj p[\cY`\e\jkXi[\cfjgXjXa\ifj%CXX\ifeXm\\j[\ [fYc\dXe[fp\cd\Z}e`Zf#j\ekX[fXccX[f[\cZf$ dXe[Xek\#gl\[\Xjld`i\cZfekifc[\cXgXiXkfp XjgifgfiZ`feXiXcZXg`k}eled\i\Z`[f[\jZXejf% CXeXm\k`\e\ZXgXZ`[X[gXiX[`\Z`j`jgXjXa\ifjp \jledfefgcXefXZZ`feX[fgfi[fj gfk\ek\jdfkfi\jZXgXZ\j[\XcZXe$ qXileXm\cfZ`[X[[\ZilZ\if[\lefj )''bdgfi_fiXZfem`\ekfX]Xmfi Æ\e cXj ZfjkXj YiXj`c\Xj \c m`\ekf jfgcXZXj`j`\dgi\[\jliXefik\#cf hl\\jgXik`ZlcXid\ek\`ek\i\jXek\ \ed`ZXjfÆ% LeXZXdgXeX[X1\dYXihl\[\ gXjXa\ifj%G`jfjfc\de\cXgXjXi\cX# g\e\kif\e\c`ek\i`fi[\cXm`e%Jfp \ce`ZfgXjXa\ifg\ifd\j`^l\#Xc j\im`Z`f[\cXZfdgXX#fkifiX[`f$ k\c\^iXÔjkX#lekXcJi%FjmXc[f8iXe$ _XÆ\cZXY`eYfp[`c`^\ek\efjXpl[XX \ekiXi\e\cXm`eÆ%LeXm\q[\ekif# i\Zc`eX[fjfYi\lejf]}#\cZXY`eYfp d\\eki\^XlejfYi\kiXejgXi\ek\ hl\ Zfek`\e\ le gfZf [\ Xc^f[e \eiXdXgXiXcfjf[fjil`[f[\cfj dfkfi\j pZ_`Zc\g\i]ldX[fgXiXjljk`kl`i\cZ`$ ^Xiif\jk}gif_`Y`[f]ldXi[\ekiffZ\iZX[\cX X\ifeXm\ %<cJi%FjmXc[f8iXe_Xg`[\XcZXY`eYfp Xc^f[eZfde#[\dfjkiXe[f#kiXjleXcXi^X\o$ gc`ZXZ`e#hl\\cXc^f[eZfde\jd\afihl\\c \jg\Z`Xcf]i\Z`[fgficXZfdgXX%Cfhl\_`qfhl\ cXZfem\ijXZ`em\ijXiXjfYi\cfj[`]\i\ek\jk`gfj [\Xc^f[e%J\_XYc[\cXc^f[e[\J\i`[#[\cX jlY`[X[\gi\Z`fjp[\cX`dgfikXeZ`X[\9iXj`c\e \cd\iZX[f`ek\ieXZ`feXc[\cXc^f[e% Dfkfi\j\edfm`d`\ekf#gi`d\ifc\ekXd\ek\ gXiXZXc\ekXi#]XccXelegfZf#[\jgljd}jpd}j i}g`[f1cXX\ifeXm\ifdg\gf[\ifjXcXjX^lXj#gfi cXjm\ekXeXjjcfX^lX#Z_fiifj[\X^lX^fcg\XeZfe m`fc\eZ`XcfjZi`jkXc\j#gXi\Z\hl\kf[f\jk}YXaf\c X^lX%Cfjdfkfi\jj\gXiXe#cXX\ifeXm\kfdXleX Le_fdYi\ ZlXe[fml\cX j\j`\ek\ jlg\i`fi gfihl\ \ek`\e[\ cXZ`l[X[ Zfdfj`cX g\iZ`Y`\j\\e kiXejgXi\eZ`X 48 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 el\mXgfj`Z`e#p[\jg\^XZfekiX\cm`\ekf% <ejcflefjd`elkfj\jkXdfjmfcXe[f1cXeXm\ j\c\mXekXZfejlXm`[X[#eX[`\j\[XZl\ekX#jlYX$ dfjc\ekXd\ek\#XYXafcfjeXmfj[`jd`elXe[\ kXdXf#cXjZXjXjX[hl`iXeleXel\mXg\ijg\Zk`mX# \cjfc\e\c_fi`qfek\`cld`eXYX[\cX[fcXZ`l[X[ pcXYX_X%Cfjj\i\j_ldXefjj\dfmXe[\ekif [\cXjYXiZXjp[\cXjZXcc\jp[\cfjaXi[`e\j#Zfdf _fid`^Xjhl\fZlgXecXj[`]\i\ek\jj\ZZ`fe\j[\ le_fid`^l\if#pj\mfcmXekXeg\hl\fjhl\gX$ i\ZXe`ej`^e`ÔZXek\jp[\jgi\Z`XYc\j% K\eXcXd`jdXj\ejXZ`ehl\k\e[iXleXi$ hl\cf^f hl\# [\jglj [\ gXjXij\ kf[X cX m`[X i\Zfejkilp\e[fleXZ`l[X[#[\gifekfXZXYXjl kiXYXaf1fYj\imXXcd`jdfk`\dgfkf[XjcXjgXik\j pkf[fjcfj[\kXcc\j[\cXZ`l[X[% Le_fdYi\ZlXe[fml\cXj\j`\ek\jlg\i`fi gfihl\\ek`\e[\cXZ`l[X[p\cdle[f[\cXjZfjXj Zfdfj`cXjg\iZ`Y`\j\XkiXmj[\lefi^Xe`jdf kiXejgXi\ek\%8cd`jdfk`\dgfhl\m\fXleg\i$ jfeXa\ZXi^Xe[fleZXiif[\m\i[liXj#m\fXfkif g\ijfeXa\hl\e\Z\j`kXpYljZXm\i[liXj#g\ife`e$ ^lef[\cfj[fjg\ijfeXa\jjXY\[\cX\o`jk\eZ`X[\c fkifÆj`dgc\d\ek\jfeZfejZ`\ek\j[\jlgi\[`j$ gfj`Z`e`e[`m`[lXcpjlgfe\ehl\Z\iZX[\Y\\o`j$ k`ileg\ijfeXa\ZfecXgi\[`jgfj`Z`eZfekiXi`Xp [`jgl\jkfXi\Z`Y`icf% CX m`j`e [\c _fdYi\ ZlXe[f \jk} mfcXe[f X[hl`\i\leX[`d\ej`e[`]\i\ek\XcXhl\k`\e\ \c_XY`kXek\[\cXjlg\iÔZ`\2\jZXgXq[\gi\m\ip ZXcZlcXi\c[\jk`ef[\c_XY`kXek\[\cXjlg\iÔZ`\# jlglekf[\m`jkXi\Zfii\\cgi\j\ek\#\cgXjX[fp\c ]lklif[\\jk\g\ijfeXa\#gfihl\g\iZ`Y\cXgi\[`j$ gfj`Z`egXiX[XipgXiXi\Z`Y`i[\le[\k\id`eX[f g\ijfeXa\%EXkliXcd\ek\#kf[XcXfi`\ekXZ`e[\c _XY`kXek\[\cXjlg\iÔZ`\\jk}YXjX[X\ejlgi\[`j$ gfj`Z`egXiXi\Z`Y`i\jk\fXhl\cXZfek\Z`d`\ekf pj`^l\jlildYfj\^ejli\Z\gk`m`[X[#\j[\Z`i# jlZfdgfikXd`\ekf\e\jk\jlgl\jkf]lklifjcf j\gl\[\Xck\iXigfijlgi\[`jgfj`Z`efZXgXZ`[X[ [\i\Z`Y`iZfjXj% Leg\ijfeXa\hl\j`^l`\iXleZXd`ef\ece\X i\ZkXphl\\jklm`\iXgifm`jkf[\XgXiXkfjZXgXZ\j [\gifgfiZ`feXic\leXm`j`eg\i]\ZkX[\cÔeXc[\c ZXd`ef#j\iXkfkXcd\ek\ZXgXq[\X[`m`eXijl]lkl$ if\eledfd\ekf[X[fj`Zfejkilp\iXlegXefiX$ dX[\jlZfe[lZkXXcÔeXc[\cZXd`ef%CXm`j`e[\c _fdYi\ZlXe[f\jk}mfcXe[fgi\jZ`e[\[\cXZfe$ [`Z`e\ece\Xi\ZkX#ZfeZ\[\Xc\jg\ZkX[fileX\j$ g\Z`\[\kiXejgXi\eZ`X[\cXjZfjXj2j`e\dYXi^f#\c fYj\imX[fi#ZlXe[fml\cX#ef\jk}jla\kfXcd`jdf [\jk`efhl\cfj_XY`kXek\j[\cXjlg\iÔZ`\j`efhl\ Propuesta futurista del arquitecto Sergio Bernardes para un superaeropuerto en Río CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 49 REVERSO gi\j`\ek\\c[\jk`ef[\cfjj\i\j[\cXjlg\iÔZ`\# d`\ekiXjhl\m\\cjlpfgifg`flekXekfelYcX[f% Jljlg\i`fi`[X[i\j`[\\ehl\Zfdgi\e[\d\afip d}ji}g`[Xd\ek\cfjmXcfi\j[\cXm`[X2jXc\[\le X^la\ifpj\\c\mXjfYi\cXk`\iiX#jXc\[\[\ekif[\ cXk`\iiX#Zi\Z\jfYi\cXjlg\iÔZ`\pcXXYXe[feX% CXZlckliXpcXj\ej`Y`c`[X[[\c_fdYi\hl\ ml\cXefgl\[\j\ie`dXki`XiZXce`gXki`XiZXc#gl\j ZXd`eX_XZ`XXc^fhl\efk`\e\e`gifklY\iXeZ`Xe` ZfeZXm`[X[#hl\efg\ik\e\Z\Xcj`jk\dXm\^\kXk`mf [\cXk`\iiX#hl\efk`\e\cXjiXZ\jdXki`XiZXc\je` cXXc\^iX[\cYifk\]}c`ZfjfYi\cXk`\iiX1\c_fdYi\ hl\ml\cX#XgXik\[\j\i\okiXlk\i`ef\jkXdY`e \okiXk\ii\jki\#\j[\Z`i#_X[X[flegXjfd}jXcc} [\cdXki`XiZX[fp[\cgXki`XiZX[f#_XX[hl`i`[f leX[`d\ej`ehl\gifYXYc\d\ek\jl\mfclZ`e efZfefZX% < cglekf[\m`jkX\c\mX[fg\id`kXZfe$ k\dgcXi#XcXm\q#cfjhl\_XZ\i\j[\[`$ ]\i\ek\jg\hl\fjdle[fjhl\`^ef$ iXegfiZfdgc\kfcX\o`jk\eZ`Xlef[\c fkif%CXm`j`eXi\Xdlck`gc`ZXYX\efid\d\ek\ el\jkiXj\ej`Y`c`[X[#\e^cfYXYX\cdle[f[\cfj _fdYi\jZfeleg\hl\f\j]l\iqfd\ekXc1[\le m`jkXqf_XZXdfjleXe}c`j`j^\e\iXcpj`dlck}e\f [\kf[XjcXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\cXZ`l[X[#cfhl\j\iX `dgfj`Yc\j`\jklm`iXdfjj`klX[fj\eleX[\cXj j\ZZ`fe\j[\cXZ`l[X[#[fe[\el\jkiXm`j`ej\iX j`dgc\d\ek\cX[\cg\hl\fdle[ffi`^`eXi`f[\ \jXj\ZZ`e%CXZfehl`jkX[\cX`i\j`^e`ÔZXgXiX\c _fdYi\le\efid\Xld\ekf[\jlj\ej`Y`c`[X[p [\jlZXgXZ`[X[[\\ek\e[\ipiXqfeXi%Le_fdYi\ jfYi\cXk`\iiX\jlej\iZXj`Z`\^fp\eZ\iiX[f\e leX^la\if#lej\i`^efiXek\ZfeleX^\fd\kiX i\^`feXcpZfeleglekf[\m`jkXi\jki`e^`[fXjl X^la\if% 8cmfcXid\j\ekXjlg\i`fipXhl\j\ekXcfhl\ cfjhl\\jkXYXeXYXafefgf[Xegi\j\ek`ie`j\ek`i p#¶hlfkiXjlg\i`fi`[X[gl\[\[\j\Xile_fdYi\ j`efcX[\leXdXpfig\iZ\gZ`e6<c_fdYi\hl\ ml\cXgfj\\lej\ek`[fd}jhl\cfjfkifj2gfj\\ leXkiXejgXi\eZ`X\hl`mXc\ek\[\cXjZfjXj% 8ek\j[\Xk\ii`qXi\eM`ki`X#XkiXm\jXdfj[l$ iXek\kf[f\cm`Xa\lemXjkfgXefiXdX[\gcXe`Z`\j pgXekXefj#\egXik\ZlY`\ikfgfilem\cf[\e\Yc`$ eXpZfegfZXjdfekXXj% CXX\ifeXm\j\Xc\aX[\cdXiXm\Z\jXlefj[`\q bd[\cXZfjkXpXm\Z\jXd}j#ZlYi`\e[f^iXe[\j \ok\ej`fe\j[\gXekXeXc\jpk`\iiXÔid\2cXe\Yc`eX `dg\[XcXm`j`Y`c`[X[#mfc}YXdfjYXaf%D\gXi\ZX gfZfj\^lifhl\le_`[ifgcXefj\Xc\aXiXkXekf[\c dXi#p_XYXdfd\ekfj\ehl\\jg\iXYXXej`fjf hl\gXj}iXdfji}g`[fgficXk`\iiX#pm\XcXXgXi`$ Z`e[\cdXiZfdfleXc`m`f% M`ki`X#j`klX[X\elemXcc\pjfYi\g\hl\fj dfek\j#gXi\ZXm`m`ic\ekXd\ek\\e\cj`^cfgXjX$ [f% <eki\M`ki`Xp:XiXm\cXj\cm`Xa\\jdfekfef# j\[l\id\Y`\eXYfi[f#leXjlZ\j`e`ed\ejX[\ gcXpXjÕXehl\X[Xjgficfhl\gXi\Z\ej\iZfc`eXj YXaXj#pc\afj#Y`\ec\afj#hl`\kf\`edm`c#\cd`jdf \k\iefgX`jXa\Yi`ccXYXXcjfc%D`iXe[f_XZ`XXYXaf [XYXcXj\ejXZ`e[\hl\\cdXi#g\i]\ZkXd\ek\\e ZXcdX#ZXi\ZX[\dfm`d`\ekf2\cXgXiXkfgXi\ZX gXiX[fp#j`e\dYXi^f#m`Xa}YXdfjXZ\iZX[\)'' bdgfi_fiXZfe\cm`\ekfX]Xmfi% JfYi\\cdXij\ig\ek\XecXjZfii`\ek\jp#]fi$ dXe[fÔcXjXdXi`cc\ekXj#leXgifZ\j`e[\_l\$ mfj[\g\qZlYi\cXjlg\iÔZ`\Zfdfj`j\kiXkXiX [\ \eZXa\% 8 d\[`[X hl\ XmXeq}YXdfj _XZ`X \c efik\#\cjfcYi`ccXYXXed}j#cXX\ifeXm\`dgX$ j`Yc\[fd`eXYXg\i]\ZkXd\ek\jlilkX#j`\dgi\ XZfdgXX[Xgfi\cifehl`[fdfekfef[\cdfkfi% 50 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 8cfc\afj#\ecX`ed\ejXgcXe`Z`\#leX_ldXi\[X `e[`ZXYXleXZ`m`c`qXZ`egio`dX%8YXaf#\cX^lX j\mfcmX[\i\g\ek\m\i[\$XdXi`ccX2cXjZfcldeXj [\_ldfXld\ekXe\eed\if#efjXZ\iZXdfjc\e$ kXd\ek\XcXk`\iiX¿CXgcXe`Z`\j\kiXej]fidXYX \egXekXefXkiXmj[\Xc^fhl\gXi\ZXle\jklX$ i`fZfdgc\afpZfedlZ_XjiXd`ÔZXZ`fe\j2\iXle i`XZ_l\cf¿GXi\ZX\eZXa\[\:\Xi}%CXX\ifeXm\ j\YXcXeZ\XYXpcXgcXe`Z`\j\\ok\e[X_XjkX[fe[\ XcZXeqXYXcXm`jkX%8YXafj\cmXpd}jj\cmX%<cXm`e fjZ`cX#\ekfieXe[fcfjfafjcXj\cmXgXi\Z\lei\$ YXf[\fm\aXjm`jkf[\j[\Xii`YX#mfcXdfjXckf%CX j\ejXZ`e[\`ej\^li`[X[Xld\ekXXd\[`[Xhl\ efjXc\aXdfj[\cXgcXpX#\cg`cfkfjlY\pXYXafm\f lefjZfZfk\ifjpleXZ_fqXji[`[X#d\m`\e\XcX ZXY\qXcXkiX^\[`X[\cXm`ehl\Z_fZZfeleZf$ Zfk\if\ecXhl\dli`\ife\cg`cfkfp \ciX[`fk\c\^iXÔjkX#g\ifhl`dgfi$ kX#\cXm`e[\jZ`\e[\ZfeleX]l\ik\ `eZc`eXZ`e#gXi\Z\hl\mXXXk\ii`qXi \e\cgXekXef¿leXZlimXgifeleZ`X$ [Xpefj[`i`^`dfjXcX^lX% <j:XiXm\cXjÆleX`^c\j`X#leX YXe[\iX[\JXeAlXe#Xc^leXjZXjXj \eil`eXj#leXZXcc\]i\ek\Xcgl\ikf# ZXefXj¿:XiXm\cXj\jjcf\jf#Xcd\$ efj\jfgXi\Z\% JfecXjfeZ\%<cXm`ej\gXiX#d\ hl`kf\cXc^f[e[\cfjf[fj#mXdfjX YXaXipX\jk`iXicXjg`\ieXj%<ecX`jcX ÕlZklXek\j\gi\gXiXe[\el\mf\c i\XYXjk\Z`d`\ekfpcXclYi`ÔZXZ`e# jlY\leX^\ek\#]fidXc`[X[\jZfe\c ZfdXe[Xek\#[fjel\mfjgXjXa\ifj pleXgXjXa\iX#`e^\i`dfj\cZc}j`Zf pjXYifjfZX]hl\j\\eZl\ekiX\e kf[XjcXj`jcXj[\cXZfdgXX¿;fjZXdgXeX[Xj pfkiXm\qmfcXe[f% Ml\cm\\cgX`jXa\Ôafp\jk}k`Zf#\cXm`eml\cX Zfdfj`\jklm`\iXhl`\kf#efj[`i`^`dfj_XZ`XcX gcXpX2\eXdYXjd}i^\e\jleYiXqf[\dXipleX Xc[\XXjlcX[f#\e\c_fi`qfek\\cg\iÔckileZX[f[\ leXZldYi\hl\\jZfdflemfcZ}e\ok`ekf#XYXaf \ecXjZXii\k\iXj`e[`m`[lfjd`ejZlcfjZXd`eXe `e[`]\i\ek\jXcifehl`[f[\cXX\ifeXm\%CXj\ejX$ Z`e\j[\g\i]\ZkXj\^li`[X[#leXj\^li`[X[p\jkX$ Y`c`[X[kXe^iXe[\jhl\k\e^fcX`dgi\j`e[\hl\ kf[fj\_X`ek\iildg`[fphl\\cXm`e\jk}jcf jljg\e[`[f\e\c\jgXZ`fphl\#`edm`c#Zfek\dgcX legX`jXa\`edm`c%<cYi`ccf[\cjfc_XZ\hl\kf[f j\XXed}j`edm`c%8YXaf#\cdle[f\e[\kXcc\ phl`\kf`dgi`d\kf[XmXd}jjfdefc\eZ`XXcX \jZ\eX% Kf[Xj\ejXZ`e[\jXgXi\Z\[\cdle[fX\jZX$ cXd`ejZlcX2XccX[f#\cifehl`[fZfejkXek\[\cfj dfkfi\ji\Zl\i[X\cqldY`[f[\c^i`ccf\e\cgXekX$ efkifg`ZXc#\cdle[fg`\i[\cfjj\ek`[fjpcfjdf$ m`d`\ekfjpX[fid\Z\\e\cjl\f[\d\[`f[X¿ CXj`d}^\e\jÔaXjYi`ccXej`ei\Õ\afj¿<iXZfdf cXdl\ik\`cld`eX[Xgfi\cjfc%J\[fidXY`\eX Yfi[f¿ D`if_XZ`XXYXafpd``dX^`eXZ`ekiXYXaX[\ leXdXe\iX`eX[\ZlX[X%<dg`\qfXg\ejXipXd\$ [`kXijfYi\cXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\le[\jXjki\2cfjk`iXe$ k\jpcXjYXiiXjZfdgi\jfiXj[\cXm`ej\`ek\iZXcXe Zfe\cgX`jXa\`edlkXYc\¿Hljla\kX cXjXcXj#\oXd`efalekXgfialekXgXiX m\ij`\o`jk\leXÔjliXfleXkl\iZX jl\ckX# gXjf i\m`jkX X cfj XcXdYi\j kfiZ`[fj#¶ef_XYi}Xc^eZXYc\ifkf6 Æ\dg`\qfXZfekXicfjg\hl\fji\$ dXZ_\j[\cXjalekXj#jcf_Xplefj gfZfjg\ifjfe[\[liXcld`e`f#_X^f le\j]l\iqf#`ek\ekfZXcZlcXiXgifo`$ dX[Xd\ek\ cX Z`qXccX[liX [\ ZX[X lefp[\[lZ`i\c\j]l\iqfYilkf[\c k`iXek\#cc\^fXcXZfeZclj`e[\hl\ leX[\cXjg`\qXjgi`eZ`gXc\jkiXYXaX ZfeleXi\j`jk\eZ`XX)'''b^% Efgfi\ccfd\j`\ekfd}jj\^l$ if#d`jZfefZ`d`\ekfj[\`e^\e`\iX d\g\ikliYXepd\g\id`k\eZfeZ\$ Y`ikf[fk`gf[\XZZ`[\ek\j#`eZcljf k\e^f d`\[f [\ \jZi`Y`i cX gXcXYiX XZZ`[\ek\\ed`ZlX[\ief[\efkXj% <cg`cfkfXld\ekXZfej`[\iXYc\d\ek\cXXckliX [\cXgXiXkf#\cgX`jXa\ZXdY`X#\cdle[fj\ml\c$ m\Xed}jd`ejZlcfpjlY\cc\qXd\[`jkiX\¿ Efg`\ejf\eXZZ`[\ek\j¿J`e\dYXi^f\jX`[\X i\^i\jXZfed}j`ej`jk\eZ`X#pXefgl\[f[\aXi[\ d`iXicXjalekXj[\cXm`e#g`\ejfZfek`elXd\ek\ \eXc^egfj`Yc\]Xccf\ejldXek\e`d`\ekf#f\e le[\]\Zkf[\]XYi`ZXZ`e#\jg\ifm\ileXalekXhl\ j\XYi\fleXcXhl\j\gXik\\e[fj¿Hl_XiX\c g`cfkf\e\j\ZXjf¿·GfYi\g`cfkf¿J`\o`jk\ecfj j`e`\jkifj\jkfj\iXj`e[l[Xlej`e`\jkif¿D\afi g\ejXi\efkiXZfjX#d`if_XZ`XXYXaf#cXk`\iiXp\c dXi#mfcXdfjXckf¿Hl`eZ\ik`[ldYi\¿Ef[\Y\$ <c_fdYi\ hl\ml\cX# XgXik\[\j\i \okiXlk\i`ef# \j\okiXk\$ ii\jki\#_X [X[flegXjf d}jXcc}[\c dXki`XiZX[fp \cgXki`XiZX[f DESVÍOS DE LA DERIVA Sérgio Bernardes fue un gran aficionado a la velocidad y empezó su carrera con otros dos ilustres arquitectos brasileños: Oscar Niemeyer y Lucio Costa. La Cibernética al servicio del hombre es todo un manifiesto en favor de la técnica y la automatización y por la conquista del tiempo libre. En la otra página, croquis para el Hotel Manaus en Río. iX_XY\i\jZi`kfeX[XjfYi\\jk\k\dX#\jkfpZfe$ dfZ`feX[f¿E`j`hl`\iXgl\[fd`iXipXcXjgXik\j [\cXm`ee`_XZ`XcfjcX[fj¿:`\iifcfjfafj% D\j\ekX_`gefk`qX[f¿:i\Xhl\j`\jZi`YX jfYi\\jk\k\dXgf[Xgi\Z`g`kXicfjXZfek\Z`d`\e$ kfj#gXi\ZXhl\j`d\dfmXgf[X`ek\iildg`i\c \jkX[f[\\hl`c`Yi`f`e\jkXYc\hl\j\dXek\eX^iX$ Z`XjXcqldY`[f[\cfjdfkfi\j#k\eXcXj\ejXZ`e [\hl\g\ikliYXi\j\\hl`c`Yi`fj`^e`ÔZXYXgi\Z`$ g`kXi\c[\jXjki\% D`\jkX[fgj`Zfc^`Zf\iX`^lXcXc[\cjl\f#cfj ]XZkfi\j[\i`\j^fhl\_XZXehl\d\\eZfekiXiX \eleXj`klXZ`e[\`edfm`c`[X[jfdefc`\ekX\iXe cfjd`jdfjhl\j\gf[Xe\eZfekiXi\e\c\jkX[f [\cjl\f#d``edfm`c`[X[pd`k\dfi\iXecX`e$ dfm`c`[X[p\ck\dfi[\cjl\f#d`j[\j\fj\iXe[\ jl`Z`[`f#XkiXm\jXYXleg\i`f[f[\gi\jl`Z`[`fg\i$ ]\ZkXd\ek\ZfdgXk`Yc\ZfecX_`gefj`j[\cjl\f% 8ZcXiXi\cd`jk\i`f[\d`k\dfi#f`eZcljfdfm\i$ d\legfZf#gf[Xj`^e`ÔZXi\c[\jXjki\% 8ZcXiXi\cd`jk\i`fgifmfZXiXcXdXk\i`Xc`qX$ Z`e[\cg\c`^if#`dX^`eXYX\ekfeZ\j1\o`jk\eXYfi$ [ffkiXjg\ijfeXjZfele}e`dfgfj`Yc\d\ek\[`j$ k`ekfXcdf#kXcm\q\hl`c`YiXe[f\cdf%J\d\aXek\ iXZ`fZ`e`f#\iie\ffZ`\ikf#d\ZXcdXYXlegfZf# d\j\ekXd}jj\^lif#g\ifjcfgfiledfd\ekf% CXj\ejXZ`e[\\hl`c`Yi`fpj\^li`[X[\iXZXj`j`$ dlck}e\XXcXj\ejXZ`e[\g\c`^if#ÕlZklXYXe[\ lecX[fXfkif#d\j\ekXj\^lif\`ej\^lifXcd`j$ dfk`\dgf#fZXj`Xcd`jdfk`\dgf#\jkX\okiXX j`klXZ`ej\gifcfe^[liXek\Xc^lefjd`elkfj# \jkXYX\egc\ef[fd`e`f[\cd`\[f% <jkfpXej`fjfgficc\^XiX@c_lj#Zfdfj`cc\^Xi X@c_ljj`^e`ÔZXiX#[\i\g\ek\#\cÔe[\cg\c`^if% MfcXdfjX^iXeXckliX#ef[\Y\iX_XY\i\jZi`$ kfjfYi\\cg\c`^if#d\gifd\kfXdd`jdfhl\ef \jZi`Y`id}j%D`dXef\jk}jl[X[X#jcfcXdXef# \jkfpj\^lif[\hl\\jkfpg}c`[f#\]\Zk`mXd\ek\ k\e^fdlZ_X_XdYi\#_\kiX[fj}e[n`Z_\jg\if efd\gl\[fdfm\i#k\e^fd`\[f[\dfm\id\% JlYXdfjX^iXeXckliX%Jcfd`cd\kifj%Cfj gXjXa\ifjd\[`kXk`mfjZfek\dgcXYXe\cgX`jXa\% Efkfhl\cXgXjXa\iXj\ekX[XXd`cX[f\j`ek\i\$ jXek\#^iXe[\jfafjXqlc\j#ZXY\ccfZXjkXfXkiXZk`$ mf#cXY`fj^il\jfjpdlpg`ekX[fj#fi`ÔZ`fjeXjXc\j j\ejlXc\j#gXi\ZXi\le`ikf[fjcfj[\]\ZkfjpZlX$ c`[X[\j[\cX`eZ`g`\ek\iXqXXd\i`ZXeX% <iXcX`dX^\e[\8di`ZX%<dg\ZXXgi\Z`Xi m`mXd\ek\cX`dX^\e[\8di`ZX% CXj\ejXZ`e[\d`\[f[\jXgXi\Z\Xc\jkXiXY$ jfikf\ed`el\mfg\ejXd`\ekf#[\kf[XjdXe\iXj Xejfcc\^XiX@c_lj% <jkXdfjcc\^Xe[fXXc^ecl^Xi%<jgfXkiXmj [\cZi`jkXc#\]\Zk`mXd\ek\#XccXYXafi\jgcXe[\Z\@c$ _lj%CXX\ifeXm\[\jZ`\e[\c\ekXd\ek\\eZlimX# \cZfdXe[Xek\gXiXcfjdfkfi\jX(,'d[\XckliX pefj[\jc`qXdfjX^iX[XYc\pc\ekXd\ek\gfi\c\j$ gXZ`f#Xc\ekiXigfileXZlimXjlXm\\c_`[ifgcXef j\XZ\iZXXcdXij`ee`e^ejfYi\jXckfe`mX`me¿ <cZfekXZkfZfe\cX^lX#e`lede`dfjfYi\jXckf j`ef]l\iXgfi\cZ_fiif[\X^lX^fcg\Xe[fZfekiX \cZi`jkXc#gXjXiX[\jXg\iZ`Y`[f% <cXd\i`qXa\]l\leXfYiX[\Xik\#\cd\afi Xd\i`qXa\[\kf[f\cm`Xa\% JXc`dfj[\c`ek\i`fi[\cXm`e1jXcl[fjXcZf$ dXe[Xek\#ZX]\ecX`jcX#d`iX[XjXcXY\ccXXd\$ i`ZXeX% @c_lj\jd}jg\hl\fhl\M`ki`X%GXefiXdX1 leX`^c\j`X^k`ZXple^iXeYXiZf[\m\cXZfeZlX$ CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 51 REVERSO kifd}jk`c\jXeZcX[f\e\cgl\ikf#[\\jfjhl\pX efj\m\e% MXi`fjgXjXa\ifj\dYXiZXe\e@c_lj%Kf[fj gXi\Z\e[\jZfeÔX[fj#pk`\e\ecXÔjfefdX`e[\$ Z`jX[\cfjhl\Zfek\dgcXe\cgX`jXa\ZfeleXZ`\i$ kX[l[XjfYi\jlmXcfi#gXi\Z\elegfZfdXi\X[fj# \cZfekfief[\cfjcXY`fjj`\dgi\\jle`e[`ZX[fi% MfcXdfjildYfX9X_X%DXeZ_Xe\cgXefiXdXcXj jfdYiXje\^iXj[\cXjelY\j%J\i\g`k\ecXjj\ejX$ Z`fe\j[\fkiXj\kXgXj% <e\c]fe[f[\leZfdgXik`d\ekf#Zdf[X$ d\ek\i\ZfjkX[XjfYi\lejf]}#\jk}cXY\ccXXd\$ i`ZXeX#\cZXY\ccfc`^\iXd\ek\[\jXc`X[fZX\jf$ Yi\cX]i\ek\%JlY\cc\qX\eXYXe[fef[\ZXZfjXj `ek\i\jXek\j%<jkXYc\ZZfekXZkfd\ekXcZfe\ccX# leX\jg\Z`\[\dX^`XXkiXmj[\cg\ejXd`\ekf%<c ZXY`eYfpgXjXpf]i\Z\leel\mfZfZbkX`c2\dg`\qf X[\^ljkXicXjfjZ`cXZ`fe\j[\cXm`e#[\cXcZf_fcp [\cXgXjXa\iX% <e9X_Xklm\cXj\ejXZ`e[\hl\cXgfYcXZ`e fjZli\ZXXd\[`[Xhl\efj[`i`^X$ dfjXcefik\%;liXek\_fiXji\Zfii ZXcc\al\cXj\jki\Z_XjZfeZXjXjXek`$ hlj`dXjZfcfi\X[Xjgfi\ck`\dgf2 cXm`[XgXjXYXZfdf_XZ\[fjj`^cfj% Dfekfe\j[\ZlYfj[\Zfcfi\j2cXXi$ hl`k\ZkliXZfcfe`Xc#[\^iXep\okiXX Y\cc\qX#Zfeki`Ylp\XcXkiXZk`mf[\c ZlX[if%<jhl`mXe[f\jkfjdfekZl$ cfjj\cc\^X#[\m\q\eZlXe[f#XleX ^iXeXm\e`[X#hl\\j\c\j]l\iqf[\cX Z`m`c`qXZ`egXiX^l`XipZfe[lZ`i\c Xc`\ekf[\cXZ`l[X[%CXZ`m`c`qXZ`e XgXi\Z\\eledfd\ekf[\X^feX[\ cXZ`l[X[pj\dXe`Ô\jkXZfdfZfej\$ Zl\eZ`X[\\jXX^feX% ¶;e[\pZdfjli^\cXZ`m`c`qX$ Z`e6CXX^feXgifm`\e\[\cXjfd$ efc\eZ`XpZfe[lZ\XcXZfdgc\kX\o$ k`eZ`e2cXZ`l[X[\eZ\iiX[X\ekiXgfZfXgfZf\e \cjl\f[\cX`edfm`c`[X[%<e\cZXjf[\9X_X#cX Z`m`c`qXZ`ejli^\Zfdfle]XekXjdX\okiXf2cfj _XY`kXek\j[\cXZ`l[X[#gXiXc`qX[fj\eki\cXj^i`\$ kXj[\cfjZlYfj#Zlck`mXe\ck\dfi_XZ`XcXjZfjXj \okiXXj#cXjZfjXjhl\gl\[\eg\ikliYXijljl\f Z\ek\eXi`f#hl\gl\[\eifdg\ileXk\cXiXXf`e$ k\iildg`i\cqldY`[f[\leXdfjZX% CX ^i`\kX \j kXe Zdf[X p kXe ZfdgXk`Yc\ ZfecX]XckX[\Xm\ekliXpcX`edfm`c`[X[j\j`\e$ k\ZfdfXiifgX[Xgfilek\if #hl\dfm\ij\[\ Xccj\iXZfdfjXc`i[\ck\ifp_XZ\ile\j]l\iqf Xm\ekli\if#le\j]l\iqfd\cfjf#j\iXZfdf\ekiXi \eZfekXZkfZfe\cdle[f[\cXclq#\cdle[f[\c g\c`^ifpcXefm\[X[% < cYX_`Xef#[\ekif[\cXj^i`\kXj[\jlZ`l$ [X[#gil\YXcX[lcqliX[\cXfjZli`[X[ `ekiXlk\i`eXpZlck`mX#XkiXmj[\ckXZkf# \c^ljkfgfi\cgfcmfpcXjjfdYiXj%Jl]f$ Y`X#ZXiXZk\ijk`ZX\j\eZ`Xcd\ek\Zfcfe`Xc#i\Z_XqX cfj]XekXjdXj[\cXZ`m`c`qXZ`egfij\i\c\d\ekfj g\c`^ifjfjgXiX\jX]fidX[\\jkXY`c`[X[#pZXgXZ\j [\^\e\iXiZXk}jkif]\j%CXjZXdgXeXj[\cXjki\j$ Z`\ekXj`^c\j`Xji\g`ZXe\e\ckdgXef[\c_fdYi\ X[fid`cX[f#\cil`[f[\cdle[fj\gi\j\ekXZfdf leXZfjXcfe^`eZlX#]\i`ZX\`eXZZ\$ j`Yc\#kfZXi\cil`[f[\cdle[fj\iX g\ikliYXi\c[\c`Z`fjfjl`Z`[`f#X^l$ a\i\Xijlmfclgklfj`[X[%Efj\fcm`$ [\e[\hl\\ci`kdf[\cXjZXdgXeXj g\ig\kXcXjfdefc\eZ`Xpgifk\^\ Xc_if\lk\i`ef[\cdle[f[\cg\$ c`^if¿I\g`ZX[ZXdgXeXj¿I\g`ZX[ pi\g`ZX[¿<cgl\YcfXe\jk\j`X[ffj Y\e[`Z\# b`i`\ \c\`jfe¿ ·<c dle[f [l\id\\egXq CfjfYa\kfj\okiXfj#cfjfYa\kfj [\cXZcXi`[X[jli^\e[\efj\jXY\ [e[\2\j\cdf[f[\cXZ`m`c`qXZ`e% :fdfgi`jdXjkiXejgXi\ek\jj`eÔe g\e\kiXepiXj^XecXj^i`\kXj#eX[`\ jXY\ZdfjXc`\ife#[\[e[\m`\e\e# e`_XZ`X[e[\mXe#\ce\^if\edfm`$ d`\ekf`ek\iildg\jl^\jkfp#hl`\kf pj\d`X^XZ_X[f#Zfek\dgcX\cd`jk\i`fjfgi`jdX# jlXZk`kl[j\\k\ie`qXpjlg\ejXd`\ekfj\kiXej$ ]fidX\e_`jkfi`X% 9X_XeleZX_Xk\e`[flegcXeliYXejk`Zf#gfi cfd\efje`e^egcXe\ÔZXqgXiXjl[\jXiifccf%CX Z`l[X[#XYXe[feX[XXjljl\ik\#j\X_f^X\ejd`j$ CXZ`m`c`qXZ`e XgXi\Z\\e ledfd\ekf [\X^feX[\ cXZ`l[X[p j\dXe`Ô\jkX Zfdf Zfej\Zl\eZ`X [\\jXd`jdX X^feX 52 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 dX#ZXd`eX_XZ`X\cjl`Z`[`f#j\X[fid\Z\#jlm`[X XcX`i\c`Yi\\jle[\jX^\Zfdgc\kXd\ek\fYjkil`$ [fpZ\^X[fgficXjZXcc\al\cXj#\jle[\jX^\jfgf$ i]\ifhl\j\\eZf^\_XZ`X\cjlZ`fpfjZlif`ek\i`fi [\cfjdfekZlcfj[\ZlYfj% J\k`\e\cX`dgi\j`e[\hl\cXjXm\e`[Xjgi`e$ Z`gXc\j\jgXekXeXcXgfYcXZ`eXZ`ZXcX[X#hl\]le$ Z`feXeZfdfledle[f\ok\i`fiZfdgc\kXd\ek\ \okiXfXcXm`[X[\cfjZlYZlcfjp[\cXjZXcc\$ al\cXj%<jcXZ`l[X[hl\d}je\Z\j`kX[\cX`ek\i$ m\eZ`ej\i`XpXlkefdX[\leliYXe`jkX%8ccj\ Zfdgi\e[\hl\leliYXe`jkXgl\[Xi\gi\j\ekXile ]XZkfi[\gif^i\jf\ecX_`jkfi`X[\legl\Ycf% ?\m`jkfcX`^c\j`X[\JXe=iXeZ`jZf#\cIfZfZ d}j[fiX[fpd}jiXif[\cdle[f%JXe=iXeZ`jZf# jcffif#Yi`ccXZfed`ccfe\j[\i\Õ\afj#_Xj`[fdlp \dfZ`feXek\#leX[\cXj[fj^iXe[\j\dfZ`fe\j [\cm`Xa\1\cDXe^l\\eIfqfeX[\gifjkYlcfj pJXe=iXeZ`jZf\e9X_X% CX\ekiX[XXcX`^c\j`Xef\jleXg\e\kiXZ`e Zfii`\ek\\elecl^XiZlXchl`\iX2hl`\eXcc\ekiX j`\ek\hl\_XpXc^f[\[`jgXiXkX[fgfihl\kf[f\j [fiX[f#cfe`Zfhl\ef\j[fiX[f\j\cjl\cf%CXclq `ek\i`fi[\JXe=iXeZ`jZfefk`\e\gXiXe^eZfecX [\e`e^leX`^c\j`X[\cdle[fpgi\Z`jXd\ek\X_ i\j`[\jl[`]\i\eZ`X2cXXkdj]\iX[\JXe=iXeZ`jZf efjcf\j[`]\i\ek\j`efXekX^e`ZXXcX`[\Xd`j$ dX[\`^c\j`X% <c`ek\i`fi[\leX`^c\j`XZldgc\leX]leZ`e gifk\ZkfiXpdXk\ieXc#XZXi`Z`Xpelki\cXfjZli`$ [X[`ekiXlk\i`eX2\c`ek\i`fi[\leX`^c\j`Xj\i\$ cXZ`feXZfe\c`ek\i`fi[\ck\ifpcXjjfdYiXj\e \j\`ek\i`fijfejfdYiXjlk\i`eXj%JXe=iXeZ`jZf f]i\Z\\cXjg\Zkf[\lej\of[\dla\i\oZ\j`mX$ d\ek\X[fieX[fpg\i]ldX[f%<c\oZ\jf[\fif# ifkfe`ZXd\ek\gfi\cXqlcZcXifp\cYcXeZf[\cXj Õfi\j[\gXg\c#k`\e\\cXjg\Zkf[\leZXYXi\k[\ claf[\ÔeXc\j[\cj`^cfO@O#cX`cld`eXZ`eZ}c`[X \jjldXd\ek\\oZ`kXek\pk`\e\Xc^f[\<c;fiX[f p[\Xm\ekli\if%;\cXjil^fj`[X[\j[\cIfZfZ_Xe jXc`[fXc^lefj[\cfjd}jY\ccfj\a\dgcfj[\cX\j$ ZlckliX\edX[\iX[\9iXj`c%JfeÔ^liXj\ok}k`ZXj# [\d`iX[XXclZ`eX[X#g`ekX[XjZfeZfcfi\jjlXm\jp g\iZ\gk`Yc\jjcfXcfYj\imX[fihl\YljZX\c[\kX$ cc\#gXi\Z\eeXZ\i[\c\jki\`d`\ekf[\c9XiifZf% DESVÍOS DE LA DERIVA Tres de las obsesiones más recurrentes en los trabajos proyectuales de Sérgio Bernardes: la selva amazónica, en la foto con una propuesta de paso elevado, las aeronaves, y el perfil futuro de Río De Janeiro con la nueva estética de los rascacielos. ¶Gfihl\jk\\oZ\jf[\fifhl\Zi\XkXej`e$ ^lcXi`cld`eXZ`e6J\ekhl\[\YX_XY\ileXZf$ e\o`e\eki\cXjfdefc\eZ`X[\cXgfYcXZ`eXe\j$ k\j`X[XpcXZi\XZ`e[fiX[X[\ck\dgcf[\cd`\[f% Gfj`Yc\d\ek\#\ck\dgcfgifgfiZ`feXlei\]l^`f XZf^\[fi[`m\ijf#d}jZcXifpd}jZ}c`[fhl\\c i\]l^`f[\cXm`[X[`Xi`Xhl\j\dXe`Ô\jkX\ecXj jfdYiXj[\cXj^i`\kXj[\cdfekeXZldlcX[f[\ cXjm`m`\e[Xj%<cY\XkfYljZXiX\e\c k\dgcfeflei\]l^`f\ecXjfdYiX#le i\Zf^`d`\ekf\ecXfjZli`[X[#Zfdf kf[fjcfjY\Xkfj[\cdle[f#j`efleX Xm\ekliXj\olXc_XZ`XcXj\d`ZcXi`$ [X[#leX\jg\Z`\[\XZfek\Z`d`\ekf [`]\i\ek\\ejlm`[X[`Xi`X% <ck\dXd\Xii\YXkXYX% J ]\i\eZ`X\eki\leXdl\ik\_fpf[\ekif[\m\`ek\ Xfj#Zfdfj`\o`jk`\j\leXc\p[\Zfdg\ejXZ`e hl\i\jfcm`\iXd\Z}e`ZXd\ek\ZlXchl`\i[`]\i\e$ Z`XXcZfcfZXi\eg`\[\`^lXc[X[cXj\dfZ`fe\j[\ leX[\jXgXi`Z`egfiXZZ`[\ek\ZfecXj\dfZ`fe\j [\m\`ek\fki\`ekXXfjd}j[\m`[X%Fgk`d`jkXp Y`\eXc`d\ekX[fXej`XYXj\ejXZ`fe\j[\g\c`^if%<c [XXek\i`fief_XYXZfd`[feX[XXek\j[\cc\^Xi X9X_XpcXjj\ejXZ`fe\j[\dXpfi g\c`^ifj\_XYXedXe`]\jkX[fgi\$ Z`jXd\ek\\edfd\ekfj[\_XdYi\ X^l[X#gfihl\\c\jkdX^fmXZf\j `eZfdgXk`Yc\ Zfe cX j\ejXZ`e [\ j\^li`[X[p\jle^iXm\\iifiefZf$ d\i\ecfjdfd\ekfj[\d`\[f%CX Zfd`[XXgXZ`^lX\cd`\[f#fcfi\[l$ Z\Zfej`[\iXYc\d\ek\% D`\[f p Zfd`[X ef gl\[\e Zfem`m`i\eled`jdffi^Xe`jdf% <c _fdYi\ hl\ _X Zfd`[f gXi\Z\ XYjfiY\i\ecX[`^\jk`ecX\e\i^X hl\c\gl[`\iXkiXej]fidXi\ele j\i d}j j\ej`Yc\# d}j \dfk`mf p# gfi kXekf# Xgkf gXiX k\e\i d`\[f% <cd`\[f\j#gfiZfej`^l`\ek\#leX jlg\i\dfk`m`[X[# gif[lZkf [\ cX `dX^`eXZ`ep\ciXZ`fZ`e`f#pgXiX hl\]leZ`fe\Zfe\ÔZXZ`Xe\Z\j`kXhl\cX\e\i^X [`jgfe`Yc\\e\cfi^Xe`jdfef\jkfZlgX[X\e fkiXZfjX% <cd`\[f\jlegif[lZkf[\cXZ`m`c`qXZ`e2 g\ik\e\Z\Xcdle[f[\cXclqpXcXXm\ekliX\o$ kiXlk\i`eX#p\jcXgi`d\iXgj`Zfe\lifj`j[\c_fd$ Yi\mXc`\ek\\`ehl`\kfpcX^iXeXZZ`e\ecXhl\j\ i\Õ\aX\c`ek\c\Zkf% <cd`\[fj\gl\[\gif[lZ`i\eZlXchl`\idf$ d\ekfjcfgficX\dfZ`e[\cXXlkf`e]\i`fi`[X[2 \cfi^Xe`jdf\e\jkX[f[\`e]\i`fi`[X[k`\e\hl\ \eZXiXile[\jk`ef]XkXc#k`\e\jlZlijfkiXqX[fp j\[`i`^\_XZ`XcXZXk}jkif]\%CXm`j`e[\\jk\[\j$ k`ef#alekfZfecfji\Zl\i[fj[\cgXjX[fpcXj`[\Xj [\cPf#gifmfZXecXXe^ljk`X[\cd`\[f%CXXe^ljk`X [\cd`\[f\j#gfikXekf#leX]leZ`e[\c\jkX[f[\ `e]\i`fi`[X[gjhl`ZXlfi^}e`ZXpcXj\ejXZ`e[\ _XdYi\\jle\jkX[f[\`e]\i`fi`[X[% ?XYXdf$ d\ekfj\e hl\#`emX[`[f gfileXjfe$ i`jX[`XYc`ZX# d`iXYXXcdXi p[\j\XYXhl\ \cXm`ej\ _`Z`\iX g\[Xqfj Xc[\9X_XXg\jX[ldYiX$ [fgfief_XY\im`jkfcX^iXe ZXek`[X[[\`^c\j`Xjhl\[f$ d`eX cX m`[X [\ cX Z`l[X[% JXc`dfj X cXj j\`j [\ cX dX[il^X[X [\ledl\cc\i\gc\kf[\gfck`Zfjp i\gi\j\ekXek\jf]`Z`Xc\j#p\c`ek\i$ m\ekfi#\cJi%AliXZ`DX^Xc_\j%Cf\e$ ZfekilegfZf^fi[f#[\leX^fi[liX [\jgi\Z`Xk`mX%<cJi%@ek\im\ekfi[`j$ ki`Ylp\XdXYc\d\ek\XYiXqfj\eki\cfjgfck`Zfj# \ekiXdfj\e\c_`[ifXm`ep[\jg\^XdfjildYfX 8iXZXapI\Z`]\% 8iXZXa\jleXZ`l[X[Yfe`kXpgif^i\j`jkX#cc\$ eX[\ZfZfk\ifj%<cgX`jXa\\j`ek\i\jXek\%<e9X_X ZfdY`\epk\dgiXef#d\j\ekXY`\ep\e\oZ\$ c\ek\\jkX[f[\]fidXp[\\jgi`kl#cXefZ`e[\ g\c`^if_XYX[\jXgXi\Z`[f1\c\jkdX^fcc\efd\ [XYXleXj\ejXZ`e[\Y`\e\jkXifgl\jkXXcg\c`$ ^if#\cXc`d\ekf]leZ`feXZfdfleglekf[\Xgfpf hl\[`jd`elp\Zfej`[\iXYc\d\ek\ZlXchl`\igi\$ j\ek`d`\ekf[\g\c`^if%CXg\ijfeXXc`d\ekX[X\j d}jXiif^Xek\#gXi\Z\[\j\Xi\cg\c`^if\em\q[\ k\d\icf% ?XYXdfd\ekfj\ehl\#`emX[`[fgfileX jfei`jX[`XYc`ZX#d`iXYXXcdXip[\j\XYX]\i$ m`\ek\d\ek\hl\\cXm`ej\_`Z`\iXg\[Xqfj#cX \dfZ`emXcXcXg\eX#ef\eZfekiXYXe`e^leX[`$ CXXgXi`Z`e[\c@[\Xc\e\c`ejkXek\[\cg\c`$ ^ifcc\^XZfdfleXefjkXc^`X[\cfefi\Xc`qX[fp\e \jk\glekfcX\dfZ`e[\cd`\[fpcX[\cXfjX[Xj\ \eZl\ekiXe#pXhl\XdYXje\Z\j`kXei\Zfi[Xicfj `[\Xc\jgXiXdXk\i`Xc`qXij\%CX\dfZ`e[\cd`\[f i\Zl\i[Xcfj`[\Xc\jZfe\cfYa\k`mf[\i\Xc`qXicfj# \j[\Z`i#mXcfiXcfj`[\Xc\jd`\ekiXjhl\cX\dfZ`e [\cXfjX[Xj`kXcfj`[\Xc\j#YXaflegcXefYlic\j$ ZfZfe\cfYa\k`mf[\^XjkXileXYifdX#[\mXcX cfj`[\Xc\jkiXej]fid}e[fcfj\eZfjXj^iXZ`fjXjp g\hl\Xj#\eZXek`[X[\jd\efjgi\Z`XYc\j#pleX jfei`jXZe`ZX`emX[\XcfjX[f#leXjfei`jXm\e^X$ k`mXZfekiXcXeXkliXc\qX%<cfjX[fYljZXjlgifg`X [\jkilZZ`ep[\j\XcXZXk}jkif]\% <cXc`d\ekfgif[lZ\Z`e`jdfpXck\iXcXg\i$ Z\gZ`e[\cfji\Zl\i[fj%CX]XckX[\Xc`d\ekf\e legj`Zfe\lik`ZfXdfifjfk`\e[\XZfej\imXijl \jkX[f[\Xe^ljk`X#hl\j\le\[\dXe\iXeXkliXc Xcd`\[ffXcXefjkXc^`X[\cfefi\Xc`qX[f% <cZXY`eYfp\jk}d\[`fdXi\X[f2efjXZ\iZX$ dfjXcÔeXc[\cm`Xa\2XcfcXi^f[\cXZfjkX#cXjXiX$ glZXj\jkilZkliXjg`iXd`[Xc\j_\Z_XjgXiXZXqXi# e%[\cXkiX[% efj\jg\iXe\ece\X#XcfkifcX[fle q\g\ceml\cXYXafildYfXcjli#gXi\Z\hl\\jk} hl`\kf¿Hljfj`\^fm`XaXi\eleq\g\ce% <eI\Z`]\[\jZ\e[\dfj\eZlimXgXjXe[fX [`\qd\kifj[\lefjXcdXZ\e\j#Xd\i`qXa\jlXm\#\c _`[ifXm`ej\gfjXZfe^XiYf\ecXYX_X#jXc^f[\c Xm`e#X^iX[\qZfXcZfdXe[Xek\\c_XY\iXZ\c\iX[f cXdXiZ_X#pZfii`\e[fZfaf\cYXiZfXcfkifcX[f[\c dl\cc\#cc\^fZ`eZfd`elkfjXek\j[\jlgXik`[X%x !=c}m`f[\:XimXc_f\jlef[\cfjgifkX^fe`jkXj [\cX\ogfj`Z`e;\jmfj[\cX[\i`mX% <og\i`\eZ`Xj#kiXm\jXjpdfi]fcf^Xj#hl\ gl\[\m\ij\\e\cDlj\fEXZ`feXcI\`eXJf]X _XjkXXc)*[\X^fjkf[\)'('%<ck\okfhl\Xhl i\gif[lZ`dfj\jk}jXZX[f[\cc`Yifk`klcX[f Fjfjjfj[fdle[f#glYc`ZX[f\e(0*-#phl\_X j`[fi\\[`kX[f\e)'',gfi<[`kfiX8ek`hlX# JfGXlcf% KiX[lZZ`e1D\iZ\[\jG`e\[X CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 53 Ramírez (Jalisco, 1895California, 1963) creó una gran cantidad de dibujos en los que repetía constantemente sus obsesiones: los túneles 54 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 eran las más frecuentes. Sus últimos 33 años los pasó recluido en una institución psiquiátrica del Norte de California. DOCUMENTA E`e^eXik`jkXZfek\dgfi}e\fi\Õ\aXZfdf\cd\o`ZXefDXikeIXdi\qcfj \jk`^dXj[\cXcfZliXpcXi\Zclj`egj`hl`}ki`ZX%CX`Zfef^iX]XgfglcXi#cfjke\c\jpcXY\i`ekfj i\Zfii\ecfjZXd`efj[\\jk\Xik`jkXhl\[\]fidXfYj\j`mXi\ZcXdXcXXk\eZ`e[\c\jg\ZkX[fi% DXikeIXdi\q# Xik\pcfZliX GfiAfjCl`jGXi[f 8hl\c#gl\j#Xhl\chl\j`ecXcfZliX[\cXjdljXj XZl[\XcXjgl\ikXj[\cXgf\jX#g\ijlX[`[f[\ hl\#ZfdfgfiXik\#mXX_XZ\ij\lem\i[X[\ifgf\$ kX#cfj\i}`dg\i]\Zkf#pkf[XfYiXhl\j\XZXgXq[\ Zi\Xi\jkXe[f\ejljXefal`Z`fhl\[Xi}\Zc`gjX[X gficX[\cfj`ejg`iX[fjpgfj\jfj% GcXke#=\[if% K_\nfic[_Xj^fe\dX[kf[Xp 8e[^ff[ËjYX[kf[Xp# 8e[YcXZbËjn_`k\kf[Xp# 8e[[XpËje`^_kkf[Xp% :fc\Gfik\i#8epk_`e^^f\j Kf[Xp@d`^_kY\dX[# Kfdfiifn@ËccY\^cX[# @Ëm\^fk=i`[Xpfedpd`e[ >%Pfle^?%MXe[X#=i`[Xpfedpd`e[ C Xgi`d\iX[`ÔZlckX[XcX_fiX[\\jkXYc\$ Z\i Xc^leXi\cXZ`e\eki\Xik\pcfZliX gifZ\[\# j`e [l[X Xc^leX# [\ hl\ e` \c lefe`cXfkiX_Xe\o`jk`[fj`\dgi\[\c df[fZfdf_fpcfjZfefZ\dfj#pgfikXekfcXd\iX \eleZ`XZ`e[\cXZl\jk`e\j\hlmfZX1\jkX\jcX c\ZZ`ehl\j\[\jgi\e[\[\cX?`jkfi`X[\cXcfZliX [\D`Z_\c=flZXlck#p[\Y\iXj\icf`^lXcd\ek\[\ ZlXchl`\ik\okfhl\cc\m\\ejlgfikX[XcX]idl$ cX?`jkfi`X[\cXik\%Ef_Xpled`jdf]\ed\ef# Zfek`elf\e\c\jgXZ`fp\e\ck`\dgf#Xchl\j\ gl\[X[\efd`eXij`dgc\d\ek\Xik\Yl\eXgXik\ [\cc\^X[f[\cgXjX[fhl\cc\eXel\jkifjdlj\fj# phl\_fpccXdXdfjXj#ef]l\\og\i`d\ekX[f\e jlk`\dgfZfdfXik\#j`efZfdfkZe`ZX#Xik\jXeX# [\mfZ`ei\c`^`fjX#_XY`c`[X[j\im`c#lk`c`[X[jfZ`Xc# gifgX^Xe[X#\kZ%#\kZ% #XjZfdfkXdgfZf_Xple j`^e`ÔZX[fZfejkXek\[\cZfeZ\gkfXik\XcfcXi^f [\cfjj`^cfjYXjk\efkXihl\\ecXXek`^lX>i\Z`X \o`jkXe`ZXd\ek\leXgXcXYiXÇkZ_e\ÇgXiX [\j`^eXi `^lXcd\ek\ cf hl\ efjfkifj ccXdXdfj _fpXik\pcfhl\ccXdXdfjkZe`ZX %KXdgfZfZfe i\jg\ZkfXcXcfZliXgf[iXdfj_XYcXi[\leX\j\e$ Z`Xle`m\ijXcZfedck`gc\jdXe`]\jkXZ`fe\j_`j$ ki`ZXj#Xlehl\cXZfjkldYi\[\cXj\ogfj`Z`fe\j k\d}k`ZXjÇhl\#X]l\iqX[\i\`eXi#`dg\iX\eki\ efjfkifjÇgifg`Z`XXd\el[f\c\hlmfZf1Xj#gfi \a\dgcf#cXdl\jkiXZfd`jXi`X[XgfiA\Xe:cX`i\e )''-D\cXeZfcX#^\e`fpcfZliX\eFZZ`[\ek\#Xc dXi^\e[\jl`ek\ijp[\cXZXc`[X[[\jlj`e^i\$ [`\ek\j#XgfpXYXjlXi^ld\ekfgi\Z`jXd\ek\\ecX `[\X[\leXg\ij`jk\eZ`X[\cXcfZliXXkiXmj[\cX _`jkfi`X#hl\gfijlgXik\j\i\Õ\aXiX\eZX[Xdf$ d\ekf\e\cXik\Zfii\jgfe[`\ek\%G\if#Xlehl\\e lej\ek`[fdlpmX^fp^\ei`Zfgl\[X\jkXYc\Z\ij\ legXi\ek\jZf\eki\cfhl\cfjXek`^lfjccXdXYXe D\cXeZfcXpcfhl\XjccXdXifecfjdf[\iefj#f \eki\cXXZ\[Xd\[`\mXcpi\eXZ\ek`jkXpcX[\gi\$ j`e\ejlj\ek`[fgj`hl`}ki`Zfd}jfd\efjZfe$ k\dgfi}e\f#ZcXif\jk}hl\cfhl\m\i[X[\iXd\ek\ efj\ej\XXc^fjfYi\\cj`^e`ÔZX[f[`]\i\eZ`Xc[\ \jfjkid`efjpjfYi\cfhl\[`jk`e^l\leXjgf$ ZXj[\fkiXj\jaljkXd\ek\Xhl\ccfhl\[\cXd\$ cXeZfcX\j`ii\[lZk`Yc\XcXXZ\[Xpcfhl\j\gXiX iX[`ZXcd\ek\X\jkXck`dX[\cX[\gi\j`eZce`ZX# gl\j\jfYm`fhl\cXjgXcXYiXj^i`\^XjfcXk`eXjhl\ gf[\dfjkiX[lZ`iXcXjc\e^lXjdf[\ieXjZfdfcf$ ZliXef[\k\id`eXYXecXd`jdXZfe[lZkXjfZ`Xce` ZfdgfikXYXe\cd`jdfZfek\e`[fZfeZ\gklXc\e cfj[`m\ijfjdfd\ekfj_`jki`Zfjf\ecXj[`m\ijXj ]fidXj[\jfZ`\[X[\ecXjhl\gl\[\eZfej`[\iXi$ j\#Zfdfcfgil\YXj`dgc\d\ek\\c_\Z_f[\hl\cX XjfZ`XZ`e[\cXcfZliXZfecX\e]\id\[X[d\ekXc p\ckiXkXd`\ekfd[`Zfj\Xle]\ed\efi\cXk`$ mXd\ek\i\Z`\ek\% <cfcm`[f[\\jkXX[m\ik\eZ`X\j\ci\jgfejXYc\ [\hl\_fpfYj\im\dfjXek\kf[fcXcfZliX[\j[\ leXg\ijg\Zk`mXgj`hl`}ki`ZXfgj`Zfc^`ZXp#gfi kXekf#[\hl\cXdXpfigXik\[\cXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\j [\cXZfe\o`e\eki\Xik\pcfZliXg\ik\e\qZXeX \jk\}dY`kf1\cgj`hl`XkiXp\c\og\ikf\eXik\gfi j\gXiX[ffi\le`[fjgficX]fikleX\ecXd`jdX g\ijfeX efj`cljkiXeXZ\iZX[\cfjgXi\Z`[fj\e$ ki\cfjiXj^fj[\cXg\ijfeXc`[X[[\c^iXeXik`jkX pcfj[\cgj`ZgXkX#leXZfdgXiXZ`ehl\[liXek\ dlZ_fk`\dgf_XZfeki`Yl`[fXXc`d\ekXicX`dX$ ^\eifd}ek`ZX[\cXik`jkX^\e`XcZfdf`e[`m`[lf gjhl`ZXd\ek\XedXcf#[\ZlpfkiXjkfiefd\e$ kXc\dXeXiXjl`eefmXZ`e\jkk`ZX#\`^lXcd\e$ k\cX[\c\e]\idfd\ekXcZfdfXik`jkXgfk\eZ`Xc f#j\^ej\[\ZX\eleXg\cZlcX[\Alc\j;Xjj`e gifkX^fe`qX[XgfiI`Z_Xi[N`[dXib\e(0,'#CX efZ_\pcXZ`l[X[#Zfdf½Xik`jkXj`eXik\¾%8lehl\ \jkXk\e[\eZ`X_XXiifaX[fXc^lefji\jlckX[fj[\ \efid\ [`^e`[X[ `ek\c\ZklXc# Zfdf \j efkXYc\$ d\ek\\cZXjf[\cXfYiX[\cgj`hl`XkiXpÔcjf]f BXicAXjg\ijjfYi\Jki`e[Y\i^pMXe>f^_kiX[l$ Z`[X\eki\efjfkifjZfe\cZXjk`qfkklcf[\>\e`f pcfZliX #\e^\e\iXc_Xj`[fi\jgfejXYc\[\leX e\]XjkXpg\i\^i`eX`[\Xhl\kXdY`e_X`dgi\^$ eX[fcX`ek\igi\kXZ`e[\cXik\Zfek\dgfi}e\f# j\^ecXZlXccXfYiX\okiX\iXjlXlk\ek`Z`[X[[\c _\Z_f[\j\icX\ogi\j`e[`i\ZkX\`ed\[`XkX[\cfj j\ek`d`\ekfjp#gfikXekf#[\cXgj`hl\ [\cXik`jkX# Zfdf\eXhl\c[`m\ik`[fXi^ld\ekfd\eZ`feX[f Xc^leXm\qgfi<iejk>fdYi`Z_#hl\gi\k\e[XXgf$ pXi\ej\d\aXek\\`e[\dfjkiXYc\ m\iXZ`[X[cX jlg\i`fi`[X[[\cXmXZX[\;lYl]]\kjfYi\\ckfif [\Gfkk\i% <jkX gj`Zfcf^`qXZ`e ^XcfgXek\# X[\d}j [\ gifdfm\ileXc\ZkliX[\cfYa\kf\jkk`Zfhl\jcf Los motivos populares de su Jalisco natal aparecen recurrentemente en los laberínticos trazados de Ramírez, en la actualidad considerado ya un artista méxico-estadounidense. CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 55 DOCUMENTA gl\[\gifmfZXileXXZk`kl[[\]\ej`mX\e\c\jg\Z$ kX[fij\ejXkfcX[\gifk\^\ij\ZfekiX\cXik`jkX hl\gi\k\e[\XiifaXicXgi`mXZ`[X[^cXe[lcXi[\ jl\^f_`g\ikif]`X[fjfYi\\cgYc`Zf #[\j[\\c glekf[\m`jkX[\cXZfdgXiXZ`ehl\efjfZlgX k`\e\cX[\jm\ekXaX[\efgf[\ieleZX[XileX\o$ gc`ZXZ`ejfcm\ek\[\cX[`]\i\eZ`X\o`jk\ek\\eki\ cXZfe[lZkX[\ccfZfpcX[\cXik`jkX\j[\Z`i#[\gfi hlcXd`jdXg\ikliYXZ`eZfe[lZ\\eleZXjfXcX ^\e`Xc`[X[p\e\cfkifXcXgj`ZfgXkfcf^X #cfhl\ i\Xc`d\ekX\e[\Ôe`k`mXcXg\idXe\ek\XZljXZ`e [\XiY`kiXi`\[X[[`i`^`[XZfekiX\cXik\Zfek\dgf$ i}e\fȶgfihlkfc\iXiXlefjcfhl\_XZ\hl\X fkifjj\c\j\eZ`\ii\6É pcXpXXcl[`[X`[\Xc`qXZ`e [\cX\e]\id\[X[d\ekXc#hl\gl\[\_XY\iZfeki`$ Yl`[fgfj`k`mXd\ek\\eXc^edfd\ekfXcXYXe$ [fef[\k\iXg`XjYilkXcd\ek\X^i\j`mXj#g\ifhl\ iXiXd\ek\_XXpl[X[fXd`k`^Xi\cjl]i`d`\ekf[\ hl`\e\jcXgX[\Z\e% G XiXjXc`i[\\jk\XkfccX[\ifj`e[\mXclXie` XYXe[feXi[\ckf[f\cZXi}Zk\i]ilZk]\$ if[\cXZfdgXiXZ`e\eki\Xik\pcfZliX# ZXY\e[fjZXd`efjZfdgc\d\ekXi`fj%<c gi`d\ifZfej`jk\\e[\j$gj`Zfcf^`qXi\ckiXjkfief d\ekXcgXiXg\id`k`ic\XcZXeqXijle`m\c[\g\ik`$ e\eZ`XXikjk`ZX%Gfe^Xdfjle\a\dgcfhl\pXk\$ e\dfjXc^f]Xk`^X[f1\jgfj`Yc\pgcXlj`Yc\jfjk\e\i hl\#ZlXe[fB`\ib\^XXi[\jZi`Y`<cZfeZ\gkf[\cX Xe^ljk`X#\jkXYX^\el`eXpg\ijfeXcd\ek\Xe^lj$ k`X[f#p\jd}jhl\gifYXYc\hl\\c_\Z_f[\\jkXi$ cfZfejk`klp\iXleXZfe[`Z`ee\Z\jXi`XgXiXhl\ B`\ib\^XXi[XYfi[XiXcXi\[XZZ`e[\\jkXfYiX% 8_fiXY`\e#j`XZfek`elXZ`e`ek\ekXdfj\ogc`$ ZXicXfYiX[\B`\ib\^XXi[\e]leZ`e[\jl\jkX[f d\ekXc#j\eZ`ccXd\ek\cX_XYi\dfjZfem\ik`[f\e \ogi\j`e[\jlkiXjkfief\dfZ`feXc#\c`d`eXe[f [\\ccXkf[fmXcfic`k\iXi`ff`ek\c\ZklXc#pkiXej]fi$ d}e[fcX\ele[fZld\ekfZfele`ek\ij\oZcl$ j`mXd\ek\Zce`Zf%J`e\dYXi^f#cfhl\gf[iXdfj ccXdXi\ckXc\ekf[\B`\ib\^XXi[Zfej`jk\\ehl\# c\afj[\_XY\i_\Z_f[\jlfYiXcX\ogi\j`e[\le jekfdXg\ijfeXc#_XZfej\^l`[f_XZ\i[\cjekf$ dXÇfj\X#[\cXXe^ljk`XÇleXfYiX#\j[\Z`i#_X Zfej\^l`[fZfejkil`iZfejl\jZi`kliXleXXe^ljk`X hl\pXef\jcX[\c`e[`m`[lfgi`mX[fJi\eB`\i$ b\^XXi[#j`efleXXe^ljk`Xg\i]\ZkXd\ek\`dg\i$ jfeXcpm`iklXcd\ek\le`m\ijXcg\ifj`e\dYXi^f e`ZX#\jg\Z`Xcj`dXpZlXc`ÔZX[X #ZXgXq[\g\i$ d`k`iXZlXchl`\ic\Zkfi\ek\e[\ihl\jcXXe^ljk`X j`ee\Z\j`[X[[\ZfefZ\i\cg\efjfZXjfgXik`ZlcXi [\cXlkfi#p[\_XZ\icf[\ledf[fhl\Zfej\imXiX gc\eXd\ek\jlm`^\eZ`Xj`dXXeXj\[\jZlYi`\j\ hl\\jk\c`Yifefcf\jZi`Y`B`\ib\^XXi[j`efle gi`dfjlpfhl\[`j]ilk[liXek\kf[Xjlm`[X[\ leX]\c`Z`[X[`dg\ikliYX[X% >`cc\j;\c\lq\ÇXZXjf\cg\ejX[fiZfek\d$ gfi}e\fXhl`\ej\[\Y\\cdXpfi\j]l\iqfgXiX c`Y\iXi[\jlj[\Ôe`Z`fe\jZce`ZXjXg\ikliYXZ`f$ e\jZfdfcX\jhl`qf]i\e`X#cXgXiXef`XfcXg\im\i$ j`eÇ[\ZXhl\[\cd`jdfdf[fhl\_Xphl`\e\j gi\k\e[\e\ogc`ZXicXg`ekliX[\<c>i\Zfgfile [\]\Zkfm`jlXc#gf[iX\ogc`ZXij\kXdY`ecXc`k\$ iXkliX[\Gifljkf[\BX]bXXgXik`i[\leZ`\ikf kiXjkfief [\c c\e^lXa\# Zfdf le kXikXdl[\f f leXkfig\qXm\iYXc#g\ifj`\dgi\XZfe[`Z`e[\ \ek\e[\ihl\[`Z_fkiXjkfiefefX]\ZkXiX\oZclj`$ mXd\ek\Xc?XYcXfj\X#Xcfhl\JXljjli\ccXdXYX gXifc\ j`efXcXC\e^lX#XZfe[`Z`e[\hl\efj\ kiXk\[\legifYc\dX\ecXi\Xc`qXZ`e]}Zk`ZXd}j f d\efj [\]\ZklfjX [\ le [\k\id`eX[f Z[`^f c`e^jk`Zf#j`ef[\cZ[`^fd`jdf\ejljXik`Zl$ cXZ`fe\jj`ek}Zk`ZXj#j\d}ek`ZXjfgiX^d}k`ZXj% F#[`Z_f[\fkiXdXe\iX#hl\cXcfZliXj\ml\cm\ 56 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 MARTÍN RAMIREZ Trenes, galerías y símbolos aztecas. Entre 1948 y su muerte, Ramírez concibió un mundo y un territorio propios que le hizo `ek\c\ZklXcf\jkk`ZXd\ek\`ek\i\jXek\ZlXe[f[\$ aXdfj[\Zfej`[\iXicXZfdf\c[\jXii\^cf\dgi`Zf pZfek`e^\ek\[\lej`jk\dXÇ\c[\cXg\iZ\gZ`ef \c[\cg\ejXd`\ekfÇZlpf]leZ`feXd`\ekf`[\Xcp Zfii\Zkfefi\jlckXiXgl\jkf\eZl\jk`egfi\jfj ]XccfjcfZXc\j#p\dg\qXdfjX`dX^`eXihlgXjXiX j`cXcfZliX]l\j\leXgfj`Y`c`[X[kiXjZ\e[\ekXc[\c gifg`fg\ejXd`\ekfpefle[\j[`Z_X[fXmXkXi[\ jlj[\ÔZ`kXi`XjZfeZi\Z`fe\j_`jki`ZXj#leXXm\e$ kliXc\^k`dX[\cXg\iZ\gZ`epefleXgXkfcf^X [\i`mX[X[\leXZZ`[\ek\^\ek`ZffXdY`\ekXc% P \jk\ \j \c glekf \e \c ZlXc jl\c\ kXdY`e Zfe\ZkXij\cXZfe[lZkX[\cXik`jkXZfecXZfe[lZ$ kXgjhl`ZXd\ek\[\jm`X[X#XcccXdXicXXk\eZ`e jfYi\\c_\Z_f[\hl\cXZi\XZ`e\jkk`ZXefZfe$ j`jk\kXekf\eleX_XY`c`[X[Zfdg\k\eZ`Xc\e\c dXiZf[\Z`\ikXefidXk`m`[X[Zfdf\ecXZXgX$ Z`[X[gXiXdf[`ÔZXicXji\^cXj[\cal\^f%G\if[\ el\mfg\i[\iXdfjcf\j\eZ`Xc[\\jk\kg`Zfj`efj c`d`k}j\dfjXYljZXicXZXgXZ`[X[[\cXik`jkXgXiX `em\ekXiel\mXji\^cXjfifdg\iZfecXjm`^\ek\j \eXc^leXg\Zlc`Xi`[X[gj`Zfc^`ZXhl\klm`\iXjl Zfii\cXkf\ecXgXkfcf^Xgj`hl`}ki`ZX%<jkfj\iX kXe`e^\elfZfdfg\ejXihl\9Xl[\cX`i\\jZi`YX Zfdfcf_XZX[\Y`[fXjlZfejldf[\XYj\ekXfX jlc`Z\eZ`fjXm`[Xj\olXc%Gl\j\cj\^le[f[\cfjZX$ d`efjd\eZ`feX[fjgXiXjXc`i[\cXkfccX[\if[\cXj m`\aXji\cXZ`fe\j\eki\Xik\pcfZliX\j\chl\efj \ej\\cjfZ`cf^fG`\ii\9fli[`\l#pZfdgfikX cXi\$jfZ`Xc`qXZ`e[\XdYXj\j]\iXj1ef#ef]l\ife e`cXXYj\ekX#e`cXj\olXc`[X[#e`Xc^leXd`jk\i`fjX Xck\iXZ`egjhl`ZXcXjhl\_`Z`\ifeX9Xl[\cX`i\ ifdg\iZfecXji\^cXjhl\[\ÔeXe\ejlk`\dgf \cal\^f[\cXc`k\iXkliX\`em\ekXifkiXjXck\ieX$ k`mXj2d}jY`\ejlZ\[`\oXZkXd\ek\XcZfekiXi`f1 ]l\[\Y`[fXhl\9Xl[\cX`i\df[`ÔZXYX[\]fidX `eefmX[fiXcXji\^cXj[\cZXdgfc`k\iXi`f#[\Y`[fX hl\ZXdY`XYXcX[\Ôe`Z`ed`jdX[\cXc`k\iXkliX _XZ`\e[fZfjXjhl\jljZfek\dgfi}e\fj`ejkX$ cX[fj\e\cal\^f\jkXYc\Z`[fjcfgf[Xeg\iZ`Y`i ZfdfcfZliXj #hl\]l\`ed\[`XkXd\ek\ZXi^X[f jfZ`Xcd\ek\ZfecX]XdXpcXg\ijfeXc`[X[gj`Zf$ c^`ZX[\ccfZf#[\cg\ikliYX[f#[\cgjhl`ZXd\ek\ XefidXc%LeXm\qhl\cXXgl\jkX[\9Xl[\cX`i\·p [\lefjZlXekfjd}j klmfo`kf_`jki`ZX#jfZ`Xc pgfck`ZXd\ek\#leXm\qhl\Zfej`^l`ejk`klZ`f$ eXc`qXile\k_fj[\cXik`jkXgif]\j`feXcdf[\ief pleedfj[\cZXdgfZik`Zf[\cXc`k\iXkliX#cfj _\i\[\ifj[\\jk\ZXdgfefklm`\ifee\Z\j`[X[ [\ZXi^XiZfe\jXÔ^liXgj`Zfc^`ZX[\c`e[`m`[lf XedXcffg\ikliYX[fgXiXXj\^liXijlZfe[`Z`e Xikjk`ZX#hl\[\YXe\oZclj`mXd\ek\Xcal`Z`f[\ jljgXi\jjfYi\jljfYiXj%CXcfZliX[\cfj`eefmX$ [fi\j#[\cfjZi\X[fi\j[\el\mfj^e\ifjf[\el\$ mfji[\e\jXikjk`Zfj#ef\jgfikXekfleXcfZliX gjhl`ZXj`efe`ZXd\ek\jfZ`Xcf^\el`eXd\ek\ \jkk`ZX2\jcXcfZliX[\hl`\e_XZ\Xc^fhl\#_XjkX \j\dfd\ekfÇZfej`[\iXe[fZdf\jk}[`jki`Yl`$ “recluirse” en una gran cantidad de dibujos hechos con materiales pobres a veces en lugares y soportes inverosímiles. [f\cal\^fphl`e\jjfeZfej`[\iX[fjjljX^\e$ k\jc\^k`dfjÇ#\j`dgfj`Yc\%Pj\i}e`ZXd\ek\ \co`kfÇ\eZXjf[\gif[lZ`ij\Ç[\\jkXXgl\jkX# hl\ZfdgfikXefjfcXd\ek\cXZXc`[X[[\cXjfYiXj# j`ef\ceXZ`d`\ekf[\el\mXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jZik`ZXj# cfhl\[\k\id`eXi}hl\Xhl\ccXXgXi\ek\cfZliXj\ Zfem`\ikX\eXik\#\`eZcljf\e\cXik\d}j^\el`eX pgifg`Xd\ek\Zfej`[\iX[fZfdfkXc% Cf[\d}jÇ\j[\Z`i#cXj\jg\ZlcXZ`fe\jXZ\iZX [\cfj\jkX[fj[\XcdX[\cfjXik`jkXj\e\cgifZ\$ jf[\Zi\XZ`epjljgXiXc\c`jdfjZfecfjkiXjkfi$ efj gj`hl`}ki`Zfj f cX `ejg`iXZ`e [`m`eX [\ cfj Xek`^lfjgf\kXjgfj\[fjgficfj[`fj\jÇjfe#\e m\i[X[#d\k}]fiXjgfk`ZXjhl\efjfjZli\Z\e\c _\Z_f[\hl\#XjZfdfcfj\jZi`kfi\jefj\ej\Xe cXj\e]\id\[X[\j[\cXc\e^lXhl\Zfejk`klp\e\c c\e^lXa\[\el\jkiXgfZX#cfjXik`jkXjm`jlXc\jp ^i}ÔZfjjfecfjZXkXcf^X[fi\j[\cXj\e]\id\[X[\j [\cXm`jkXhl\Zfek`\e\e\cj\Zi\kfg\iZ\gk`mf[\ el\jkiXgfZX%G\ifkf[Xj\ccXjjfe\e]\id\[X[\j Zfc\Zk`mXj#pefg\ikliYXZ`fe\j`e[`m`[lXc\j%x AfjCl`jGXi[f \jÔcjf]fpGi\d`fEXZ`feXc[\<ejXpf% CX\ogfj`Z`eDXikeIXdi\q%DXiZfj[\i\Zcl$ j`egl\[\m\ij\\e\cDlj\fEXZ`feXcI\`eX Jf]X_XjkX\c()[\alc`f[\)'('% CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 57 DOCUMENTA :fek\dgfi}e\f[\c\ogi\j`fe`jdfXYjkiXZkfp[\c^iXeXik\Xd\i`ZXef# IXdi\qdXeklmf[\j[\cXi\Zclj`ep\cj`c\eZ`fleX[\ZcXiXZ`egc\eXd\ek\[\jXÔXek\1cfj d}i^\e\j\jk}eccXdX[fjXj\ileZXgklcfZ\ekiXc[\cXik\\eZlXchl`\idfd\ekf% <cdXi^\eIXdi\q <jg\afj[\le\okiXea\if#gi`d`k`mf\`c\kiX[f GfiCl`jGi\q$FiXdXj L eXZ`kXXgZi`]X[\9fi^\j_XYcX[\cX \okiXXZfdgc\a`[X[[\cXjZXljXjhl\ jfc\dfjccXdXi\cXqXi%=l\\cXqXi#jl i\[[\iXqfe\j`dg\e\kiXYc\jhl\\e$ dXjZXiXej`\dgi\cXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\j\ek`[f#cfhl\ _`qfhl\#[liXek\cfjXfjZlXi\ekX[\cj`^cfdf$ [\ief#d`\ekiXj\ecX:fjkXF\jk\[\<jkX[fjLe`$ [fj\cgXZ`\ek\DXikeIXdi\q\iXkiXjcX[X[f[\ leX`ejk`klZ`egj`hl`}ki`ZXXfkiX#j\\eZX[\eXiXe cfj_\Z_fjhl\XeleZ`XiXe\cgifkX^fe`jdfdle$ [`Xc[\leX\jZl\cX[\g`ekliXYilkXcd\ek\\ogi\$ j`mXpdfeld\ekXc#kifhl\cX[X\ecXZfjkXfgl\jkX [\cgXjgfiÔ^liXjZfdf?Xej?f]dXeepN`cc\d ;\Bffe`e^#AXZbjfeGfccfZbp:cp]]fi[Jk`cc#hl\ j\i\ZfefZ\iX\e\c[`jZlijfXlkfi`qX[f[\cZik`Zf :c\d\ek>i\\eY\i^%:Xgklcfgfjki\if\eFZZ`[\e$ k\[\Z`\ikfjlYa\k`m`jdfifd}ek`Zf#_\if`Zfpjf$ c`kXi`f#\jkX\jZl\cX[\g`ekliXpjlj[\i`mXZ`fe\j \e\jZlckliXp^i}ÔZX j\im`iXX[\d}jZfdfZfi$ glj[\dfjkiXk`mfgXiXcXck`dX[\cXjdf[\ieXj `[\fcf^XjXikjk`ZXj]fidXc`jkXj#Zfeki`Ylp\e[fX i\]fiqXi\c\jgXZ`f[`jZ`gc`eXc[\cXik\% ;`Z_f\jgXZ`f[`jZ`gc`eXc]fidXXe\cjl\cf[\ dlZ_Xj[\el\jkiXjXZklXc\j`[\fcf$ ^Xj\jkk`ZXjÆgfiXjfZ`XZ`efgfi fgfj`Z`e$#pjl\jZXjX`eZclj`m`[X[ g\id`k\[\Ôe`i#j\XcXif\jk`^dX$ k`qXicfhl\efi\j`[\\ejl`ek\i`fi# cf\okiXea\if#cfflkj`[\i#gi`d`k`mf# j`cm\jki\f`c\kiX[f1i\j`[lfjZcXj`$ ÔZXkfi`fj#\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\\okiXX$ d`\ekfj ]fi}e\fj# ZlpX gfk\eZ`Xc ZXgXZ`[X[[\[\ZfejkilZZ`e[\\j\ dle[f[\cXik\#hl\cfji\Z_XqX#j\ e\lkiXc`qX\ecXd\[`[X\ehl\jk\ cfjXj`d`cXZfdfZfekiX\a\dgcfj[\ jl gifg`X efidX# Zfdf d}i^\e\j \ok`Zfjhl\Xc`d\ekXejljZ\ik\qXj `ek\i`fi\j% Gfi\ccf#`dgfikXj\XcXi\cZfe$ k\dgfi}e\f[\j\eZl\ekif\eki\cX ]le[XZ`ek\i`ZX[\cX½g`ekliXX cXXd\i`ZXeX¾ÆZfdfcXccXdXiX>i\\eY\i^ÆpcX Ô^liXi\Zcl`[XÆpgficfkXekf\oZcl`[XÆ[\DXi$ keIXdi\q%<e(0+/#ZlXe[f:c\d\ek>i\\eY\i^ glYc`ZXYXleXikZlcf[\kklcfZfeZclj`mf1CXZi`j`j [\cXg`ekliX[\ZXYXcc\k\#IXdi\q\iXkiXjcX[X[f [\cJkfZbkfeJkXk\?fjg`kXc[fe[\_XYXj`[f_fj$ g`kXc`qX[f\e(0*(Zfe[`X^ejk`Zf[\[\gi\j`e dXeXZX#[\d\ek`XgiX\Zfo#\e]fidXZXkXke`ZX Xc;\N`kkJkXk\?fjg`kXc[\8lYlie:Xc`]fie`X # [fe[\\cXqXig\id`k`iXjli\ZfefZ`d`\ekfZfdf Xik`jkX% D\`ek\i\jXgXik`i[\\jkXZf`eZ`[\eZ`X[\]\$ Z_Xj#Zfdfj`j\kiXkXiX[\leXZfc`j`e`emfclekXi`X [\\m\ekfjZXgXq[\gif[lZ`ij\ek`[f1[liXek\cfj d`jdfjXfj[\cj`^cfOO\ehl\>i\\eY\i^\ele$ Z`XYXjlg\ejXd`\ekf#pjl[fZki`eXj\Zfejk`klX ZfdfleXZcXm\[\c\ZkliXgXiXcXdf[\ie`[X[kXi$ [XXcefik\[\cZfek`e\ek\Xd\i`ZXef#\c\d`^iXek\ d\o`ZXefDXikeIXdi\q#hl\efgf[Xj`ef`^ef$ iXicfkf[f[\cdle[f[\cXik\#\iXi\Zcl[f\eleX `ejk`klZ`egj`hl`}ki`ZX#pXcc`e`Z`XYXcX_\Z_liX [\jlgifg`XfYiX#\ecXhl\hl`q}jj\e\lkiXc`qXe Xc^leXj[\cXjfgfj`Z`fe\j_\id\elk`ZXj\jkXYc\$ Z`[Xjgfi>i\\eY\i^% <eXhl\c\ejXpf[\>i\\eY\i^i\j`[\Yl\eX gXik\[\cXaljk`ÔZXZ`ehl\cc\mXiXXgi`m`c\^`Xi \c]fidXkfdfeld\ekXc[\cXik\efik\Xd\i`ZXef [fd`eXek\%<ec#>i\\eY\i^jlYiXpXYXcXjljg\e$ j`e[\cXja\iXihlXjZfdgfj`k`mXj\ecXg`ekliX df[\ieX#fkfi^Xe[f#\ejlZfejkilZZ`e[\cXk\f$ iX[\cXg`ekliXXd\i`ZXeXZfek\dgfi}e\X#le ifcZ\ekiXcXcXfYiXkXi[X[\Dfe\k%GXjXe[fZfe jfd\iX`ek\c`^\eZ`XjfYi\[fjXjlekfjY`\e[`jk`e$ kfjÆcXi\[lZZ`e[\cXgif]le[`[X[`e_\i\ek\XcX e\^XZ`e[\cZlX[ifZfdf`cljfi`XZXm`[X[ZY`ZX p\c[\jZ\ekiXd`\ekf[\cZlX[ifXkiXmj[\leXYfi$ [Xa\gfc`]e`Zf[\jlZfdgfj`Z`eÆ# >i\\eY\i^kiXqXYXleXZli`fjX^\e\X$ cf^X[\cXjlYm\ij`e[\cZlX[if[\ ZXYXcc\k\#[\G`ZXjjfpBc\\X;lYl]]\k pKfii\j>XiZX#gXiXZfeZcl`iZfe\c XgfZXcgk`ZfXeleZ`f[\jl[\Ôe`k`mX [\jkilZZ`egfiGfccfZb% 8g\jXi[\cX`ee\^XYc\jlgi\dX$ ZX`[\fc^`ZX\a\iZ`[X_XjkXÔe\j[\ cfjXfjj\j\ekXgficXg`ekliXdfel$ d\ekXcXcXXd\i`ZXeX#\cZlX[if[\ ZXYXcc\k\ef]Xcc\Z`f#j`j\gi\Ô\i\# efZ\j[\eXZ\i[\jlgifg`Xdl\ik\ \ecXali`jgil[\eZ`Xk\i`ZX[\cXjXik\j m`jlXc\j[\FZZ`[\ek\%;\j[\cXle`]fi$ d`[X[XclZ`eXkfi`X#ZfdfcXccXdXiX >i\\eY\i^#[\cXg`ekliXXd\i`ZXeX Xcc$fm\i#[\Yfi[\XYfi[\#j\^\e\iX$ ifeel\mXjdXki`Z\jgXiXcXg`ekliX [\ZXYXcc\k\#Zfdfgl\[\fYj\imXij\\ecXfYiX[\ IfY\ikIpdXef9c`ebpGXc\idf#gfiZ`kXi[fj[\ jljgfjki\ifjgiXZk`ZXek\j#j`Y`\efgl\jkfj% <cg\ejXd`\ekf[\>i\\eY\i^#[`i`^`[f_XZ`X leXYfi[Xa\[\cXik\Z\ekiX[f\ecX\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[ dXk\i`Xc[\cfjd\[`fjXikjk`Zfj#\jkXYX`[\fc^`$ ZXd\ek\i\^lcX[fgfile`dX^`eXi`f\e\chl\cX gi`dXZX[\cXg`ekliXfZlgXYXleifcgifkX^fe`jkX pk\eXgfifYa\kf#jfYi\dXe\iX#XcXg`ekliXXd\$ i`ZXeX[\jlk`\dgf% DXikeIXdi\q#gfijlgXik\#]l\e\Z\jXi`X$ d\ek\`e[`]\i\ek\X\jkXj[`jk`eZ`fe\j]fidXc\j1 g`ekXYXIXdi\qZfecfhl\k\eXXdXefpj`jl cXfYiX[\ IXdi\q\j ]ilkf#Xck\ieX$ k`mXd\ek\#[\ cXX[m\ij`[X[ p[\cXe\Z\$ j`[X[#hl\c\ _`qfZi\Xij`e [\jZXejf 58 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 fYiXj\\eZXieXkiXmj[\c[`Ylaf\jgi\jld`Yc\ hl\efcf]l\iXZfdfZfej\Zl\eZ`X[\leX[\Z`j`e i\Õ\o`mX#\oZclp\ek\[\fkiXjfgZ`fe\j#e`Zfdf i\jlckX[f[\leX\ogcZ`kXZfej`[\iXZ`ejfYi\cX g\ik`e\eZ`X[\cd\[`f^i}ÔZfgXiXjlfYiX% DXikeIXdi\qg`ekXYXj`dgc\d\ek\\ejlj [`YlafjÆcfhl\efhl`\i\[\Z`ihl\jlg`ekliX_XpX j`[f[\e`e^edf[fj`dgc\Æ#Zfecfhl\j\gl\[\ XÔidXihl\jlfYiX]l\]ilkf#Xck\ieXk`mXd\ek\#[\ cXX[m\ij`[X[Æhl\c\f]i\Z`cX\jZXZ\q[\jljdX$ k\i`Xc\jÆp[\cXe\Z\j`[X[Æhl\c\`dglcjXZi\Xi j`e[\jZXejfÆ% CXjlpX\jfYiX[\leXik`jkX\oZ\gZ`feXc#p\o$ Z\gZ`feXcd\ek\j`c\eZ`fjf#\ecXhl\jfYi\jXc\eX cXm\q#\eleXXik`ZlcXZ`ejfYi\cXZlXci\j`[\jl \jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[pjl\cfZl\eZ`Xgc}jk`ZX#cXj[fjZlX$ c`[X[\jhl\>i\\eY\i^m\XZfdffgl\jkXjZlXe[f XeleZ`XYXXhl\ccXel\mXdl\ik\[\cXg`ekliX1gfi leXgXik\#cXi\g\k`Z`eXclZ`eXkfi`X[\\c\d\ekfj ZXj`j`d`cXi\jhl\gif[lZ\e]fidXj\ogXej`mXj# [\jZ\ekiX[Xj#gfc`]e`ZXj#kf[Xj[\½`^lXc`dgfi$ kXeZ`X#[`]\i\ek\jg\if\hl`mXc\ek\j¾#pgfifkiX#cX `dgXZkXek\jlg\im`m\eZ`X[\leXXihl`k\ZkliXg`Z$ ki`ZXk\XkiXc#\jZe`ZX#[fe[\Xc^f#fYa\k`mXd\ek\ i\gi\j\ekX[fp\jkilZkliXcd\ek\ZfekifcX[f#\jk} jlZ\[`\e[f\ekid`efj[\XZk`m`[X[[`\^k`ZX#\j [\Z`i#\ekXekfhl\i\gi\j\ekXZ`e% <e\j\j\ek`[f#cXgi\j\eZ`X[\\c\d\ekfj`Z$ e`Zfjhl\j\i\g`k\e\ecXfYiX[\IXdi\q_XjkX gif[lZ`i\cjlZ\[}e\fg\ijfeXcj`df[\leXXcl$ Z`eXek\Zfdgfj`Z`eXa\i}ihl`ZX#Zf`eZ`[\ZfecX jfYi\m`m\eZ`X\ejlfYiX[\Xhl\ccX`cljfi`XZXm`$ [X[ZY`ZX\ecXhl\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`ek`\e\cl^Xip [fe[\pXZ\#[\j[\j`\dgi\#cXZcXm\[\cf[`jZlij`mf \ecX`dX^\e% GfZfjXik`jkXj_Xecc\^X[fX[`jk`e^l`ij\Zfdf IXdi\qgfileX]fidX[\\a\ZlZ`e[\jljfYiXj [\Yfi[\XYfi[\#cfZlXcj\kiX[lZ\#\e\cZXjf[\jl kiXYXaf#\e\jkilZkliXj[\ikd`ZXZfdgc\a`[X[Xc j\im`Z`f[\`dgXZkXek\j\jkiXk\^`Xj[\Xdgc`ÔZX$ Z`epi\jfeXeZ`X%;fjdf[Xc`[X[\j\jkilZkliXc\j gXi\Z\ejfYi\jXc`i\ejlfYiX#p\eXdYXj\jgfj`Yc\ [`jk`e^l`icXdXe`Ô\jkXi\g\k`Z`e[\[`jgfj`k`mfj `Ze`Zfjhl\\oXjg\iXeÆZfeZ`\ikXjc`d`kXZ`fe\jÆ \cZXdgfm`jlXc1Xc^lefj[`YlafjXjld\ecX]fidX [\Xdgc`Xjjlg\iÔZ`\jÆXcXdXe\iX[\lejZifccÆ\e cXjhl\cXgi[`[X[\a\iXihlXjÔ^liXc\jjfYi\jXc\ gfi\eZ`dX[\cXZ\ekiXc`[X[[\leX\jg\ZÔZXeX$ iiXZ`eÔ^liXk`mX2fkifj[`Ylafji\gi\j\ekXe\jZ\$ eXj[fe[\ZXY\[`jk`e^l`icXgi`dXZX[\leXÔ^liX \eZXjkiX[XÆpZ\ekiX[XÆ\ecXZXm`[X[`cljfi`X[\cX i\gi\j\ekXZ`e#ZlpfjYfi[\jjl\c\e\jkXi#effYj$ kXek\#_\Z_fj[\]fidXji\g\k`k`mXjpXclZ`eXek\j% <ecXdXpfiX[\cfjZXjfj#\jkXj]fidXZ`fe\j \edXiZXecXgi\j\eZ`X#^\e\iXcd\ek\Z\ekiX[X#[\ Sin título (Conejo/venado Marrón), c. 1960-63. Una vez más la resonancia teatral y los marcos se adueñan de la obra de Ramírez. leXZkXek\#[\legifkX^fe`jkXÔ^liXc1lea`e\k\Xi$ dX[f#leki\e#leXjlZ\j`e[\Xlkfdm`c\jhl\ j\jfYi\gfe\elefjXfkifj#leg\ijfeXa\eÔdf Xek\cXXY`jdXcYfZX[\leke\c#\c\[`ÔZ`f[\leX `^c\j`X#leXÔ^liXjXZiX#i\`eXek\#fkf[fj\jkfj\c\$ d\ekfjZfe]le[`[fj\ecXjfY\iY`XXihl`k\ZkliX# jXkliX[X[\i\g\k`Z`fe\jpZfc`j`fe\j[\jljdX^$ eÔZfjgX`jXa\j%Lek`kc\[ZfccX^\#Z%(0,)% :XY\j\XcXileXjg\Zkfjlgc\d\ekXi`f#Zfej$ k`klk`mf[\\jkfjgifkX^fe`jkXjÔ^liXc\j\ecXfYiX [\IXdi\q1\ecXdXpfiX[\cfjZXjfj\jk}e_\Z_fj [\cXd`jdXdXk\i`Xi\g\k`[X#\ogXej`mX[\cXj\j$ kilZkliXjXcc$fm\ihl\cfj\edXiZXe%<j\cZXjf[\ cfjmX^fe\j[\cki\e#\eKi\e\jpke\c\jKi\e\jp ke\c\j#(0+/$-* p\efkiXm\ij`ej`ekklcf[\\jk\ dfk`mfJ`ekklcf#Z%(0,' 2f[\cfja`e\k\j#hl\X d\el[fdfekXeZXYXccfjZlpfZl\igffjk\ekXi\$ g\k`[Xd\ek\cXjd`jdXjce\XjZfdfmXi`XZ`fe\j [\leX\jkilZkliX[fd`eXek\#Xcc$fm\i#hl\cfjif$ [\X?fij\Xe[I`[\i#(0,+ % Kf[f jlZ\[\# \ekfeZ\j# Zfdf j` cX fYiX [\ IXdi\qglj`\j\\eZl\jk`e#`dgcZ`kXd\ek\#cX g\ik`e\eZ`Xk\i`ZX[\cX[`jk`eZ`eÔ^liX&]fe[f f#j`j\hl`\i\pgXiX_XZ\iefj\Zf[\cXkXi[Xjf$ Yi\m`m\eZ`X[\;`[\ifkhl\kiXejg`iX\ck\okf[\ >i\\eY\i^ cX[`jk`eZ`e\eki\ZXm`[X[k\XkiXcp jlg\iÔZ`\dliXcjfYi\cXZlXcj\ZfejkilX\ekfe$ Z\jcXk\fiXÆfhl`q}jcX`[\fcf^XÆ[\cXg`ekliX Xd\i`ZXeX% 8cZfdgXik`icXgi`dXZX\jZe`ZX[\cZlX[if ZfeleX\jkiXk\^`XZfejk`klp\ek\Xja\i}ihl`ZXp \ogXej`mX[\i\g\k`Z`fe\jXclZ`eXkfi`Xj#cXfYiX [\IXdi\qj\jfjk`\e\jfYi\leXZfdgi\ej`e[\ cXÔ^liX\elej\ek`[fdlZ_fd}jgif]le[fhl\\c hl\ZlXchl`\ik\fiXgl[`\j\gifm\\i1cXÔ^liX\j XccleXZZ`[\ek\[\jlgifg`Xjlg\iÔZ`\[\`ejZi`g$ Z`ef#j`j\hl`\i\#leX\oZi\Z\eZ`X[\cXdXk\i`X ^i}ÔZXfg`Zki`ZX[\cXZlXcjli^\p\ecXhl\#XcX m\q#eXl]iX^X%<jkfefZfecc\mX#Zfdfcfgl[`\iX jfjg\Z_XileXc\ZkliX^i\\eY\i^`XeX#e`cXe\l$ kiXc`qXZ`e[\\jXk\ej`eZfejk`klk`mX[\cfm`j`Yc\ Æ\eki\cXÔ^liXpcfÔ^liXcÆjfYi\cXhl\j\al\^X Yl\eXgXik\[\cXjk\ej`fe\jm`jlXc\j\ecXfYiX[\ el\jkifXik`jkX#e`cXjljg\ej`e[\cXgif[lZZ`e [\[`]\i\eZ`XZ`fe\j\eki\#gi\Z`jXd\ek\#\cZXd$ gfm`jlXcÆ\j[\Z`i\c\jgXZ`f[\\eleZ`XZ`e[\ cXjÔ^liXjÆpcXjlg\iÔZ`\i\gi\j\ekX[X#cX\jZ\eX Ô^liX[Xf\eleZ`X[X#hl\DXikeIXdi\qdXe\aX ZfeleXjfigi\e[\ek\\ÔZXZ`X`ekl`k`mX% < cXqXi#gl\j#fjlfYkljXZXljXc`[X[#_`qf hl\Zf`eZ`[`\iXe\e\ck`\dgfp\e\c \jgXZ`f[fj\m\ekfj1gfileXgXik\#cX i\Zclj`e[\DXikeIXdi\q#\cXe$ e`df`ed`^iXek\g\i[`[f\ecX`ed\ej`[X[}i`[X [\leXgfk\eZ`Xhl\X^fe`qX\ejlgi`d\iX>iXe ;\gi\j`e#cc\^X[fXcfj<jkX[fjLe`[fj_lp\e$ [f[\cXck`dX[\cXj^l\iiXji\c`^`fjXj[\cj`^cf O@O#Zfe[\eX[f[\gfim`[XXcfj]XcXejk\i`fj[\cX cfZliXp#gXiX[a`ZXd\ek\#kXdY`ec`Y\iX[fgXiX [\jXiifccXijlXik\gc\eXd\ek\2p#gfifkiXgXi$ k\#cXZfejk`klZ`e[\leZl\igf[\g\ejXd`\ekf ]l\ik\#`dX^`eX[f\ecfjd\Xe[ifjdXio`jkXj[\ leXeXZ`ehl\\eZXieXiXZfeo`kf`e[`kfcXj ]fidXjd}j\oki\dXj[\cdXk\i`Xc`jdfZXg`kXc`jkX df[\ief2leXk\fiXZik`ZXgXiXleXik\hl\j\im`$ iX#XcXm\q#[\g`Zf\dYc\dXpZfekiX\a\dgcf[\ Xhl\cgif[lZk`m`jdf#[\jl`[\fcf^Xc`Y\ikXi`X#[\ jlmfclekX[[\gf[\i1\c\ogi\j`fe`jdfXYjkiXZkf# ck`dfdliXc`jdfpXZXjfkXdY`eck`dX\ZlXZ`e \jkk`ZX[\cfjlYc`d\\e\ci\g\ikfi`f[\cXjXik\j m`jlXc\j[\FZZ`[\ek\% Kf[f_XYXZfd\eqX[f#\ecXZfejk`klZ`e[\ \jk\gf[\ifjfÆpZfek\jkX[fÆZfiglj[\`[\Xj#\e (0+'#ZlXe[f>i\\eY\i^glYc`Z\ecXi\m`jkXc`k\$ iXi`XGXik`jXeI\m`\n\c^iXek\okfi\^lcX[fi[\c ]fidXc`jdfdf[\iefhl\]le^`iXZfdfdXki`q `[\fc^`ZXjfYi\\cXik\[\cXgfj^l\iiX\e<jkX[fj Le`[fj p# gfi \ok\ej`e# jfYi\ Yl\eX gXik\ [\c dle[f#XjXY\i#Xhl\c\ejXpf\jkiXk^`ZXd\ek\ k`klcX[f?XZ`XleEl\mfCXfZfek\% <cXik\hl\>i\\eY\i^ZfemfZXYX[\j[\\jk\ ^iXe \ejXpf `e`Z`}k`Zf \iX gif^iXd}k`ZXd\ek\ j`c\eZ`fjf1leXik\hl\ZcXljliXYX#\eefdYi\[\c Xlk`jdf[\cXj]fidXj#\cgifkX^fe`jdf[\cfeXiiX$ k`mf#cXjlZ\j`e[\cfj[`jZlijfj#cX[`^i\j`e[\cX XeZ[fkX#\ck`\dgf\eÔe[\cXgXcXYiXgif]\i`[Xp kiXej]fidX[X\em`j`fe\j#hl\_XYXi\^`[f\cXik\ [\FZZ`[\ek\_XjkXhl\C\jj`e^cf[\eleZ`XiX\e jlgi`d\iCXfZfek\#_XZ`X\cZlXc>i\\eY\i^[\ZX hl\i\imfcm\ijlj`ek\eZ`fe\j%<iXjk\leXik\glif YXafcX^`[Xj`^l`\ek\1½CXgli\qX\eXik\Zfej`jk\ \ecXXZ\gkXZ`e#mfclekXi`XXZ\gkXZ`e#[\cfjcd`$ k\j\jg\ZÔZfj[\cd\[`fXikjk`Zf¾% :fe\ccf\jkXk\fiX]fidXc`jkXj\fgfeXXcX efidX_ldXejk`ZXhl\_XYXi\^`[fcXjXik\jm`$ jlXc\j[\FZZ`[\ek\_XjkXC\jj`e^#Zfej`jk\ek\\e \c\jkXYc\Z`d`\ekf[\legifkfZfcf[\gfj`Y`c`[X[ gXiX\cgXjXa\g\idXe\ek\\eki\cXj\jkiXk\^`Xj i\ki`ZXj#m\iYXc\j#eXiiXk`mXjpcXj\jkiXk\^`Xjm`$ jlXc\j#Ô^liXc\jpÔ^liXk`mXj%<efkiXjgXcXYiXj#le i^`d\e[\X[\ZlXZ`ep\hl`mXc\eZ`X#[\dlklf \hl`c`Yi`fpe\lkiXc`qXZ`e\eki\gf\jXpg`ekliX# _`jkfi`Xpi\gi\j\ekXZ`e#eXiiXZ`epÔ^liXZ`e# j`^l`\e[f\cZc\Yi\dfkkf[\?fiXZ`fj\^e\cZlXc cXg`ekliXj\iXZfdfcXgf\jX#pm`Z\m\ijX#\jkXj\$ iXZfdfcXg`ekliX%CXZfejkXkXZ`egfigXik\[\ C\jj`e^[\leX[`]\i\eZ`X\jkilZkliXc#`ejXcmXYc\# CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 59 DOCUMENTA \eki\ cXj ]fidXj Xikjk`ZXj [\k\id`eX[Xj gfi \c k`\dgfÆcXdj`ZX#cXgf\jXÆpXhl\ccXj[\k\id`$ eX[Xjgfi\c\jgXZ`fÆcX\jZlckliX#cXg`ekliXÆ[XiX XckiXjk\ZfeXhl\cgifp\Zkfi\ki`ZfXci\[\[fi[\c ZlXcj\Zfejk`klp\ifecXja\iXihlXj[\cXi\gi\j\e$ kXZ`eZc}j`ZX% ;\cZfdgc\afkiXkX[f[\C\jj`e^hl\[Xj`\d$ gi\Xc^fgfiZfd\ekXi#g\ifhl`q}j\cgleZkldXi$ ^ld\ekXc[\jljiXqfe\jXgXi\Z\j`ekfd}k`ZXd\e$ k\i\jld`[f\eleX]iXj\hl\\mfZX\cjl]i`d`\ekf [\ckifpXefCXfZfek\#d`\ekiXjj\\ok`e^l\\e\c XYiXqf[\cXjj\ig`\ek\j#kXcZfdf\ji\gi\j\ekX[f \ecXZc\Yi\\jZlckliX[\8k\ef[fif#8^\jXe[if pGfc`[fif%;`Z\#ZXj`XYilgkf#\ck\okf[\C\jj`e^1 ½LeXYfZXXY`\ikX\j#\eg`ekliX#leXdXeZ_X2\e \jZlckliX#le_l\Zf¾%CX]iXj\#Z`\ikXd\ek\`e\jg\$ iX[X#[\jkXZXgfijl`ed\ejXj`eZ\i`[X[m`jlXc1\c ^i`kf[\CXfZfek\]Xcc\Z`\e[fdXiZXlek\ii`kfi`f `dgfj`Yc\gXiXcX\jZlckliX#\ecXhl\j\Zfe[\e$ jXcXZfejk\cXZ`e\ek\iX[\cXjXik\jm`jlXc\j#\e ZlXekfjkXjjfe`eZXgXZ\j\em\i[X[[\gif]\i`$ d`\ekfXc^lef1[\Xcchl\\c^i`kfj\i\[lqZXgXiX C\jj`e^XleXj`dXXY`\ikX#Xle_fpfe\^if#Xle _l\Zfdl[f2gXiXjlYiXpXiXed}jjl`dgcZ`kf jfZXmXd`\ekf]fidXc#C\jj`e^cf`dX$ ^`eXkiX[lZ`[f\ecXg`ekliXZfdfleX dXeZ_X#ZfdfleXgi\j\eZ`X`e]fid\p j`ej\ek`[f%=XjZ`eXek\i\jlckXg\ejXi \ekfeZ\jhl\#\e\jkX]iXj\[\C\jj`e^# cXjXik\jm`jlXc\jp\jgXZ`Xc\jg`ekliX p \jZlckliX jl]i\e le i\g\ek`ef i\$ kfief X cX dXk\i`Xc`[X[ gi`d`k`mX [\ jljd\[`fj1gfileXgXik\cXdXeZ_X jlg\iÔZ`Xc#\cg`^d\ekfYilkXcd\ek\ XgcXeX[f\e\cjfgfik\[\cXg`ekliX2p gfifkiXgXik\cX_\e[`[liX#cXZXm`[X[# cX^i`\kXZ`\^X\ecX\jZlckliX%PXccd`j$ dfj\_XZ\edl[Xj#gi\Z`jXd\ek\#\ecX Zffi[\eX[X[\i\gi\j\ekXZ`e[\kf[X ]l\ek\[\mfqÆf[\[`jZlijf$1Xhl\ccX YfZXXY`\ikX#gifÔi`\ek\#[\j[\cXZlXc i\kfieXeg`ekliXp\jZlckliXXlej`$ c\eZ`f`e\ofiXYc\Xccd`jdf[fe[\i\$ gi\j\ekXe#`dgfk\ek\j#\cXZkf`ejk`ek`$ mf\e\cZlXccXmfqj\[\jX^i\^X\e\cil`[fhl\cX Zfejk`klp\phl\\j#kXdY`e#`e]fid\pj`ej\ek`[f2 Xhl\c[\c^i`kf#[\cX\og`iXZ`e#[\cXcXi`[f% C\jj`e^_XYX\jZcXi\Z`[fcfjkid`efj\jkilZ$ kliXc\j#pgficfkXekfcXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\leX\jk$ k`ZX[\gXjXa\j\eki\^e\ifjp]fidXj[`jd`c\j1 cXjXZZ`fe\jjfe[`i\ZkXd\ek\i\gi\j\ekX[Xjgfi cXjXik\jk\dgfiXc\j\`e[`i\ZkXd\ek\gfiXhl\ccXj \jgXZ`Xc\j2\c\jgXZ`f#[`i\ZkXd\ek\i\gi\j\ekX[f gficXg`ekliXpcX\jZlckliX#\j`e[`i\ZkXd\ek\i\$ gi\j\ekX[f\e\cÕlaf[\cXjgXcXYiXjfcfjjfe`[fj% >i\\eY\i^#gfijlgXik\#mfcZX[f_XZ`XcX\j\eZ`X dXk\i`Xc[\cd\[`fXikjk`ZfÆdXio`jkXXcÔe$gi\$ k\e[XZcXljliXikf[Xgfj`Y`c`[X[gXiX\jX\jkk`ZX [\kiXej`Z`fe\j\`ek\iZXdY`fj#gXiX\jXgfk`ZX _ldXejk`ZXhl\_XYXjfYi\m`m`[fd\[`fd`c\e`f [\e\^fZ`fjpgXjXa\j#kiX[lZZ`fe\jp\hl`mXc\eZ`Xj \eki\^e\ifj#XcXeleZ`Xi\ejl\ejXpf\cÔe[\ kf[X_`Yi`[\qgi\$df[\ieX#[\eleZ`}e[fcXZfdf cXZcXm\[\jldXpfipd}j\o\ZiXYc\Xek`]fidX1cX k\XkiXc`[X[b`kjZ_% >i\\eY\i^ ml\cm\ gl\j jfYi\ cfj gXjfj [\ C\jj`e^#[\leXdXe\iXiX[`ZXcd\ek\[`]\i\ek\# Xcgifgl^eXileel\mffi[\e[\j`c\eZ`fgXiXcXj Xik\jm`jlXc\j#lei^`d\eXikjk`Zf\dg\X[f\e \jZXgXi[\cXj`[\Xj[\ck\dXjlYa\ZkdXkk\i #]X$ mfi\Z`\e[fleXefZ`e[\Zfek\e`[fZfek\ek `e$ [\g\e[`\ek\[\cfhl\\cXik`jkX½k`\e\fef\ejl d\ek\ZlXe[fi\Xc`qXcXfYiX¾#\j[\Z`i#½leXZXj` Zfdgc\kXXYjfiZ`e\ecXm\i[X[\iXZlXc`[X[]j`ZX [\jld\[`fdXk\i`Xc¾#hl\\cZik`Zfefik\Xd\i`$ ZXef`ek\igi\kXYXZfdf½\cj`^ef[\leXi\ml\ckX \eZfekiX[\c[fd`e`f[\cXc`k\iXkliX¾%½CXjXik\j¾ Æ\jZi`YX$½_Xej`[f]fiqX[XjXi\kfieXi_XZ`Xjlj d\[`fj#pXcc_Xej`[fX`jcX[Xj#ZfeZ\ekiX[Xjp[\$ Ôe`[Xj%<jgfim`ikl[[\jljd\[`fjhl\ZX[XXik\ \je`ZXp\jki`ZkXd\ek\`[ek`ZXXjd`jdX%GXiX i\jkXliXicX`[\ek`[X[[\leXik\j\[\Y\\e]Xk`qXi cXfgXZ`[X[[\jld\[`f%<e\cZXjf[\cXjXik\jm`$ jlXc\j\j\d\[`fXgXi\Z\Zfdf]j`Zf2gficfkXekf cXg`ekliXgliXpcX\jZlckliXgliXYljZXejfYi\ kf[fX]\ZkXiXjlj\jg\ZkX[fi\j]j`ZXd\ek\¾% D XikeIXdi\q]l\leXik`jkXj`c\e$ Z`fjf%Jcf\e(0,)#m\`ek`eXfj [\jglj[\jlXii\jkfgficXgfc`ZX [\JXeAfXhle[liXek\cfjkliYl$ c\ekfjXfj[\cX>iXe;\gi\j`e#cc\^Xgif]\i`i leXgXcXYiX%C\m`j`kXYX\ekfeZ\jjljfYi`ef#hl`\e `ek\ek gfi ck`dX m\q Zfdle`ZXic\ cfj _\Z_fj hl\_XYXeXZX\Z`[fXjl]Xd`c`X\eDo`Zf#kiXj jl\d`^iXZ`e#phl\IXdi\q_XYX\iie\Xd\e$ k\`ek\igi\kX[f[\j[\_XZXcljkifj#Zi\p\e[fXjl \jgfjXZlcgXYc\[\cX\eki\^Xpgfjk\i`fidl\ik\[\ jl_\idXefXdXefj[\cXjkifgXj [\cfj\aiZ`kfj]\[\iXc\j[liXek\cX i\Y\c`eZi`jk\iX%8hl\ccXgi`d\iX ÆpXZXjfck`dX$gXcXYiX[\jglj [\lej`c\eZ`f[\Xfj]l\#cXZe`$ ZXpXgfZXcgk`ZX#cXj`^l`\ek\1½;`c\ Xd`dla\ihl\efjm\i\dfj\e\c mXcc\[\AfjX]Xk¾% Ef ]l\ \jkX ]iXj\ XclZ`eX[X jfYi\ \c mXcc\ [\c Al`Z`f =`eXc cf ZfekiXi`f[\c`e^\ek\j`c\eZ`f[\ [ZX[Xjhl\if[\XIXdi\qphl\ eX[`\gl\[\\ei`^fi`ek\igi\kXi2cf ZfekiXi`f[\\jXXlj\eZ`X[\gXcX$ YiX]l\kf[XleXfYiXZfejk`kl`[X gfi i\jfeXeZ`Xj p \Zfj m`jlXc\j# k\XkiXcd\ek\Xihl`k\Zke`ZX#jfef$ iX#Zfele`eeXkfj\ek`[f[\cXdf$ eld\ekXc`[X[p[\cXg\ijg\Zk`mX# fYj\j`mXd\ek\Z\ekiX[X\e\jkiX$ k\^`Xj[\Xdgc`ÔZXZ`ei\g\k`k`mXjhl\\edXiZXe pgifp\ZkXecXgi\j\eZ`XXeZcXek\[\Ô^liXj#cfj XZkXek\j[\leXeXiiXZ`ej`\dgi\jljg\e[`[X#X glekf[\`e`Z`Xij\#fj`eZfgX[X#Zfe^\cX[X#[\jXj`$ [X[\[\jk`effZfeZclj`e\ejljgifkX^fe`jkXj% JlZ\[\hl\\cj`c\eZ`f[\IXdi\q]l\]ilkf[\ cXZf\iZ`ep[\c\eZ`\iif\e\c`ejkXek\_`jki`Zf \e\chl\>i\\eY\i^XeleZ`XYXXhl\cfkifj`c\eZ`f# Xhl\ccXfgXZ`[X[%JlfYiX#\eZXdY`f#Xc`d\ekX[X gficXglcj`ejfc`kXi`X[\cXc`Y\ikX[\j#j`ehl\\ccf `dgfikXj\eX[XX\jk\Xik`jkX[\cXe\Z\j`[X[#Xek`$ ^i\\eY\i^`XeX#gfihl\\e\ccX\cd\[`fj\\eZl\e$ kiXXcj\im`Z`f[\cXfYiX#pefcXfYiXXcj\im`Z`f[\c d\[`fgc}jk`Zf% EfjfcXd\ek\`ek\i\jXhl\IXdi\qgif[la\iX fYiXjj`^l`\e[f\jki`ZkXj\jkiXk\^`Xj[\jXkliXZ`e Xccfm\i#\oXZkXd\ek\\e\cj\ek`[ffgl\jkfXcgif$ gl^eX[fgfi>i\\eY\i^2ZXmXe[f#\ecXjlg\iÔZ`\ gc\eX[\i\g\k`Z`fe\jpc\`kdfk`mj#fgXZX[\fieX$ d\ekXZ`fe\j#lee`Z_f#^\e\iXcd\ek\fjZlif1le ke\c#leXm\ekXeX#leXY`jdf\e\chl\j\`eZiljkX \cdfk`mf[\leXXZZ`e`e[\jZ`]iXYc\pjljg\e[`[X# Zfdfhl`\e_XYcX[\leXg`\[iX\eZXjkiX[X#gi\$ Z`jXd\ek\#½X`jcX[f#ZfeZ\ekiX[f#[\Ôe`[f¾#gXiX i\kfdXi cXj gXcXYiXj [\ >i\\eY\i^% F# gXiX j\i d}jgi\Z`jfj#leXYfZX[\k\Xkif#fcXYfZX[\le ke\chl\XZkX\ecXg`ekliXZfdfleXdXeZ_X#p \ecXXY`jdXcXihl`k\ZkliX\jgXZ`Xc[\\jkfj[`Yl$ afjZfdfle_l\Zf#gXiXi\kfdXicXj\cfZl\ek\jp ZfeZclj`mXj`d}^\e\j[\C\jj`e^%If[\X[X#gl\j# CXXlj\eZ`X [\gXcXYiX hl\[fd`e cXm`[X[\ IXdi\q]l\ gXc`X[Xgfi leXfYiX gc\eX[\ i\jfeXeZ`Xjp \Zfjm`jlXc\j 60 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 [\dXiZXji\g\k`[Xjpi\g\k`k`mXj#\eZXjkiX[X\e d\[`f [\ XclZ`eXek\j jXkliXZ`fe\j hl\ fZlgXe kf[f\c\jgXZ`f[\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e#[\Yfi[\X Yfi[\#IXd`i\q`ejZi`Y\#\eZXek`[X[jlÔZ`\ek\$ d\ek\j`^e`ÔZXk`mXZfdfgXiX_XZ\ij`jk\dX\ejl fYiX#leX`cljfi`XZXm`[X[m`jlXc[fe[\XcfaXXjlj gifkX^fe`jkXj#Xjlj_if\jp\jÔ^`\j`ej`jk\ek\j1 a`e\k\j#ki\e\j#dX[feeXj% IXdi\q\oZXmXgl\j\e\cZ\ekif[\cXi\gi\$ j\ekXZ`e#jljg\e[`[Xg\ifef[\e\^X[X2jljg\e$ [`[X\e\cd`jdfj\ek`[f[\cXjljg\ej`eYXiifZX# \j[\Z`i#`ek\iildg`[X#[\jXj`[X[\Zfek`el`[X[ [`\^k`ZX#`eZXgXq[\j\iXgi\_\e[`[X\ecXZcXm\ [\jlgifm\e`\eZ`Xf\ecX`ek\ej`[X[[\jl[\jk`ef eXiiXk`mf2XccIXdi\qZXmXj`jk\d}k`ZXd\ek\le XY`jdf#leX_\e[`[liXkf[X\edXiZX[X[\i\g\$ k`Z`fe\j#Zfdfj`]l\j\leXkXiXZ\X[`YlaX[X1leX YfZX[\k\Xkif XY`\ikX:XYXccfpa`e\k\#(0,+#:fc% JfcfdfeI%>l^^\e_\`dDlj\ld #XcÔeXc[\cX ZlXcjl\c\_XY\ile_fpfe\^if#fle\]\Zkf[\jfd$ YiXjZfe[\ejX[Xj#jlYiXpXe[f[\e\^if\c\ekfief [\leXÔ^liX\eXZZ`ef\jk}k`ZX#ZlXe[fefj`d$ gc\d\ek\cX\ekiX[X[\leke\c#\cXZZ\jfZ`\^fX leXZXm\ieX%J`ekklcf#Jlg\i:_`\]#(0,+ JXcmf\jZXjXj\oZ\gZ`fe\j#hl\Zf`eZ`[\eZfe Xc^leXjfYiXjg\ik\e\Z`\ek\jXci\g\ikfi`fjXZif [\cXik`jkX#cXXihl`k\ZkliX[\cXjfYiXj[\IXd$ i\q#\ecXjhl\j\gi`m`c\^`XcXgi\j\eZ`X[\Xc^e gifkX^fe`jkX#fjk\ekX\jk\[`jgfj`k`mf1le_l\Zf fleXdXeZ_XXcc[fe[\\cXik`jkXXeZcXcXÔ^liX \eZXi^X[X[\[\Z`i#\ejlj[`Ylafj#\ck\dXhl\j\ i\gi\j\ekX1\c^l\ii\ifXidX[f#\cki\efcfjZXiifj hl\kiXj_ldXe#\cg\ijfeXa\hl\j\\edXiZX#X`jcX$ [fLe`kc\[$:flikpXi[#Z%(0,* #fhl\j\X[\ekiXp [\jZ`\e[\_XjkXg\i[\ij\\ecXjjfdYiXj`eZ`\ikXj [\leXgif]le[`[X[fjZliXhl\kf[XjcXjfYiXj[\ IXdi\q\mfZXe#j`ehl\e`e^leXcc\^l\\em\i[X[ X[\jZi`Y`icXLek`kc\[$9i\Zb>`ic#(0,* % J\kiXkXXhl[\j\XcXileXi\Zlii\eZ`X\j$ kilZkliXc\ecXfYiX[\IXdi\q1`eZcljfZlXe[f el\jkifXik`jkXgif[lZ\`d}^\e\ji`^lifjXd\ek\ Xccfm\i#\ecXjhl\cfjdfk`mfjj\i\g`k\efj\[`j\$ d`eXegfc`]e`ZXd\ek\#pcX\jkilZkliXXj\d\aXX lejZifcc#\jkfjdfk`mfjjl\c\e`ejZi`Y`ij\\eleX Xli\fcX[\jfdYiXjfmXc\j#Zfdfj`j\\eZfekiX$ j\efYjkilp\e[fcXYfZX[\leXZXm`[X[#fXek\leX _\e[`[liX#f\ecXfjZli`[X[[\leXY`jdfk\XkiXc% <eXhl\ccXjfYiXj\ecXjhl\gi`mXcXZ\ekiXc`[X[[\ leXXihl`k\ZkliX\jZe`ZX#cXZXm`[X[hl\\edXiZX XcfjgifkX^fe`jkXjXgXi\Z\`ek\ej`ÔZX[XgficXgi\$ j\eZ`X[\\c\d\ekfji\g\k`k`mfj#gfileX\oXZ\iYX$ Z`e[\cXjÔ^liXj[\Yfi[\fdXiZf#hl\Xd\el[f fZlgXe#\ejXeZ_}e[fj\#kf[f\cZXdgfm`jlXc#[\ Yfi[\XYfi[\[\cXZfdgfj`Z`e%JlZ\[\#\ekfeZ\j# \ecXfYiX[\IXdi\q#hl\Zf_XY`kXecfj[fjiXj^fj \oZclp\ek\jjfYi\ZlpXfgfj`Z`e>i\\eY\i^kiX$ dcXÔZZ`e_`jkfi`Z`jkX[\cXel\mX dl\ik\[\cX g`ekliX[\ZXYXcc\k\ #XjXY\icXZXm`[X[ZY`ZXp\c XYfi[Xa\gfc`]e`Zf[\cXZfdgfj`Z`e#hl\\eZl\e$ kiXeXj\eIXdi\qleX`e\jg\iX[XZffi[\eX[X[\ e\lkiXc`[X[% Le\a\dgcf\okiXfi[`eXi`f\jcXfYiXk`klcX[X Ke\c\jZfeZXiifjZ%(0,* 1\e\ccX\c[`eXd`jdf [\cXji\g\k`Z`fe\jjlYm`\ik\cXeXiiXk`mX\jgXZ`Xc [\cke\c#kiXej]fid}e[fcf\ele[`jgfj`k`mf[\ XjZ\ej`e\ed\[`f[\cZlXcÕfkXe#`dgifYXYc\j# cfjXlkfdm`c\j%CXZXm`[X[Z\ekiXcXcfcXi^f[\cX ZlXc\jkfjj\`ejZi`Y\e#ZfekiXkf[Xc\pm`jlXcf]$ j`ZX#ef[\aX[\]leZ`feXiZfdfleke\c#\j[\Z`i ZfdfcXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e[\le_l\Zf#g\ifcfjZX$ iifjefj\[`jk`e^l\e#Ô^liXcd\ek\#[\cfjmXcfj cXk\iXc\j#Ô^liXjXYjkiXZkXjhl\j\i\g`k\eZfdfle dfk`mffieXd\ekXc%<e\j\j\ek`[f#jljg\e[`\e[f cXeXiiXk`mX[\cke\c#cXgifg`XfYiXXcZXeqXXj\i MARTÍN RAMÍREZ leX`dX^\e_\e[`[X#p\cke\c\ei`^fi]leZ`feX ZfdfleXc`k\iXc_\e[`[liX\ecXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e%<c k\dXjlYa\ZkdXkk\i j\kiXej]fidX\eZfek\e`[f Zfek\ek pcX`dX^\ekf[X`ek\i\jXgfijlgfk\eZ`X [\jljg\ej`e#gficX`dgfj`Y`c`[X[[\XeZcXicXj\$ d`k`ZXd\ek\ZfecXhl\efjZfe]ifekX#gfij\ileX `dX^\eXY`\ikX\e\cgcXef[\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`ep# XcXm\q#\e\cgcXef[\cfi\gi\j\ekX[f% <jkXXg\ikliX[\cX`dX^\e\jleX]fidX[\ [\jm\cXijlZXgXZ`[X[gXiXdXe`]\jkXicXXdY`mX$ c\eZ`X[\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e#Xc^fhl\hl`q}j\ck\okf i\^lcX[fi[\c]fidXc`jdf^i\\eY\i^`Xeffcm`[X\e leX`k\iXZ`ejlgc\d\ekXi`X[\cfjdlZ_fjfcm`[fj df[\iefj jfYi\ cfj hl\ j\ \i`^\ kf[X `[\fcf^X df[\ie`jkX #XjXY\i#hl\\ecXkiXejgXi\eZ`X[\ leX`dX^\ejlYj`jk\#pj\dXe`Ô\jkXj`\dgi\#cX fgXZ`[X[[\jlXgXiXkf2hl\cXfgXZ`[X[[\cd\[`f efZXeZ\cXcXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\m`XY`c`qXi[`d\ej`f$ e\jj`dYc`ZXjpgifkfii\gi\j\ekXk`mXj#\j[\Z`i kiXejgXi\ek\j2\ccf#`eZcljf#\ecXd}jXYjkiXZkX[\ cXjfYiXj[\Xik\% G\ifcf]le[Xd\ekXc\e\jkXZfem\ij`e`e$ \jg\iX[X[\ck\dXÆledfk`mfi\gi\j\ekX[f#le \eleZ`X[fÆ\eZfek\e`[fÆleXgXiXkf[\\ele$ Z`XZ`e#leX\jkiXk\^`X[\Xdgc`ÔZXZ`egi\^eXek\ hl\j\Xgifg`X\ecXd`jdXd\[`[Xhl\Zfejk`klp\ jlgifg`fZXdgfm`j`Yc\#\cZXdgf[\jlm`j`Y`c`[X[ gfk\eZ`Xc#\e]Xk`qXe[fjlgifg`XfgXZ`[X[Xccfm\iÆ j\kiX[lZ\gfileXfg\iXZ`ekg`ZXd\ek\df[\ieX hl\_Xj`[f[\jZi`kX\e[`m\ijXjfZXj`fe\jgfi_`j$ kfi`X[fi\jpk\i`Zfj[\cXik\1cXdX^e`ÔZXZ`e[\ \c\d\ekfjXZZ\jfi`fj#Y`\ej\XXkiXmj[\leYilkXc ZXdY`f[\\jZXcXfd\[`Xek\i\Zlijfj[\i\g\k`Z`e pfYjk`eXZ`eÆXdYfjgi\j\ek\j\eIXdi\qÆ[\ dXe\iXhl\le\c\d\ekfdXi^`eXc#leXÔ^liX[\ Yfi[\#gXjXXkfdXi\cgifkX^fe`jdfm`jlXc#cfhl\ ^\e\iXcd\ek\`dgc`ZXleX`em\ij`e[\a\iXihlXj [\ekif[\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e1\c\c\d\ekfZ\ekiXc# \cXeZcXa\[\cdfk`mff[\cXjkfi`X#j\kiXej]fidX \eleeÔdf[\kXcc\#fj\g`\i[\\e\cfZXef[\ cfm`j`Yc\% Jfeeld\ifjfjcfj\a\dgcfj[\\jkXfg\iXZ`e \ecXjXik\jm`jlXc\jfZZ`[\ekXc\j#g\ifgfZfjgf$ j\\ecXZcXi`[X[[\jZi`gk`mX[\cXZc\Yi\:X[X[\ àZXif[\G\k\i9il\^_\c1\e\j\ZlX[if\dYc\d}k`$ Zf#cXÔ^liXZ\ekiXc[\kf[XcXXZZ`ei\gi\j\ekX[X# \cgifg`fàZXif#XgXi\Z\Zfdflede`df[\kXcc\ Xg\eXjm`j`Yc\#[\cZlXcgf[\dfj`[\ek`ÔZXikXe jcfle]iX^d\ekf[\cZl\igf#d`\ekiXjeXl]iX^X c`k\iXcd\ek\\e\cfZXef2\eZXdY`f#cXÔ^liXXZ$ Z\jfi`Xgfi\oZ\c\eZ`X#\c\dYc\dX[\j[\Xek`^lf [\cXjÔ^liXj[\Yfi[\#eÔdXj\`eÔe`k\j`dXc\j# [\jgifm`jkXj[\j`^e`ÔZXZ`ekiXjZ\e[\ek\#glifj fg\iX[fi\j[\c\aXeXpgficfkXekf[\X^fkXd`\e$ kf[\cfm`j`Yc\#\ceXmfpjljm\c}d\e\j#XgXi\Z\ XmXeqXe[f Zfe gi\j\eZ`X dfeld\ekXc _XZ`X \c Z\ekif[\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e%G\k\i9il\^_\c1GX`$ jXa\ZfecXZX[X[\@ZXif#(,,, % CXd}jXek`^lXali`jgil[\eZ`XjfYi\\jk\gif$ Yc\dXj\\eZl\ekiX#[\el\mf#\ecX?`jkfi`XEXkl$ iXc[\Gc`e`f1Xccj\eXiiXcXXeZ[fkX[\Gifk^\e\j# Zc\Yi\Xik`jkX[\cX8ek`^\[X[hl\j\_XYX[\[`$ ZX[f_XjkXjljZ`eZl\ekXXfjXcXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e [\eXmfj#iXqegficXZlXc_XY`\e[fpXXcZXeqX[f cXZ\c\Yi`[X[\ecX\a\ZlZ`e[\^iXe[\jk\dXj#jf$ cXXX[`iZfdfiXj^f`[\ek`ÔZXkfi`f[\jljfYiXj cXgi\j\eZ`X[\½g\hl\fjeXmfj[\^l\iiXhl\cfj g`ekfi\jccXdXYXegXi\i^`X¾#\j[\Z`i]l\iX[\fYiX# _fij$[Ëf\lmi\% <c[\jXiifccfd}jZfej`jk\ek\[\\jk\Zfdgc\$ afgifYc\dXk\i`Zf#ZlpXi\]\i\eZ`Xd}jXek`^lX \j\ck\okf[\Gc`e`f#_Xj`[fhl`q}jgif[lZ`[fgfi AXZhl\j;\ii`[X\ejl\ejXpfk`klcX[fGXi\i^fe%J\ kiXkX[\leXjlekfXcXm\qÔcfjÔZfpkfgfc^`Zf[\ gi`d\iX`dgfikXeZ`XgXiXZfdgi\e[\i\ci^`d\e [\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`edf[\ieX#cXefZ`e[\\i^fe ÆfYiXÆpcX[`XcZk`ZXhl\cXZfejk`klp\\eki\cf \j\eZ`Xcpcfi\j`[lXc#\eki\cfZ\ekiXcpcfdXi^`eXc% J\kiXkX#\eÔe#[\lek\dXZXg`kXcgXiXcXgi}Zk`ZXp gXiXcXk\fiX[\cal`Z`f\jkk`Zf\ecXd\[`[X\ehl\ jk\[\Y\\jkXi`ek\ig\cX[fgfileXfekfcf^X[\cfj Yfi[\j#gfileXfekfcf^X[\cXjÔ^liXjdXi^`eXc\j [\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e% FYm`Xd\ek\#lef[\cfjXjg\ZkfjZ\ekiXc\j[\c gifYc\dX[\cfgXi\i^feXcZfeZ`\ie\XcX]leZ`e [\c[`jgfj`k`mf[\c\edXiZXa\%8cfcXi^f[\c\ejXpf [\;\ii`[XXYle[XecXji\gif[lZ`fe\j[\Zfdgc\$ aXjpYXiifZXj\jkilZkliXj[\dXiZf1[`jgfj`k`mfj Xihl`k\Zke`Zfj#]ifek`jg`Z`fj#\edXiZXd`\ekfj [\gl\ikXj#XiZfjZ\c\YiXkfi`fj#jXkliX[Xj\jZ\$ ef^iX]Xj[\k\Xkif%½<cdXiZf¾Æ\jZi`Y\;\ii`[X$ ½fg\iX#\e\]\Zkf%Cl^Xi[\kiXYXaf#fi`^\e\jkilZ$ kliXcd\ek\Yfi[\X[f[\cjlgc\d\ekf[\mXcfi#\j [\Z`i[\jYfi[X[fjfYi\jlj[fjYfi[\jgficfhl\ [\jYfi[X#\cdXiZf\e\]\ZkfkiXYXaX%:fdfcXdX$ [\iX%J\X^i`\kX#j\ZlXik\X#j\[`jcfZXXck`\dgfhl\ Zffg\iX\ecXgif[lZZ`e[\cgif[lZkf#cf[\jYfi[X p[\Xccj\[\[lZ\%Efj\[\aXeleZX#j`dgc\d\ek\# \o_`Y`i¾% Kf[fcfZlXcefjcc\mXXcX\okiXfi$ [`eXi`Xpj`jk\d}k`ZXXdgc`ÔZXZ`e [\Ô^liXj[\dXiZfhl\ZXiXZk\i`qXcX fYiX[\DXikeIXdi\q%CXgi}Zk`ZX gfid\[`f[\cXZlXcXcZXeqXXgif[l$ Z`i]XjZ`eXek\jXihl`k\ZkliXjÔ^liX$ c\jZfej`jk\\ecXi\g\k`Z`efYj\j`mX [\ [`jgfj`k`mfj [\ \edXiZXd`\ekf _XjkXcf^iXi\]\Zkfj`e[`kfj[\Xd$ gc`ÔZXZ`ep\jki`Xd`\ekf#\j[\Z`i[\ X^i`\kXd`\ekf#[\ZlXik\Xd`\ekf#[\ [`jcfZXZ`e[\cXjjlg\iÔZ`\ji\gi\$ j\ekX[Xj1Zfe\ccfcfj[`Ylafj[\IX$ di\qi\gif[lZ\ecfjd}i^\e\j[\c gXg\c[fe[\j\`ejZi`Y\ejlj\jZ\eXj# kiX[lZ`e[fcfj\ele`eÔe`kfj`jk\dX Z\ekig\kf[\\Zfj#f\jg\ZÔZXd\ek\ \eleX\jkilZkliX[\[lZk`mXd}jhl\ \e leX Zfdgfj`Z`e i\cXZ`feXc% <j \jkXdfc[liX[`YlaX[X#hl\gl\[\j\iXjfZ`X[XX leX]fidX\jki`X[XYXiifZX#cXhl\gif[lZ\\e\jkXj fYiXjkf[f\]\Zkf[\_\e[`[liX#\j[\Z`i#\j\ccXcX hl\XZkXZfdfleX`eZ`j`e#g\e\kiXe[f\cZXdgf m`jlXcpZfejk`klpe[fj\\ele\ÔZXqj`jk\dX[\ `ejZi`gZ`egXiXcXjÔ^liXj[\XeZcXa\k\d}k`Zf# gXiXcfjdfk`mfj%CXZfej\Zl\eZ`X[\\jkXfg\iX$ Z`e#Zfdf_\dfjXefkX[f#\jcXkiXej]fidXZ`e [\cZfdgc\af\ekiXdX[f[\cdXiZf\e\cm\i[X[\if gifkX^fe`jkX[\cXjfYiXj1\e\j\_l\Zfgif[lZ`[f gfiXihl`k\ZkliXj[\\edXiZXd`\ekf#IXdi\qZf$ cfZXXjljÔ^liXjj\ZlcXi\j#`ej`^e`ÔZXek\j[\j[\\c glekf[\m`jkX[\leX_`jkfi`XeXiiX[X1\ca`e\k\#\c ki\e#\cXlkfdm`c#\cg\ijfeXa\J`ekklcf%=`^liX \eifaf#Z%(0+/$-* %<jXcc[fe[\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e j\Zfe^\cX\ejljfYiXj% G\ifcfj\]\Zkfj[\cXgi`dXZX[\cfgXi\i^feXc \ecXfYiX[\IXdi\qjfedck`gc\jpZfdgc\afj1 cXXdgc`ÔZXZ`e[\Ô^liXj[\\edXiZXd`\ekfef [\jk`klp\cXZ\ekiXc`[X[[\cfjdfk`mfj2j`im\\e ZXdY`fgXiXjXkliXi#fgXiX\oXZ\iYXim`YiXkfi`X$ d\ek\#ZfejlfYj\j`mXgi\j\eZ`X#cX`ek\^i`[X[[\c ZXdgfm`jlXc#[\Yfi[\XYfi[\#kiXej]fid}e[fcf \ele\jgXZ`ffgXZfp\jki`X[f#\eleXjlg\iÔZ`\ ]iXZkXc#]iXZkliX[X%<e\j\j\ek`[fj\gl\[\XÔidXi hl\jljfYiXjjfeXihl`k\Zke`ZXj#\eleXXZ\gZ`e d}jZfdgc\aXhl\cX[\cXj`dgc\i\gi\j\ekXZ`e [\Xihl`k\ZkliXjÔ^liXk`mXj#\jZ\eXjk\XkiXc\jfcl$ ^Xi\j[\i\gi\j\ekXZ`e%Cfj[`Ylafj[\IXdi\q [\jZi`Y\e#XkiXmj[\\jkX\jkiXk\^`X[\Xdgc`ÔZX$ Z`e#cfhl\_lY`\j\j`[fjlgifg`fZl\igf]j`Zf# cX[\ej`[X[fYa\klXchl\k\e[iXe\efkifdle[f gfj`Yc\#j`]l\j\em\i[X[\ifjZlX[ifj\edXiZX[fj# fjk\ejfi`fjfi\kXYcfj% Hl`q}j\jkX\jcXgXcXYiXZcXm\1i\kXYcfj%J\$ ^liXd\ek\IXdi\q#\cg`X[fjfgXjkfid\o`ZXef# fYj\j`feX[fgfi`d}^\e\jYYc`ZXj#gl[f_XY\i m`jkfcX\olY\iXek\i`hl\qX[\i\kXYcfjpXik\jf$ eX[fjZfcfe`Xc\j\ejlDo`ZfeXkXc1Xihl`k\ZkliXj ÔZk`Z`Xj#\[`ÔZ`fji\gi\j\ekX[fj\edX[\iX\jkf$ ]X[Xhl\\edXiZXeÔ^liXjjX^iX[Xj#gXiXi\]lc^`i [\clZ\j[\fif[\j[\jlZl\igfkXccX[f2cXY\i`ekfj Z_lii`^l\i\jZfjZlpf\Zfef\j[`]Z`c\eZfekiXi \edlZ_Xj[\cXjfYiXj[\DXikeIXdi\q%Glif \edXiZXd`\ekf#dXiZfkf[f#\eÔe#gXi\i^`XgliX# XfiX[Xpi\Zi\X[X[\j[\le\o`c`f_fjg`kXcXi`f gXiXfkfi^XileZ\ekifgfj`Yc\XcXj\jZXjXjÔ^liXj hl\j\i\g`k\e\ejlfYiX#p\ecXjhl\j\Zfejk\cXjl gifg`Xd\dfi`X[\\okiXX[fp[\\okiXea\if% DXikeIXdi\q#]\c`^ijZXkc`Zfp[\mfkf#_X$ YXj`[fkXdY`ea`e\k\XidX[f\ek`\dgfj[\Xd\$ eXqX#d`e\ifpfYi\if\ecXjmXj]ii\Xj[\c\o`c`f# pZlXe[fjlm`[Xj\m`ZcXljliX[XgficXi\Zclj`e gj`hl`}ki`ZX#dXeklmfcXjZ`]iXjX`jcX[Xj[\jlgif$ g`Xd\dfi`XXlkfY`f^i}ÔZX#\eZ`\ikX ]fidXfYj\j`mXd\ek\Xlkfii\kiXkjk`$ ZXj1i\gi\j\ekXjldla\i#XcXdla\i# XcXM`i^\eJXekj`dX2j\i\gi\j\ekX jd`jdfZfdflea`e\k\XidX[f2i\$ gi\j\ekXcfjjXekfj[\jl[\mfZ`ep XcfjgX`jXa\j[\jl[\i`mX#i\gi\j\ek cfjke\c\j[\d`eXjpmXj]ii\Xj#cfj ki\e\jhl\cfcc\mXifeXc[\jk`ef[\jl j`c\eZ`fp[\jlfYiX% IXdi\q \edXiZ kf[Xj \jkXj Ô^liXj\eZfdgc\afji\kXYcfj[`Yl$ aX[fj# \e XckXi\j fZi\j p dXiife\j Zfdf \c gi\ZXi`f ZXike [fe[\ cfj dXk\i`Xc`qXYX#X]XckX[\\jkf]X[fjp [fiX[liXj%:fe\ccf_`qfleXfYiXX ZfekiX\jk`cf[\cfhl\XeleZ`XYX\c Z}efe[\jlk`\dgf#hl\cjcfgf$ [X`^efiXi1leXfYiX\eXgXi`\eZ`X [\ZXYXcc\k\hl\\em\i[X[i\Xc`qXYX dXk\i`Xcd\ek\\e\cjl\cf#gifp\ZkXe[fjlZl\igf \ek\iXd\ek\jfYi\\cjfgfik\#ZfdfGfccfZb2leX fYiX[\Zfdgc\aXjg\ijg\Zk`mXj#[\XY`jdXc\jgif$ ]le[`[X[\j1kf[fdXiZf#\edXiZXd`\ekfjjXkliX$ [fjpjXkliXek\jhl\gif[lZ\ejlg\iÔZ`\j[\Yfi[\ XYfi[\#Zfdffe[Xj`eZ\jXek\jhl\gXiX[a`ZX$ d\ek\ef\edXiZXeZXj`eX[X2kXejcfleXÔ^liX jfc`kXi`X#e^i`dX#Xcfjldflefjj\i\j[\jXj`[fj [\jlgifg`X_`jkfi`XgficfjXZZ`[\ek\j[\ccl^Xi Ô^liXk`mfpÔ^liXc [fe[\j\\eZl\ekiXe% :X[XleX[\\jkXjfYiXjjfeZfdf\jg\afj[\ cfhl\_XYXj`[fDXikeIXdi\q#\c\okiXea\if# \cj`cm\jki\#\cgi`d`k`mf#\c`c\kiX[f2Xhl\ccXÔ^l$ iXm\e`[X[\]l\iXÆleflkj`[\i$#legifkX^fe`jkX gXi\i^feXc[\cXik\[\8di`ZX#kiXYXaXe[f\ejlj d}i^\e\j#d`\ekiXj\cdle[f[\cXik\j\_\Z_`$ qXYXZfecXmfq_\if`ZXhl\XeleZ`XYXcXg`ekliX gcXeX#[fd`eXek\pdfi`Yle[X[\c\ogi\j`fe`jdf XYjkiXZkf#XZXjfj`ejXY\ihl\eX[Xj\ZfeZclp\[\$ Ôe`k`mXd\ek\\e\cle`m\ijf[\cXjgif[lZZ`fe\j j`dYc`ZXj2hl\cfjd}i^\e\j\jkXeccXdX[fjXj\i le[XZ\ekifgfihl\\o`jk\eÆ;\ii`[X[`o`k$\e iXqe[\leXZXi\eZ`X]le[Xd\ekXc\e\c`ek\i`fi [\c\i^fe%x :X[XleX[\ \jkXjfYiXj jfeZfdf \jg\afj[\cf hl\_XYX j`[fDXike IXdi\q#\c \okiXea\if#\c gi`d`k`mf#\c `c\kiX[f Cl`jGi\q$FiXdXj \jZfd`jXi`f[\g`ekliXcXk`efXd\i`ZXeX[\c Dlj\ldf]Df[\ie8ikDFD8 #El\mXPfib% CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 61 DOCUMENTA.CXgXj`egficXk\Zefcf^XZ`e\dXkf^i}ÔZX#[\cXhl\]l\ZfejkXek\`em\ekfi# pcXd`j`eg\[X^^`ZX[\jlj[fZld\ekXc\jj\XcXe\ecXfYiX[\leg\ijfeXa\#AfjMXc[\cFdXi# hl\[\jYfi[XZlXchl`\iZcXj`ÔZXZ`e%LeÈ`cld`eX[fÉhl\ml\cm\[\cfcm`[fXcXjXcX[\cfjjl\fj% MXc[\cFdXi <chl\XdX#Xi[\ Gfi<[lXi[f8%Iljjf ÈCXm`[X\jjcfleX\ogcfj`eXciXc\ek# ppfgi\k\e[fZfdgi`d`icX_XjkXZfem\ik`icX \eokXj`j#\e\k\ief`ejkXek\%É AfjMXc[\cFdXi ; \jZlYi`iXMXc[\cFdXi%AfjMXc[\c FdXi>iXeX[X#(0'+$DX[i`[#(0/) \j kf[XmXZXj`[\jZfefZ`[f\ecfjc`Yifj [\i\]\i\eZ`X\_`jkfi`Xj[\cZ`e\%Dlp gfZfj_Xef[f[\c#d\efjjfecfjhl\_Xem`j$ kfjlfYiX[\ekif[\c}dY`kf`ek\ieXZ`feXc#g\if Çcfhl\\j`ejc`kfXeÇ_XjkX\jleXgi\j\eZ`X \okiXX`eZcljfgXiXdlZ_fj[\jljZfeeXZ`feXc\j# \oZ\gkfgXiXleeZc\f[\Xd`^fjhl\#gfijl\ik\# _XZfd\eqX[fXZi\Z\i%PXhl\jkXdfjXek\leX[\ cXjZcXm\j[\jlgif[lZZ`e#p\c\]\Zkfgi`eZ`gXc[\ jlZfekXZkf%MXc[\cFdXi\eZXiXYXjljfYiXjgXiX Xhl\ccfjXhl`\e\jZfej`[\iXYXZfdfj\d\aXek\j Z\iZXefj2jljÔcdj#jl[`jZlijf#Xgifa`dXYXXk\e$ [`\e[fXjl^iX]X X\jg\ZkX[fi\j\`ek\icfZlkfi\j% PcX`eÕl\eZ`X#XZfikX\jZXcX#gXlcXk`eX#_Xm\e`[f Zi\Z`\e[fÇj`Y`\e\eZiZlcfji\jki`e^`[fjÇ\ecfj ck`dfjXfj% 8Zfd`\eqfj[\cfjXfj0'dlZ_fj[\cfjZfe$ mfZX[fjgXiXgXik`Z`gXi\ecXmXc\ifjXfg\iXZ`e[\ i\jZXk\[\jlfYiXÇ\eZXY\qX[Xgfijl_`aXDXiX Afjpjlp\ief>feqXcfJ}\eq[\9lilX^X#hl\pX [`fcl^XiX`eXgi\Z`XYc\j[fZld\ekfjp\jkl[`fjÇ `^efiXYXefXg\eXjZfefZXecX\o`jk\eZ`X[\jlÔ$ ^liX%LeX[ZX[XXek\j#Xcgi`eZ`g`f[\cfj/'#gi\$ Z`jXd\ek\ZlXe[fcX\o`jk\eZ`X[\M;Fcc\^XYXX jlÔegficXjj\Zl\cXj[\leXZZ`[\ek\[\ki}ej`kf \eDX[i`[#lefjgfZfji\Xc`qX[fi\jm`eZlcX[fjXc Z`e\\og\i`d\ekXcpXcm`[\fXik\k\eXeefk`Z`X[\ jlfYiXgfi]l\ek\jccXdXk`mXd\ek\`e[`i\ZkXj%<c Z`e\XjkX\og\i`d\ekXc\_`jkfi`X[fi<l^\e`9fe\k Zfd\ekXhl\i\gXi\eMXc[\cFdXiXkiXmj[\le pXZc}j`Zf\jkl[`f[\8dfjMf^\c#=`cdXjXJlYm\i$ j`m\8ik(0.+ %8cc#\cXlkfiefik\Xd\i`ZXef[\jkX$ ZXYX8^lX\jg\af^iXeX[`ef(0,, \ecfjj`^l`\ek\j kid`efj1ÈLeXfYiX\ogcfj`mXpZil\c#[\cXd}j _fe[XgXj`e1le^i`kfj`c\eZ`fjf#leX\mfZXZ`e djk`ZX[\cXjg\jX[`ccXj[\<jgXX%I\d`e`jZ\ek\ [\K`\iiXj`egXe#[\9ll\c#cf^iXkiXejd`k`iefj le_fiifipleXXej`\[X[j`eefdYi\%LeX[\cXj ^iXe[\jfYiXj`^efiX[Xj[\kf[f\cZ`e\dle[`Xc%É D}jXcc}[\hl\lefgl\[XZf`eZ`[`iZfecXdlpfg`$ eXYc\c\ZkliX[\c]le[X[fi[\c=\jk`mXc[\El\mX Pfib#cf`e[`jZlk`Yc\\jhl\\cccXdX[f[\Xk\eZ`e j\[`i`^XXfkifglekf2_XZ`XcXj`dgc\i\]\i\eZ`X% ¶Hl`e]l\MXc[\cFdXi6EfdlZ_fk`\dgfXki}j kXejcfleXf \cXlkfi[\\jk\\ejXpfZfdgXikX 62 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 \c`ek\iif^Xek\%MXc[\cFdXi\iX#gXiX\ekfeZ\jp [\j[\\jkXcXk`kl[Jli#jcf\c\e`^d}k`Zfi\jgfejX$ Yc\[\Xc^leXjXii\YXkX[fiXj`d}^\e\j\d`k`[Xj\e legif^iXdXjfYi\XZklXc`[X[Z`e\dXkf^i}ÔZX[\cX K\c\m`j`e<jgXfcX#[fe[\j\c\gi\j\ekXYXZfdf Ô^liX[\jkXZX[XpXi\mXcfi`qXi\ecX_`jkfi`X[\c [fZld\ekXcg\e`ejlcXi%GfZf[\jgljklmfcX]fi$ kleX[\[\jcldYiXij\Zfe\c[\jZlYi`d`\ekf1g\if Xg\jXi[\cX`ed\ij`e`ek\ej`mX\ejlZ`e\#MXc[\c FdXikf[XmX_fpc\i\jl\eXZfdf\cefdYi\[\ leXk\iiX`eZf^e`kX2hl\\o`^\gXiXjli\Zfii`[fleX gfj`Z`ekXe`e`Z`XcZfdfXhl\ccXhl\ci\ZcXdXYX gXiXcfj\jg\ZkX[fi\j`[\Xc\j[\jlZ`e\#fcXhl\`e$ Zcljfi\j\imXcfcXi^f[\d\[`fj`^cfgXiXjd`jdf \cXik`jkXhl\_fpZfd\eqXdfjXi\Zlg\iXi% Ki}ej`kf[\MXc[\cFdXi%EXZ`[fle)+[\fZkl$ Yi\[\(0'+\e>iXeX[X#MXc[\cFdXij\c`^dlp k\dgiXeXd\ek\#\elefgfiklefm`Xa\[liXek\cfj Xfj)'#ZfecXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\cXmXe^lXi[`Xgf$ k`ZX]iXeZ\jXp\cjlii\Xc`jdf%<ejldX^`jkiXck\okf jfYi\M;F#<cccXekf[\cXjd}hl`eXj#MZkfi<i`Z\ [\jkXZXcXZfe[`Z`e[\Z`j`mX[\\j\ \eZl\ekif#hl\Xlehl\efj\_`Z`\iX \ogcZ`kX\e\c[`jZlijf[\cZ`e\XjkX jfYi\jlfYiX#gl\[\\m`[\eZ`Xij\\e jld`jdXZfeZ\gZ`e[\cZ`e\%8le$ hl\<i`Z\efcfZfej`^e\#\j`ek\i\jXe$ k\i\jXckXihl\\cd`jdfkid`ef[\Z`$ e\^iX]Xhl\M;Fgifg`Z`XYXgXiXjlj gif[lZZ`fe\j\j\cd`jdfhl\>\i$ dX`e\;lcXZgifgljfgXiXjl]fidX [\\ek\e[\i\cZ`e\ZfdfleXdj`ZX m`jlXc1leXZ`e\^iX]X`ek\^iXc% Ml\ckfX<jgXX#kiXjleX\o`kfjX Xlehl\]l^Xq^\jk`e\e\cZfd\iZ`f [\Xlkfdm`c\j9l`ZbfkiX]Xq[\cX k\dgiXeXgXj`egficXd}hl`eX j\ c\i\m\cXe\cZ`e\pcXkZe`ZX2\ele gifZ\jfZ\iZXefXc[\leX`e`Z`XZ`e# efjcfd\[`kXX`jcX[fjfYi\\cj\ek`[fdjk`Zf[\cX \e\i^Xj`efhl\gifZ\[\X`[\Xiel\mfjXik\]XZkfj gXiX\cZ`e\#m`jkfZfdfleXdXhl`eXi`Xi\[\ekfiX gfid\[`f[\cXm`j`e%8j#Xcfj),Xfj#\e(0)/# gifdl\m\cX`em\eZ`e[\leXgk`ZXk\dgfiXc[\ }e^lcfmXi`XYc\hl\ki\j[ZX[Xjd}jkXi[\Zfd\e$ qXiXX[`]le[`ij\\ecXk\Zefcf^XXl[`fm`jlXcZfe \cefdYi\d}j]Xd`c`Xi[\qffd #leel\mfj`jk\dX [\gifp\ZZ`ejfYi\cXjXcX[\Z`e\#[\jYfi[Xe[f cXgXekXccX#pleXkZe`ZX[\`cld`eXZ`e\edfm`$ d`\ekf%@[\Xj[\]fidlcXZ`ek\dgiXeXg\ifZlpX ZfeZi\Z`ekZe`ZXXYXiZXiXe\ci\jkf[\jlkXi\X% 8[\d}j[\X_fe[Xi\ecXkZe`ZXÇleXkZe`ZX dlp\jg\Z`Xc#`dglcjX[XgfileXmfZXZ`ed\kX]$ j`ZX#gXiXcXhl\`[\\cefdYi\[\d\ZXdjk`ZXÆ# MXc[\cFdXij\jld#Zfdf]fk^iX]fp[fZld\e$ kXc`jkX#XcGXkifeXkf[\cXjD`j`fe\jG\[X^^`ZXj [\ cX I\gYc`ZX% Alekf X `ek\c\ZklXc\j p gf\kXj Zfdf Cl`j :\iel[X# DXiX QXdYiXef# DXel\c 9Xikfcfd:fjj`f#8c\aXe[if:XjfeXp=\[\i`Zf >XiZXCfiZX#\dgi\e[`leXkXi\XXcfcXi^f[\c gXj#]fd\ekXe[f\c\eZl\ekifZfecXgif[lZZ`e ZlckliXc[\gfYcXZ`fe\jiliXc\jX`jcX[Xj%MXc[\c FdXi gif[laf `eeld\iXYc\j ]fkf^iX]Xj# p d}j [\ ,' [fZld\ekXc\j _fp g\i[`[fj ÇXlehl\ [\ XZl\i[fXck\jk`dfe`f[\Xc^lef[\jlj`ek\icfZl$ kfi\j\eXc^leXfgfikle`[X[[\a\eki\m\ihl\Xc^f [\\ccfjkf[XmXgf[iXjlYj`jk`iÇ%8[\d}j#i\[XZk \e(0*)jldXe`Ô\jkf[`[}Zk`ZfJ\ek`d`\ekf[\cX G\[X^f^XB`e\jkj`ZX#\e\chl\]fidlcXYXjl`[\X$ i`f[\leX\[lZXZ`egficX`dX^\e#gifgfe`\e[fXc Z`e\ZfdfleXmX[\]fidXZ`egficfj`ejk`ekfj% CX>l\iiX:`m`cpcl\^f\ci^`d\e[\=iXe$ Zfgf[iXe_XY\ij`^e`ÔZX[fgXiXM;F\c\o`c`f# \cfjkiXZ`jdfXYjfclkffcXdl\ik\# Zfdf fZlii` Zfe Xc^lefj [\ jlj ZfdgX\ifj\ecXjD`j`fe\j%<ecl$ ^Xi[\\ccf#jlYj`jk`d\[`Xek\leX dXe`fYiXef\o\ekX[\i`\j^fj%Jl g\iÔcj\kiXej]fid\e\c[\le`e$ m\ekfi#le[\jXiifccX[fi[\el\mXj k\Zefcf^Xj[\jfe`[f\`dX^\e%:`$ kXdfjXcjfe`[f\egi`d\ikid`ef# [X[fhl\ZfdfY`\e[\jkXZXIfd}e >lY\ie# cXj gi`d\iXj `em\eZ`fe\j ZfeXgc`ZXZ`egi}Zk`ZX[\M;F[l$ iXek\cfjXfj+'\jklm`\ifec`^X[Xj XcXXdgc`ÔZXZ`ep[`]lj`eXZjk`ZX% Gi`d\ifZfcXYfiXe[f\ecXLe`eIX$ [`f[\DX[i`[#cl\^f]le[Xe[fIX[`f D\[`k\ii}e\f[\MXc\eZ`X#\e(0+'# alekfXleXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\Z`j`mX\e cfjj`jk\dXj[\Xdgc`ÔZXZ`egYc`ZX[\cj`jk\dX _`cfdlj`ZXcÆhl\gifgXcXYX`eZ\jXek\d\ek\mfq pjfe`[f\e\c\jgXZ`fliYXef#p[\cfZlXccl\^f M;Fj\Xii\g\ek`iXXdXi^Xd\ek\Zfej`[\i}e[fj\ lef[\cfj]le[X[fi\j[\cXZi\k`e`qXZ`edXj`mXÆ% J`dlck}e\Xd\ek\\cZ`e\XjkXgi\gXijlj`jk\dX[\ jfe`[fZ`e\dXkf^i}ÔZf#cX;`X]feX#hl\gXk\ek \e(0++% CXgfZX[\`em\ekfj[\Xgc`ZXZ`e\o`kfjX#hl\ XZZ\[XeXcX\kXgX[\`eefmXZ`egi}Zk`ZX\ecX`e$ [ljki`X#gifekfcc\^XiXXjlÔe%<c[\Zlijf[\cXZX$ ii\iX[\M;Fj\\eiXi\Z\iX[\XgfZf#_XjkXcc\^Xi ?XYX\e MXc[\cFdXi efleXeleZ`f [\d\afiXj kZe`ZXj#j`ef legifp\Zkf iX[`ZXc[\ i\fi`\ekXZ`e [\cZ`e\ VAL DEL OMAR Val del Omar se refugió durante el franquismo en el papel de inventor de muchas tecnologías del sonido y la imagen. A la derecha, “Diamagneto, aparato de relieve poliperifónico”. Archivo María José Val del Omar/ Gonzalo Sáenz de Buruaga. Xle\jkX[f[\\o`c`f`ek\i`fi#[\cZlXc\jgfi}[`ZX$ d\ek\`ek\ekXYXjli^`id\[`Xek\Xc^leXel\mXk\Z$ efcf^XgXiXcXZlXccXk`Y`XXgifYXZ`efÔZ`Xcfle jlYj`[`fgXiXjl[\jXiifccfj\Zfem\ikXXcXm\q\e leg\hl\f`dglcjfgXiXcXjlYj`jk\eZ`X[\cZi\X$ [fipgXiXjlg\ig\klfi\c\^Xd`\ekfXcXfjZli`[X[% Jl_`aX[\efd`eXcgifZ\jfZfdfleXc\ekXdl\ik\ [\ZlXkif[ZX[Xj%EffYjkXek\#MXc[\cFdXij`^l` g\ejXe[fi\]le[XZ`fe\jgXiX\cZ`e\%8cX;`X]f$ eXj\c\jldXiX#leX[ZX[Xd}jkXi[\#\cj`jk\dX KXZk`cm`j`e#\cg\i]\ZZ`feXd`\ekf[\cj`jk\dX[\ gifp\ZZ`ehl\YXlk`qZfdf;\jYfi[Xd`\ekfXgX$ efi}d`Zf[\cX`dX^\e#\cj`jk\dX9`$jkXe[Xi[[\*, ddhl\X_fiiXYX\c,'[\Z`ekXZ`e\dXkf^i}ÔZX gXiXXiZ_`mfjpgifp\ZZ`e#cl\^fgXk\ekX[f\e@kX$ c`XZfdfK\Z_e`jZfg\ #p\c]fidXkf@ek\id\[`Xk\#[\ (-ddhl\Xld\ekXYX[iXd}k`ZXd\ek\jlZlX[if# _XZ`e[fcf]}Z`cd\ek\\ogXej`Yc\X*,ddD}jkXi$ [\jlj\og\i`d\ekfjjfYi\j`e\jk\j`Xcfcc\mXifeX gi\j\ekXi\cj`jk\dXGXcg`Zfcfi(0-* p\cgifp\Zkf [\:ifdXkXZkf(0-. %@em\eZ`fe\jgi\j\ekX[Xj\e le[`jZlijf^cfYXc`qX[fip[\i\jfeXeZ`Xjdjk`ZXj# hl\[\jYfi[XYXcfkZe`Zf% ?XYX\eM;Fef\cXeleZ`f[\d\afiXjkZ$ e`ZXj#j`eflegifp\ZkfiX[`ZXc[\i\fi`\ekXZ`e [\cZ`e\#\jg\Zk}ZlcfXcZlXcXj`jkX\ekfeZ\jZfe Zi\Z`\ek\[\jXqe%Jfjk\eXleXm\i[X[\iXlkfgX Z`e\dXkf^i}ÔZX#leXjl\ik\[\Z`e\kfkXchl\XmXe$ qXiXjfYi\cXj`eZife`qXZ`e[\cfjj\ek`[fjhl\#X al`Z`f[\>lY\ie#cfXZ\iZXXcfjXZklXc\j[\jXiifccfj jfYi\i\Xc`[X[m`iklXc%KXdY`e\jgfj`Yc\[\k\ZkXi leXZfej`[\iXYc\j`d`c`kl[[\jlj`[\XjZfecXjgif$ gl\jkXj[\>\e\Pfle^Ycff[\ejl<ogXe[\[Z`e\$ dX(0.' %IXiXlY`ZXZ`e^\f^i}ÔZXpk\dgfiXccX [\MXc[\cFdXi2lemXe^lXi[`jkX\ek`\iiX\okiXX# [Xe[f]fidXXjlgifp\Zkf\e\c`ek\ii\^ef\eki\ cXjmXe^lXi[`Xj_`jki`ZXjp\cle[\i^ifle[#\eleX DX[i`[`e[`]\i\ek\pgfidfd\ekfjXgcXjkXek\%<e cfjck`dfjXfj[\jlm`[X\og\i`d\ekZfe\cm`$ [\fpcfj_fcf^iXdXj#\eleXgi\e[`qXa\Zfek`elf hl\j\kileZjcfZfejldl\ik\% CXj[ZX[XjÔeXc\j[\M;F\jklm`\ifej`^eX$ [XjgficXfjZ`cXZ`e\eki\cX[\jXqepcXlkfgX% CXjfc\[X[gXi\ZXle[XkfZfejk`klk`mf[\jlgi\$ j\eZ`X\eZfem\eZ`fe\jZ`\ekÔZXjf\ei\le`fe\j [\cX`e[ljki`X%=l\X`ejkXeZ`Xj[\jl_`aXhl\jlj Ôcdj]l\ife\o_`Y`[fj\e]\jk`mXc\j`ek\ieXZ`feX$ c\j#d\i\Z`\e[fmXi`fjgi\d`fjpZfeZfej`[\iXYc\ i\g\iZlj`eZik`ZX%G\if\ejlk`\iiXj`^l`j`\e[f lei\Zcljf#leXgi\j\eZ`X`eZdf[X#hl\ef\eZXaX$ YX\ecfjdfc[\j\dgi\jXi`Xc\je`\ecfjgif^iXdXj [\`eefmXZ`ek\Zefc^`ZX[\cZ`e\fcXk\c\m`j`e Zfd\iZ`Xc\j%KXdgfZf#Zfdfi\Zl\i[X<i`Z\\e leXXeZ[fkX[\mXcfi\a\dgcXigfijlg\iÔcZXj` XYjli[f#\eZXaXYX\ecfj\jhl\dXj[\cgf[\igfi Zfdgc`ZXic\Ç`eX[m\ik`[Xd\ek\#d\afiXk\Zefc$ ^`ZXd\[`Xek\ÇcXm`[XXcfjZ\ejfi\j%<jkXjfc\[X[ mXc[\cfdXi`XeXXkiXm`\jXkf[Xjlgif[lZZ`epcf Zfem`\ik\\eleXjl\ik\[\_if\fcm`[X[f#\cZXYX$ cc\ifXe[Xek\[\leZ`e\gfim\e`i% CXkZe`ZXpcXgf\jX%Cfi\Xcd\ek\\okiXf\j \cdf[f\ehl\cfjÔcdj[\MXc[\cFdXijfeXcX m\q#j`edXe`]\jkXi\cd\efiZfeÕ`Zkf\e\ccf#`e$ k\ejfjgf\dXjXl[`fm`jlXc\jp[\dfjkiXZ`e[\ `eefmXZ`fe\j k\Zefc^`ZXj% Le ZXjf \oki\df [\ Zfem`m\eZ`X[\[fj[`jZlijfjhl\\c\jgi`klifd}e$ k`Zfhl`\i\hl\gi\k\e[XdfjXgXikX[fj#ZlXe[fef ZfekiXgl\jkfj%<e\cZXjf[\8^lX\jg\af>iXeX[`ef# cX;`X]feX2\e\c[\=l\^f\e:Xjk`ccX#cXKXZk`cm`$ j`e%@ek\ekXeXcZXeqXi[`d\ej`fe\j`e\ogcfiX[Xj efjfcf\ecX]fidXgfk`ZX#j`efkXdY`e\ecXj df[Xc`[X[\jj\ejfi`Xc\j\ecXjhl\g\iZ`Y`dfj\c Z`e\%<e\j\j\ek`[f#MXc[\cFdXij\gfjklcXZfdf Xhl\ccfj Xik`jkXj$`em\ekfi\j [\c I\eXZ`d`\ekf% 8ZXjfgfiZfefZ\i[\jfYiX\cm\i[X[\ifj\ek`[f [\cXgXcXYiX#i\Z_XqXYX\cXg\cXk`mf\og\i`d\ekXcX d\el[f[\jk`eX[fXjlZ`e\#Xlehl\gi\j\ekXj\jlj fYiXj\ej\ZZ`fe\jf]\jk`mXc\j\ecXjhl\\cZXj`cc\if ]fidXYXgXik\[\cf\jkXYc\Z`[f%GXiXccfj\og\i`$ d\ekfj\jkXYXe\e\ccXYfiXkfi`f#d`\ekiXjhl\cX \og\i`\eZ`Xf]i\Z`[XXcfj\jg\ZkX[fi\jj\lY`ZXYX \ecXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\leXi\m\cXZ`e#[\leXZfe$ k\dgcXZ`e[\c\jkX[fÔeXc[\legf\dXXZjk`Zf pm`jlXc#d}j[\cfi[\e[\c[\jZlYi`d`\ekfhl\[\cX `em\eZ`e#[\c\eZl\ekifhl\[\cXYjhl\[X% GXiXMXc[\cfdXi#cXZXk\^fiXX[\ZlX[XgXiX jlgif]\j`eef\iXcX[\Z`e\XjkX#j`efcX[\Z`e\$ d`jkX2 jlj g\cZlcXj \iXe Z`e\^iX]Xj# jl ^e\if \iX\c[\ \c\d\ekXc\j%D}jXcc}[\leXgi\jlekX dXeX[\efd`eXkfi`X\jkXYXjllY`ZXZ`e\eleX gfj`Z`e]le[XZ`feXc#ZfdfcX[\Xhl\ccfjg`fe\$ ifjhl\m\Xe#ZfdfleXe\Z\j`[X[kXe`dg\i`fjX ZfdfcX[\c[`j\f[\led\ZXe`jdf#Xhl\ccX[\ j\i[fkX[fj[\leefdYi\gXiX[XiZl\ekX[\\jf [`jk`ekf#ZlpX`[\X#XcXgXi[\jlgi\j\eZ`X\ekXekf [`jgfj`k`mf#X^i\^XYXXcdle[f%J\kiXkXYX[\[Xi lecl^Xi\e\cc\e^lXa\XcfYa\kfel\mf#Zi\Xi\c CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 63 DOCUMENTA Toda la obra de Val del Omar presenta en palabras de Victor Erice, un “llanto de la máquina”, una poética experimental que recorre \jgXZ`fc`e^jk`ZfXgifg`X[fXcX\og\i`\eZ`Xj`e gi\Z\[\ek\j%PgXiXMXc[\cFdXi#ZfdfgXiXle glX[f[\i\Xc`qX[fi\j\ecX_`jkfi`XÇm`\e\eXcX d\dfi`XgfZfjd}jhl\<`j\ejk\`e#M\ikfm#9i\j$ jfefIfjj\cc`e`ÇcXd`j`e[\cZ`e\ef_XYXj`[f ZfejldX[Xkf[XmX%<jkXZi\\eZ`X\ecfjgf[\i\j [\cX`dX^\eZ`e\dXkf^i}ÔZXcfcc\mX]le[Xi\e (0*,leXJfZ`\[X[[\:i\p\ek\j[\c:`e\gXiXcXhl\ `eZcljf\jZi`Y`\ci\jg\Zk`mfdXe`Ô\jkf% <i`Z\ef[l[X1MXc[\cFdXi\iXXek\kf[fle gf\kX#pcXkZe`ZX\iXlef[\cfjdf[fjgXik`Zl$ cXi\jgficfjhl\jlgf\jXgf[iXcc\^XiXX[m\$ e`i%:fdf\jfjXik`jkXjZfek\dgfi}e\fjhl\j\ gifgfe\e[fd`eXi\c_Xi[nXi\p\cjf]knXi\gXiX gif[lZ`ijlfYiXd\[`Xek\leXdXe`glcXZ`eXZ$ k`mXhl\j\fi`\ekXd}jX[\jgc\^XicXkZe`ZX_XjkX jl]fiqXd`\ekfhl\XfY\[\Z\ijldXelXc[\`ej$ kilZZ`fe\j#MXc[\cFdXi`em\ekXYXgXiXhl\leX el\mX`[\Xgl[`\iXk\e\icl^Xi\eki\cfj_\Z_fj g\iZ\gk`Yc\jgfijljgXi\j aXd}j\ek\e[`Xjlj \jg\ZkX[fi\j[\fkifdf[fhl\Zfdfjljgia`$ dfj %:fdgi\e[`[\dXe\iXZXYXccXiXqdX$ hle`ZX[\cXgf\jXZ`e\dXkf^i}ÔZX#pj\[\Z`[` Xgfk\eZ`XicXfg\iXe[f[\j[\cXd}hl`eXd`jdX% D}hl`eXjXa\eXjXc[`jZlijf`e[ljki`Xc#[`j\X[Xjp XidX[Xj\e]fidXZXj`dXi^`eXc#jfc`kXi`X#ZfdfcX [\Xhl\ccfjg`fe\ifjZlpfj[\jXiifccfjXmXeqXYXe X[\jg\Z_f[\c[\jZi\`d`\ekfZfe[\jZ\e[`\ek\[\c \jkXYc`j_d\ek%CfXjfdYifjf\jhl\MXc[\cFdXi gl[fjfjk\e\i\jkXgfj`Z`ei`\j^fjX#ZXj`jl`Z`[X \ecfgif]\j`feXcÈ?\[\jZlY`\ikfhl\_\j`[fXek\ kf[fle^iXeXdXk\liÉ#ZfeÔ\jX`ej`jk\ek\d\ek\cX eXiiXZ`e[\c[fZld\ekXcFaXc}MXc[\cFdXi \e leXgfZX[fe[\\ccl^XieXkliXc[\c`em\ekfief\j fkifhl\\c[\cX^iXeZfigfiXZ`e#cX`e[ljki`X\ecX hl\[\jXiifccX\e]fidXZfc\^`X[XjlkiXYXaf%<ccX$ YfiXkfi`fGC8KG`Zkf$Clde`ZX$8l[`f$KXZk`c \iX i\j`[\eZ`X$[\XZk`m`[X[]\Yi`cZfdf[\fZ`f\jZX$ jfÇ[\lejcfjla\kf%PXc^fj`d`cXifZliiXZfecfj gifkfk`gfj\e[\jXiifccf%Cl\^f[\jl[\jXgXi`Z`e# cfj`ejkild\ekfjhl\[XifeXiildYX[fj\elejlY$ jl\cf[\cX<jZl\cXFÔZ`Xc[\:`e\dX[i`c\X%EX[`\ jXY\hl_XZ\iZfe\ccfj#g\ifcXjd}hl`eXj_XYcXe# ZfdfY`\ecfX[m`ik`\ifecfjam\e\ji\Xc`qX[fi\j 64 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 mXc\eZ`Xefj[\FaXc}MXc[\cFdXi%Jlgi\j\eZ`X gfcmfi`\ekX#Zfdf\efid\jj`^efj[\leXc\e^lX g\i[`[X#[\cfjhl\eX[`\X[`m`eX\cj\ek`[f#gle$ kXecfjgXjXa\jd}jd\cXeZc`Zfj[\c[fZld\ekXc% :fdfleX`ejkXcXZ`egfk`ZXZfdgXk`Yc\Zfe\c\j$ kX[f[\}e`df[\cck`dfM;F#ZlXe[fXgi\Z`XYX cX\ÔZXZ`X[\fkiXjd}hl`eXj`e[ljki`Xc`qX[Xjgfi cXj^iXe[\jZfigfiXZ`fe\jgXiXi\gif[lZ`i]leZ`f$ e\j[\^iX[Xek\j\eki\legYc`ZfgcXe\kXi`f1ÈCX m\i[X[\jhl\dlZ_fj[\efjfkifjm`m`dfj\eki\ d}hl`eXj[\\ejlZ`XiZ\i\Yifj#[fe[\Zfehl`j$ kXi#jl^\jk`feXi#j\[lZ`i#XclZ`eXi#jfeXZk`m`[X[\j \eZfd`XYc\j#X[d`k`[XjZfdf\oZ\c\ek\j%É<cgf\$ kX[\cXkZe`ZXj\^lXeffYjkXek\kiXYXaXe[f%P XcfcXi^f[\mXi`Xj[ZX[Xjgif[lafleXfYiXZ`$ e\dXkf^i}ÔZX\jZXjX#\jgXZ`X[X#g\if[\cf^ifj\ `ek\ej`[X[`ejc`kfj#hl\_fp\jgi\Z`jfXgi\Z`Xi Xlehl\efgfj\Xdfjcfjd\[`fjk\Zefc^`Zfjhl\ c[`jgljfgXiXjlX[\ZlX[Xgi\j\ekXZ`e%M\i\e m`[\f\cZ`e\[\M;F#\jZlZ_Xicf\e;fcYpJIpef \ejlj`jk\dX[`X]e`Zf#`dgc`ZX[\j\^lifgi[`[Xj pZfekiXm`\e\jl[\j\f\ogcZ`kf%;\kf[XjdXe\iXj# Xc^fgXjXXkiXmj[\cXjfYc`^X[Xjd\[`XZ`fe\j[\c jfgfik\#pcX\og\i`\eZ`Xj\jfjk`\e\\ejlZlXc`[X[ [\jcldYiXek\% <ckigk`Zf\c\d\ekXc[\<jgXX%MXc[\cFdXi# Ô\cXjl`ek\ekf[\[\Ôe`Z`eg\idXe\ek\[\le Z`e\hl\i\hl\iX[\leXgifg`X[`d\ej`e]le$ [XZ`feXc# i\Z_XqXYX gXiX jlj g\cZlcXj cX [\ef$ d`eXZ`e hl\ cX gi}Zk`ZX `dgfe\ gXiX \ccXj# [\ XZl\i[fXcX[liXZ`e[\jlgifp\ZZ`e%8a\efXcX ZcXj`ÔZXZ`e^\ei`ZX[\[fZld\ekXc\j#gi\k\e$ [XcXXk\eZ`eXjl\j\eZ`X#YXlk`q}e[fcfjZfdf \c\d\ekXc\j%;\\j\df[f#8^lX\jg\af>iXeX[`ef# =l\^f\e:Xjk`ccXp;f9Xiif$8ZXi`f>XcX`Zf\iXe# \ejlgfk`ZX#glekfj\eg\ig\klfdfm`d`\ekf\e kiXej]fidXZ`eÇ\ejljgifg`XjgXcXYiXj#mik`$ Z\jÇ[\leKigk`Zf<c\d\ekXc[\<jgXX#kiXqXe[f lei\Zfii`[f\e[`X^feXc#[\Efik\XJli%Gi\k\e$ [Xhl\\cfi[\e[\jlm`j`e]l\iX`em\ijfXc[\cX Zifefcf^X[\jli\Xc`qXZ`e%LeZlXikfmik`Z\# FaXc}#Zfem\ik`iXXckigk`Zf\eleZlX[igk`Zf%<c \j]l\iqfgif^iXd}k`Zf[\k\id`ehl\jcf[fj[\ las tierras de España en “Fuego en Castilla”, “Aguaespejo granadino” y “Acariño galaico” fundiendo en dicho tríptico experiencias táctiles y sensoriales. Sobre estas líneas cuatro visiones de la parte dedicada a la tierra gallega. cfjÔcdj8^lX\jg\af^iXeX[`efp=l\^f\e:Xjk`$ ccX cc\^XiXeXleXm\ij`eXZXYX[X#cl\^f[\Xfj [\kiXYXafZX[Xlef%<e\cZXjf[\;f9Xiif#gfZf Xek\j[\jldl\ik\cc\^XleXjl\ik\[\\[`Z`e\e m`[\f#[\XZl\i[fXcXZlXc\ecfjck`dfjXfjj\_X \jkXYc\Z`[fleXm\ij`e#hl\\jcXhl\XZklXcd\ek\ g\id`k\i\Zfii\i\ckigk`Zf\ejlZfealekf#kiXqXi cX[`X^feXc\c\d\ekXc[\jlci`ZX\ogcfiXkfi`X[\ cXk`\iiX\jgXfcX% 8^lX\jg\af>iXeX[`ef%<eleZfikfd\kiXa\[\)' d`elkfj\jkXdfjXckXekf[\hl\M;FkXdY`e_X$ YiXi\Z_XqX[f\jkX`[\X[\Zfikf#[\d`efi`[X[#pX hl\gfj`Yc\d\ek\j\XcXe`ZX[liXZ`em`XYc\gXiX leX\og\i`\eZ`X[\j\d\aXek\ZfeZ\ekiXZ`e MXc [\cFdXi\ejXpXjfYi\>iXeX[XpcX8c_XdYiX%CX i\m\cX#Zfejljifjkifjdfifjp^`kXefj%8^lX\jg\af \jlegif[`^`fk\Zefc^`Zf%:fejljhl`e`\ekfjjf$ e`[fjgifZ\jX[fjZfek\Zefcf^X[`X]e`ZXÆgl\jkX Xglekf\e(0++Æj\X[\cXekXd}j[\leZlXikf[\j`$ ^cfXcZfeZ\gkf[\jfle[[\j`^e%CX`dX^\ekXdY`e XgfikXcfjlpfXcXjfdYifg\idXe\ek\#dlZ_fj[\ cfjifjkifj_ldXefjk`\e\e#\e8^lX\jg\af^iXeX[`$ efleX[`d\ej`echl`[X#Xc\jkXikfdX[fjXkiXmj [\leXc\ek\[\X^lXfkif`em\ekf[\M;F #pcfj gX`jXa\j^iXeX[`efj\jkXccXe\eglcjXZ`fe\jclde`$ ZXjgficXXZZ`e[\Ôckifj#d`\ekiXjcXcleXXjZ`\e$ [\m\cfqgfi\cZ`\cffcXjelY\jj\X^`kXe\e]iX^$ d\ekfjkfdX[fjZfe]fkf^iX]X\ek`d\cXgj\j%G\if cfjcf^ifjkZe`Zfjj\\eZl\ekiXeXcj\im`Z`f[\leX m`j`e%8hl\j[fe[\MXc[\cFdXiÇhl\^ljkXYX[\ XiXY`qXi\c^iXÔjdf[\jlXg\cc`[fÇj\[\dl\jkiX ZfdfleZ`e\XjkXfi`\ekXc%<e\jXZfe\o`ed`c\$ eXi`X\eki\Fi`\ek\pFZZ`[\ek\hl\\j8e[XclZX# Zfejl\g`Z\ekif\e>iXeX[XpjlZfe[\ejXZ`eXi$ hl`k\Zke`ZX\eCX8c_XdYiX#M;Fj\fZlgXÇZfe kXekXgXj`eZfdf_Xe[\dfjkiX[fXc^lefj[\jlj gXi\jfi`\ekXc\j#ZfdfcfjiljfjKXibfmjb`pGXi$ X[aXefm#fXek\j#;fma\ebfÇ[\ÔcdXicXdXk\i`X% Efgfidg\klZ`\ekÔZf#j`efgfile`ek\ekf[\]l$ j`e^l`X[fgfileXdjk`ZX%>`cc\j;\c\lq\fYj\im Xc^leXm\qZdf\j\\jZilkXd`\ekf[\cf`edm`c gXi\ZX[`]\i\eZ`Xij\[\ce]Xj`jgl\jkf\e\cXgX$ iXkf[\j[\\cZ`e\[fd`eXek\#hl\[\j[\jljd}j VAL DEL OMAR k\dgiXefjj\[\[`ZXcX`dgi\j`epi\gif[lZZ`e [\cdfm`d`\ekf%MXc[\cFdXi`ek\iif^Xcf`edm`c1 cf\jZilkX#c\`dgfe\\cdfm`d`\ekf[\cXZ}dXiX# c\`ep\ZkXledfm`d`\ekfXik`ÔZ`XcgficX`cld`eX$ Z`e#cfgifdl\m\gfk\eZ`}e[fcfZfe\ci\Zlijf[\c k`d\cXgj\#cfXeXc`qXgfi\ciXc\ekfcfX^`kXZfe cXZ}dXiXXZ\c\iX[X%Kf[fZfe[lZ\XleXXg\ikliX [\cXd`iX[Xhl\#\ecfjdfd\ekfjgi`m`c\^`X[fj[\ 8^lX\jg\af>iXeX[`efcc\mXXcd`jdfokXj`jhl\ \c[\jljg\ijfeXa\j#\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\\c[\leXe`X ZlpXd`iX[XZfdgXik`dfjfkiXZfe\o`eefkXYc\ ZfeXc^lefj[\cfjd}j`ek\ejfjdfd\ekfjgf$ k`Zfj[\KXibfmjb`#kXdY`ec`^X[fjXleXd`iX[X `e]Xek`c#hl\ef\jfkiXhl\cXhl\\cZ`e\XjkXiljf i\ZcXdXYXZfdf`[\XcgXiXXj`jk`iXjljÔZZ`fe\j % MXc[\cFdXi#]fid`[XYc\]fk^iX]f#kXdY`ekiXYXaX ZlX[ifjZXj`Ôafj#\ecfjhl\lefgl\[\\eZfekiXi leXik\[\c\eZlX[i\[`]Z`cd\ek\jlg\iXYc\#Zfe Zli`fjXji\jfeXeZ`XjZfe\c<`j\ejk\`e[\Hl\m`mX Do`Zf% <ejljkiXdfjÔeXc\j#cfjZ_fiifjXjZ\e[\e$ k\j[\X^lX\eCX8c_XdYiXXe`dXeleX[XeqXZfe [fjXi`jkXj[\jkXZX[Xj1fY`\ej`eZife`qXejlÕl`i Zfecfjjfe`[fj[\cXj]l\ek\jhl\j\Zfe]le[\e gfidfd\ekfjZfecXdj`ZXÕXd\eZX#fÇ\ecfj kiXdfjd}jjfigi\e[\ek\jÇXck\iXe\ci`kdfp\o$ gcfiXe\cj`c\eZ`f\e`ejkXek\jZfe^\cX[fj#Zfdf \jZlcg`[fj\e\ck`\dgf%CXkiXp\Zkfi`X[fd`eXek\ ÇXZXjf\ekf[f\cZ`e\[\M;F#g\ifd}j`ek\ejf \ecXd`jdXk\dXk`qXZ`e[\cXjZ\ejfpZX[X[\ cXjX^lXj\e\jk\ÔcdÇ\j`e[l[XYc\d\ek\m\ik`$ ZXc#XjZfdfjlk`\dgf\j\c[\cfjfi^\e\j%<j\e \j\j\ek`[fhl\jlZ`e\efjcf\j\c\d\ekXc#j`ef kXdY`efi`^`eXc% =l\^f\e:Xjk`ccX%;\jZi`kX\ejld`jdf`e`Z`f ZfdfÈLeXZ`e\^iX]Xc`Yi\[\AfjMXc[\cFdXiÉ# p[\Ôe`[XZfdfleXÈKXZk`cm`j`e[\cg}iXdf[\c <jgXekfÉ#=l\^f\e:Xjk`ccXj\XYi\Zfele\ofi[`f gifm`jkfgfi=\[\i`Zf>XiZXCfiZX1È<e<jgXX& ZX[Xgi`dXm\iXm`\e\cXdl\ik\&pc\mXekXcXjZfik`$ eXjÉ%<ci\^`jkif[\cfj\ok\i`fi\j[\cÔcdi\Zf^\cfj fjZlifji`klXc\j[\cXJ\dXeXJXekXmXcc`jfc\kXeX# pcXjgifZ\j`fe\jcXjk`d\iXj#\eZfekiXjk\Zfecfj j`^efj[\cfdle[XefÇ\ecXjm`[i`\iXj[\Zfd\i$ Z`fjf\cZfe]fik[\leki\elckiXdf[\iefÆ%MXc[\c FdXi_XjkXjfigi\e[\ZfeXc^e[\kXcc\hl\gifmf$ ZXleX[\Xhl\ccXjalekliXjhl\kXekf]XjZ`eXifeXc jlii\Xc`jdf#ZlXe[fÔcdXle:i`jkf\egifZ\j`e XYi`^X[fZfeleXg`\qX[\gc}jk`ZfgXiXgifk\^\icf [\cXcclm`X%G\ifjl`ek\eZ`eef\j`ZfefZcXjkX#ef _XZ\leXZik`ZXjfZ`Xcfi\c`^`fjX#j`efhl\jljg\e$ [\kf[XÔaXZ`e[\lej\ek`[f#gXiXXYi`iZXd`ef XleXZfek\dgcXZ`e]XjZ`eX[X%:fecXj`^l`i`pX ZXjk\ccXeX[\M`Z\ek\<jZl[\ifhl\ZfeqXgXk\fj piXj^Xi[\lXjjfYi\cX^l`kXiiXZfeki`Ylp\XcX j\hl\[X[pcXX^`kXZ`eXZjk`ZX[\ckiXYXaf pcXj \jZlckliXj[\8cfejf9\iil^l\k\pAlXe[\Ale`# MXc[\cFdXi[`j\Xcfhl\[\efd`eXÇ\m`kXe[f kf[XZcXj`ÔZXZ`eÇjlZ`e\^iX]Xc`Yi\% <ecl^Xi[\cXeXkliXc\qX#X^lX\e\cgi`d\i Ôcdpk`\iiX\e\cck`df[\ckigk`Zf#\e=l\^f\e :Xjk`ccXcXdXk\i`X\jpXZlckliX1d`e\iXcpdX[\iX \ecfjjl]i`\ek\jJXeJ\YXjk`}epJXekX8eX%DXk\$ i`X[fkX[X[\]fidXgficXdXefpcXgXj`e_ldX$ eX#\ogi\jXe[f\cokXj`jp\cjl]i`d`\ekf%MXc[\c FdXigXjZXj`ki\jXfj`cld`eXe[fpi\^`jkiXe$ [f\jkXj\jZlckliXjgXiXjlZ`e\^iX]X#\e\chl\\j XZXjf\cd}jjfc`kXi`f[\jljgifp\Zkfj%Cl\^f[\ cXm`[XXZl}k`ZX[\>iXeX[X#\c]l\^fefZklief[\ MXccX[fc`[#MXc[\cFdXi`eZ\e[`X[fgfi\cZ`e\% LeXd\dfiXYc\]fkf[\cjkXe[[\<jgXX\e :Xee\j\e(0-(`ejkXcXleXZfe\o`e\a\dgcXi1Le XeleZ`fgifdl\m\XM`i`[`XeX#[\Cl`j9ll\c#cX g\cZlcX[\c\jZ}e[Xcfhl\cc\^Xj\iXYfc`[Xef Z\ejliX[X#j`efj`dgc\d\ek\`e\o`jk\ek\gXiXcX [`ZkX[liX]iXehl`jkX alekfXfkifZXik\chl\gif$ dl\m\=l\^f\e:Xjk`ccX#[\MXc[\cFdXi%8cXj\$ ^le[Xc\kfZ\ejlk`\iiX\c[\j`ek\ijp\ccXi^f fcm`[f%AlekXj#]fidXiXegXik\[\lef[\cfjd}j ]fid`[XYc\j[fYc\jgif^iXdXjhl\gl[`\iXeg\e$ jXij\\e\cZ`e\#XcXm\q[\leZfdg\e[`f`ejlg\$ iXYc\jfYi\\cZXkfc`Z`jdf\e\c`dX^`eXi`f\jgXfc% MXc[\cFdXief\iXleÈXk\f#^iXZ`XjX;`fjÉZfdf \cXiX^fej%E`j`hl`\iX\iXZXkc`ZfgiXZk`ZXek\% <iXleXe[Xclq[\iX`^XdYi\dfiX#djk`ZfXd\$ [`fZXd`ef\eki\JXeAlXe[\cX:ilqpcfjjl]\j# \eklj`XjkXj\^l`[fi[\ca\jl`kXK\`c_Xi[[\:_Xi[`e% G\if\ejlZfem`m\eZ`XZfecXj\jZlckliXj[\cDlj\f [\8ik\I\c`^`fjfgl[f\ogi`d`iXc^f[\cZfiXqe jXe^iXek\[\cXi\c`^`fj`[X[_`jgXeX#[\c[iXdX`e$ _\i\ek\XcZXkfc`Z`jdf#hl\Xhlj\Zfem`\ik\\eleX \gfg\pX[\cokXj`jp[\ck\iifi#[\cX\c\mXZ`ep [\cXj\ejlXc`[X[%=`cdXe[f\jkXklXj%@ek\iif^Xe[f cfg\idXe\ek\d\[`Xek\\cZXdY`fg\ig\klf%;\cX Õl`[\q[\8^lX\jg\afXcfj\jgXjdfjZ`e\dXkf^i}$ ÔZfj[\=l\^f\e:Xjk`ccX_XpleX`em\ij`eZilZ`Xc% J`\ecXgi`d\iX#M;F\jgXZ`Xc`qXYX\cX^lX\ekf[fj jlj\jkX[fj#_XjkXcc\^XiXcX`dX^\e[\k\e`[Xhl\ cXZfem\ikX\eleX\jZlckliXjljg\e[`[X#\e=l\^f \e:Xjk`ccXk\dgfiXc`qXcXj\jkXklXjpcXjXe`dX#cXj _XZ\Zi\g`kXigfi\c]l\^f_XjkXhl\gXi\Z\e^i`kXi Xek\le\jg\ZkX[fiZXj`XclZ`eX[f%?XpXc^fk\iif$ iÔZf\e\jk\Ôcd#hl\cf_XZ\XiiX`^Xiek`dXd\ek\ \ecXj]XekXjdX^fiXjhl\gi\Z\[`\ifeXcZ`e\phl\ i\m\cXYXeXjlj\jg\ZkX[fi\jXjg\Zkfj[\cdle[f lckiXk\ii\ef%CfjgcXefjÔeXc\j[\cXfYiX#\eZf$ cfip[\jZi`Y`\e[fleXgXZ`Yc\gX`jXa\ZXdg\jki\# jfecXml\ckXfYc`^X[XXleXeXkliXc\qXXide`ZX# \cglekf[\ZfekXZkf\eki\\jXefZklieX\og\i`\e$ Z`Xcd`k\pcXm`[XXcXjXc`[X[\cZ`e\%G\ifÈ\ecX efZ_\[\ledle[fgXcgXYc\É#MXc[\cFdXij\_X g\id`k`[f\eleZ`Xijl]lj`edjk`ZXhl\\ecl^Xi [\i\e\^Xi[\cZl\igfj\XgfpX\ejlj\ejfi`Xc`[X[ d}j`ed\[`XkX1È<chl\XdX#Xi[\&P\chl\Xi[\ ml\cXXcXm\cfZ`[X[[\cXclq&gfihl\XdXi\j&j\i cfhl\j\XdXÉ ;f9Xiif$8ZXi`f>XcX`Zf%If[X[f\eki\(0-( p(0-.#;f9Xiif\iXcXj\Zl\cXc^`ZX[\cXjXek\$ i`fi\jpXcXm\q#\e\cgifp\ZkfmXc[\cfdXi`Xef#le m`Xa\_XZ`X\c`e`Z`f[\cdle[f#\c[\jk`eX[fglekf [\gXik`[XgXiXcXkiXp\Zkfi`X[\cKigk`Zf<c\d\e$ kXc[\<jgXX%Jl\mfclZ`eZl\ekXZfefkifm`iXa\ [\Z`j`mf%8cgi`eZ`g`f#j\^ecf\jk`glcX[fgfijl Xlkfi#`YXXj\ileXg\cZlcXjfYi\\cX`i\#if[X[X \e>Xc`Z`X%GfZfXgfZf#j\]l\kiXej]fidXe[f\e leÔcdjfYi\cXk`\iiX%CXk`\iiXpcfjifjkifj_l$ dXefjÇ\jkfjck`dfj#d}jXehl\\e8^lX\jg\$ af^iXeX[`efÇjfe\cjla\kf[\;fYXiif%Ifjkifj [\ZXie\p[\YXiif%CXj\jZlckliXj[\9XckXi#\c Xik\jXef#glekXecXg\cZlcX\ecXhl\kXdY`e CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 65 DOCUMENTA José Val del Omar en un momento del rodaje con parte de su equipo de “Acariño galaico”, en el año 1961. Quizás la parte más arcaica y primigenia del Tríptico de España. j\[\aXXidXiZ`\ikXc^`ZXj`klXZ`feXc#Zfed}j `ej`jk\eZ`Xhl\\ecfjÔcdjXek\i`fi\j%<c_fdYi\ jfYi\cXk`\iiX#\eZfekXZkf\jki\Z_fZfe\jXdXjX [\YXiif[\cXhl\\okiX\cX]fidXZfejljdXefj# \jleXgi\j\eZ`X[iXd}k`ZXd}j`ek\ejXhl\cX[\ \jXm`[XXcYfi[\[\cfd`e\iXchl\Õlp\\e\ok\ejfj kiXdfj[\cÔcd^iXeX[`ef%8cXd`iX[X[\e`fp ZXj`[\j\eZXieX[X#Xe^\c`ZXc#[\Xhl\c8^lX\jg\af c\Zfii\jgfe[\i}leX\ik`ZX`ek\ejXpXZXjfd}j gi`dXi`Xhl\Xhl\ccXhl\j\^lXgficXcleXpcXj X^lXj[Z`c\j[\cX8c_XdYiX%@YXXj\ileÔcd[\c X`i\#pk\id`eXj`\e[f[\k`\iiX% CX gXik`Z`gXZ`e j\ejf i`Xc [\c \jg\ZkX[fi ÇXkiXm\jXe[fcXjd\[`XZ`fe\jgifg`Xj[\cjfgfik\ m`[\f#\ce`Zf\e\cZlXc;f9XiifZfefZ\cX\o`j$ k\eZ`XÇj\_XZ\d}j`ek\ejXXcgifmfZXi#d\[`Xe$ k\c\ek\j\jg\Z`Xc\jpdfm`d`\ekfj[\Z}dXiXhl\ i\]l\iqXecXXeXdfi]fj`j#cX`dgi\j`e[\hl\cfj mfcd\e\jk`\e[\eXjXc`i[\cXgXekXccX%8cXm\q# cXj`d}^\e\j[\cÔcd\mfZXe\j\i\c`\m\hl\ccXdX# [\j[\\cfaf#XcXXgi\_\ej`ek}Zk`c%G`\[iXj#\jZlc$ kliXj#kXccXj#df[\cX[fjpp\j\iX#Zfdfj`\dgi\\e MXc[\cFdXig\ifXhld}jkf[XmX1lefafgi\ej`c# i\jgfe[`\e[fXcXj`e\jk\j`Xhl\jlXlkfi`ek\ekXYX gifYXi#Zfek\dgfi}e\Xd\ek\Xjlif[Xa\#\e[`j$ k`ekfj\eZl\ekifj`ek\ieXZ`feXc\jjfYi\k\Zefcf^X Xl[`fm`jlXc%?XjkX\cqffd#\j\`em\ekfhl\MXc[\c FdXig\iÔc\e(0)/phl\\ecX[ZX[X[\ci\^`j$ kif[\8ZXi`f>XcX`Zfj\_XYXZfem\ik`[f\ele m\i[X[\ifk`Z[\cc\e^lXa\Xl[`fm`jlXc#i\jgfe[\ \e\jk\ÔcdXcXc^`ZX`dgl\jkXgfijlZi\X[fi%<e cl^Xi[\]leZ`feXiZfdfleXc\ek\[\Xld\ekf#[\ XZ\iZXd`\ekf#[\\oXZ\iYXZ`e[\ci\Zfik\[\leX `dX^\e\e\cZlX[ifgXiXjl\jZl[i`Xd`\ekf#\c qffd\jcXeqX[fZfdflec}k`^f_XZ`XcfjfYa\kfj# Zfdfj`]l\iXXXj`icfj#XXgifg`}ij\cfj\e[\kXcc\# XkfZXicfj% :fdf\e=l\^f\e:Xjk`ccX#\jk\Ôcd\ogcfiX kXdY`e\cg\jf[\cX`dX^`e\iXi\c`^`fjX%8lehl\ Xhlefj\\ok`\e[X\e\cXe}c`j`j\o_Xljk`mf[\Xc^l$ eXjÔ^liXjgi`m`c\^`X[Xj#j`efhl\d}jY`\ei\m`jXjl gi\j\eZ`X\ecX`dX^`eXZ`egfglcXi#\ecfji`kfjfÔ$ Z`Xc\j[\leXgifZ\j`epd`jXj\eJXek`X^f%CXjZX$ k\[iXc\j#[\cD\[`f\mfXc9XiifZf#j\ZfekiXjkXeZfe cXifZXpcXm\^\kXZ`ehl\XcY\i^XeXcfj_ldXefj 66 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 \eZfekXZkfZfecXk`\iiX%8jlm\q#cfji`klXc\j#[\j[\ cX`^c\j`XXc\aiZ`kfZfejljZl\igfjle`]fidX[fj# j\Xm\Z`eXeZfefkiXjÔ^liXj_ldXeXj#df[\cX[Xj f\jZlcg`[Xj#hl\_XYcXe[\fkifjZ[`^fj%<ele i\^`jkifhl\kfdXÇd}jhl\\ejljXek\Z\jfiXjÇ df[Xc`[X[\j[\cXkfdX[fZld\ekXc#[fe[\\cX^lX jXc\ZXc`\ek\[\cXk`\iiX#[fe[\cfjj\i\j[\cYXiif ÇiXeXj#Xe^l`cXjÇj\Zfem`\ik\e\e_\idXefjd\$ efi\j[\cfj_fdYi\jhl\j\X]XeXe\ecfjYfjhl\j# \eki\cXe`\YcXfYXafcXclq[\cjfc#Zfe]le[`[fj\e \cYXiiffZfecXk`\iiXi\j\ZXjfYi\cXg`\c% 8ZXi`f>XcX`Zf\j\cmik`Z\d}jXiZX`Zf[\c Kigk`Zf[\<jgXX#XjZfdf8^lX\jg\afÇmX\ci\$ ÔeXd`\ekf[\cXZlckliX}iXY\Ç\j\cd}jZ`m`c`qX$ [f%8c^lefj\e`^d}k`ZfjgXjXa\j[\cÔcd#i\jg\kXe$ [fcX]XckX[\[\Z`j`e[\jlXlkfiXci\jg\Zkf#_Xe hl\[X[f[\jgifm`jkfj[\jfe`[f%Ef\jk}Xlj\ek\ \ec#j`e\dYXi^f#\c_fd\eXa\#Zfdfcf[\dl\jkiX cXg`\[iX]le\iXi`X[\IfjXcX[\:Xjkifhl\Xhl gf[iXj\ileXi\]\i\eZ`XkXeZilZ`XcZfdfcf]l\ CfiZX\ecfjÔcdjXek\i`fi\j Xlehl\\cÔeXc#[\ m`fc\eZ`X`elj`kX[XXgXik`i\oZclj`mXd\ek\[\jl YXe[XjfefiX#XYiXle\jgXZ`f`ejc`kf\ecXfYiX mXc[\cfdXi`XeX1mfZ\j[\leXi\Y\c`e#kXdYfi\jp [`jgXifj[\leXi\gi\j`eccXdXk`mXd\ek\Z\iZX$ efjXcfj[\Xc^leXj\og\i`\eZ`XjjfefiXj[\cck`df 9ll\c gXi\Z\e[XiZl\ekX[\cX[`d\ej`ekileZX [\legifp\Zkf#[\cXk\ej`e`e_\i\ek\XleXfYiX Zlpfc`i`jdfZjd`Zfef[\j\Z_XleZfjkX[f[\cX d}j_ldXeXXdXi^liXgficX`eZfdgi\ej`ep\c [\j\eZl\ekif%:fdfj`\e\jk\glekfi\jfeXj\[\ el\mfcX\oZcXdXZ`ehl\XYi\8^lX\jg\af^iXeX$ [`ef1ÈHlZ`\^XjjfecXjZi`XkliXjhl\j\XgfpXe \ecXk`\iiXÉ% gfi\cZldgc`d`\ekf[\leXe_\cf#hl\M;F_XYX \c\^`[fZfdfkklcfgXiXcXg\cZlcXhl\`YXXZ\iiXi jlZfc\ZZ`e[\\c\d\ekXc\j%<jkilZkliX[fXgXik`i [\leXd\k`ZlcfjX`em\jk`^XZ`epXe`dX[fgfile XdfigficXÔ^liX[\cZ`e\XjkX#hl\j\Zfdg\e\kiX \ejl[`jZlijf_XjkXg\id`k`ic\j\i\c\eleZ`X[fi [\jl_`jkfi`XXkiXmj[\ci\ZlijfÔZZ`feXc`qXek\[\ lem`\af^iXYX[fi[\Z`ekXXkiXmj[\cZlXcj\fp\e jljd\dfi`Xj#FaXc}MXc[\cFdXiXjld\lekfef d\[`kXk`mf#ZXj`[\Zfe]\j`e#hl\XiifaXel\mXclq jfYi\\c\e`^dX#XcXm\qhl\leeZc\f[\jk\g\i$ dXe\Z\\e\cd`jk\i`f% C\afj \jk} \c [fZld\ekXc [\ gi\k\e[\i leX m\ij`e[\Ôe`k`mX[\cXdlck`gc`Z`[X[`ii\[lZk`Yc\ hl\fjk\ekXMXc[\cFdXigXiXZlXchl`\iXhl\j\ c\XZ\ihl\#j`efhl\gifZliXXgfikXicX`e]fidX$ Z`ee\Z\jXi`X#Xc^leXj`[\XjgXiXjlZfdgi\ej`e k\ekXk`mX#Xlehl\[\aXe[fXY`\ikX\jXgl\ikXhl\ eleZX[\a[\XjfdXij\Xled`jk\i`f%<c`k`e\iXi`f hl\\c`^\FaXc}MXc[\cFdXi\j\c[\leX_`jkfi`X [\m`[X#^l`X[Xgfi\cd`jdfM;F%Lef[\cfjdX$ pfi\jXZ`\ikfj[\ckiXYXaf[\c<hl`gf:`m`ZZfej`jk\ \eef\jkXYc\Z\i]ifek\iXj\eki\XZfek\Z`d`\ekfj m`kXc\j\`em\eZ`fe\jkZe`ZXj%CXfYiX[\MXc[\c FdXii\jlckXXjleXXdXc^XdX[\`em\eZ`fe\jk\Z$ efc^`ZXj#\og\i`d\ekXZ`fe\j]fidXc\jpYjhl\$ [Xgfk`ZX%Hl`\iXhl\cX\dgi\jX[\i\jZXk\\d$ gi\e[`[X[liXek\cXck`dX[ZX[Xcc\^l\#\egfZf k`\dgfd}j#Xcf^iXigXiXMXc[\cFdXipjlfYiX \ci\ZfefZ`d`\ekfcXi^Xd\ek\gfjk\i^X[f#gXiX hl\ÔeXcd\ek\gl\[XZldgc`ij\Xhl\ccXXe_\cX[X i\m\cXZ`ehl\#gcXefXgcXef#efZ\jX[\gifd\k\i jlgfk`ZX%FaXc}%x 8ge[`Z\#\e]fidX[\[fZld\ekXc1FaXc}#MXc [\cFdXi%Le\c\d\ekf[\jkXZX[f[\ekif[\cX\d$ gi\jX[\i\jZXk\[\cXfYiXpÔ^liX[\MXc[\cFdXi \j#[\j[\(00+ZlXe[fj\\jki\e\eM\e\Z`X #le cXi^fd\kiXa\[fZld\ekXc[`i`^`[fgfi:i`jk`eX<j$ k\YXepgif[lZ`[fgfi\c<hl`gf:`m`Z%Jlkklcf# FaXc}MXc[\cFdXi#i\kfdX\ejlgi`d\iXgXik\ cX[\efd`eXZ`e[\cck`dfgifp\Zkf`eZfeZcljf [\c^iXeX[`ef#Zfe\jXmfq}iXY\hl\_XgXjX[fX el\jkiXc\e^lXZfdf\ogi\j`e[\[\j\fj#[\mfkf <[lXi[f8%Iljjf\j[`i\Zkfi[\c;fZkfiX[f \e8ik\:fek\dgfi}e\fCXk`efXd\i`ZXef[\cX Le`m\ij`[X[[\CXGcXkX8i^\ek`eX %<jk\k\okf# i\m`jX[fgfi\cXlkfi#]l\\jZi`kf\eale`f[\ )'''%CX\ogfj`Z`e;\jYfi[Xd`\ekf[\MXc[\c FdXigl\[\m\ij\\e\c:\ekifAfj>l\ii\if# [\>iXeX[X#_XjkX\c+[\alc`fp#[\j[\\c(+[\ j\k`\dYi\_XjkX\c)/[\]\Yi\if[\)'((#\e\c Dlj\fEXZ`feXcI\`eXJf]X% VAL DEL OMAR Clqk}Zk`c%Dj`ZXZXccX[X Gfi<l^\e`9fe\k J fplegif]\j`feXc[\eX[XÉÆ\jZi`Y`Afj MXc[\cFdXiZfe]\Z_X0[\[`Z`\dYi\[\ (0/'ÆÈlegfYi\Y`Z_f_ldXefjfXek\ [\;`fj#hl\\dgc\XgXiXjlkXi\X[\Zf$ dle`ZXZ`e\cZfekX^`f[\jlgifg`XgXj`eZ`\^X [\jfi[\eX[XZXk`ZX%ÉC\jfYiXYXecXji\^cXj[\ gleklXZ`e#ZfdfkXekXjfkiXj%P\efkiXfZXj`e# \e(0,)j\^eleXXefkXZ`eXX[`[X1ÈD\ccXdXe `em\ekfipcXm\i[X[\jhl\ef`em\ekfeX[X%ÉCX d\cXeZfcX[\j\eZXekX[Xhl\j\Zfc`^\[\\jkXj gXcXYiXj\jj`e\dYXi^f\e^XfjX%LefZi\\ficX mfq[\le_fdYi\Zfe]ljfpg\igc\af#X_f^}e[fj\ \eleXefZ_\fjZliX#g\if\edlZ_Xj]fkf^iX]Xj j\c\m\j\i\efp]\c`q% PXjpfc\i\Zl\i[f[\leYi\m\p\jk`dlcXe$ k\\eZl\ekif%K\eXZXi}Zk\i#\jfj\X[`m`eX#p\iX ki\d\e[Xd\ek\fYjk`eX[f%?XYX[\j\icfZfecX kXi\Xhl`di`ZXhl\j\_XYX`dgl\jkf%LeXÈkX$ i\X[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eÉ\ejljgifg`XjgXcXYiXj%P[\ ZfedfZ`e#hl\gXiXc\iXZfjXgXi\aX%;\jYfi[Xe$ k\[\`[\Xj\`cld`eXZ`fe\j#c\XkiXaf\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\ cXel\mXc\e^lX[\cX`dX^\ep\cjfe`[f%Efjcf \cZ`e\fcXiX[`f#\ecXhl\kXdY`ej\`ed`jZl$ p j`efkXdY`ekf[fjcfjd\[`fjhl\j`^l`\ifep hl\i\ZcXdXifejlXk\eZ`e1\cm[\f# \cc}j\ipcfjhl\ccXdd\[`fjd`o$ kfj%8cZXYfÆg\ifkXdY`e[\Yl\e gi`eZ`g`f1\jf\jcf\okiXfi[`eXi`fÆ# \c\jg\Zk}Zlcfhl\cg\ij\^lXefj\ ZfeÔeXiX\eleXgXekXccXj`efhl\ gi\k\e[XXg\cXiXkf[fjcfjj\ek`$ [fj%@eZcl`[f\cj\okf#hl\\jZfdfcX ZlXikX[`d\ej`efcXjgk`dXZXiX [\c[X[f% =l\le]lkli`jkX%J`ejXY\icf#j`$ ^l`\cildYfj\XcX[f\e\cDXe`$ Ô\jkf[\cXZ`e\dXkf^iX]X]lkli`jkX (0(- [\ leX ZfeZ\gZ`e [\c Z`e\ Zfdfj`e]feXgfc`\ogi\j`mX%=l\le ]lkli`jkX_`jg}e`ZfpgfiZl\ekXgif$ g`X#cfhl\efc\Xl^liXYXfkifgfi$ m\e`ihl\\chl\klmf1jfYi\m`m`i[\ d`cX^if#Zfdfc[\ZX2j\ik\e`[fgfi le`ej\ejXkfpjcfd\i\Z\i\cd}o`$ dfi\jg\kf[\jglj[\dl\ikf%8e ef_XYXZldgc`[fm\`ek\XfjZlXe[f\dgi\e[` jlgi`d\ie\^fZ`fZfecXm\ekX[\Xlkfdm`c\j[\ `dgfikXZ`e#Xlehl\\ej\^l`[X[\jZlYi`\cZ`e\p j\mfcZ\e\cfafd\Z}e`Zf%:fdgileXZ}dXiX[\ j\^le[XdXefp#ÔeXeZ`}e[fj\Zfei\Zlijfjgif$ g`fj[\jlXYfc\e^f#if[jlgi`d\iXg\cZlcX\e (0),%G\if#leXm\qk\id`eX[X#cXZfej`[\ile]fi$ d`[XYc\]iXZXjfpcX[\jkilpg`jfk\}e[fcX#Zfdf \eleqXgXk\X[f`ZfefZcXjkXpgli`ÔZX[fi%J\^e i\cXk\e[`m\ijfj\jZi`kfjXlkfY`f^i}ÔZfj#j\^l`$ [Xd\ek\j\i\k`iXcXj8cglaXiiXj[liXek\mXi`fj d\j\jpXccjffkiXg\cZlcX\ek\iXd\ek\[`jk`e$ kX#Xgifgj`kf[\cj\ek`[fdjk`Zf[\cX\e\i^X% :fdf]l\le]lkli`jkXgfiZl\ekXgifg`X#j`e X[_\j`fe\jdXe`Ô\jkXj#efXgXi\Z\X[jZi`kfXcfj dfm`d`\ekfj[\mXe^lXi[`X[\cXgfZX#pX]l\iXe [\`eÕl\eZ`X\lifg\Xf[\XjZ\e[\eZ`XXlkZkfeX# hl\\e<jgXXklm`\ifeledXpfig\jf\ecXc`k\iX$ kliX%D`\ekiXjhl\cfhl\Xcc\k\ekXYX\iXcfm`j`$ Yc\#cfgXcgXYc\p#Xjlm\q#cf`eXj`Yc\%JlefdYi\#\e ZXdY`f#jXgXi\Z\XjfZ`X[fZfecfjZiZlcfj[\leX \d\i^\ek\ZlckliXZ`e\dXkf^i}ÔZX#XkiXmj[\c :`e\ZclY<jgXfcf\c[\c><:@>ilgf[\<jZi`$ kfi\j:`e\dXkf^i}ÔZfj@e[\g\e[`\ek\j #XjZfdf [\cfj}dY`kfj[\cZ`e\XdXk\lip\cZ`e\\[lZXk`$ mf%Efg\ik\e\Z`Xfkifj^ilgfjfZfc\Zk`mfjhl\ cXjD`j`fe\jG\[X^^`ZXj#`ejg`iX[XjgfiDXel\c 9Xikfcfd:fjjf#fcX8jfZ`XZ`e:i\p\ek\j[\c :`e\dX#hl\Xc\ekcd`jdfp\ecXhl\`emfclZi Xfkifjd`j`fe\ifj[\cXZlckliXp\mXe^\c`jkXj[\c Z`e\%KiXdg\XijlZfdgifd`jfi\glYc`ZXefgXiX Zfe^iXZ`Xij\Zfe\cYXe[f[\cfjm\eZ\[fi\j[\Y` j\i[\jXqfeX[fi#gfidlZ_fhl\j\\jZl[XiX\ejl `efZ\eZ`Xgfck`ZX% KiXjcX^l\iiX#MXc[\cFdXij\[\j\emfcm` ZfdfkZe`ZfXek\jhl\Zfdf\cÈ\okiXfi[`eXi`f Xik`jkX[\cXZ}dXiXÉXchl\j\_XYXi\]\i`[fCl`j :\iel[X#pjlj\ogcfiXZ`fe\jj\Z\ekiXife\e\c ZXdgf[\cjfe`[f[liXek\lefjhl`eZ\Xfj%;fj dfk`mfjgXiX\ccfgl[`\ifej\i1cXZfem`ZZ`e[\ hl\cXZ`e\dXkf^iX]X_XYiX[\gif^i\jXigfi\c ÕXeZfjfefifp\c_\Z_f[\hl\jl\jgfjXDXiX Cl`jXJXekfj#hl\_XYXj`[fcfZlkfiX [\iX[`f#\jkXYXg\i[`\e[fcXm`jkXX ZXljX[\leXX]\ZZ`e[`XYk`ZX%8j d`jdf#Xek\j[\i\^i\jXiXcXgi}Zk`$ ZXZ`e\dXkf^i}ÔZX#_XZ`X(0,(Zfe$ Z`Y`\cÈXlkfjXZiXd\ekXc`em`j`Yc\É <cd\ejXa\[\>iXeX[X#leXfYiX[\ Zi\XZ`ejfefiXZfeÈXZjk`ZX\j]i`$ ZXj`\k\ZXeXc\j[`X]e`Zfj pi[\$ e\j[\cld`efk\Ze`X#fcfipccXdXjÉ# hl\gifYXYc\d\ek\jcfcc\^Xi\Xc`$ qXi[\dXe\iXgXiZ`Xc%CXjfYiXjhl\ [\el\mfc\i\m\cXifeZfdfle^iXe Xik`jkXpgf\kX[\cZ`e\#cXjZfeZ`Y` \egi`d\icl^XiZfdfdXe`]\jkXZ`f$ e\j[\dfjkiXk`mXj[\jljkZe`ZXj1\c jfe`[f[`X]e`Zf\e8^lX\jg\af^iX$ eX[`ef(0,*$,, #Xchl\j\jldXiXe cXm`j`ek}Zk`cp\c[\jYfi[Xd`\ekf [\ cX gXekXccX \e =l\^f \e :Xjk`ccX (0,/$-' % 8c]XckXic\[`Z_fXj`[\ifÆ\cgi\k\okf[\leX kZe`ZXel\mXÆ#j\XkXjZX[\d}j\ecX`dgfj`Y`$ c`[X[[\\ogi\jXiXhl\ccfhl\gi\k\e[X#Zfdfc\ jlZ\[`Zfe8ZXi`f^XcX`Zf;\YXiif #hl\if[ X Zfek`elXZ`e# j`e cc\^Xi X g\i]`cXi jl dfekX$ a\_XjkXlefjm\`ek\Xfj[\jglj%<ekfeZ\j#pX Zfelegi\j\ek`d`\ekfk\jkXd\ekXi`f#gi\k\e[X Zlcd`eXijlfYiX\ecXle`[X[XcXm\qZ\ekig\kX pZ\eki]l^X[\cKigk`Zf<c\d\ekXc[\<jgXX%8c hl\j\XX[`iXlemik`Z\fX^la\ife\^ifZfdf Zfdg\e[`fp[\jm\cXd`\ekf[\cXj`em\jk`^XZ`f$ e\jp\og\i`\eZ`Xjhl\c\dXeklm`\ifefZlgX[f kiXjcfjZfek`elfj]iXZXjfj[\jljXgfik\jkZe`Zfj \edXk\i`X[\]fidXkfjpfkiXjd\afiXj[\c`ejkil$ d\ekXcXl[`fm`jlXc%<g`jf[`fjhl\c\cc\mXifeX `eZfigfiXileX[`m\ij`[X[[\d\[`fj#]fidXkfjp jfgfik\jÆ[\j[\cfjd}j_ld`c[\jXcfjd}jXmXe$ qX[fj\ekfeZ\j1[\cjlg\i$/Xcc}j\i#gfii\jld`i$ 8c\ekcX 8jfZ`XZ`e :i\p\ek\j[\c :`e\dX\ecX hl\`emfclZi Xfkifj d`j`fe\ifj [\cXZlckliX p\mXe^\c`jkXj [\cZ`e\ cf\e[fjÆ\eleXgi}Zk`ZXhl\gf[iXk`c[Xij\[\ gfjZ`e\dXkf^i}ÔZXpXcXhl\MXc[\cFdXij\i\$ Ôi`d\[`Xek\cXi\kX_cX[\leXG`ZkfClde`ZX 8l[`fK}Zk`c#pjlj`^cXGC8K#hl\XleXjj\hl\[X ZfikXi\jg\ZkfXcml\cf[\jl`dX^`eXZ`e% I\^i\j\dfjX_fiXXcXeX[XpXcXYXk`d`\ekf XgXi\ek\[\cXj]iXj\jZ`kX[XjXcgi`eZ`g`f%<ecXj efkXj[\jljck`dfjXfj#MXc[\cFdXij\i\Ô\i\ Xd\el[fXcX`[\X[\cglekfmXZf#pXcZXeqXi\jkX fhl\[X[j\Zfem`\ik\\e\ci\kf[\leXgc\e`kl[ g\ij\^l`[X%CXeX[Xef\jgl\jlegi`eZ`g`fe\^X$ k`mfe`lejXc[f\jki`c#j`ef\c\emj[\cKf[f%<j \cZ\if#hl\gi\Z\[\Xclefp\ogi\jXcXXYjkiXZZ`e [\ccl^XimXZf%<j\cj`c\eZ`f#cXdj`ZXZXccX[Xp\c ]le[Xd\ekf[\cX\jZlZ_Xi\[lZ`[X\eXZljd}k`$ ZX%JfYi\\ccfpjljhl\i\eZ`Xjd\kXdjk`ZXjXefk cfj`^l`\ek\1È<cdle[f[\cdjk`Zf\j\cmXZf&cX kiXejgXi\eZ`X&\ckf[fpeX[X&leXjfcX`[\X&½j`e g`\je`jl\cf¾%É F Zlii\hl\cXgfk\eZ`X[\cXjgfZXjfYiXj hl\MXc[\cFdXi[\ak\id`eX[Xjgif$ [lZ\ej\[[\d}jXhl`\e\jcXj[\jZl$ Yi\e%G\if#XÔe[\Zl\ekXj#\c`^`[\Z`i gfZfpcfji\j`[lfj[\jljgifp\ZkfjXYXe[feX[fj f`eZfeZcljfjefefjjXZ`Xe#Xlehl\jefjgifgfi$ Z`feXeleXm`j`ed}jZfdgc\kX[\cfhl\_`qff [\a[\_XZ\i%@eZcljfcXdXpfiX[\cfjXgXiXkfjf gifkfk`gfjhl\\e^\e[i_Xe[\jXgXi\Z`[f%Pcfj \jZXjfj[\jZXik\jhl\j\_Xe\eZfekiX[f[\cfjÔc$ d\jhl\cc\^Xk\id`eXi#cc\mXeXg\ejXihl\#]il^Xc Zfdf\iX\edlZ_XjZfjXj#Xgifm\Z_XYXXcd}o`df \cdXk\i`Xcif[X[f% ¶:df\ogfe\i\ekfeZ\jcXfYiXXjXq`ekXe$ ^`Yc\[\MXc[\cFdXi6¶P[\hldXe\iX#ZlXe$ [fjljg\cZlcXjj\_XccXe\e\cklYf[\cXXYle$ [XeZ`XfZ`iZlcXegficXji\[\j[\`ek\iZXdY`fp YXafdXef6:feZ\YleX\ogfj`Z`egc\ki`ZX[\ gXekXccXj#gifp\ZZ`fe\j#[`jgfj`k`mfj[\\jZlZ_X# d}hl`eXj[\m`j`e#glcjXZ`fe\jclde`ZXj#i\Yf$ jXd`\ekfj¿Phl\gifZliXiXleX`ed\ij`eXl$ [`fm`jlXc#dlck`j\ejfi`Xc`eZcljf#cc\mXe[fXZXYf dlZ_Xj[\cXj`ekl`Z`fe\jhl\cd`jdfefcf^i gfe\i\egi}Zk`ZX% Cl\^f#cfj`dgfe[\iXYc\j_Xegf[X[fXc^l$ efj\oki\dfj[\cgifp\Zkf`e`Z`XcpXj_Xe]i\$ eX[fcXk\ekXZ`e[\jfYi\[`d\ej`feXiXhl\ccf hl\c_XYiXi\jl\ckfZfecfjd\[`fjhl\klm`\j\ XdXefpZfejl[\jki\qXgXiXjXZXic\j\cd}o`df gXik`[f%<eZlXchl`\iZXjf#Zfe]fhl\cX\ogfj`$ Z`e;\jYfi[Xd`\ekf[\MXc[\cFdXiZfeki`YlpX XcXi\_XY`c`kXZ`e[\leXik`jkXlekXekfj\Zi\kf kf[XmX%8[\d}j[\jXZXiXcXclqXc^lefjXjg\Zkfj `e[`kfjfgfZfZfefZ`[fj\eZlXekfXcXXZk`m`[X[ \ejfi[`eX[\hl`\e\jZi`Y`1È<eXc^leXgXik\_Xp legXiXjfÉ%x <l^\e`9fe\k\jZfd`jXi`f[\cX\ogfj`Z`e;\j$ Yfi[Xd`\ekf[\MXc[\cFdXipXlkfi[\cÔcdK`iX kli\cfaXcX^lXMXi`XZ`fe\jjfYi\leXZ`e\^iX]X `ekl`[X[\AfjMXc[\cFdXi % CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 67 PORTFOLIO Horacio Zabala J\i`\[\cXj_`gk\j`j%8ek\gifp\Zkfj È<ckid`efXek\gifp\Zkf\j[\ljf]i\Zl\ek\\ecXXihl`k\ZkliX p\c[`j\f#g\ifef\e\cXik\%J`e\dYXi^f#cfgi\Ô\ifX Zifhl`jfYfZ\kfgl\jjkfj\jk}e[\dXj`X[fgio`dfjXc ^\jkfpcX`dgifm`jXZ`e%<eZXdY`f#leXek\gifp\Zkf\jcX gi\d\[`kXZ`e[\legifYc\dX#cXZfe[\ejXZ`e[\le\ejXpf# \ci\jlckX[f[\leXjfjg\Z_X%J`\dgi\_`Z\Xek\gifp\Zkfj[\ fYiXj#Xc^lefjhl\[XifeZfdfkXc\jpfkifjj\ZfeZi\kXife% CXJ\i`\[\cXj_`gk\j`j#\jleX`em\jk`^XZ`e\eZlijfjfYi\ cXji\cXZ`fe\j\eki\dfefZifdfjg`ekliXj`e`dX^\ee` Zfdgfj`Z`e pj`^efj^iXdXk`ZXc\jfdXk\d}k`Zfj %8lehl\ kXekflefjZfdffkifjjfegi\j\eZ`Xjm`j`Yc\j#d``ek\ijef jcfj\fi`\ekX_XZ`Xcfhl\j\m\#j`efkXdY`e_XZ`Xcfhl\j\ g`\ejX[\cfhl\j\m\É% È<ekid`efj^\e\iXc\j#d\`ek\i\jXed}jcXji\cXZ`fe\j \eki\cXjZfjXjhl\cXjZfjXj\ejd`jdXj%D`jXek\gifp\Zkfj jli^\e[\cXk\ekXZ`e[\j\XcXi#XZk`mXifi\jfcm\iXc^fX 68 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 gifgj`kf[\cXjZfii\jgfe[\eZ`Xj#\ecXZ\jpXeXcf^Xj\eki\ dfefZifdfjpj`^efj%G\ifgfZf\jcfhl\j\Xcf#XZk`mff i\jl\cmf%D}jY`\ei\`k\ifcXjgi\d\[`kXZ`fe\jpjfjg\Z_Xj hl\d\`ehl`\kXYXeXcgi`eZ`g`f%LeXpfkiXm\q%<ed` gi}Zk`ZXXikjk`ZXj`\dgi\`ek\ekf\ejXpXicfhl\k\e^fhl\ [\Z`i#_XZ\ipdfjkiXi#Xek\j[\jXY\icfhl\k\e^fhl\[\Z`i# _XZ\ipdfjkXiÉ%x _%q% ?fiXZ`fQXYXcX9l\efj8`i\j#(0+* \jleXik`jkX pXihl`k\ZkfXi^\ek`ef%I\j`[`\e<lifgX\eki\cfjXfj(0.- p(00/#\ehl\i\^i\jX9l\efj8`i\j%Jlgi`d\iX\ogfj`Z`e `e[`m`[lXccXi\Xc`q\e(0-.%<e(00/#glYc`Z\cc`YifÈ<cXik\f \cdle[fgfij\^le[Xm\qÉLe`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc[\IfjXi`f# 8i^\ek`eX % PORTFOLIO Página anterior: “Anteproyecto para un monocromo y un signo de puntuación”, 2009. Lápiz y acrílico sobre papel. 23, 5 x 33, 6 cm. En esta página: “Anteproyecto para tres monocromos, dos paréntesis y una coma”, 2009. Lápiz y acrílico sobre papel. 23, 5 x 33, 6 cm. CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 69 PORTFOLIO “Anteproyecto para dos monocromos y un signo de producto”, 2009. Lápiz y acrílico sobre papel, 23,5 x 33, 6 cm. 70 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 HORACIO ZABALA “Anteproyecto para cuatro monocromos y una ecuación”, 2009. Lápiz y acrílico sobre papel. 23,5 x 33,6 cm. CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 71 PORTFOLIO “Anteproyecto para tres monocromos y dos signos de división”, 2009. Lápiz y acrílico sobre papel, 23,5 x 33,6 cm. 72 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 HORACIO ZABALA “Anteproyecto para dos monocromos y un signo de equivalencia”, 2009. Lápiz y acrílico sobre papel, 23,5 x 33,6 cm. CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 73 PORTFOLIO Efrén Álvarez CXjd\dfi`Xj[\cdfef ÈCc\mfXc^ek`\dgf[\[`ZX[fX[\jXiifccXidkf[fjm`jlXc\jÉ# \jZi`Y\<]ieÝcmXi\q9XiZ\cfeX#(0/' #Èfi`\ekX[fjXcX i\gi\j\ekXZ`e[\]\ed\efjjfZ`fgfck`ZfjZfdgc\afj% ?X^f\jkfZfecXZfem`ZZ`e[\hl\gf[\dfjZfdgi\e[\i j`^e`ÔZXk`mXd\ek\d\afiel\jkiXj`klXZ`egfck`ZXp[\hl\ \j\ZfefZ`d`\ekfgl\[\j\ikXeZfej\ejlXYc\pkXegfZf \oZclj`mfZfdfgl\[Xej\icf\cZfefZ`d`\ekf^\f^i}ÔZffcXj kZe`ZXj[\\jZi`kliX%Gl\[fdfjkiXifjXc^lefjk\jk`dfe`fj[\ d`jgi\fZlgXZ`fe\j\ekfiefXc[iXdX[\cXfi^Xe`qXZ`e% (%CXi\[X]\Zk`mX\jgfek}e\Xhl\j\Zfejkilp\[\cXj d\dfi`XjX^iX[XYc\jfX^i\j`mXj\jcXdXki`qY}j`ZXjfYi\cX hl\j\k\a\e\ci\jkf[\\jkilZkliXjjfZ`Xc\j% )%CX\dgi\jX#ZfejljkXe]Xd`c`Xi\jYiXqfjj\XYi\[\j[\ \c\lde`Zfdle[fhl\cfjgifm\\[fi\jpcfjZc`\ek\j_Xe Zfejkil`[fgXiXjd`jdfj_XjkXcXjdXjXj[\kiXYXaX[fi\j% <[`ÔZXZfe\jkfleXdliXccX\e\i^k`ZX`e]Xc`Yc\hl\c\j j\gXiXi}[\cXdXjX[\fYi\ifj% *%<c\jkX[fgfc`}ihl`Zf#hl\j\\c\mXjfYi\cXjdXjXj gXik`\e[f[\cXgfck`ZXdle`Z`gXcpZfem`ik`e[fj\\ele Y\c`Zfjfal\^f[\j\c\ZZ`e[\ZlX[ifjÉ%x \%X% “Las memorias del mono” representan una geografía irónica e irreverente de las llamadas “redes afectivas espontáneas” sobre las que se teje el entramado de la estructura social. 74 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 EFRÉN ÁLVAREZ La representación del Estado Poliárquico con algunos personajes de sobra conocidos. En la parte superior, el “árbol de los negocios” regido por el principio “cada uno en su sitio, voluntariamente”. CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 75 DEBATE Gi`eZ`g`fgXiXdlZ_fjpÔegXiXfkifj[\cXik\\og\i`d\ekXc\jgXfc#GXdgcfeX .)]l\leX\oZ\gZ`eZlckliXc\e\cgX`jXa\[\ckXi[f]iXehl`jdf%8c^lefjk\jk`^fj[\\oZ\gZ`e [\YXk\ejfYi\\cc\^X[f[\leX\Zcfj`e_XjkXcX]\Z_Xj`c\eZ`X[XfZfe[\eX[XXcXXeZ[fkX% GXdgcfeX.) CX`emXj`e[\cfjkfdXk\jXj\j`efj Gfi=iXeZ\jZKfii\j E fjj`cXg\cZlcXhl\[XkklcfX\jk\k\o$ kf#K_\@emXj`ef]k_\B`cc\iKfdXkf\j \e`e^cj#j\cc\^Xm\i\e<jgXX\e Xc^edfd\ekf%J`cXi\jgl\jkX\jef# \jleXc}jk`dX#gfihl\ZfefZ`e[fcXd\Xpl[XiX X\ogc`ZXigfiXeXcf^Xcfhl\i\gi\j\ekXife#\e d`fg`e`e#cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX[\(0.)% ;\jZ\e[`\ifejfYi\cXZ`l[X[ZfdfXc^fgfk\eZ`Xc$ d\ek\g\c`^ifjfgifm\e`\ek\[\cXfjZli`[X[[\c\j$ gXZ`f\ok\i`fi[\aXe[fleXjYliYlaXjYcXe[Xj\e\c cl^Xi[\c`dgXZkfhl\[liXifegfZf%J\]l\ife[\cX d`jdXdXe\iXhl\cc\^XifepleXj\dXeX[\jglj ZfiiXecfjdficXZfjgficXZXcc\[\cX<jkX]\kX#gXiX hl\cfjgXik`Z`gXek\j]fi}e\fj\ecfj <eZl\ekifj#hl\efkfdXifecXgi`$ d\iXeXm\\jgXZ`Xc[\ml\ckXXZXjX# gl[`\iXe\og\i`d\ekXileXdl\jkiX [\cX<jgXX<k\ieXhl\kXdY`e\j ZlckliX#]XckXiXd}j%<eleXgi`d\iX c\ZkliX#cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX ]l\ifeXc^fkXe[\jZfek\oklXc`qX[f \ecXi\ZkXÔeXc[\ckXi[f]iXehl`jdf ZfdfgXiXZXc`ÔZXicf[\[\c`i`f\e\j$ kX[fhld`ZXd\ek\glif%CfgXjXYX [\ifjZX_XjkXe`m\c\jjlii\Xc`jkXj\c _\Z_f[\\jkXiÔeXeZ`X[fjgficX]X$ d`c`X?lXik\fjl\dgi\jXZfejkilZ$ kfiX#efi\Zl\i[f#leYXclXik\\Zfe$ d`Zf\`e[ljki`Xc#\eZlXchl`\iZXjf# ZlpXgi\\d`e\eZ`Xef\iXXa\eXXjlj Yl\eXji\cXZ`fe\jZfe\cI^`d\e% CX`e`Z`Xk`mX[\8c\oXeZfpCl`j [\GXYcfjXckXe[fZfegik`^Xgfi\e$ Z`dX[\cXjZfekiX[`ZZ`fe\jhl\cX`[\XZfdgfikX$ YX#k\eXcXm`ikl[[\XYi`ij`dYc`ZXd\ek\cXdXq$ dfiiX\ehl\j\\eZfekiXYXe\cXik\pcXZlckliX \e<jgXXZfecXY\e\mfc\ek\ZfcXYfiXZ`e[\cfj ZXiZ\c\ifj#\ele\ejXpfXg\hl\X\jZXcX[\cfhl\ j\iXcXKiXej`Z`egfck`ZXgfZfjXfj[\jglj%CXj ZfjXjef\dg`\qXeZlXe[fcXeXiiXk`mX_`jki`ZX fÔZ`Xchl`\i\#j`efZlXe[fi\Xcd\ek\gXjXe%;\ dXe\iXgXi\Z`[XXhl\cXKiXej`Z`eef\dg`\qX ZfecXdl\ik\[\=iXeZfj`efZfe\cXj\j`eXkf[\ :Xii\if9cXeZfki\jXfjXek\j#\e\ck\ii\ef[\c Xik\cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX[\(0.)dXi$ ZXelei\mlcj`mfhl\ef\j#j`e\dYXi^f#e`ÔeXc e`gi`eZ`g`flkg`Zf%<cÔeXc[\cXlkfgX\jgXfcX# [\j^iXZ`X[Xd\ek\#j\_XYXgif[lZ`[f\c(/[\alc`f [\(0*-p\jkXYXgfim\ij\cfhl\\c]lklifefj`YX XkiX\i2X_fiX\c]lklifpX_Xk\e`[fcl^XipZfej$ kXkXdfjhl\[\lkfgXefk`\e\#gfiefk\e\i#e`cX jlgl\jkXZXgXZ`[X[Xlkf$i\^lcX[fiX[\cd\iZX[f ZXg`kXc`jkX#\eZlpfi\^Xqf\cXik\i\gi\j\ekXXc\$ ^i\d\ek\jlgXg\c[\glkem\iY\e\if% ;\cfhl\j\kiXkXYX\eGXdgcfeX#Zi\fpf#\iX [\_XZ\icc\^XiX<jgXXcXmXe^lXi[`X[\cX[ZX$ [XXek\i`fiÆXZfdgXX[X[\\ofk`jdfjXc^f]l\iX [\cl^Xi#Zfdf\c^ilgf[\[XeqXBXkXbXc`[\B\$ iXcX#gfi\a\dgcfÆp[Xim`j`Y`c`[X[kXdY`eXle Xik\afm\ep&f\og\i`d\ekXc\jgXfc XgXi\ek\d\ek\\o\ekf[\ZlXchl`\i Zfek\e`[fgfck`Zff`[\fc^`Zf#ZfecX efkXYc\\oZ\gZ`e[\c<hl`gf:ie`ZX Æ\ei\kifjg\Zk`mX#hl`q}\cgifp\Zkf \eXik\jm`jlXc\jd}jd\dfiXYc\[\ cfj<eZl\ekifj#Zfejl`emXj`e[\cX Z`l[X[gfilefjZ`\ekfj[\dX[\ifj [\cX9i`^X[XGfck`Zf$JfZ`Xc[\ZXike g`\[iXXkXdXfeXkliXc#j\ekX[fjgfi kf[XjgXik\jXhld`i\Zl\i[f\df$ Z`feX[fXDXefcfDXike#dX\jkif ]Xcc\ifdl\ikf_XZ\lefjgfZfjXfj hl\]l\hl`\e]XYi`ZcXm\ij`egfg [\cZXie`Z\if]iXehl`jkX Æ%P[`^fXik\ XgXi\ek\d\ek\\o\ekf[\`[\fcf^X gfihl\ Xc^lefj# \eki\ cfj hl\ d\ ZfekXYX#g\ej}YXdfj\ekfeZ\jhl\cX glek`ccX[\cXi\gi\j`e]iXehl`jkX\e cXjXik\jm`jlXc\j\iX#X[\d}j[\\jkXi lefaf[`[f#m\ij\fYc`^X[fXk\e\ihl\j\igfck`ZX$ d\ek\\ogcZ`kfgXiX[\aXiZcXifhl\j\\jkXYX[\ m\i[X[\eZfekiX[\cI^`d\e#pcXe`ZXdXe\iX `e\hlmfZX[\_XZ\icf\iXd\[`Xek\\jkiXk\^`Xj Ô^liXk`mXji\XZZ`feXi`Xj#i\ki^iX[XjpjfYi\kf[f dfikXcd\ek\XYlii`[Xj#ZfecX\oZ\gZ`epXZ`kX[X [\c<hl`gf:ie`ZXpkXdY`e[\c<hl`gfI\Xc`[X[# jkfjck`dfjefgi\j\ek\j\eGXdgcfeXpmZk`dXj [\lefcm`[f\jZXe[XcfjfdXek\e`[f[liXek\[ZX$ [Xj_XjkX_fpd`jdf% GXiXd\cgXiX[`^dXXj\^l`i\eXhl\cdf$ d\ekf\iX\cXik\iljf[\cg\if[fi\mfclZ`feXi`f (0(.$(0)+ #Zlpfgi`d\ii\hl`j`kf\iXhl\cf]l\j\ CX`e`Z`Xk`mX [\8c\oXeZfp Cl`j[\GXYcf k\eXcXm`i$ kl[[\XYi`i cXdXqdfiiX \ecXhl\j\ \eZfekiXYX\c Xik\\e <jgXX 76 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 \e\ck\ii\efhl\c\Zfii\jgfe[X1\c[\cfjc\e^lX$ a\j\jkk`Zfj%:lXe[fC\e`e#Xc^fi\hl\dX[fgfi cfjXik`jkXj[\cXmXe^lXi[`XiljXhl\ef\ek\e[X# c\gi\^lekXYXXCleXZ_Xijbp#jlgi`d\iZfd`jX$ i`fgfck`ZfgXiXcXZlckliX1ȶg\if\jkfjjfe[\cfj el\jkifj6É# CleXZ_Xijbp# gXiX gifk\^\icfj i\j$ gfe[X1ÈZcXif#jfei\mfclZ`feXi`fjÉ#pefd\ekX% <e\jk\d`jdfj\ek`[fgXikXfgk`djk`ZXd\ek\ [\cXYXj\[\hl\\cXik\ZfeZ\gklXchl\pfpfkifj _XZXdfj\eXhl\cdfd\ekf\iXcXXekk\j`j[\cX ZlckliX]iXehl`jkXphl\cXgifc\kXi`qXZ`e[\j[\ Xii`YXXYXj\[\ZlX[ifjZfe^i`j\ji\gXik`\e[f\j$ kfgX\eki\_\if`ZfjdXe`]\jkXek\jd\gXi\ZXleX XZk`kl[i\ki`ZXpdfa`^XkX%GXiXi\ki`ZXdfa`^XkX pX\jkXYXeJ}\eq[\K\aX[XpÝYXcfj%9Xaf\jkXg\ij$ g\Zk`mX]l\i\Xcd\ek\`eXl[`kXcXm\cfZ`[X[Zfehl\ j\gXj[\cgcXek\fhl\XZXYf[\j\XcXiXleXik\ ZfeZ\gklXc]\ifqd\ek\`[\fc^`ZfZlpfi\gi\j\e$ kXek\d}jj\XcX[f]l\\c>ilg[\Ki\YXccZXkXc}e hl\j\Zfejk`klpkXdY`e\e(0.)#gfZfk`\dgf [\jglj[\cfj<eZl\ekifjp\e\chl\pfkXdY`e ]fidgXik\#cfhl\jfecXjZfjXj% =l``em`kX[fXGXdgcfeXZfdfd`\dYif`e$ k\^iXek\[\le^ilgfhl\efk\eXe`efdYi\%J\ efjZfefZX\e9XiZ\cfeX#gfZf#Zfdfcfj[\c\jkl$ [`[\>i~Z`X\c\jkl[`f[\>i~Z`X#gfi\cYXii`f#p gfihl\d`jZfdgX\ifjZfdgXikXe\c\jkl[`f\e Zl\jk`e#lej\im`[fiXZXYXYX[\k\id`eXicXd`c` \e9XiYXjkif %<c^ilgf\jkXYXZfdgl\jkfgfiOX$ m`\i=iXehl\jXpJXcmX[fiJXliX#g`ekfi\j#Afi[` GXYcf#\jZlckfi#:Xic\j:XdgjpJXek`GXl#gf\kXj m`jlXc\jp\cj\^le[fg\c`^ifjfg`idXef`eZ`e\$ iX[fi[\fYiXXa\eXp#ÔeXcd\ek\pf#\ciXif#Zfe [fjXfj[\\og\i`\eZ`X\eGXijXd`j\jgXc[Xj% M`j`k}YXdfjg\i`[`ZXd\ek\XAfXe9ifjjXpX8e$ kfe`K~g`\j%:lXe[fYXdfjXm\iXK~g`\jpfk\eX `ejkilZZ`fe\jgi\Z`jXj[\efZfekXic\e`\ej\Xic\ cfhl\_XZXgXiXef_XZ\ihl\[XidXcXci\jkf% Efi\Zl\i[fX_fiXhlZ`iZlejkXeZ`Xjgi\m`Xj j\[`\ifegXiXhl\8c\oXeZfefj`em`kXiXXGXdgcf$ eX#g\ifcfZ`\ikf\jhl\XZ\gkXdfjj`e[\dXj`X[fj gifYc\dXj%CXfgfikle`[X[[\\ekiXi\eZfekXZkf [`i\ZkfZfefkifjXik`jkXj#jfYi\kf[fXd\i`ZXefj# g\ifkXdY`e\jgXfc\jhl\Xg\eXjZfefZXdfj \iXdlpXkiXZk`mX%?Xphl\i\Zfi[Xihl\cX`eZfdl$ e`ZXZ`e\eki\9XiZ\cfeXp\ci\jkf[\<jgXX\e$ La imagen delata unos primeros años 70 hambrientos de acción colectiva. Este era el ambiente que se respiraba en La Ciudadela. kfeZ\j\iXi\Xcd\ek\ZcXdfifjX#dlZ_fg\fihl\ X_fiX#XcÔepXcZXYfDX[i`[ef\iXgXiXefjfkifj fkiXZfjXhl\cXZXg`kXc[\cX<jgXX]iXehl`jkXp cXZleX[\ci\hl`\Yifp[\cZ_fk`j#Zfeg\i[e%Cfj d}j^lXgfjpmXe^lXi[`jkXjiXdfjcfjZXkXcXe\j#f Xcd\efjefjcfZi\Xdfj%PXhl\ekiXdfj\elef [\cfj\g`jf[`fjd}jZli`fjfj[\kf[X\jkX_`jkfi`X# gfihl\mfck\XYXZfdfle^lXek\cfhl\j\_XYX [X[fj`\dgi\gfijlgl\jkf\eZlXekfXcdfefgfc`f ZXkXc}e#i\Xcf`dX^`eX[f#[\cXZi\XZ`eXikjk`ZX \og\i`d\ekXcp[\kf[fk`gf[\`e`Z`Xk`mXjglek\$ iXj\eXhl\ccXgfZX%Cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX jXc`\ife[\DX[i`[#jfiip#p\jf]l\Xc^fhl\g`cc XlefjZlXekfjZfe\cgXjfZXdY`X[fZXd`ef[\ 9fZZXZ`f% C Xi\XZZ`eZfej`jk`\eleX[liX[\jZXc`Ô$ ZXZ`e[\j[\:XkXclXZfele[\dfc\[fi Xe}c`j`jgfck`Zf\`[\fc^`ZfgfigXik\[\ le^ilgfdlpm`j`Yc\[\`ek\c\ZklXc\j[\ cX`qhl`\i[XYil`[XcfZXc%CXXi^ld\ekXZ`e\e kid`efj[\dXk\i`Xc`jdf[`XcZk`Zf\iX`dg\ZX$ Yc\#eX[X[\\okiXXiZfeG\i\GfikXY\ccX[\gfi d\[`f%8k\efi[\cXkXhl\[\cYfcZ_\m`jdfZXm`Xi YXiZ\cfej#cfj<eZl\ekifjef\iXefkiXZfjXhl\ le`ek\ekf[\cXmXic\cXZXiXXci^`d\eZfecXXpl[X [\cXfc`^XihlX`e[ljki`Xcp\Zfed`ZX[\cX:Xjk\$ ccXeX%GficfkXekfj\[\[lZXhl\gXik`Z`gXi\e\c \m\ekf\iXleX]fidX[\ZfcXYfiXZ`fe`jdfZfecX [`ZkX[liXf#\e\cd\afi[\cfjZXjfj#leXYfYX[X gifg`X[\kfekfjZXi\ek\j[\]fidXZ`egfck`ZX% Kf[f\ccf_XZXg\ejXi\eleX\jg\Z`\[\j\$ ^le[Xm\ij`e[\cXal^X[X[\Cl`j>feq}c\qIfYc\j XcZfej\^l`ihl\cfj@e]fidXc`jkXj\egc\efi\gi\$ j\ekXj\eXcX<jgXXeXZ`feXcZXkc`ZX\ecXj9`\eX$ c\j[\M\e\Z`X#JfGXlcf#CX?XYXeX#\kZ%#[liXek\ cXj[ZX[Xj[\cfjZ`eZl\ekXpj\j\ekX% <ei\Xc`[X[j`^fg\ejXe[fhl\\cjljkiXkf[\c XkXhl\\iXcX\jklg\]XZZ`e[\m\ij\g`ccX[fjZXqXe$ [fdfjZXj[\j[\leXjcXk`kl[\jhl\efZlX[iXYXe% <eZlXchl`\iZXjf#[\_XY\ij\_\Z_fcfj<eZl\e$ kifjfXc^fgXi\Z`[f\e:XkXclX#\jgifYXYc\hl\\c [`jZlijf`[\fc^`Zfhl\_lY`\j\gf[`[fXÕfiXief _lY`\iXj`[fkXdgfZf[\dXj`X[f\ogcfj`mf[X[f \cgifYc\dXle`m\ijXc[\cXZ\ejliX#Xd\efjhl\ j\_lY`\j\`eXl^liX[fZfecX`ek\eZ`e`dgcZ`kX [\hl\[liXj\jfcfleXj_fiXjgXiXhl\[Xifc`\e[f XifjXj% LeX m\q XiiXeZ \c \m\ekf# j\ kiXej]fid `ejkXek}e\Xd\ek\\ele^cfi`fjfdfeld\ekfX cXj\^le[Xc\p[\cXk\idf[`e}d`ZX#XcXgliX\e$ kifgX#leZfeZ\gkfhl\j\\ek`\e[\d\afiZfdf j`dgc\ZXfjXZ`\egfi_fiX%J`e\dYXi^fjlZ\[Xe dlZ_XjZfjXj#Xc^leXj[\\ccXj\okiXfi[`eXi`Xj# Zfdfgfi\a\dgcf\cZfeZ`\ikf[\Jk\m\I\`Z_\e \cgfc`[\gfik`mf[\GXdgcfeX#cc\efXi\YfjXipef e`ZXd\ek\gfi\ek\iX[fj%=l\leX\og\i`\eZ`X XYjfclkXd\ek\`efcm`[XYc\%D`\ekiXj#cX\jkilZkl$ iXe\ld}k`ZXhl\XZklXYXZfdfZ\ekif[\\ogfj`$ Z`fe\j[\ekif[\cgXk`f[\XidXj[\c 9XclXik\j\[\j_`eZ_XYXj\[\ZXhl\ gfileXZkf[\Yf`Zfkj`eXm\ekliXi XlkfiXj phl\[XYX_\Z_XleZfcX[fi gficfjklYfd\k}c`Zfjhl\X^lXekX$ YXecfjZXYc\j[\jla\Z`e[\fYiX\e jl `ek\i`fi% J\ \jg\ZlcXYX kXdY`e Zfek\dfijfYi\hlj\c\fZlii`iX _XZ\iX<K8hl\pfj\gXZi\fhl\ef _lYfe`Zfdle`ZX[fgfigXik\[\cfj \kXiiXj#g\ifgf[iX\hl`mfZXid\ % ;XYX`^lXc#cfhl\ef]leZ`feXYXef `dg\[Xhl\fkiXjZfjXjcf_`Z`\iXep _XYXkXekf[\kf[fhl\eX[`\j\`YX [\mXZf%D`gifp\Zkf]leZ`fe#pef dlpY`\e#[liXek\dlpgfZfk`\dgf# \caljkfgXiX_XZ\ileXj]fkfjhl\j\ XZXYXifeg\i[`\e[f%;\kf[XjdXe\$ iXj#hl\leXfYiX]leZ`feXiXfef\iX leXZl\jk`edlpi\cXk`mX\eXhl\ccfj k`\dgfj%J`]leZ`feXYX#d\afi#ZcXif#g\if\ei\X$ c`[X[cfhl\j\_XZX\iX\og\i`d\ekXi\egYc`Zf d}jhl\fkiXZfjX#Xc^fhl\X_fiX\j\hl`mXc\ek\X lejl`Z`[`fgif]\j`feXc% <eGXdgcfeXcXj\ejXZ`e[\gi\ZXi`\[X[\e kf[fj\gf[XZfikXiZfeleZlZ_`ccf#g\ifef`d$ gfikXYXdlZ_f#cfe`Zfhl\`dgfikXYX\iX\jkXi Xccm`\e[fZfdfcX^\ek\j\al^XYX\ck`gfp[\aXij\ `dgi\^eXigficX]li`X[\iifZ_X[X\e^\e\iXipgif$ YXi`[\Xjlei\Zl\i[fXhlgXiXcfjZfii\[fi\j[\ IfY\ikCc`dj_XZ`\e[fdXiZ_XXkck`ZXgfikf[f GXdgcfeXZfej_fikjpZXd`j\kXYcXeZX#g`ekX[fjX dXef#ZfeYXiiXjXqlc\jm\ik`ZXc\j%>cfi`fjf %EX$ [`\g\ejXYX\ejlZXii\iXZfe\oZ\gZ`e[\Xc^e X[\cXekX[f%GXiXcXdXpfiXef_XYXZXii\iX% M`jkf\ei\kifjg\Zk`mX#efZi\fhl\j\X[\dX$ j`X[f[\]\e[`Yc\cXk\j`j[\cfj<eZl\ekifjZfdf ÔeXcfZfd`\eqf[\gfZX%Cfj<eZl\ekifjefj\ _`Z`\ifeZfe\jX`ek\eZ`egif^iXd}k`ZXpZXi\$ Z\e[\gifZ\jf_`jki`Zf#kXekfgi\m`fZfdfgfj$ k\i`fi#gXiXj\iledfd\ekf[\`eÕ\o`ekXe^`Yc\# cXgil\YX\jk}\ehl\[liXek\[ZX[Xjhl\[Xife kfkXcd\ek\fcm`[X[fj%GfiZXi\eZ`Xj#efk\eXee` Zfek\okfi\Xc2j\_`Z`\ife\eGXdgcfeXZfdfj\ _lY`\iXegf[`[f_XZ\\eCfjDfe\^ifj#\e\c[\$ j`\ikf[\KXY\ieXj#\e\c[\>fY`f\ecXZXiXfZlckX [\cXCleX%<ekf[fZXjfj[\aXife ZcXifhl\cXjXik\jpcfjXik`jkXj\e <jgXX _XYXe cc\^X[f X le glekf \e\chl\pXefgf[XejfgfikXi\c jf]fZXek\XdY`\ek\[\d`j\i`X`ek\$ c\ZklXc[\c]iXehl`jdf#p\j\Xld\e$ kf[\gi\j`ejfYi\\cZfek\okf_XZX hl\\cjkXkljhlf\dg\qXiXXi\m\e$ kXigficXjZfjkliXj%<e\jk\j\ek`[f cfj<eZl\ekifj]l\ifeleXj\Xc[\ Xc\ikXgXiXeXm\^Xek\j%8lehl\Xe m`mXdfj\eleXj`klXZ`e[\g\eli`X [\cXhl\jfcf\iXgfj`Yc\c`YiXij\Zf$ ^`\e[fcfjY}iklcfjp[\aXe[f\cgXj# ZfdfXc^lefjXZXYXdfj_XZ`\e[f#\c el\mf^l`epX\jkXYX\jZi`kf\ecX gXi\[% Cfj <eZl\ekifj j\ \ek`\e[\e d\afi#g`\ejfpf#c\[fj\ek}e[\d Zfe \c gifp\Zkf MXe^lXi[`X p i\X$ c`[X[jfZ`Xc\e<jgXX#(0*-$(0.-[\cX9`\eXc[\ M\e\Z`X[\Xhl\cXf%<jk\gifp\Zkf#XXfjclq [\cXgfZXlk`c`kXi`jkX[\>feq}c\qIfYc\j#jj\ gl\[\Zfej`[\iXiZfdf\cZ`\ii\[\leXgfZXp\c Zfd`\eqf[\Xc^fiX[`ZXcd\ek\el\mf\e\cZXc[f [\Zlck`mf[\cXik\\jgXfc#kf[f\ccf\e]fZX[fgfi leXc\ek\`[\fc^`ZX[\`qhl`\i[Xjj`eZfdgc\afj pXpl[X[fgficXdl\ik\[\c[`ZkX[fi#Zfe[`Z`fe\j hl\cfj<eZl\ekifjefklm`\ife%yjkfjj`e\dYXi^f dXe`]\jkXifeZcXiXd\ek\hl\eX[X\j`dgfikXek\ j`efj\gXik\[\cXe\Z\j`[X[g\i\ekfi`X[\]fiqXi cfjcd`k\j[\cfgfj`Yc\#[\`em\ekXifkifdle[f# \ecl^Xi[\j`dgc\d\ek\d\[iXi\e\jk\%x JlZ\[Xe dlZ_XjZf$ jXj#Xc^leXj [\\ccXj\o$ kiXfi[`eXi`Xj# Zfdf\c ZfeZ`\ikf[\ Jk\m\I\`Z_ \e\cgfc`[\$ gfik`mf CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 77 DEBATE <cZXieXmXc[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e GfiAfj;Xq:lp}j < eki\cfjfcm`[fji\cXZ`feX[fjZfecfj<e$ Zl\ekifj\cd}jccXdXk`mfp#j`e[l[X#\c d}jj`ekfd}k`Zf[\j[\leglekf[\m`jkX gfck`Zf\j\chl\X]\ZkXXjljgXkifZ`eX$ [fi\j%;\_\Z_fcfj<eZl\ekifj]l\ifecXZlcd`eX$ Z`e[\leg\i`f[f[\`ek\ejXXZk`m`[X[ZlckliXc% LeX\kXgXhl\\cgifg`fAlXe?lXik\Zfej`[\iX `eXl^liX[XZlXe[f\ekiX\eZfekXZkfZfeFk\`qX pZfd`\eqXX]fidXij\#j\^ejljgifg`XjgXcXYiXj# le^ilgfYXjX[f\ecXXd`jkX[pcfj`ek\i\j\jZf$ dle\j\ekfiefX\ccfj% <cZiZlcf[\cfj?lXik\X^clk`e\elegifp\Z$ kfZfdepXY`\ikfXcXj`e`Z`Xk`mXjd}jXm\ekliX$ [XjXÔ^liXjj\\iXj#\ecXj[ZX[Xj[\cfjZ`eZl\e$ kXpj\j\ekX#[\el\jkiXXihl`k\ZkliX#[`j\f#Xik\j gc}jk`ZXj#dj`ZX#Z`e\fc`k\iXkliX%<eki\Xhl\c gigfj`kf\og\i`d\ekXcfk\`q`Xefp\jXÔ\jkX[\c Xik\\og\i`d\ekXchl\]l\ifecfj<eZl\ekifj#cfj ?lXik\_XYXem\e`[f[\jXiifccXe[flegifp\Zkf `ek\ejfpj`jk\d}k`Zf[\`ekif[lZZ`ep[`]lj`e [\cXik\df[\ief%Jcfgfijldf[f[\\jkXi\e\c Xik\pjlkiXp\Zkfi`XXek\i`figl\[\\ek\e[\ij\ hl\Xhl\ccf#X[`]\i\eZ`X[\ZlXchl`\ifkif]\jk`mXc `ek\ieXZ`feXc#eXZ`\iXYXafcX]fidX[\le[fe%Gfi jfigi\e[\ek\hl\i\jlck\#cfj<eZl\ekifj]l\ife\c i\^Xcf[\lefjgXik`ZlcXi\jXcgl\Ycf[\GXdgcfeX% <cgl\Ycf#leZfeZ\gkfZfei\jfeXeZ`Xjj`dYc`ZXj kXegf[\ifjXjZfdfcXj[\cgifg`f[fe% <ecfj\hlmfZfjhl\j\gif[lZ\e\ekfief X\jkfj[fjkid`efj#XcXZl\jk`e[\gfihlpX hl`ej\[`i`^XXhl\cfYj\hl`f#[\jZlYi`dfjcfhl\ Xhl\ccX`e`Z`Xk`mXklmf[\X[d`iXYc\pkXdY`e\c dfk`mfgfi\chl\[\jkXgcXj]li`Xj[\cXgfcd`ZX% ;\dXe\iXhl\j`jljgXkifZ`eX[fi\jfi^Xe`qXife Xhl\ccfgXiXf]i\Z\i[\j`ek\i\jX[Xd\ek\ZlckliX [\mXe^lXi[`XXcgl\Ycf#cX[\]\ejX[\cfj`ek\i\j\j [\cgl\Ycf]l\kXdY`e\cgi`eZ`gXcXi^ld\ekf[\ jlj[\kiXZkfi\jhl\#[Xe[fgfi[\jZfekX[fcfji\$ Z\cfj[\ci^`d\e#]l\ifeeld\ifjfj1\eki\fkifj cX\oki\dX[\i\Z_X#<K8#\c\ekfief`ek\c\ZklXc [\cG:<#lej\Zkfi[\cX8jXdYc\X[\8ik`jkXjMXj$ Dos carteles correspondientes a la frenética actividad desarrollada aquellos días: en uno se presenta un concierto del grupo Zaj, en otro, una acción cibernética de Lugan. En la otra página, Antoni Muntadas en los preparativos de su “Polución audiovisual”. 78 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 Zfj#Fk\`qXZfdfgfikXmfq[\cX<jZl\cX[\;\YXp# [\j[\:XkXclX#\cZiZlcf[\8ekfe`K~g`\jpG\i\ GfikXY\ccX% J`Xhl\ccffZlii`gfiiXqfe\jgi`mX[Xj#Zfdf Xj]l\#p\cXik\hl\j\`YXXdfjkiXik\eX\e^\$ e\iXcleX`ek\eZ`egfck`ZX`e[`jZ`gc`eX[X#Zfdf Zfii\jgfe[XXcXmXe^lXi[`Xd`c`kXek\#XdYXjmf$ clekX[\jk\id`eXifegfiZfeZlii`iZfecXmfcle$ kX[Zfc\Zk`mX[\\ogi\jXipXZk`mXi\ccl^XigYc`Zf# ZfdfZfii\jgfe[XXcXgfZX#pZfdfeleZXXek\j e`[\jgljmfcm`Xj\ek`ij\ZfeZfem`ZZ`e\c[\j\f Zfde[\_XZ\icf%8hlccX\iXleX j`klXZ`e dlp j`e^lcXi% CX [`j]le$ Z`feXc`[X[\eki\cXi\Xc`[X[gfck`ZX pcXjfZ`Xc_XYXcc\^X[fXle^iX[f [\k\ej`eZXj``ejfjk\e`Yc\%;\Xhl hl\cfjXc\^XkfjX]Xmfi[\leXXZZ`e gYc`ZXpgXik`Z`gXk`mX[\cXjk\e[\e$ Z`XjXik\$m`[X#Zfejl[\jfY\[`\eZ`X ]fidXcpZfejlZfek\e`[f`dgcZ`kf [\c`Y\iXZ`eZfigfiXc\`[\fc^`ZX#j\ i\Z`Y`\iXe\eGXdgcfeXXdgc`ÔZX[fj _XjkX\c\oki\df%:lXchl`\igifgl\j$ kXXikjk`ZX`e[`m`[lXc#gf[Xm\ij\Xcc jfYi\gXjX[X#p\ecfj<eZl\ekifj_Xp dck`gc\j \a\dgcfj [\ \ccf# gfi \c cX[f[\cXm`[X%<e\cXdY`\ek\Z`iZl$ cXYXeXeleZ`fjZfejkXek\j[\Z`\ii\# Zfdle`ZX[fj gfck`Zfj# \jZi`kfj [\ gifk\jkX#Zfcfhl`fjefgif^iXdX[fj# leXgi\j\eZ`Xgfc`Z`Xcg\idXe\ek\#YfdYXjhl\ \ogcfkXYXepfkiXjhl\Xd\eXqXYXeZfe_XZ\icf¿ <eki\cX`ehl`\kl[pcX`eZ\ik`[ldYi\#\ecXjZX$ cc\jp\ecfj[`jk`ekfjXZkfji\`eXYXleXZfekX^`fjX Xc\^iXmXe[}c`ZXhl\#gfiXc^edfk`mf#efcc\^X [\i`mXi\em`fc\eZ`X%8hl\ccfj\XZXYXj\d\aXe[f# gficXdXe\iX\ehl\cfgYc`Zfcc\^X[\jYfi[Xi Xhl\cgif^iXdX[\fYiXjgYc`ZXj#XleXYlcc`Z`fjX dXjZXiX[X[\ZXieXmXc% ÈGXdgcfeXj\Zfem\ik`i}#[liXek\[`Z_Xj\$ dXeX#\eleXm\i[X[\iXZ`l[X[Xikjk`Zf$\og\i`$ d\ekXcÉ#Xji\qXYX\ck`klcXi[\CXMfq[\<jgXX# lefjd\j\jXek\jXeleZ`Xe[fcfhl\j\Xm\Z`eXYX% Cfj`^e`ÔZXk`mf\jhl\j`]l\\cXik\hl`\egifmfZ\c \og\i`d\ekf#efgl\[\[\Z`ij\[\cfjXjlekfjZ`m`$ c\jhl\c\Xe[lm`\iXeXcXqX^X%AfjCl`j8c\oXeZf cf_XjXY`[fm\iZfeZcXi`[X[ZlXe[f_XYcXe[f[\ kf[fXhl\ccfi\kifjg\Zk`mXd\ek\jfjk`\e\hl\ÈcX j`klXZ`egfck`ZX\ecX<jgXX[\cdfd\ekf\iX lecXYfiXkfi`fÉ%8hl\cÈ`ek\ekf\og\i`d\ekXc[\ XZ\iZXi\cXik\Xcgl\YcfÉ#Zfdf[\ZXfkifk`klcXi [\gi\ejX#j\[\jXiifcc\ele\jgXZ`fgfck`Zfhl\ j\\eZfekiXYX#pX[\gfij#\eleX ]Xj\X^l[X[\\og\i`d\ekXZ`ejf$ Z`Xc%J`XCl`j[\GXYcfc\gXi\Z\hl\ GXdgcfeX]l\leÈZXieXmXcgfck`ZfÉ# Y`\egf[iXZfej`[\iXij\i\kifjg\Z$ k`mXd\ek\ZfdfleXd\k}]fiX[\cX j`klXZ`e^\e\iXcgficXhl\XkiXm\$ jXYX[\cgXj% 8hl\c \jkX[f ^\e\iXc [\ \og\$ i`d\ekXZ`ek\eXleXgXcXYiXZcX$ m\1 Zfdle`ZXZ`e% <e jlj Z_XicXj [\ gi\j\ekXZ`e cfj fi^Xe`qX[fi\j gcXek\XYXeZfdfgi`d\iXÔeXc`[X[ [\ cfj <eZl\ekifj cX È`e]fidXZ`e dlklXÉ\eki\Xik`jkXj#\eki\jkfjp \cgYc`Zf#XjZfdfcXZfdle`ZXZ`e \eki\cXjXik\j%J\^ej\[\ZX\eleX i\j\X[\gi\ejX1ÈCfjdj`Zfjg`e$ kXi}e#cfjg`ekfi\jj\Xki\m\i}eZfe cfj\jgXZ`fjjfefifjpcfjgf\kXjj\\eZXi^Xi}e[\ dXk`qXigi\Z`jXd\ek\[fe[\j\i}e\Z\jXi`f1\ecX `eZfdle`ZXZ`eÉ%yjX]l\cXhl\aX^\e\iXcpcXd}j ^iXm\hl\j\c\j_`qf[\j[\[`jk`ekXj`ejkXeZ`Xj1ÈEf _lYfZfdle`ZXZ`eÉ%:fe\ccfj\Xcl[X#Zfdf\j fYm`f#Xc]iXZXjf[\leXZfdle`ZXZ`ec`Yi\pi\$ ZgifZX#p[\dXe\iX`e[`i\ZkX#XcX`dgfj`Y`c`[X[ [\lem\i[X[\if[`}cf^fZlckliXc\elegXjjfd\$ k`[fXcXi\jki`ZZ`e[\c`Y\ikX[\j%<jZfdgi\ej`$ Yc\\c`ek\ejfZfek\e`[fgfck`Zfhl\k\eXXhl\c X]}egfiZfdle`ZXij\%G\ifcfhl\efi\jlckXkXe fYm`fXel\jkifjf[fj\jcXgf[\ifjXZXi^Xj`d$ Yc`ZX[\Xhl\ccX`emfZXZ`e1Zfdle`ZXi%GXiXcX gfZX\iXZfdflekXc`jd}e\eki\ZlpXjm`ikl[\j# XcXjpXd\eZ`feX[Xj#ZXYiXXX[`icXjefm\[X[\j Z`\ekÔZf$kZe`ZXj1cfjd\[`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\ dXjXjpjlk\fiX[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e#`eZcl`[XjcX j\d`k`ZXpcXZ`Y\iek`ZX2XjZfdfcXjefm\[X[\j Xikjk`ZXj1\ej\ek`[fXdgc`fcXjZfee`m\eZ`Xj[\c Xik\Zfelefjd\[`X^cfYXc`qX[fjp#[\dXe\iXd}j i\jki`e^`[X#cXj[\leXik\[\d\[`fjZfdle`ZXek\j f\eki\d\[`fj#XjZfdfcXj[\leXik\c`d`kX[fX jl]leZ`eZfdle`ZXk`mXf`e]fidXk`mX% Gfi\jf#[\Xhl\ccXj`klXZ`e\og\i`d\ekXc# gf[iX[\Z`ij\#XcZfekiXi`f[\cfhl\jl^\iXejlj Zik`Zfj#hl\Zfdle`ZXZ`ecX_lYfp\e\oZ\jf% Kf[fXZXY[\jZfdgXik`d\ekX[f\`ek\iZfdl$ e`ZX[f#_`Yi`[X[fpZfe]le[`[f%EfjcfcXjfYiXj \eki\jpjkXjZfecfjjlZ\jfj#kXdY`ecfjgX$ kifZ`eX[fi\jZfecfjfi^Xe`qX[fi\j#jkfjZfecfj Xik`jkXj#cfjXik`jkXjZfe\cgYc`Zf#pcfjXik`jkXjp \cgYc`Zf`em`kX[fZfecfjfgfj`kfi\jp[\kiXZkf$ i\j%8hl\cXlkek`ZfZXieXmXc[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e# gfcXi`qX[fgficXk\ej`egfck`ZX#\jle\a\dgcf gi`m`c\^`X[f[\cX]XZ`c`[X[Zfehl\cXj]fidXc`qX$ Z`fe\jkiXej`kfi`Xj[\cXgXj`emXe^lXi[`jkXgfi [\j\edXjZXiXicfÈi\XcÉ#\jXj]fidXjc`k\iXc\j[\ CX[`j]leZ`f$ eXc`[X[\eki\ cXi\Xc`[X[ gfck`ZXpcX jfZ`Xc_XYX cc\^X[fX le^iX[f[\ k\ej`eZXj` `ejfjk\e`Yc\ PAMPLONA 72 cXm\i[X[Zil[Xp\egi\j\ek\#gl\[\em\ij\Xiif$ ccX[XjpkiXm\jk`[Xjgficfjj\ek`[fjg\i\ekfi`fj \`dgi\m`jkfj[\\jXd`jdXm`[XXcXhl\Xjg`iXe% yj\]l\\cZXjf#gfi\a\dgcf#[\cfjGXiXe^fcj[\ ?c`fF`k`Z`ZX#cXg`\qXZfe\cj`^e`ÔZX[fZXieXmX$ c\jZfd}j\ogcZ`kf[\ZlXekXjXZl[`\ifeXGXd$ gcfeX#ZlpXjk\cXj]l\ife[\jZXieXmXc`qX[XjgXiX kiXm\jk`ij\\eYXe[\iXj]\jk`mXjpi\`m`e[`ZXk`mXj2 f\c[\cfjj\Zi\kXj[\c<hl`gf:ie`ZX#jXcmX[fj `e\oki\d`j[\cXkliYXdlckXgficXd`jdXgfc`ZX ]iXehl`jkXXcXhl\gXif[`XYXe%CX[\jXik`ZlcXZ`e pcX[`jZfek`el`[X[[\cX\jZ\eXXikjk`ZX\jgXf$ cX#alekfXcf\okiXmX^Xek\[\jlj`klXZ`egfck`ZX# _`Z`\ife[\GXdgcfeXlecl^Xigi`m`c\^`X[fgXiX Xj`jk`iX\j\gifZ\jf^\e\iXc`qX[f[\ZXieXmXc`qX$ Z`eÔeXc[\cXmXe^lXi[`X% J feeld\ifjfjcfj\a\dgcfj[\\jkXXdY`$ mXc\eZ`X[\cfjj`^efj#\eki}ej`kfp\ejlj$ g\ejf#ZfdfXhl\ccXjc\kiXjX\ife}lk`ZXj jljg\e[`[Xj[\^cfYfj\ecXjXZZ`fe\j[\ gf\jXgYc`ZX%G\ifefjYXjkXi}ZfeleZXjf`eXl$ [`kf[\Zfdle`ZXZ`ekiXm\jk`[X\eki\cfjc\e^lXa\j pcXjXZZ`fe\j[\cXik\pcXgfck`ZX%CXgifgl\jkX[\ Cl`jDlifgXiXcfj<eZl\ekifjZfej`jkX\ecXZfcf$ ZXZ`e[\lefjgXhl\k\jX[_\i`[fjZfeleXjZ`ekXj XcfjldYiXc\j[\cXjZXjXjhl\#gfijlXjg\Zkf#gX$ i\ZXeYfdYXj%:X[Xg`\qX`YXXZfdgXX[X[\leX efkX\ecXhl\j\`e[`ZXYXXcm`Xe[Xek\Zli`fjfhl\ j\kiXkXYX[\leXfYiXXik\%G\ifcXYfdYX#\e\jk\ ZXjfXlkek`ZX#ZfcfZX[Xgfi<K8\e\cdfeld\e$ kfXc>\e\iXcJXealiaffYc`^XcXi\k`iX[X[\cfjfY$ a\kfjj`e`[\ek`ÔZXi[\cXik`jkX%8lehl\fYj\imXe[f \ci\jlckX[fÔeXc#pXjXY`\e[Xj[\hl\\cX]}e[\ [\jkilZZ`e_Xj`[fZfdeXcXgfck`ZXpXcXik\\e jlXii\YXkX[f[\j\f[\leel\mfZfd`\eqf#cX[\$ ZXg`kXZ`e[\Xhl\ccXfYiXdf[\ie`jkX[\=ilZklf$ jfFi[leX#Xhl\cXZkf[\mXe[Xc`jdfgfck`Zf#Y`\e gl[fj\i`ek\igi\kX[fgfidlZ_fj[\cfjXj`jk\e$ k\jZfdfleXXZZ`eX]e[\`ZfefZcXj`XXikjk`ZX% <eZlXchl`\iZXjfXhl\ccX`ek\im\eZ`e#ZfekiXi`X Xcfj<eZl\ekifjg\ifkXeZ\iZXeX\ejl]fidXc`$ qXZ`e`eZfejZ`\ek\XcXik\hl\Xccj\dfjkiXYX# kXdgfZfklmf#\elegi`d\idfd\ekf#lej`^e`$ ÔZX[fgfck`ZfZfeZi\kf%CXgi\ejXcfZXc[l[XYX \eXki`Yl`icXX^ilgfj[\ZXic`jkXj$c\e`e`jkXj#leX k\e[\eZ`Xdfe}ihl`Zf$dXio`jkXpi\mfclZ`feXi`X hl\gXi\ZXi\d\[Xi#\e\ck\ii\ef[\ cfgfck`Zf#\cZXi}Zk\i\og\i`d\ekXc [\cXik\hl\_XYXfZlgX[fcXZ`l[X[% 8lehl\ef_Xphl\ccXdXij\X\e^X$ f#j`\cXik\j\_XYXm`jkfjlg\iX[f gficXi\Xc`[X[Zil[X[\cXm`fc\eZ`X gfck`ZX# fkif kXekf gf[iX [\Z`ij\ [\cfj[\]\ejfi\j\edXjZXiX[fj[\c gl\YcfmXjZf%Cfj<eZl\ekifj]l\ife cXfZXj`egXiXcXgi`d\iX\[`Z`e\e X^fjkf[\\j\d`jdfXf[\?Xlkj`# \c Yfc\ke ZlckliXc [\ cX fi^Xe`qX$ Z`ek\iifi`jkX%D`\ekiXj\ejlg}$ ^`eX[`\q\ogc`ZXYXecfjdfk`mfj[\ jljXZZ`fe\jZfekiX\c]\jk`mXc#\ecX g}^`eXZfek`^lXi\gif[lZXeleXj\$ i`\[\gi`eZ`g`fjgXiXj\ileXik`jkX i\mfclZ`feXi`f \eZXY\qX[fj Zfdf <jkk`ZXpI\mfclZ`e%8hl\ccf`d`$ kXYX`ie`ZXd\ek\cfjkg`Zfj[\Z}cf^fj[\cYl\e \dgc\X[fZXiXZk\ijk`Zfj[\cXj\dgi\jXjXd\i`ZX$ eXj%<eleXgi`d\iXc\ZkliX\jfjhl`eZ\gi\Z\gkfj ÈgXiX\jkXi`emfclZiX[f\eleXcXYfik`cÉÆZfdf Xik`jkXi\mfclZ`feXi`f$#Zfe\c]fidXc`jdf[\È[\Y\ ljk\[É#[fjglekfj#gf[iXegXi\Z\i]ilkf[\c[\$ c`i`fci`Zf\og\i`d\ekXc[\Xc^ed`\dYif[\cX YXe[Xk\iifi`jkX%CfZ`\ikf\jhl\Xhlj\`em`\ik\ \cdfm`d`\ekfXek\i`fipmXj\ileXg`\qX[\ÔZ$ Z`eXikjk`ZXcXhl\j\kiXjm`jkX\eleXlkek`Zfp Yli[fdXe[Xd`\ekfgfck`Zf%<ck\okf\eZl\jk`e i\jlckXj\ileXkiX[lZZ`ec`k\iXc#j`eXjfdf[\[`j$ kXeZ`X`ie`ZX#[\cXg`\qX_fde`dXZfecXhl\\c >l\ii`ccX8ik8Zk`fe>iflg_XYXZfcXYfiX[f\ecX dl\jkiX[\c:8P:`ejkXcX[X\ecX:glcX% :fe`e[\g\e[\eZ`X[\cmXcfihl\Xhl\ccfklmf ZfdfXZfek\Z`d`\ekfXikjk`Zfp[\c`ek\ij[\cX dXpfigXik\[\cXjfYiXjgi\j\ekX[Xj#\jk\ZXieXmXc [\cXjXik\j_XYiXi\jlckX[fjl^\i\ek\\ejljgXiX$ [faXj#\`eZcljfZd`Zf\eXc^lefj[\jlj\hlmfZfj# j`ef_lY`\iXkXdY`e[\aX[fdfjkiXicfhl\_Xp[\ k\ii`Yc\\ecXe\^Xk`m`[X[gli`ÔZX[fiX p[\jkilZk`mX[\\jXgXj`e[\jd\[`[X gfileel\mfZfd`\eqfZfdeXcXj Xik\jpXcXgfck`ZX[\cj`^cfgXjX[f% LeXe\^Xk`m`[X[`[\ek`kXi`X#\e \jk\ZXjf#hl\XZXYdfjki}e[fj\\e kf[XjlYilkXc`[X[#[\j[\\ccX[f[\cX gfck`ZX#Zfe\cj\Zl\jkifXcfjgfZfj d\j\j[\led`\dYif[\cX]Xd`c`X ?lXik\XdXefj[\<K8%LeXXZZ`e hl\m`efXZ\iZ\eXim`fc\ekXd\ek\\c gifp\Zkf`e`Z`Xc[\cfj<eZl\ekifj#jl Zfek`el`[X[Zfdf9`\eXc#XjZfdf [\ci\jkf[\jljXZk`m`[X[\jgYc`ZXj [\c^ilgf?lXik\%:fecfhl\gl\[\ [Xij\gfiZcXljliX[f#Zfe`e[\g\e$ [\eZ`X[\fkiXjc\ZkliXjgfj`Yc\jÆcfj <eZl\ekifj#gfijlZXi}Zk\igXiX[a`$ Zf#j\gi\jkXeX`ek\igi\kXZ`fe\j[`$ m\ijXjp\eXgXi`\eZ`XZfekiX[`Zkfi`Xj$leg\i`f[f [\cX_`jkfi`XZlckliXc\jgXfcX% LeX\kXgX\ecXhl\leXjgfZXj`e`Z`Xk`mXj#X ZfekiXg\cf[\cf]`Z`Xc`jdf#`ek\ekXifeZi\Xile k\a`[fZ`m`ci\Z\gk`mfXcfdf[\ief#cfhl\cXjfYc`$ ^XYXX\e]i\ekXij\XcZfekiXj\ek`[f[\_XZ\icf\e lei^`d\egfck`Zfhl\\iX\jkilZkliXcpY\c`^\$ iXek\d\ek\Xek`df[\ief%Cfhl\m`ef[\jgljpX j\iXfkiX_`jkfi`X%yjkXk\id`eX\ekfiefX(0.)p m`\e\Xi\jld`ij\#Zfekf[XjjljZfekiXZZ`fe\j#\e leX]iXj\[\Ôe`k`mXXgifgj`kf[\cfj<eZl\ekifj \d`k`[Xgfi\ekfeZ\j[\j[\cXk\c\m`j`egYc`ZX1 È<jk\\jAf_e:X^\gXj\Xe[fc`Yi\d\ek\gficXj ZXcc\j[\GXdgcfeXÉ%x È<jk\\j Af_e:X^\ gXj\Xe[f c`Yi\d\ek\ gficXjZXcc\j [\GXdgcf$ eXÉ#[\ZXle `e]fidXk`mf [\cXgfZX CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 79 DEBATE <ci\jkf\jj`c\eZ`f GfiAfi^\=\ie}e[\q>l\iiX C fj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX[\(0.)_Xe gf[`[f j\i c\[fj Zfdf leX ZfekelX ]l\ek\[\gXiX[faXj1cX[\c[`]Z`c\`eX[\$ ZlX[fdfd\ekfgfck`Zf#cX[\jlj`klX$ Z`e[\Y`jX^iX\eki\[fjdfm`d`\ekfjk\Zke`Zfj [\cXmXe^lXi[`XXikjk`ZX#cX[\leZfeÕ`Zkf^\e\iX$ Z`feXckiXm\jk`[f[\kiXjgXjf[\gf[\i\j#g\if#Xd` al`Z`f#cXgXiX[faXd}jj\XcX[X\jcX[\cXgfj`Z`e [\cXdj`ZXd`jdX%Cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX eXZ`\ifeZffi[`eX[fjp[`j\X[fj[\j[\leXfi$ ^Xe`qXZ`e\jki`ZkXd\ek\dlj`ZXc18C<8#]le[X[X gfiCl`j[\GXYcf\e(0-,pÔeXeZ`X[XgfiAlXe ?lXik\#\c`e[ljki`XcgXdgcfejhl\j`\k\Xfjd}j kXi[\k\e[iXcX[\Y`c`[X[[\gfe\iXjlZ`l[X[eXkXc \ecX^\f^iX]X\lifg\X[\cXjZ`l[X[\j\ecXjhl\ gXjXYXeZfjXj%8lehl\cfj`ek\i\j\jXikjk`Zfj[\ ?lXik\]l\iXedlpmXi`X[fj[\j[\hl\`e`Z`jl ]leZ`e[\d\Z\eXjXgfpXe[fXFk\`qX#cXdj`ZX ZfekZfeleXgfpf`ejfjg\Z_X[f#dlZ_fd}jj` ZXY\kiXk}e[fj\[\dj`ZX[\mXe^lXi[`X#Xc^fhl\ gf[Xc`e[XiZfeXÔZ`fe\j\okiXk\ii\jki\j\e\jfj Xfj%Gl\jkfhl\cXgifg`Xgi\j`e[\cXmXe^lXi[`X Xikjk`ZX\e\j\ZXdY`f[\[ZX[X[\cfjj\j\ekX Xcfjj\k\ekX \dglaXYX_XZ`XleXjlg\iXZ`e[\ Z[`^fjp[`jZ`gc`eXj#;\GXYcf\eZfeki\ecXgi\$ j\eZ`X[\cXik`jkXgc}jk`ZfAfjCl`j8c\oXeZf\c Xc`X[f`e[`jg\ejXYc\hl\Zfe[lZ`iXX8C<8_XZ`X leXdXe`]\jkXZ`edck`gc\·Xik`jkXj[\kf[f^$ e\ifpk\e[\eZ`X#lefj % Cfjgifg`fj`ejk`^X[fi\j[\cfj<eZl\ekifj_Xe ZfekX[fhl\cfjiXj^fjpdfk`mXZ`fe\j[\cfhl\ cl\^fj\iXe\jkfj<eZl\ekifjjli^`\ifed`\ekiXj gi\gXiXYXejl\jg\Zk}ZlcfZfealekfJfc\[X[`ek\$ iildg`[X%8cccXdj`ZX[\;\GXYcf\c\Zkie`ZX dXe`glcX[X\em`mf j\Xc`XYXZfeleXj\jZlckliXj [\8c\oXeZfhl\i\gi\j\ekXYXeÔ^liXj_ldXef`$ [\j[\gc}jk`Zf_`eZ_XYc\\egfj`Z`e\eki\fiXek\j p_ld`ccX[Xj%<jk\\jg\Zk}Zlcf#XZZ`edlj`ZXcf Zfdfj\ccXd\#klmfjlgi\j\ekXZ`edle[`Xc\e cfj <eZl\ekifj p cl\^f i\Xc`q leX \ok\ejX ^`iX dle[`Xc% ;\i\jlckXj[\\jk\fi`^\e#cXdj`ZXklmfleX gfj`Z`eZ\ekiXc\e\cXZfek\Z`d`\ekf#pjlj`em`$ kX[fj`ek\ieXZ`feXc\jd}jj`^e`]`ZXk`mfj]l\ife dj`Zfj1Af_e:X^\#\cd}o`df\ogfe\ek\\e\j\ dfd\ekf[\cXdj`ZX[\`e[\k\id`eXZ`e2;Xm`[ Kl[fi#jlÔ\cZfcXYfiX[fi2Jk\m\I\`Z_#hl\Xk\ii`$ qXYX\e<lifgXZfejljdj`ZXjgifZ\jlXc\jd}j kXi[\ccXdX[Xji\g\k`k`mXjpXled`e`dXc`jkXj 2C\$ aXi`e?`cc\i#\cgi`d\ifhl\Zi\fleXfYiXdlj`ZXc Zfelefi[\eX[fi#cXJl`k\@cc`XZ#gXiXZlXik\kf[\ Zl\i[X2DXli`Z`fBX^\c#\cd}o`dfi\gi\j\ekXek\ [\ck\Xkifdlj`ZXcXlehl\cd`jdfefXj`jk`\e g\ijfeX#g\ifj\gi\j\ekjlÔcd\Cl[n`^mXe 2 JpcmXef9ljjfkk`#pXZc\Yi\gfijljYXiifhl`j$ dfj[\dj`ZX\eXZZ`e2\c]iXeZjClZ$=\iiXi`# pX_}Y`c`dglcjfi[\c\jgXZ`fjfefif2p\e\cZXg$ klcf\jgXfc#efdYi\jZfdfcfj[\QXa]fidX[f \ekfeZ\jgficfjjfZ`fjfi`^`eXc\jAlXe?`[Xc^fp NXck\iDXiZ_\kk`pcXXik`jkXgc}jk`ZX<jk_\i=\$ ii\i 2Xc^lef[\cfjhl\_XYXekiXej`kX[fgfiQXa# ZfdfKfd}jDXiZf2:Xicfj:ilq[\:Xjkif#]le$ [X[fi[\cZi\XZ`fe`jdf2XjZfdfXc^lefj[\cfj am\e\jZXZ_fiifj[\leXefmj`dX^\e\iXZ`ehl\ Xg\eXjXZXYXYX[\Zldgc`icfjm\`ek\Xfj1GXZf >l\ii\iff8ekfe`f8^e[\q#\eki\fkifj%8X[X$ dfjXcfjdj`Zfj<[lXi[fGfcfe`fp?fiXZ`fMX^$ 80 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 ^`fe\#hl\]fidXYXegXik\[\cX[\efd`eX[X8C<8 <c\Zkie`ZXM`mX#p\jkXYXe\eZXi^X[fj#X[\d}j#[\ [Xi]fidXXcXgXik\jfefiX[\Jfc\[X[`ek\iild$ g`[X%8c^leXj[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\cfjZ`kX[fjj\ Zl\ekXe\eki\cfd}jd\dfiXYc\hl\XccjlZ\[`# \j\cZXjf[\cZfeZ`\ikf[\Af_e:X^\f\c[\Jk\m\ I\`Z_#pdfjkiZfe]l\iqXhl\cXmXe^lXi[`Xd}j iX[`ZXcpZfem`eZ\ek\cc\^XYXpX[\ <jkX[fj Le`[fj% Gf[iXdfj XX[`i Zfdf Zfcf]e hl\ kXdY`e i\Z`Y` XZfdf[fcX\ekfek\jccXdX[Xdj`ZX ke`ZXZfegi\j\ekXZ`fe\j[\dj`ZX [\@i}e#@e[`XpM`\keXd #\cÕXd\e$ ZfZfe;`\^f\c[\c>Xjkfi \`eZcljf X glekf \jklmf [\ \ekiXi \c ifZb j` \c\c\mX[j`dfZXZ_\o`^`[fgfile ^ilgf\ekfeZ\j[\df[Xefcf_lY`\$ iX`dg\[`[f% Kf[f\jk\Xgi\jliX[fi\jld\e m`\e\XZl\ekf[\cfhl\_\[\efd`$ eX[fXcgi`eZ`g`fcXgi`eZ`gXcgXiX[f$ aX[\cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX1cX dj`ZX%<e\]\Zkf#ef_Xpd\dfi`X[\ leXZfek\Z`d`\ekfXikjk`ZfXj\e\c hl\cXdj`ZX]l\iXdfkfipgi\j\eZ`X gi`eZ`gXcphl\cl\^fjli\Zl\i[fj\ _XpXmfcXk`c`qX[f%CX;fZld\ekX,#hl\klmfcl^Xi \j\d`jdfXf#efXZf^`dXe`]\jkXZ`fe\jdlj`$ ZXc\j#Zfdf_XfZlii`[f\ecXjXek\i`fi\jp\ecXj gfjk\i`fi\jd}jXcc}[\Xc^eZfeZ`\ikf[\ZfiX$ k`mffcXj`ejkXcXZ`fe\j\ecXjhl\cfjfefif\jpX ZfeZ\Y`[fZfdffkifXjg\Zkf[\c\jgXZ`fgc}jk`Zf% KXdgfZf_lYfeleZXY`\eXc\jd`okXje`]\jk`mXc\j dlj`ZXc\j\ecfjhl\cXgc}jk`ZX_XYcXiX[\`^lXcX `^lXcXc_\Z_fjfefif%<ejldX#[\j[\\jk\glekf [\m`jkX#cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX[\c.)_X$ Z\eÔ^liX[\XZkfe`Zf\`ii\g\k`Yc\%KXe`eXl[`kf gXi\Z\_XY\ij`[fhl\#[\_\Z_f#cXgfjk\i`[X[_X k\id`eX[fgfidf[`ÔZXi\ci\Zl\i[fp[\k\id`eXi hl\i\Xcd\ek\ef_Xj`[fXj% ¶:dfpgfihl_XjlZ\[`[fkXcZfjX68c^leXj iXqfe\jgl\[\ei\jgfe[\iXgXik`i[\fkifjXe}c`j`j1 \cZfek\okfgfck`Zf#cXgifg`X`ii\Xc`[X[[\c\m\ekf# cXXZ\c\iXZ`e[\cZfek\okfjfZ`Xc[\cfjj\k\ekXcX Zi`j`j\Zfed`ZX[\c.*2cXXdgc`XZ`e[\c\jZ\eX$ i`fXikjk`ZfXgXj\jp}i\XjeleZXg\iZ`Y`[Xj\e\c [`jZlijfXikjk`Zf2\cX^fkXd`\ekf[\cXj\ejXZ`e [\Zfe]fik\Zfed`Zf[\i`mX[X[\cdf[\cfgif[lZ$ k`mf[\cXgfj^l\iiX#[\cXjgfj^l\iiXj2cX`emXj`e jfm`k`ZX[\:_\ZfjcfmXhl`X2cXiX[`$ ZXc`qXZ`e [\ cXj gifk\jkXj jfZ`Xc\j gfjk\i`fi\jXc-/pcXZfej`^l`\ek\m`$ ilc\eZ`X[\cXi\gi\j`e[\cfjj\k\ekX# :_`c\#8i^\ek`eX2\cj_fZb\dfZ`feXc [\cX^l\iiX[\M`\keXd2\ceXZ`d`\e$ kf[\ck\iifi`jdf\e<lifgX%%% G\if#¶gfihlkf[f\jkfX]\Zk[\ dXe\iX[`]\i\ek\XcXg\i`g\Z`Xdlj`$ ZXchl\XcXgc}jk`ZXfXfkifj}dY`kfj [\cX\ogi\j`e6;\j[\\cgifg`fZXd$ gf [\ cX dj`ZX j\ gl\[\e XglekXi iXqfe\jhl\cl\^fZfd\ekXi%G\if Xek\jZfem`\e\effcm`[XicXi\jgfejX$ Y`c`[X[[\le\ekfiefZlckliXchl\#[\ dXe\iX\c\^Xek\#[`iXdfjhl\efj\ j`\ek\Zdf[fg\ejXe[f\cXik\j`cX dj`ZXj\d\qZcX%<jkX`eZfdf[`[X[ \jdlp\m`[\ek\\eZlXchl`\iXe}c`j`j [\cfji\Xc`qX[fjXgfjk\i`fi`jfYi\cfj<eZl\ekifj [\GXdgcfeX% J\_Xj\XcX[fhl\GXdgcfeX.)]l\\cfi`$ ^\e[\cXik\ZfeZ\gklXc\jgXfc2cXdj`ZX#gficf m`jkf#j\c`d`kXYXXgXjXigfiXcc%GXiXcXj]l\iqXj gfck`ZXj[\cXgfZX]iXehl`jkXjf[\fgfj`Z`e# i\]fid`jkXjfiX[`ZXc\j #GXdgcfeX]l\\cZlcd\e [\Zdfj\gl\[\cc\^XiX_XZ\i\ci`[Zlcfj`eZfjk\ Xc^lef2g\ifgXiXcfjXeXc`jkXjpZik`Zfjgfjk\i`f$ i\j#hl\j\_Xe[X[fleXÔ\jkX[\jZlXik`qXe[fcXj ZfekiX[`ZZ`fe\jp\c[f^dXk`jdf[\Zfc\^`fdXpfi [\Xhl\ccfjYfYfj#efgXi\Z\_XY\ii\cXZ`e\eki\ Xhl\ccfjZfdgfikXd`\ekfjpcfjhl\\ccfjgiXZk`ZXe ZlXe[fj\kiXkX[\k\e\i\eZfej`[\iXZ`e\c\jg\$ jfidlj`ZXc[\cfj<eZl\ekifj%;\gifekf#Zfdfj` cX_`jkfi`Xj\i\g`k`\j\ZfeleXYlii`d`\ekfdfikXc# Ef_Xp i\Zl\i[f [\le\m\ekf Xj\ehl\cX dj`ZX]l\iX dfkfipjl i\Zl\i[f j\_XpX mfcXk`c`qX[f PAMPLONA 72 La música contemporánea ocupó un lugar central de los Encuentros. En la otra página, John Cage en plena ejecución de “62 Mesostics”. Junto a estas líneas, la compañía de Laura Dean bailando “Drumming”, de Steve Reich. Zfd\ekXi`jkXjpZik`Zfj\eki\cfjhl\j\`eZclp\e dlZ_fjXZklXc\ji\g`k\eZfdgfikXd`\ekfj[`^efj [\leXXek`dlj`ZXc`[X[hl\cX^\e\iXZ`e[\c). j\ek\eZ`Zfdf\k\ieXdXc[`Z`e[\c`ek\c\ZklXc \jgXfc%J`j\_XYcX[\dj`ZX#efjXY\e#efZfe$ k\jkXee`j\c\j\jg\iX%¶J\i}gfj`Yc\6 8_fiXY`\e#kXdY`ecXdj`ZX[\Y\Xjld`ijl ZlfkX[\i\jgfejXY`c`[X[2\eXc^lefjZXjfj#gfiiX$ qfe\j`ekiej\ZXj#p\efkifj#gfiZXi\eZ`Xj^\d\cXj [\cfjgifg`fjdj`Zfj%?XYcXi[\cfgi`d\if#hl\ \jcfe`ZfjljkXeZ`Xc#[\aXe[fcfj\^le[fgXiXhl\ leX[\j\XYc\\mfclZ`eZlckliXcZfii`aXcfhl\j\X gfj`Yc\% < egi`d\icl^Xi#cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXd$ gcfeX [\c .)# Zfdf XZkf j`klX[f \e cX \jk\cX [\c -/# \jkXYXe \oXZ\iYXe[f \c df[\cf[\cXik\fZZ`[\ekXcXcXkXZXicfj gXiX[`^dXj[\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e1\cXik\efgf[X j\ipXXc^f[`jk`ekfXcXm`[X2kXdY`ej\XkXZXYXZfe jXXcXZlXc`[X[[\d\iZXeZX[\cfYa\kfXikjk`Zf% :fdf`e[`ZXDXi`fG\ie`fcX1ÈGXiX;\Yfi[#cXkXi\X gifg`X[\cXik\\jcX[\jljkiX\iXck`\dgf#_XZ`e$ [fcXj\k\ieXj#cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xjm`m`[Xj%R<cXik\Tj\ ZfekiXgfe\gfi\ccfXcXm`[X#gi\Z`jXd\ek\gfihl\ `edfm`c`qX#Zfj`ÔZX#i\[lZ\XfYa\kfcX\o`jk\eZ`X jlYa\k`mX[\cfj`e^lcXi%:fejk`klp\X[\d}jleX ]fidX[\gj\l[f$Zfdle`ZXZ`ehl\fYjkXZlc`qXcX hl\j\gif[lZ\[`i\ZkXd\ek\\eki\cfj`e[`m`[lfj%É <jZfdgc`ZX[fm\iZl}c\j\ccl^Xi[\cXdj`ZX\e \jk\Xe}c`j`j#g\ifgXiXcfjj`klXZ`fe`jkXj\jk}ZcXif hl\ef_XpkXccl^XiZlXe[fgifgfe\e\ejljYj$ hl\[Xj1È\cZfekifc[\cXjel\mXjkZe`ZXj[\Zfe[`$ Z`feXd`\ekf#cXg`ekliX`e[ljki`Xc#cXgj`Zf^\f^iX$ ]X#\cliYXe`jdfle`kXi`f#\cal\^f#cXZfejkilZZ`e [\j`klXZ`fe\j#\c[\jmf#p\cZ`e\%É 8c^leXj[\\jkXjj`klXZ`fe\jj\`[\ek`ÔZXed\$ afiZfe\ckiXYXaf[\Af_e:X^\#\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\\e cXj[ZX[Xj[\cfjj\j\ekXpj\k\ekX#pQXahl\Zfe ZlXchl`\idf[Xc`[X[[\ZfdgfikXd`\ekfZfeZ\g$ klXc%G\if\jXjlgl\jkX`eZfe^il\eZ`XpX_Xj`[f Zfii\^`[Xgfi\cXgXiXkfXikjk`ZfXc_XY\iXjld`[f kXekfX:X^\ZfdfXQXaZfdfleXdf[Xc`[X[[\ Xik\gc}jk`ZXpef\jZXjlXc`[X[hl\cfji\ZfefZ`$ d`\ekfjck`dfjd}jj`^e`ÔZXk`mfjX\jkfjXik`jkXj cc\^l\e[\cXdXef[\dlj\fj[\Xik\Zfek\dgf$ i}e\f% <ekf[fZXjf#cfhl\gXi\Z\ZcXif\jhl\cXZfe$ k\jkXZ`eiX[`ZXc[\\jfjXfj#hl\cfjj`klXZ`fe`j$ kXj\a\dgc`ÔZXed\afihl\eX[`\#efgXi\Z\j`ef ifqXidlpkXe^\eZ`Xcd\ek\\c\jkX[f[\cXZl\jk`e [\cXjdj`ZXj[\mXe^lXi[`X%<e\cZXdY`f[\[$ ZX[Xj-'$.' #cXdj`ZX[\mXe^lXi[`Xj\[\YXkX \eki\]l\iqXjgifg`XjdlpgfZfjfZ`Xc`qXYc\j1\c Ôe[\cj\i`Xc`jdfkXe`[\ek`ÔZX[fZfecXkZe`ZX pleZ`\ikf]lkli`jdf[\g\cZlcX[\dXiZ`Xefj 2 \cdXe\af\em`mf[\cfjXgXiXkfj[\dj`ZX\c\Z$ kie`ZX2cXXc\Xkfi`\[X[ZXj`j`\dgi\ \ek\e[`[XZfdfled\ZXefdm`c#X cf:Xc[\i 2cX\jgXZ`Xc`qXZ`e[\cjf$ e`[f#ZfeZ\Y`[X\ekid`efjXZjk`$ Zfj2\c[`}cf^f#fcfhl\]l\iX#\eki\ cXmXe^lXi[`XfZZ`[\ekXcpcXji\Z`e \d\i^`[XjkiX[`Z`fe\jeffZZ`[\ekX$ c\j2cXXk\eZ`eXcgifZ\jfjfefif\e dfm`d`\ekfXcdf[f[\cXik\Z`ek`Zf# ZlpXXgfikXZ`ej\k\id`e[\Ôe`\e$ [f\e\cd`e`dXc`jdfdlj`ZXc2pjcf \e\cZXjf[\:X^\pQXa#leXef`ek\e$ Z`feXc`[X[XZk`mXZfele\dgXcX^fjf i\^ljkfq\eg\if\efid\d\ek\c`Y\$ iX[fiX\e\cgcXef`ek\c\ZklXc#\chl\ d}j]XccX\ecfjdj`Zfj% ¶Hlk`\e\hl\m\ikf[f\jkfZfe \cXkXhl\]ifekXcXcXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e# XcXgj\l[f$Zfdle`ZXZ`e69`\egfZf# j\^liXd\ek\%<cj\i`Xc`jdffg\iXYXjljefm\[X[\j \e\c`ek\i`fi[\cX\jZi`kliX#jlXgXiXkfj`dYc`Zf \iX\cd`jdfhl\\c[\kf[XcXkiX[`Z`efZZ`[\ekXc# gfid}jhl\jljjfefi`[X[\j]l\iXecXjd}jdf$ [\ieXj% CXdj`ZX\c\Zkie`ZX\iXkZe`ZX\e\jkX[f glif\`eZcljf#\e\jfjXfj#j\\eZfekiXYXXgle$ kf[\j\i]X^fk`qX[Xgfi\c\d\i^\ek\fi[\eX[fi#cX j`dlcXZ`e\jkXYX\jg\iXe[f[\ki}j[\cXgl\ikX% CXjefm\[X[\jXZjk`ZXj#cfjZXdY`fj[\j`klXZ`e [\c\jg\ZkX[fi#cXilgkliX[\cdf[\cf[\ZfeZ`\i$ kfefgifg`Z`XYXeleXZfdle`ZXZ`ec`Y\iX[fiX \eki\cXjg\ijfeXj#Xc^fj\^lX`ek\igfe`e[fj\ \eki\\ccfj% G\ifXe_Xpd}j#Xc^lefj\a\dgcfj[\iX[`ZX$ c`[X[dlj`ZXcXg\eXj\jZfe[Xejli\Xc`[X[j`dY$ c`ZX2\cd}jÕX^iXek\\jcXZfefZ`[Xg`\qX[\Af_e :X^\+Ë**ËË2\e\jkXfYiXgXiXg`Xef\c`ekigi\k\[\$ YXXYi`icXkXgX[\c`ejkild\ekfp\jg\iXi\oXZkX$ d\ek\\ck`\dgf`e[`ZX[f\e\ckklcfj`ekfZXieX[X2 cXdj`ZX\iXcXi\Xc`[X[#g\if%%%¶Gfihl+Ë**ËË6CX i\jgl\jkX\jhl\#Zfem\ik`[fjXj\^le[fj#j\kiXkX [\).*#cXd`jdXZ`]iX\ecXhl\Z\jXkf[fdfm`$ d`\ekfdfc\ZlcXi\eleX\jZXcX[\^iX[fj=X_i\e$ _\`k#fj\X#\cZ\ifXYjfclkf%:X^\j\[`fZl\ekX[\cX kiXdgXpeleZXd}jgljfcd`k\Xjlj g`\qXj[\`e[\k\id`eXZ`e#pXhl\#cfj j\^le[fjefjfe^iX[fj=X_i\e_\`k# leXZfjXi\d`k\XcXfkiXXkiXmj[\ cXd\k}]fiX#\ejldX#XkiXmj[\le d\ZXe`jdfc`e^jk`Zf%¶Gf[iXdfj ccXdXi X \jkf i\gi\j\ekXZ`e# f `e$ Zcljfgj\l[fZfdle`ZXZ`e6 CfjfZ_\ekXj\ZXejXifelegfZf [\kXekfal\^f[\cXm\i[X[p[\Z`[`\$ ifehl\cfc`e^jk`ZfpcXi\gi\j\e$ kXZ`eef\iXekXe[`XYc`ZfjZfdf cfjg`ekXYXecfjXcYfifkX[fi\j[\cfj j\j\ekX#g\if\jfpX\jfkiX_`jkfi`X% CXhl\efjkiX\Xhl\jcX[\[`clZ`[Xi gfihlcXdj`ZXj\[`]ld`e[\le \m\ekfkiXjZ\e[\ekXc`e`Z`X[fgfi\ccX d`jdX%P\jhl\hl`q}]l\dlpfjX[X1 \cXik\#cXi\mfclZ`e#cXi\mfclZ`e[\c Xik\p\cXik\[\cXi\mfclZ`edXe\aXYXedXe\aXe lefjZ[`^fj\ecfjhl\cXdj`ZXj`\dgi\gXi\Z\ \jkXi]l\iX[\cl^Xi% Hl`q} cX _`jkfi`f^iX]X dXe\aX[X gfi \jg\$ Z`Xc`jkXj \e Xik\j gc}jk`ZXj [\Y\iX j\i le gfZf d}je\lkiX#g\if\jf\jkXdY`efkiX_`jkfi`X%<c _\Z_f\jhl\cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX.)j\ \jk}ei\\jZi`Y`\e[fj`ehl\\cXeÔki`ej\XZfej`$ [\iX[fZfdfkXc#d}jXe#Zfdfj`eleZX_lY`\iX \jkX[fXcc% LeZli`fjf\e`^dXhl\c\^XdfjXc\jkl[`fjf [\c]lklif%x CXi\mfcl$ Z`ep\cXik\ dXe\aXe lefjZ[`^fj \ecfjhl\ cXdj`ZX j`\dgi\ gXi\Z\]l\iX [\cl^Xi CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 81 DEBATE LeXgfjkiX[`Z`egXiX[a`ZX GfiAlXeCl`jDfiXqX I \Zl\i[fjpjl\fjjfe`e[`jZ\ie`Yc\j#\e \cZ\i\Yif_ldXef#kXcpZfdfcXjc\p\e$ [Xj#cfjd`kfj#cX_`jkfi`Xpcfj_\Z_fjjfe `e[`jZ\ie`Yc\j\e\c`dX^`eXi`fjfZ`Xc%P \ccfXg\jXi[\cfj\j]l\iqfj`cljkiX[fjgfiXYfc`i \c\eZXekXd`\ekf[\cfji\cXkfj%D}jXe#cXd`kf$ cf^X[\cXm\i[X[_X^\e\iX[fcfjdfejkilfjeX$ kliXc`jkXj[\cXk\ZefZ`\eZ`XpcXjdXcm\ijXZ`fe\j ^efj\fc^`ZXj[\cX]\efd\efcf^X]fkf^i}ÔZXpcX i\Xc`[X[m`iklXc%D}jXZ}[\jldX^e`kl[#cfji\cXkfj `dgfikXeZfdf]XZkfi\j[`e}d`Zfj#ZfdfZXkXc`qX$ [fi\j#d}jXcc}[\jlm\i`ÔZXY`c`[X[#ZXj`j`\dgi\ `e[\Z`[`Yc\%CXgi\ZXi`\[X[[\cj\ek`[f[\m\i[X[ \e\ci\cXkfXglekXgi\Z`jXd\ek\XcXg\ij`jk\eZ`X# XcXg\im`m\eZ`X\e\cdle[fZfek\dgfi}e\f[\ cfhl\Zfdf]\ed\efgl[fjlZ\[\iXhl\ccXjmj$ g\iXj[\JXe=\ide[\c.)#\eki\\c)-[\ale`fp \c*[\alc`f%E`j`hl`\iX\c_`jkfi`X[figl\[\Zfe$ ÔidXicfhl\jlZ\[`pcfhl\efjlZ\[`%J`e[l[X \o`jk\ed}j<eZl\ekifjhl\k\jk`^fjgi\j\eZ`Xc\j# pkf[fjcfjhl\k\e\dfjefk`Z`X[\\ccfj#jfdfjZXj` j`ehl\i\ik\jk`^fjefgi\j\eZ`Xc\j%CXjk\ej`fe\j \eki\i\Zl\i[fjpd\dfi`Xj#\eki\i\Õ\o`fe\jp i\Õ\afj#\eki\cfjlZ\[`[fpcf[\j\X[f#jfej`d`$ cXi\jXc_\Z_fpXjlg\im`m\eZ`X#XcXZfek\Z`d`\ekf pXel\jkiXj`klXZ`e%KXdY`eXhl#\c]\k`Z_`jdf [\c[fZld\ekf`dg`[\iX[`ZXcd\ek\\cXZZ\jfXc XZfek\Z`d`\ekf% ?fpefj\kiXkX#gl\j#[\ZlXc`ÔZXie`[\mXcf$ iXicfj<eZl\ekifj#e`j\^liXd\ek\# e`j`hl`\iX#[\Xgi\Z`Xijl`eÕl\eZ`X# [`]Z`cd\ek\ZlXek`ÔZXYc\#e`dlZ_f d\efjjlXZklXc`[X[%J`ef[\Zfej`$ [\iXi_XjkXhlglekfleXi\Õ\o`e jfYi\\cgi\j\ek\gl\[\Xgifm\Z_Xi cXfZXj`e[\leXZie`ZX2_XjkXhl glekfcXZie`ZXgl\[\\jkXij`\e[f \cjekfdX[\leXZife`ÔZXZ`e2_Xj$ kXhlglekfXhl\cgi\j\ek\#\jZXjX$ d\ek\gi\j\eZ`Xc#gl[f\jkXij`\e[f XZklXc#pgficfkXekffYjfc\kf%LeX g\ijg\Zk`mX [\ZfejkilZk`mX _XZ\ `ejljkXeZ`Xc cX Z\ik`]`ZXZ`e [\ cfj ]iXZXjfj`e_\i\ek\jXZlXchl`\i`e`$ Z`Xk`mX Xlkek`ZXd\ek\ jljkXeZ`Xc% Fj`Xhl\ccfjj`\k\[XjZfejkXkXife cX ]iljkiXZ`e f cX Xgfk\fj`j [\ cX mXe^lXi[`Xf\cXk`jYffcX`dgfj`Y`$ c`[X[[\leXel\mXj\ej`Y`c`[X[gfjdf[\ieX%@e$ [\g\e[`\ek\d\ek\[\cXZXgXZ`[X[Xikjk`ZX[\cXj fYiXjXccZfemfZX[XjgXiXkiXjZ\e[\ijlZXi}Zk\i [fZld\ekXcpfg\iXi\]\Zkfjd}jXcc}[\jlZfe$ k\okfk\dgfiXc#`[\fc^`Zf#ZlckliXc #`eZcljfj` cfj<eZl\ekifjefj\_lY`\iXegf[`[fi\Xc`qXi#jl gif^iXdXZ`eXZkXjfYi\cX_`jkfi`XZfecX]l\iqX [\jljZfek\e`[fj#[\jlj`ek\eZ`fe\j#[\jlfi^X$ e`qXZ`e`dgcZ`kX%J`e\dYXi^f#cXd\qZcX\eki\ cfgif^iXdX[fpcfjlZ\[`[f#\eki\cXmfclekX[Xi$ kjk`ZXp\cXZfek\Z`d`\ekfjfZ`Xc#\eki\cXjZfekiX$ gif^iXdXZ`fe\jpcfj[\jXcfafj#\eki\cXjYfdYXj pcfj_Xgg\e`e^j#\eki\cXj`ek\eZ`fe\jpcfji\jlc$ kX[fj#\eki\cXjgfj`Y`c`[X[\jpcXji\Xc`qXZ`fe\j jfegi\Z`jXd\ek\cXfZXj`e$ZXj`leXZlXi\ek\eX [\jglj$gXiXi\Õ\o`feXijfYi\cXjgXiX[faXj[\ el\jkifgi\j\ek\% ;\j[\\ekfeZ\j#cfjZfeÕ`ZkfjcfZXc\jd}jk\$ ii`Yc\j[\cÔeXc[\c]iXehl`jdf_Xej`[fjljk`kl`[fj gfiZfeÕ`Zkfj`ek\ieXZ`feXc\jXed}jk\ii`Yc\jp ^\e\iXc`qX[fjg\if[\jgcXqX[fj#\eZi`gkX[fj2cX kiXej`Z`e [\dfZi}k`ZX j\ ]l\ X]`XeqXe[f \e \c <jkX[fZfdfleX`ed\ij`eXYjfclkX\ecXc^`ZX [\cZXg`kXc`jdfXmXeqX[f2cfj\oZ\jfj[\cX`e[lj$ ki`Xc`qXZ`ej\_XeZfdgc\d\ekX[fZfecfj[\cX ^cfYXc`qXZ`e p cX k\Zef[\g\e[\eZ`X `e]fid}k`$ ZX2cXj[`jZlj`fe\j\jk`cjk`ZXj_Xe[\aX[fcl^XiX Zfdg\k\eZ`XjÔeXeZ`\iXj2cX`ejk`klZ`feXc`qXZ`e p[\jXiifccf[\cX`e[ljki`XXikjk`ZX`dg`[\ZXj`kf$ kXcd\ek\ZlXchl`\iXZfek\Z`d`\ekf`dgi\m`j`Yc\# \ele]fidXc`jdf\ogXe[`[f2cX`e^\el`[X[\og\$ i`d\ekXc#YXjX[X\ecX`dg\i`Z`XpcX[`ÔZlckX[[\ XZZ\jf#_Xj`[fjljk`kl`[Xgficfj\oZ\jfjXd\el[f Xef[`efj[\lek\Zefm`iklfj`jdf[\XZZ\jfkfkXc2cX fYjk`eXZ`e[\leX`e[X^XZ`eXgXj`feX[X_X[\aX$ [fgXjfXleXgif]\j`feXc`qXZ`eefidXc`qX[X2pcfj ^\jkfjXa\efjXcfj`ek\i\j\jgXki`dfe`Xc\j_Xej`[f jljk`kl`[fjgfileXZXg`kXc`qXZ`e[\cgXki`dfe`f `edXk\i`Xc¿:X[Xlef[\\jfjZXdY`fj$`e[`]\i\e$ k\jXZlXchl`\imXcfiXZ`e$#ef`dg`[\eXgi\Z`XicX g\ij`jk\eZ`X[\Z`\ikXjgXiX[faXj1 @% CfZXc&>cfYXc%CXgi`d\iXgXiX[faXi\]`\i\X cX `ejfjk\e`Y`c`[X[ [\ cX ]XcjX [`ZfkfdX \eki\ cfeXZ`feXcpcf`ek\ieXZ`feXc%CXgif^iXdXZ`e [\ cfj <eZl\ekifj [\jm\cX leX j\ej`Y`c`[X[ hl\ XZklXcd\ek\ j\ `[\ek`]`ZXiX Zfdf gfjZfcfe`Xc# [\jk\ii`kfi`Xc`qX[Xp^cfYXc`qX[fiX%CXgif^iXdX$ Z`edlck`ZlckliXc[\cfj<eZl\ekifj _fpj\^l`iXj`\e[fXki\m`[X#g\ifXc d`jdfk`\dgf\ejlXgi\Z`XZ`e[\ ZlckliXjef$fZZ`[\ekXc\j#gfglcXi\j pg\i`]i`ZXj#i\eleZ`XYXcfjXgifg`X$ Z`fe`jdfjmXe^lXi[`jkXjhl\cXZlckl$ iXgfjdf[\ieXj`dlck}e\Xd\ek\_X [\eleZ`X[fp[\jXiifccX[f%CX[\jk\$ ii`kfi`Xc`qXZ`eXek`_\^\de`ZXef_X jlgl\jkf[\]XZkfleXi\cXk`m`qXZ`e [\cfjgXi}d\kifjZlckliXc\j[\cXZlc$ kliXfZZ`[\ekXc#j`efcX`ek\^iXZ`e\e \ccX[\c\jg\ZkifZfdgc\kf[\df[fj ZlckliXc\j%8j#\j`e[l[XYc\hl\cX kfkXc[\jZfe\o`e\eki\\c}dY`kfcf$ ZXcgXdgcfe`ZX$mXjZf$\jgXfc p\c `ek\ieXZ`feXc`kXcf$]iXeZf$^\dXef$ Xe^cfjXae [\cXkXYXleXXlkek`ZX ]XckX[\Zfek\okfgifg`Z`fgXiX\cXik\ [\mXe^lXi[`X#kXcpZfdfj\gif[laf\e\c.)2phl\ cfjZfeÕ`ZkfjcfZXc\j$jfZ`fgfck`Zfjp\jkk`ZfZX$ i`jd}k`Zfj$i\Xcd\ek\`dg`[`\ife\c[\jXiifccf Zfdgc\kf[\cXX^\e[X[\cfj<eZl\ekifjpjlg\$ i`f[`Z`[X[%G\ifkXekfcX]XckX[\g\ijg\Zk`mXZfdf cXXlj\eZ`X[\leZfek\okfgifg`Z`fi\gi\j\ekXYXe [\]fidXgi\Z`jX\cX`jcXd`\ekf[\cXmXe^lXi[`X `ek\ieXZ`feXci\jg\ZkfXcXZlckliXpXcXjfZ`\[X[ XcXhl\g\ik\e\ZX1cXmXe^lXi[`Xj\Zfejk`klX ZfdfZfekiXZlckliXcd\[`Xek\leXgif]\ZXXlkf$ Zldgc`[fiX[\[\jZfe\o`ejfZ`Xc#`eZcljfZlXe[f XZklXYX]j`ZXd\ek\\ek\ii`kfi`fjgYc`Zfj#`eZcl$ jfZlXe[fj\Xgifg`XYX[\i\]\i\eZ`Xj#Zfek\e`[fj# `Zfef^iX]XjgfglcXi\j#`eZcljfZlXe[fgi\k\e[Xe [`i`^`ij\XcXjfZ`\[X[$Zfeki`Ylp\e[fXZfem\ik`icX \eXYjkiXZZ`e`ejkild\ekXcf\e]XekXjX[\gc\$ e`kl[%Pcfj\ejXpfj[\`ejk`klZ`e[\leX\jkk`ZX cfZXcfeXZ`feXc[\j[\#]i\ek\#_XZ`X#ZfekiXle\j$ k`cf`ek\ieXZ`feXc$j\X\chl\j\X$jfe\hl`mXc\ek\j CXZi\Z`\ek\ iX[`ZXc`[X[ kiXej^i\jfiX [\cXik\df$ [\ief_Xj`[f gifgfiZ`feXc Xjl]XckX[\ Zfdgc`Z`[X[ jfZ`Xc 82 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 Xcfj\ejXpfj[\`ejk`klZ`e[\ZlXchl`\i\jkk`ZX `ek\ieXZ`feXc%<jcXj`d\kiX[\leXcfZXc`[X[[\ gi\k\ej`fe\j^cfYXc\j#pleX^cfYXc`qXZ`e[\`ej$ kild\ekXc`qXZ`fe\jcfZXc\j% @@%8ik\&JfZ`\[X[%FkiXgXiX[faXi\d`k\gi\Z`jX$ d\ek\XcX`ejfjk\e`Y`c`[X[[\cXjlgfj`Z`e[\cX `eZfdg\k\eZ`XjfZ`Xc]i\ek\XcXiX[`ZXc`[X[mXe$ ^lXi[`jkX%KXekfcfj`ek\ekfj[\X[\ZlXZ`ejfZ`Xc [\cXik\#Zfdfcfj[\X[\ZlXZ`eXikjk`ZX[\cXjf$ Z`\[X[#_XYi}egi\jlgl\jkfleX]XcjX\ok\i`fi`[X[ i\ZgifZX%CXZi\Z`\ek\iX[`ZXc`[X[kiXej^i\jfiX[\c Xik\df[\ief_Xj`[f[`i\ZkXd\ek\gifgfiZ`feXcX jl]XckX[\Zfdgc`Z`[X[jfZ`Xc1jlm\cfZ`[X[Zik`ZX [\kiXej]fidXZ`egfk\eZ`Xcjcf_Xj`[fgfj`Yc\ [\j[\jl`dgfj`Y`c`[X[e\^fZ`X[fiX#[\j[\jlm\i$ k`^`efjf\jkXk`jdf%<jkXgXiX[faX`dgcZ`kX]Xmfi\$ Z\i}i\efmX[fjpg\ij`jk\ek\jgifp\Zkfjj`dki`Zfj [\[`jfclZ`e[\cXik\kXekf[\jljZfekiX[`ZZ`fe\j Zfdf[\jlj\oZ\c\eZ`Xj $\eefdYi\[\cX\hl`$ gXiXZ`e`^lXc`kXi`X$#pgifp\Zkfj[\\clj`e[\cX jfZ`\[X[$\eefdYi\[\leXi\j\imXXi`jkfZi}k`ZX$# gifg`Z`Xe[fcfjdXc\ek\e[`[fj[\leX[`jk`eZ`e efYXjX[X\ecXjj`e^lcXi`[X[\jpcXj`ek\iXZZ`fe\j% CX\jkXY`c`qXZ`e\`ejk`klZ`feXc`qXZ`e`ek\ieXZ`f$ eXc[\cXik\\og\i`d\ekXc_XYi}ZfekX[fZfele g\hl\fg\ifgf[\ifjfeZc\f[\Xgfpfgfck`Zfp ÔeXeZ`\if#Xik`ZlcX[fZfelej`jk\dX[\cXik\hl\ pX _XYX X[hl`i`[f leX efkXYc\ XlkfefdX ]le$ Z`feXc#]l\Zfeki`Ylp\e[fXkiXej]fidXi`eZcljf cXj]fidXjd}j]\_XZ`\ek\j[\Xik\kiXej^i\jfip Zfdgifd\k`[f#$gfidlp[\jkilZk`mXfXef[`eX hl\gl\[Xcc\^XiXi\jlckXi$\eleX]fidXc`qXZ`e i\ki`ZX#g\i]\ZkXd\ek\c\^`k`dX[X[\Xek\dXef gfi\j\\e[f^ilgf\jg\Z`Xc`qX[f%@ek\ieXd\ek\#cX gl\jkX\eZi`j`j[\cfj]fidXkfj#[\cfj^e\ifj#[\ cfjd\[`fj#[\cfjgifZ\jfjXikjk`Zfj#$pcXjZfej`$ ^l`\ek\jgi}Zk`ZXj`ek\i^\ei`ZXj#`ek\id\[`}k`ZXj# ]l\iX[\]fidXkf$_XYi}jlgl\jkfleXgXiZ\cXZ`e ZXk\^fi`Xcple[\jXiifccf\jkilZkliXc1\cXik\\e\c ZXdgf\ogXe[`[f_Xj`[fgfid\efi`qX[Xd\ek\ ZcXj`ÔZX[f\eleXiZ_`mf\ogXe[`[f%Ef\jhl\cX ZlckliXZfek\dgfi}e\Xj\_XpX_\Z_fd}jj\ej`Yc\ XcX[`m\ij`[X[pXcX\oZ\c\eZ`X#j`efhl\_Xg\i$ ]\ZZ`feX[fjljj`jk\dXj[\ZcXj`ÔZXZ`epZfdgl$ kXZ`e[\XZl\i[fXleXXlkfZfdgcXZ`\ek\`clj`e [\i\ZfefZ`d`\ekf#hl\Zfem`\ik\cXj`e^lcXi`[X[ p\cd\jk`qXa\\ei\hl`j`kfj[\_fdfcf^XZ`e%<o$ k\ieXd\ek\#cXgl\jkX\eZi`j`j[\cXik\Zfdfgi}Z$ k`ZXpZfdfX^\eZ`Xj`dYc`ZXÇk\fi`qX[Xgficfj d}jXm`\jfjpi\mfclZ`feXi`fjk\i`ZfjÇ#alekfX cXZi\Z`\ek\`e[`jZ\ie`Y`c`[X[[\cXZfek\Z`d`\ekf Xikjk`Zf\e\cj\ef[\leXjfZ`\[X[Zi\Xk`mX#_X$ Yi}ZfeÔeX[f\cdle[f[\cXik\Xled`Zifj\Zkfi ÔeXeZ`\ifhl\gifdfZ`feXgi}Zk`ZXjZX[Xm\qd}j e\Z\j`kX[Xj[\`ek\id\[`XZ`fe\j[`jZlij`mXj\jg\$ Z`Xc`qX[Xj[\ZXi}Zk\iZfdg\ejXkfi`f#ZXgXZ\j[\ aljk`ÔZXicfjXckfje`m\c\j[\gcljmXcXhl\[\ekif [\cXik\gl\[\egif[lZ`ifYa\kfjpXZZ`fe\jfi[`$ eXi`fjpZfk`[`Xefj%8j#cfjd`jdfjX^\ek\jhl\_X$ Yi}egifdfm`[fXik\jhl\[`jd`elp\ejlje`m\c\j [\\o`^\eZ`Xphl\i\[lZ\ecXi`hl\qX[\]XZkfi\jp [\\ogi\j`fe\j#Zfem\ik`i}e\jXjZfej\Zl\eZ`Xj\e aljk`ÔZXZ`e[\c[\jgi\Z`f[\cXik\d`jdf%Pkf[f \ccf\eefdYi\#gi\Z`jXd\ek\[\c[fYc\Zfdgc\af [\cXi\mfclZ`ep[\cX\og\i`d\ekXZ`e1[\cXi\$ [lZZ`e]leZ`feXc[\cXik\X`ejkild\ekf[\kiXej$ PAMPLONA 72 Tres eventos que resumen el caracter heterodoxo de los Encuentros Pamplona: la ironía social ]fidXZ`ejfZ`Xc#p[\cXi\[lZZ`e\og\i`d\ekXc[\ mXi`XYc\jX[fgZ`eXZik`ZX[\df[\cfjk\ZefZ`\e$ kÔZfj \eefdYi\[\leXXg\ikliXZfeZ\gklXcp[\ leXX[XgkXZ`eZlckliXc¿ @@@%@[\fcf^X&<jk`cf%CXk\iZ\iXgXiX[faXi\Ô\i\ XcX`ejfjk\e`Y`c`[X[[\cXgi\jleZ`e[\leXZf$ ii\jgfe[\eZ`X\eki\\jk`cf\`[\fcf^X%J`\cO@O jlgljfcXZfeZ`\eZ`X[\cX`e[\g\e[\eZ`X\eki\ gfZXp\jk`cf#\cOOjlgljfcXZ\ik`ÔZXZ`e[\cX `e[\g\e[\eZ`X\eki\\jk`cf\`[\fcf^X%Cfji\Z$ gifZfjZfhl\k\fj`e`Z`Xc\j\eki\cXmXe^lXi[`Xp \c]XjZ`jdf$ifkfjle`cXk\iXcd\ek\gfi\cI\`Z_($2 cX\ek\ek\`dgcZ`kX\eki\\c]iXehl`jdfpcfj_\$ i`ZfjXik`jkXjXek`]iXehl`jkXjgXiXjlgifdfZ`e `ek\ieXZ`feXc^ilgf<cGXjf#Fk\`qX#:_`cc`[X#\kZ% # fcXkfc\iXeZ`X$ZlXe[fefgifdfZ`e`e[`i\ZkX[\ cfj<eZl\ekifj$gfigXik\[\cFglj;\`#jfejcf Xc^lefj\a\dgcfjhl\ZfekiX[`Z\ecXm`^\eZ`X[\ \jXjZfii\jgfe[\eZ`Xjhl\i\\jZi`Y\elejlgl\jkf meZlcf\eki\mXe^lXi[`X\jkk`ZXpi\mfclZ`ejf$ Z`Xc1cXj`[\fcf^Xjd}jZfej\imX[fiXjjfeXd\el$ [fgifdfkfiXj[\cXj\jkk`ZXjd}jkiXej^i\jfiXj# pm`Z\m\ijX% CXje\Z\j`[X[\j[\c\^`k`dXZ`e`[\fc^`ZX$\e jlXdgc`f\jg\Zkif$\eZl\ekiXele]l\ik\Xc`X[f \e cfj gfj`Z`feXd`\ekfj Zik`Zfj p ifdg\[fi\j% Gficf[\d}j#\eZX[Xdfd\ekf#\eZX[Xcl^Xi#cfj Zfdgifd\k`[fj^\jkfj_\if`Zfjefj`\dgi\Zf`e$ Z`[\eZfejlX[jZi`gZ`eXZ`\ikfj\c\eZfj[\gif$ kX^fe`jkXj%:X[X`[\fcf^Xef\jj`efcXf]\ikX[\ lej`jk\dXXlkf`edle\[\g\ejXd`\ekf%D`\ekiXj cX^\e\iXZ`e[\le\jk`cfjlgfe\leXfg\iXZ`e j`dYfc`qX[fiXhl\hl\[XXelcX[XZfe]fid\\c\j$ k`cf\jk}jlÔZ`\ek\d\ek\ZfeÔ^liX[fZfdfgXiX g\id`k`ijljZi`gZ`fe\j% Cfj<eZl\ekifjj\gif[la\ifejfYi\cXjXjZlXj [\cXZfejk`klZ`epcX[`jfclZ`e`ejkXek}e\X[\ cfj^ilgfj[\cX<jZl\cXMXjZX(0-,&(0-- )#gi\$ Z`jXd\ek\gfileX[`jglkXj`ejfclZ`e\eki\mXe$ ^lXi[`X\jkk`ZXpj\im`Z`fi\mfclZ`feXi`f#\eki\ \jk`cfpgfck`ZX#\eki\]fidXpZfek\e`[f#\eki\ d\[`fpd\ejXa\#\eki\XYjkiXZZ`emXe^lXi[`jkX pÔ^liXZ`ei\mfclZ`feXi`X *¿Cfj[\]\ejfi\j[\ cXmXe^lXi[`XXjg`iXYXeXleXkiXej]fidXZ`eZlc$ kliXchl\X]\ZkXYXXcXj]fidXjd}jgif]le[Xj[\ j\ek`ipg\ejXicXi\gi\j\ekXZ`epcXi\Xc`[X[#gfi cfhl\efgf[XeZfe]fidXij\Zfecfjj`jk\dXj[\ i\gi\j\ekXZ`eeXkliXc`jkXje`Zfecfjj`^e`ÔZXek\j pj`^e`ÔZX[fjZlckliXcd\ek\i\ZfefZ`[fj% Cfj[\]\ejfi\j[\leXik\i\mfclZ`feXi`f#gfi \cZfekiXi`f#[\]\e[XeleX`ejkild\ekXc`qXZ`e [\cXik\XcXi\mfclZ`e#pj`jljd\ejXa\j[\YXe j\iZfdgi\e[`[fjgfikf[fj#cX\jkk`ZX[\YXj\i jlÔZ`\ek\d\ek\Zfem\eZ`feXc#Zfdgi\ej`Yc\#eX$ kliXc`jkX%%%CfjXik`jkXjpcfj^ilgfjjli^`[fjkiXj \jkfj XZfek\Z`d`\ekfj gifZliXife leX [\jgfc`$ k`qXZ`egfck`ZXpleX[\ZfejkilZZ`ef[\j\jk\$ k`ÔZXZ`eXikjk`ZX2g\ifcXgXiX[faXg\i[liX1CX Xjg`iXZ`ei\mfclZ`feXi`Xg\ij`jk\\e`ek\eZ`fe\j Xek`_\^\de`ZXj2cXXjg`iXZ`emXe^lXi[`jkXg\i$ j`jk\\emfclekX[\jjfigi\j`mXj2Zfdf#Xg\jXi[\ \jkXjjlgfj`Z`fe\j$hl\g\ik\e\Z\ed}jXcXk\fiX pXcX\jkk`ZXhl\XcXgi}Zk`ZXXikjk`ZX$#g\i[liX\e cXjgi}Zk`ZXj\cXe_\cf[\leX]lj`e\eki\gfk`ZX pgfck`ZX% <jkXjZfdgc\a`[X[\jj\kiX[lZ\e_fp\e[X\e cXjjlgl\jkXjZfii\jgfe[\eZ`Xj\eki\cXj\jkk`ZXj i\mfclZ`feXi`Xj#Xek`]fidXc`jkXj$jljZi`kXjgficfj _XZb\ij[\cfi\Xc#cXj\jkk`ZXji\cXZ`feXc\j#\kZ%$p jljZfe[`Z`fe\ji\Xc\j[\meZlcfjfZ`Xc$hl\Zfe$ ÔidXiXecXjd`jdXjZfekiX[`ZZ`fe\jm`j`Yc\j\e del Equipo Crónica, el recital de Lily Greenham y la célebre y efímera instalación neumática de José María Prada Poole que se desinfló antes de lo previsto, también en la foto de la parte inferior. cXZfeÔXeqX\eZ`\ikX`[\fcf^X[\cgif^i\jf[\cfj gif^i\j[\c.)\og\i`d\ekXc`jdf\ej`d`jdX[fp XZk`m`jdfXc`\eX[f % <e\]\Zkf#cfj`dglcjfj[\jXiifcc`jkXjhl\Zfe$ k`elXifeXcXi\jkXliXZ`ekiXjcXJ\^le[X>l\iiX Dle[`Xc#jlglj`\ifeX[\d}jleZi\Z`\ek\\eZXe$ kXd`\ekfZ`\ek`ÔjkXZlpXjdXe`]\jkXZ`fe\jXikjk`$ ZXj`eZclp\ifeZfdglkXZ`feXc`jdf#jfZ`fcf^`jdf# \og\i`d\ekXc`jdfp[fZld\ekXc`jdf%CXj]fidl$ cXZ`fe\ji\Z`\ek\j[\\jX`[\fcf^X[\cgif^i\jf `eZclp\e df[\cfj [\ ]fidXc`qXZ`e Zfdgc\afj# Õl`[fj#ZXk`Zfj#]fidXc`qXZ`fe\jXek`]fidXc`jkXj1 \cXiZ_`mf\e\cZXdgf\ogXe[`[fXZkX\ek`\dgf i\Xc#[\df[fhl\cX[\Ôe`Z`e\jZf\k}e\XXcXgif$ [lZZ`e2gfi\ccfcXjlgfj`Z`e[\leXZfii\jgfe$ [\eZ`X\eki\\jk`cf\`[\fcf^X\cl[\cX]fidXc`qX$ Z`e[\cfj^\jkfji\mfclZ`feXi`fjp\og\i`d\ekXc\j Zfem\ik`[fj\ei\g\ikfi`f]fidXc#\eXi^lZ`Xi\k$ i`ZX#g\i]\ZkXd\ek\jfclYc\jZfeZlXchl`\iÔe% @M%I\Xc`[X[&I\Xc%CXZlXikXgXiX[faXi\Ô\i\XcX `ejfjk\e`Y`c`[X[[\c\jZ\gk`Z`jdf`e^\elf%CXgX$ iX[faX\eki\ZfefZ`d`\ekfpXZZ`e#\eki\cXmXe$ ^lXi[`jkXZi`j`j[\i\gi\j\ekXZ`epcXi\mfclZ`feX$ i`XmfclekX[[\kiXej]fidXZ`e#XkiXm`\jXcX]iXZkliX gfjdf[\ieX%<cXik\df[\iefpgfjkdf[\ief j\ [\jXiifccXi\Zfii`[fgfileX[fYc\gi\fZlgXZ`e1 leX^efj\fc^`ZX¶_XjkXhlglekfgf[\dfj[\Z`i# ZfeZ`\ikf]le[Xd\ekf#hl\ZfefZ\dfj\cdle[f i\Xc6 pfkiXgiXo`fc^`ZX¶_XjkXhlglekfgf[\$ dfjkiXej]fidXi\cdle[f6 %<e\jX\eZilZ`aX[X# \cXik\\ejXpXleXXik`ZlcXZ`e[\cXd`jdX\eZil$ Z`aX[Xd\[`Xek\kf[fjcfjdf[fjgfj`Yc\j[\leX Zi`j`j[\i\gi\j\ekXZ`ehl\fg\i\\]\Zkfj[\kiXej$ ]fidXZ`e%G\ifj\kiXkX[\leX]XcjX[`ZfkfdX1\c \og\i`d\ekXc`jdfXek`eXkliXc`jkXhl\[\Zfejkilp\ CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 83 DEBATE Pamplona fue un baile de paradojas entre la tradición y la vanguardia, lo local y lo universal, la ideología y el estilo. En la imagen, “Poema público”, de Ignacio Gómez de Liaño. cfjgXi}d\kifji\gi\j\ekXZ`feXc\j[\jm\cXe[fcX XiY`kiXi`\[X[[\cfjj`^efj#\cZfejkilZk`m`jdfjf$ Z`Xc[\cXjj`^e`ÔZXZ`fe\j#p[\c`dX^`eXi`f#cXgi\$ ZXi`\[X[[\cXm\i[X[ \jX[\d}j\cX^\ek\[\leX i\ZfejkilZZ`e[\cj\ek`[f[\i\Xc`[X[%:X[X\jk`cf \jleXmXZleXZfekiXcXj`dgc`ÔZXZ`e#hl\[\cXkX cX`e^\el`[X[[\c\jk`cfXek\i`fi#[\c\jk`cffkif% 8j#XkiXm\jXe[fcXj[`m\ij`[X[\j\jk`cjk`ZXj# gl\[\Xgi\Z`Xij\cXZfek`el`[X[[\\jkXÈXZlZ`Xe$ k\e\Z\j`[X[[\m\i[X[É+#[\\jk\`dglcjfe`Zf [\[\ZfejkilZZ`ei\mfclZ`e pi\ZfejkilZZ`e i\jkXliXZ`e 1i\Xc`jdf[\Z`dfee`Zf#c`k\iXc`jdf [\cfYa\kf\jg\ZÔZf#_`g\ii\Xc`jdf# Xik\ZfeZi\kf#[fZld\ekXc`jdf#Xik\ i\cXZ`feXc[\jgc`\^XecXkiXejgXi\e$ Z`X[\cfjdf[fj[\gif[lZZ`e#g\if \ejlX]}eXek`eXkliXc`jkXjlgfe\ecX i\jkXliXZ`e[\kf[fjcfjdf[fjgf$ j`Yc\j[\eXkliXc`jdfjld\i^`[f1eX$ kliXc`jdfgj`Zfdfki`q[\c\ogi\j`f$ e`jdf#[\cjlii\Xc`jdf2eXkliXc`jdf ]\efd\efc^`Zf[\c`dgi\j`fe`jdf2 eXkliXc`jdf^\fdki`Zf[\cZfejkilZ$ k`m`jdf#[\cXik\ZfeZi\kf2eXkliXc`j$ df_`g\ii\Xc\e\ci\X[p$dX[\#\e\c fYa\kf\jg\ZÔZf[\cd`e`dXc`jdf#\e \ci\cXZ`feXc`jdf2eXkliXc`jdfZfe$ Z\gklXc\e\cZfeZ\gklXc`jdf2eXkl$ iXc`jdf\og\i`\eZ`Xc\e\c_Xgg\e`e^# \e\cj`klXZ`fe`jdf2eXkliXc`jdfXl$ kfi\]\i\eZ`Xc\e\cj`dlcXZ`fe`jdf2 eXkliXc`jdfi\Xc`jkX\e\c[fZld\ekXc`jdf%%% <ci\\eZXekXd`\ekf[\cdle[fefgif[lZ\ ]XekXjXj#j`efj`dlcXZ`fe\j#Xlehl\Zfe\cd`jdf \]\Zkf[\jljg\ej`e[\c[\jZi[`kf%CX[\cXZ`e Xek`eXkliXc`jkX]fikXc\Z\leX`ed\[`Xk\q[\cal`Z`f gj`Zfj\ejfi`Xc#ZfeZ\gklXc#\kZ% #d\afiX[XZfecX ]XekXjX[\cXgi\j\eZ`X#[\cXgi\j\ekXZ`e[\cXj ZfjXji\Xc\j#[\cfjj`jk\dXjd\Z}e`Zfj[\i\^`jkif i\gi\j\ekXZ`feXc]fkfZ`e\dXkf^i}ÔZfj %Efj\kiX$ kX[\lei\kfief[\cfi\Xc\e\cj\ek`[fgj`ZfXeXck`$ Zf$ZfdfcX\d\i^\eZ`X[\kf[fXhl\ccf\eZi`gkX[f fi\gi`d`[f,$#phl\[\jm\cXiXcXgi\ZXi`\[X[[\cX i\gi\j\ekXZ`e`dX^`eXi`f$j`dYc`ZX#j`ef[\cg\i$ ]\ZZ`feXd`\ekfÔZZ`feXchl\gi\k\e[\leXel\mX `e[`jZ\ie`Y`c`[X[\eki\cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`ep\cdle$ [fXchl\i\Ô\i\#\eki\cXi\Xc`[X[Zfejkil`[X pcf i\Xc`dg\ejXYc\ #phl\cf_XZ\d\[`Xek\cXkZe`ZX df[\ieX[\Ôe^`ileX`ed\[`Xk\q[\cX\og\i`\eZ`X# gi\jlgfe`\e[fcX\m`[\eZ`XZfdfgil\YX[\m\i[X[# gi\jlgfe`\e[fcXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\leXZZ\jf[`i\Zkf XcfjXZfek\Z`d`\ekfj#leXik\hl\fg\iX]l\iX[\ cXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e#Zfe\cdle[f\ej#hl\`eZcljf gif[lZ\XZfek\Z`d`\ekfjj`efYiX% J\kiXkX[\cgXjf[\cXZi`j`j[\i\gi\j\ekXZ`e XcXjgfck`ZXj[\i\gi\j\ekXZ`e#XcXi\`ej\iZ`e \ele`dX^`eXi`fkXekfd}j`e[`jZl$ k`Yc\ZlXekfd}jj\]le[X\ecXc\^`$ k`d`[X[Xek`_\^\de`ZX[\cXZi`j`j [\i\gi\j\ekXZ`e2j\kiXkX[\cgXjf [\c[\jZi[`kf[\cXjmXe^lXi[`Xj-X cXjmXe^lXi[`Xj[\c[\jZi[`kf#XcX fde`gfk\eZ`Xpfde`jZ`\eZ`X[\le \jZ\gk`Z`jdf`e^\elf% <jcX`ejk`klZ`e`em`j`Yc\[\le fdedf[f eXkliXc`jdf _`g\ii\X$ c`jkX# [\ leX m`iklXc`qXZ`e [\ cf i\Xc1Xj#i\Xc`[X[m`iklXc[\Y\iXj\i Zfej`[\iX[XZfdfleX]idlcX[\cX \ok\ej`e`dX^`eXi`X%I\Xc`jdfjf$ Z`XcpXik\XYjkiXZkf\iXe[fjgfcfj [\leXd`jdXc`k\iXc`[X[Ô^liXk`mX dXk\i`Xc`jdf[`XcZk`Zffe\fgfj`$ k`m`jdf\jkilZkliXc 2pkXekf\ci\X$ c`jdfjfZ`XcZfdf\cZfek\oklXc`jdf ZfeZ\gklXcjfe[fjgfcfj[\jld`j`ejlg\i\jkilZ$ kliXcXcZfek\okf[\`ejk`klZ`eeXkliXc`jkX[\cX i\Xc`[X[ZlckliXc1\cXik\gfi\cXik\\jleXÔ^liX$ Z`e[\cXik\Zfdgifd\k`[f#p\cXik\Zfdgifd\k`$ [fleXÔ^liXZ`e[\cXik\\ej`d`jdX[f%J\kiXkX [\le]fidXc`jdf`e_\i\ek\X\j\`[\fcf^`jdf#p le `[\fcf^`jdf `e_\i\ek\ X \jfj ]fidXc`jdfj .% <e\]\Zkf#\eefdYi\[\lei\kfief[\cfi\Xc/#j\ _XYi}`ejkXcX[f\eel\jkifgi\j\ek\le\jg\Zkif [\jfclZ`fe\j\jk`cjk`ZXjhl\X[fgkXecfjj`^efj [\Xek\i`fi\j^\jkfjdf[\iefj[\kiXej^i\j`ep \dXeZ`gXZ`e#ZfeÔXe[fX\ccfjefkXekfleX\]\Z$ k`m`[X[[\kiXej]fidXZ`efZfejkilZZ`ejfZ`Xc# Cfj<eZl\e$ kifjj\gif[l$ a\ifejfYi\ cXjXjZlXj [\leX[`j$ glkX\eki\ mXe^lXi[`Xp j\im`Z`fi\mf$ clZ`feXi`f 84 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 j`ef le i\ZfefZ`d`\ekf i\mfclZ`feXi`f [\ekif [\cZfek\okfj`dYc`Zf[\cXik\%<cZfek\oklXc`j$ dfgifg`f[\cXj\jkk`ZXji\cXZ`feXc\j#[\cXjXik\j [\XZZ`e#[\lee\fj`klXZ`fe`jdf#\kZ%i\jld\e cXjm\ij`fe\jZfek\dgfi}e\Xj[\cfj[\]\ejfi\j [\leX`ejkild\ekXc`qXZ`e[\cXik\Xcj\im`Z`f[\ leXi\mfclZ`ej`eZfek\okf% 8j#\cjlgl\jkf]fjk\i`Xefi\kfief[\cfi\Xc \ekf[Xjjljdf[Xc`[X[\j[\efkXiX[\cfg\fi # j\Xgf[\iX[\cXm`^\eZ`X[\cX\g`jk\d\df[\ieX $c\^`k`dX[X\ejlj[\jfZlckXd`\ekfjZik`Zfj$gXiX g\i]\ZZ`feXi\cXiZ_`mf#pZXkXc`qXicXX[XgkXZ`e Xe\jkj`ZX\_`g\i\jkk`ZXXck\iifi#XcX`dgfj`Y`$ c`[X[#cXXZ\gkXZ`e¿ :fekf[f#\jkXjgXiX[faXjXg\eXjj`ZfeÔidXe cXZfdgc\a`[X[[\el\jkifZfdgifd`jf#cX[`ÔZlc$ kX[[\el\jkiXcXYfi%x ( M\iA\Xe:cX`i%CXi\jgfejXY`c`[X[[\c Xik`jkX%9XiZ\cfeX1M`jfi#(00/ ) <jkX[`jZlj`e]l\gcXek\X[X[\]fidXXY`\ikXpX \e(0--#Zfedfk`mf[\cXgi\j\ekXZ`e[\c^ilgf FI8@EpcXZfek\jkXZ`e[\@YXiifcX#hl\[\]XZkf jlglj`\ifecXÔjliX[\Ôe`k`mX[\cX<jZl\cXMXjZX \e\c`ejkXek\d`jdf[\jlZfejk`klZ`e%CXZi`j`j XY`\ikXgfi\jX[`jfclZ`ej\`ek\ej`ÔZkiXj\c gi`d\iXk\ekX[fdfikXc[\<K8\e(0-/hl\ Zfe[`Z`feleXel\mX[`jZlj`e\eki\Xik\p i\mfclZ`e% * P\jkXd`jdX[`jZlj`ehl\[gXk\ek\\e\c.)\e cXfgfj`Z`ed}jfd\efjXZk`mXXcfj<eZl\ekifj kXekf[\<K8#Zfdf[\Xc^lefj[\cfjXik`jkXjmXjZfj d}ji\c\mXek\j% + M`Zkfi?l^f#\e(/)+#Z`k%gfi9f`d\#8%(0/0 K_fdXj:flkli\Xe[k_\<Zc\Zk`ZM`j`fe%PXc\ Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj% , M\iJ%=i\l[#ÈCXi\gi\j`eÉ(0(, #\eFYiXj:fd$ gc\kXj%mfc%O@M%9l\efj8`i\j18dfiifikl#(00- M\iJ%DXiZ_}e#<c[\jZi[`kf[\cXj mXe^lXi[`Xj%DX[i`[19cld\#(0/' . M\iA%C%DfiXqX#ÈG\i]fidXZfekiX\c ]fidXc`jdfÉ#\e:fik\j#A%D\[% CXZi\XZ`e Xikjk`ZXZfdfZl\jk`feXd`\ekf%MXc\eZ`X1@M8A#(00' / M\i?Xc=fjk\i#<ci\kfief[\cfi\Xc% 9XiZ\cfeX18bXc#)''( PAMPLONA 72 9XafcXe`\m\ledle[fgfi[\jZlYi`i Gfi>XYi`\cM`ccfkXKfpfj : lXe[fj\d\`em`kXgXik`Z`gXi\e\jk\ [\YXk\#Zfe\cfYa\k`mf[\iXjki\XileX gfj`Yc\^\e\Xcf^X[\cm[\f\jgXfcf [\cXl[`fm`jlXc\og\i`d\ekXc#\ejlj\e$ k`[fd}j^\ei`Zf \ecfjpXdk`Zfj<eZl\ekifj[\ GXdgcfeX[\cXf(0.)#[\Z`[Zfd\eqXigfi`e[X$ ^Xihlk`gf[\_l\ccX_XYXe[\aX[f#hliXjkif[\ jl\o`jk\eZ`Xgf[Xj\^l`ij\\eXfjgfjk\i`fi\j1 XidX[fZfeleg`ZfpleXgXcXZfdf>XY`K\`Z_\ik# cXgifkX^fe`jkX[\cÔcd[\8c\oXe[\iBcl^\;`\GX$ ki`fk`eCXgXki`fkX#(0.0 hl\YljZXYXafcXe`\m\ [\cYfjhl\cXjiXZ\j[\cXZlckliXXc\dXeX#d\glj\ XZXmXi#Zfe\jZXjfi\jlckX[f% Gf[\dfjg\ejXihl\K\`Z_\ik\j`e^\elX\e jl c`k\iXc`[X[# gfihl\ \m`[\ek\d\ek\ cf e`Zf hl\\eZl\ekiXYXafcXe`\m\jfeiXZ\j#g`\[iXj# ^ljXefjpk`\iiX1j`e\dYXi^f#¶ef\jkXYXekXd$ Y`eX_j`dYc`ZXd\ek\cXjm\i[X[\iXjiXZ\j[\ cX gXki`X ?\`dXk hl\ YljZXYX# \eZXieX[Xj \e \cgifg`fYfjhl\#\e\cZcXif[\cYfjhl\p\ecfj j\e[\ifj[\?\`[[\^\i#\ekXekXj`d}^\e\j[\\jX eXkliXc\qXifd}ek`ZX\ecXjhl\legl\Ycf_XYX [\gfj`kX[f\eZ`\ikfdfd\ekfcXjZcXm\j[\jli\$ gi\j\ekXZ`e6 CXji\jgl\jkXjhl\d\]l\ifecc\^Xe[f\iXe# \e\j\j\ek`[f#YXjkXek\i\]iXZkXi`XjXc_\Z_f[\ `ek\igi\kXi\j\fi`^\e\ejlgfj`Yc\ZcXm\j`dY$ c`ZX1eX[XZfejkXkXYc\#e`leiXjkif\]\Zk`mf#eX[X hl\[XYX#gl\jkfhl\\ei\Xc`[X[eX[`\j\_XYX \ek\iX[fj`hl`\iX\ejldfd\ekf[\cf[\GXd$ gcfeX#pdlZ_fd\efjZXYXg\ejXihl\\jX`e]fi$ dXZ`ej\_lY`\iXkiXejd`k`[fXcXj^\e\iXZ`fe\j j`^l`\ek\j%J`ZfdfY`\ej\`e[`Z\e\ckklcf[\cX \ogfj`Z`e[\cDlj\fI\`eXJf]X#kf[fXhl\ccfpX gXi\ZX[\jgi\e[\ileZ`\ikfklÔccf[\Ôe[\Ô\jkX p[\]le\iXcXjXY\i#\c[\cXjgi}Zk`ZXjXjccXdX[Xj \og\i`d\ekXc\j#`eZcljfpX[\eleZ`X[fgfi\cgif$ g`fFk\`qX\ejlZXikX[\i\jgl\jkXXcX`em`kXZ`eX gXik`Z`gXi\eGXdgcfeX #X[\d}j_XYiXhl\XX[`i hl\kf[fcfhl\gl[`\iXhl\[Xi[\\jXjgi}Zk`ZXj gXik`Z`gXk`mXj#lkg`ZXjp\ok\dgfi}e\Xj\ei\cX$ Z`eXciXeZ`fZfek\okf\ehl\\iXegi\j\ekX[Xj leXZ`l[X[^i`j[\gifm`eZ`Xj[fd`eX[X`[\fc^`$ ZXd\ek\gfi\cFglj;\`\elegXj^i`jXkiXjX[fp [`i`^`[fgfileX[\ZX[\ek\[`ZkX[liX[\Zfik\]Xj$ Z`jkX #i\jlckXiX\ej\^l`[XYfiiX[f[\cXd\dfi`X pj\glckX[fgficfhl\m`ef[\jglj1leXkiXej`Z`e gfck`ZXYXjX[X\e\cZfej\ejf#cX`dgcXekXZ`e[\c fcm`[fpcXXde\j`XZfc\Zk`mX#pj\^l`[X[\cfj]l\$ ^fj[\Xik`ÔZ`f[\leXgfjdf[\ie`[X[\ek\e[`[X \eki\efjfkifjZfdfmXXY`\ikXXcX]i`mfc`qXZ`e `ejk`klZ`feXc`qX[X% 8jgl\j#cfgi`d\ifhl\g\ej]l\ef#ef\j gfj`Yc\\eZfekiXim`eZlcXZ`e_`jki`ZXXc^leX[\ i\c\mXeZ`X#d}jXcc}[\cZXi}Zk\ik\jk`dfe`Xchl\ gl[`\iXek\e\icXj`ejkXcXZ`fe\jZfek\c\m`jfi\j [\DlekX[Xj#cfj\a\iZ`Z`fj]\efd\efc^`Zf$g\i$ Z\gk`mfj[\Kfii\jXe^iXYX[fj\ejg\i/ #cXj ÔcdXZ`fe\jkXdY`e\ejg\i/[\J`jk`X^X#fleX [\cXjgi`d\iXjgifp\ZZ`fe\j_XY`[Xj\e\jk\gXj [\legif^iXdX[\m`[\fkXg\j#`eZclp\e[ffYiXj [\8ZZfeZ`#DXkkX$:cXib#Fgg\e_\`dp\cgifg`f DlekX[Xj#\eki\fkifj(% 8k\e`e[fefj[\]fidXi`^lifjXXcfj_\Z_fj# cXjgi`d\iXj\o_`Y`Z`fe\j[\Z`ekXj[\m[\f\ecX ^Xc\iXMXe[ij[\DX[i`[p\e\c:fc\^`f[\8i$ hl`k\Zkfj[\:XkXclepX#\e9XiZ\cfeX#p[\jglj cfjZ`Zcfj[\m[\fXik\\e\c@ejk`klkf8c\d}e[\ :lckliX [\ 9XiZ\cfeX gif^iXdX[fj gfi 8ekfe` D\iZX[\ij\iXecfjgi`d\ifjgXjfji\Xc\j_XZ`X leX Z`\ikX `[\X [\ \o_`Y`Z`e2 d`\ekiXj hl\ cX gif[lZZ`e[\cfjXfj.'hl\[XiXZXj`i\c\^X[X gfiZfdgc\kfXcfjXik`jkXjhl\kiXYXaXYXe[\j[\ \cXlkf \o`c`fe\fpfihl`efDlekX[Xj#Kfii\j# 9XcZ\ccj #XckiXYXafgfjk\i`fi[\Zfik\d`c`kXek\& d\[`}k`Zf[\cZfc\Zk`mfM`[\fEfl#p XcX\jgfi}[`ZXgif[lZZ`e[\Z`ekXj pg\hl\Xjg\cZlcXj\og\i`d\ekXc\j XhlpXcc}#ZfdfcXj[\cfjg`fe\ifj :Xic\jGlafcpIXde[\MXi^Xj#\e$ ki\fkifj%@^lXcd\ek\#<l^\e`9fe\k _Xj\XcX[fcX`dgfikXeZ`Xhl\\ejl dfd\ekfklm`\ifeZ`\ikXjXZk`m`[X[\j [`[}Zk`Zf$[`mlc^Xk`mXj[\jXiifccX[Xj gfiDlekX[XjXd\[`X[fj[\cfjXfj j\k\ekX)% FkiX Zl\jk`e X k\e\i \e Zl\e$ kX j\iX cX [\c gXg\c al^X[f gfi cfj i\jZfc[fj[\Z`\ikXkiX[`Z`e[\Z`e\ \og\i`d\ekXc#f`eZcljfj`dgc\d\e$ k\ Xck\ieXk`mf Xc df[\cf Zc}j`Zf \c El\mf :`e\ \jgXfc# cX <jZl\cX [\ 9XiZ\cfeX \ecXZfeÔ^liXZ`e[\le `dX^`eXi`f[\gi}Zk`ZXjXl[`fm`jlXc\j [`m\i^\ek\j#pXcXjhl\pXj\i\Ôi`\eZ`\ikfdf$ d\ekf<l^\e`9fe\k#ZlXe[fgifgljf\ejljEf$ kXjgXiXleXZfekiX_`jkfi`X[\cm[\f`e[\g\e[`\ek\ \jgXfchl\fYiXjZ`e\dXkf^i}ÔZXj[\g\ijfeXa\j kXe[`jgXi\jZfdfMXc[\cFdXif@m}eQlcl\kX [\Y\iXekXdY`ej\ik\e`[Xj\eZl\ekXXcX_fiX [\ZfeZ\Y`ileX^\e\Xcf^X[\cd`jdf*%<e\j\fi$ [\e[\ZfjXj#Zfem\e[iX`^lXcd\ek\i\Zfi[Xi\c gfj`Z`feXd`\ekfZik`Zfi\jg\ZkfXcfj<eZl\ekifj [\Xc^lefjd`\dYifj[\c>ilg[\Ki\YXcc#gXik`Zl$ cXid\ek\[\lef[\cfjZ`e\XjkXj\og\i`d\ekXc\jp gfck`Zfjgfi\oZ\c\eZ`X#G\i\GfikXY\ccX+% J`\jhl\_Xp#gficf[\d}j#le_`kfhl\_`jkf$ i`f^i}ÔZXd\ek\j\Xc\leglekf[\`eÕ\o`e\ecX \o`jk\eZ`X[\cXl[`fm`jlXc\og\i`d\ekXc\jgXfc# \jk\cfmXdfjX\eZfekiXij`e[l[XXek\j[\ccX[f [\cXk\fiXhl\[\c[\cXjgi}Zk`ZXj#ZfecXglYc`ZX$ Z`e[\cc`Yif<ekfiefXcm[\fgfigXik\[\c^ilgf ]fidX[f gfi cfj pX Z`kX[fj 9fe\k# D\iZX[\ipDlekX[Xj#d}jAfXhl`d ;fcj#\eleX]\Z_Xgficf[\d}jkXe kXi[XZfdf\cXf(0/',% ;\jgljpXjhl\m\e[iXe#[\ lecX[f#cfj]\jk`mXc\jcfjdXpfi\j# \eDX[i`[#;fefjk`X2cfjg\hl\fj cl\^f#ZfecX^iXecXYfi[\jXiifccX[X [\j[\leXg\i`]\i`XXZk`mX[XpXZk`m`j$ kX\ekfiefXcX`dX^\e\og\i`d\e$ kXc1KfcfjX#:}[`q#M`kfi`X#MXc\eZ`X# M`^f¿ #cXgif[lZZ`epXdlZ_fd}j i\^lcXi[\\jXhl\9fe\kZXc`ÔZXiX Zfdfj\^le[X^\e\iXZ`e[\cm[\f# cX[\cfjXl[`fm`jlXc`jkXj-#cXjgi`d\$ iXj\ogfj`Z`fe\j[\m`[\fXik`jkXj\e \cI\`eXJf]XDlekX[Xj#F[\eYXZ_# \kZ% #\ceXZ`d`\ekf[\cXjgi`d\iXj [`jki`Yl`[fiXj#\kZ%G\if\jfpX\jcX _`jkfi`Xd}jfd\efjZfefZ`[Xp[fZld\ekX[X% <cfi`^\e#j`e\dYXi^f#j`^l\hl\[Xe[f\eml\ckf \ecXjk`e`\YcXj[\cX`e[\Ôe`Z`ep[\cd`kf1¶gfi hlefXjld`i#\ekfeZ\j#cfhl\gXj\eGXdgcfeX Zfdfel\jkifYfjhl\e\mX[fgXik`ZlcXi#\e\chl\ gf[\i\oZXmXip\eZfekiXicXjiXZ\j[\el\jkifgX$ jX[f6Hl`q}j^l`X[fjgfi\jX`ekl`Z`e#\e\cXf (00-lei\cXk`mXd\ek\eld\ifjf^ilgf[\Xik`jkXj# gif^iXdX[fi\j#Zik`Zfjpk\i`Zfj[\cXl[`fm`jlXc \jgXfc`e[\g\e[`\ek\efjalekXdfjXcZXcfi[\c Kf[fXhl\ccf gXi\ZXpX [\jgi\e[\i leZ`\ikf klÔccfXÔe [\Ô\jkXfX ]le\iXc[\cXj gi}Zk`ZXj\o$ g\i`d\ekXc\j La música fue uno de los protagonistas centrales de los Encuentros. En la imagen, Jesús Ocaña en el laboratorio de ALEA. CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 85 DEBATE =\jk`mXc[\M[\f[\GXdgcfeX#ZfecX`[\X[\[\jX$ iifccXileXjafieX[Xj[\[`ZX[XjXcXi\Õ\o`ejfYi\ \cj\Zkfi#pkXdY`eXcXgif^iXdXZ`ep\o_`Y`Z`e# [\Z`[`dfjccXdXiXXhl\ccf<eZl\ekifjM[\f\e GXdgcfeX#\ec\aXeXi\]\i\eZ`XXcfj<eZl\ekifj [\c.).% Kf[XmX ef _XYX cc\^X[f cX i\Zlg\iXZ`e [\\jXd\dfi`Xhl\m\e[iX[\cXdXef[\Afj ;Xq:lp}j[\ekif[\cgifp\Zkf;\jXZl\i[fj\e )''*&)'',#pZXj`eX[`\[\cfjhl\\jk}YXdfjXcc k\eXdfjdXpfi`[\X[\cfhl\Xhl\ccf_XYXjl$ gl\jkf\ei\cXZ`eXcXl[`fm`jlXc\og\i`d\ekXc# g\ife`Zfikfje`g\i\qfjfjZfd\eqXdfjX\oZXmXi \ecXe`\m\Zfeel\jkifjg`ZfjpgXcXj#pefj[`jgl$ j`dfj[\]fidXZfc\Zk`mXXj`klXi#j`hl`\iXefd`$ eXcd\ek\pZfed}j[\m\`ek\Xfj[\i\kiXjf#le glekf[\fi`^\ed`kfc^`ZfgXiXel\jkifg\i`gcf# XjZfdfleXjce\Xj[\XZklXZ`eg\ejXe[f\e\c ]lklif%8g\eXjZXj`eX[XjlZ\[`[\jglj#ZfdfXcc j\gi\m\X#pj`e\dYXi^fXc^lefj_`kfjjlZ\[`[fj Zfegfjk\i`fi`[X[`eZ`[\e\e\jXc\ZkliXgfk`ZX [\c fi`^\e# [\c hl\ cfj <eZl\ekifj [\ M[\f \e GXdgcfeXY`\egf[iXe]leZ`feXiZfdfXZkX[\ [\]leZ`e#\eg\i]\Zkfpj`dki`ZfYlZc\#Zfelefj <eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX\ek\e[`[fjZfdfgXik`[X [\eXZ`d`\ekf#j`e`ej`jk`i[\dXj`X[f\e\ccf#gl\j pX_\i\e[`[fgifYc\d}k`ZXpXYle[Xek\Zl\ekX\e fkifjcl^Xi\j/#kXejcfj\XcXi\c_\Z_f[\hl\cc\$ ^X[fZ`\ikfdfd\ekf#XÔeXc\j[\cfjXfj0'#gX$ i\Z`ZcXiXcXZf`eZ`[\eZ`X[\le`elj`kX[f`ek\ij Zfd\iZ`Xc[\cd\iZX[f[\cXik\gficXgif[lZZ`e Xl[`fm`jlXc\og\i`d\ekXcZfecX[\jXgXi`Z`e[\ cfjZ`iZl`kfjXck\ieXk`mfjhl\[`Z_fj\Zkfi#gi\ZX$ i`qX[fXek\i`fid\ek\\e\j\d`jdfd\iZX[f#_XYX j`[fZXgXq[\^\e\iXiZfecfjXfj% J`e\dYXi^f#p_XY`\e[fpXZfeZcl`[fcXgi`$ d\iX[ZX[X[\cj`^cfOO@#gf[\dfj[\Z`ihl\cXj ZfjXjefjfe\ei\Xc`[X[kXe\eYcXeZfpe\^if#e` cXj]fidXj[\cX_`jkfi`Xdl\jkiXecXg\i]\ZkXj`d\$ kiX[\cYlZc\hl\j\Z`\iiXjfYi\jd`jdf%D}jY`\e gf[iXdfj[\Z`iZfe;\c\lq\hl\Zi\Z\e[\]fidX i`qfd}k`ZX2fZfdf[`a\iX\ejl[X8Z_`cc\9fe`kf Fc`mX#Xgifgj`kf[\\j\^iXe`em\ekfZfejkil`[f i\kifjg\Zk`mXd\ek\#XjXY\i#cXkiXejmXe^lXi[`X `kXc`XeX#ÈcX_`jkfi`XXmXeqX\e\jg`iXc1_XpZfjXj Xek`^lXjhl\ml\cm\e#g\if\m`[\ek\d\ek\efXc d`jdfcl^XiÉ% P\jhl\\eZfekiXdfj_fp[\el\mfhl\\cXl$ [`fm`jlXc\og\i`d\ekXc\jgXfcj`^l\\o`jk`\e[fXc dXi^\e[\d\iZX[fj[\cXik\pZ`iZl`kfj[\\o_`$ Y`Z`e_\^\de`Zfj1e`cX]\i`X8iZfe`cX\eki\^X XelXc[\cfj>fpXjfejlj`k`f#j`efd}jY`\eXhl\c hl\#ZfdfjlZ\[`\iX\eGXdgcfeX\eXhlcc\aX$ ef(0.)#j`^l\gif[lZ`e[fj\\ecfj`ek\ijk`Z`fj% @ek\ijk`Z`fjZfdfcfjhl\gfj`Y`c`kXehl\_fp\e [X\o`jkXleX[`jki`Yl`[fiXgif]\j`feXc[\m[\f pXl[`fm`jlXc\og\i`d\ekXcZfdf?XdXZX0#]ilkf \eYl\eXd\[`[X[\ckiXYXafZfc\Zk`mf[\mXi`Xj ^\e\iXZ`fe\j[\Xik`jkXjpXZk`m`jkXj[\cm[\f\j$ gXfc#p\eZlpfZXk}cf^fZf\o`jk\eZc}j`ZfjZfdf cfj[\DlekX[Xjp9XcZ\ccjalekfZfecfjkiXYXafj [\m`[\fXik`jkXj[\cXjd}ji\Z`\ek\j^\e\iXZ`fe\j# XjZfdfZfecXj\og\i`d\ekXZ`fe\j\eZ\clcf`[\ [\Z`e\XjkXjZfek\dgfi}e\fjZfdf@jXb`CXZl\j$ kXfcXjgifgl\jkXj_Yi`[Xj[\C\eJ`d`e`Xe`f 8e[ij;lhl\#\eki\fkifj%F`ek\ijk`Z`fjZfdf Xhl\ccfj\ecfjhl\jli^\eel\mfj]\jk`mXc\j[\ Xl[`fm`jlXc`e[\g\e[`\ek\ZfdfGlekf[\M`jkX# [fe[\j\[XeZ`kX[\j[\_XZ\pXj\`jXfj\e^f$ qfjXZfe]lj`e[fZld\ekXc\j[\Xlkfi#Z`ekXj[\ Z`e\fm[\f\og\i`d\ekXc\j#p_\k\if[fZj`Xjj`Z (' mXi`Xj#Zli`fjXd\ek\\eGXdgcfeX#[\el\mf1YXaf cXe`\m\#ledle[fgfi[\jZlYi`i#ledle[fgfi `em\ekXi%x 86 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 Sobre estas líneas, el polémico concierto del gupo ZAJ en el Teatro Gayarre de Pamplona. Fotos: Cortesía de Antoni Muntadas. EfkXj ( <]\Zk`mXd\ek\j\iXleX[\cXjgi`d\iXjhl\ k\e[iXecl^Xi\e<jgXX#kiXj[fj\o_`Y`Z`fe\j _XY`[Xj\ecfjXfjgi\Z\[\ek\j#\e\c:fc\^`f[\ 8ihl`k\Zkfj[\:XkXclX\e9XiZ\cfeX#pcX>Xc\iX MXe[ij#[\DX[i`[m\iZifefcf^X\eCX`dX^\e jlYc`d\#DE:8IJ#DX[i`[#(0/. % ) <l^\e`9fe\k#\e9`\eXc[\cX@dX^\e\eDfm`d`\ekf ¡0)%M`j`feXi`fj<jgXfc\jDE:8IJ#DX[i`[#(00) % * M\i<l^\e`9fe\k1ÈEfkXjgXiXleXZfekiX_`jkfi`X[\c m[\f`e[\g\e[`\ek\\jgXfcÉ#\eK\c\m`j`epm[\f[\ Zi\XZ`e\ecX:fdle`[X[<lifg\X#DX[i`[(00)% + M\i\eki\m`jkXXG\i\GfikXY\ccX\e;\jXZl\i[fje²(# g^%,0%8ik\c\bl#D8:98pLE@8#)''+% , <cc`Yif#X^fkX[f[\j[\_XZ\mXi`fjcljkifj\ejl gi`d\iX\[`Z`e[\>ljkXmf>`c`#j\i}gio`dXd\ek\ i\\[`kX[fgfi`e`Z`k`mX[\cX=le[XZ`eIf[i^l\q#Zfe cXZfcXYfiXZ`e[\c:\ekif:lckliXcDfek\_\idfjf[\ M`kfi`X$>Xjk\`qpcXLe`m\ij`[X[[\cGXjMXjZfLGM& <?L % - M\i<l^\e`9fe\k1ÈEfkXjgXiXleXZfekiX_`jkfi`X [\cm[\f`e[\g\e[`\ek\\jgXfcÉ#\eK\c\m`j`epm[\f [\Zi\XZ`e\ecX:fdle`[X[<lifg\X#DX[i`[(00)% . M\i<l^\e`9fe\k1È<eZl\ekifjm[\f\eGXdgcfeX (00-%LeXYi\m\i\ZXg`klcXZ`epfkiXjfYj\imXZ`fe\j gi\c`d`eXi\jÉ#\e<eZl\ekifjm[\f\eGXdgcfeX(00-% 8ZkXjp[fZld\ekfj[\kiXYXaf%GXdgcfeX#(00-% / M\i\c[m[;\m\e`im[\fX[`jXkf[f\jf #glYc`ZX[f ZfealekXd\ek\ZfecX\[`Z`e[\cc`Yif;\jXZl\i[fj e²+8ik\c\bl#D8:98#LE@8#:\ekifAfj>l\ii\if# )''- #XjZfdfcfjXikZlcfjÈ<jg\Zk}Zlcfp[\m\e`i Xl[`fm`jlXc\ecX\jZ\eXXikjk`ZXZfek\dgfi}e\XÉ#\e I\m`jkX[\FZZ`[\ek\e²)-(DX[i`[#)''* #pÈEfkXj [\j[\XdYfjcX[fj[\cXki`eZ_\iXXZ\iZX[\cX\mfcl$ Z`e[\cXl[`fm`jlXcXikjk`Zf\jgXfc\ecX[ZX[X[\ cfj0' É#\e@dgXjj\e²,CXgXe\iX#Cc\`[X#)'', % 0 _kkg1&&nnn%_XdXZXfec`e\%e\k&[\]Xlck%g_g ('J\kiXkX[\_\Z_f\cefdYi\[\leXj\ZZ`e_XY`klXc [\\jk\]\jk`mXc% PAMPLONA 72 <cfi`^\ep\cÔe GfiA\jj:Xii`ccf 8 g\jXi[\cjlYkklcf=`e[\Ô\jkX[\cXik\ \og\i`d\ekXc#hl\Xgfjk`ccXcX\ogfj`Z`e XZf^`[Xgfi\cDlj\fI\`eXJf]X#cfj<e$ Zl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX[\alc`f[\(0.) ]fidXegXik\[\cXeXiiXZ`e[\cfjfi^\e\j[\cX mXe^lXi[`X\jgXfcXZfek\dgfi}e\X#Xlehl\cf_X$ ^XeZfdfleXZfek\Z`d`\ekf]Xcc`[f#j`ekiXp\Zkfi`X e`c`eXa\Zfek`elX[f#kXcpZfdfZf`eZ`[\eZXj`j`jk\$ d}k`ZXd\ek\cfjk\jk`dfe`fjhl\i\Zf^\dfjXhl% CXeXiiXZ`e[\cfi`^\e\eZ`\iiXcXjXjg`iXZ`f$ e\jd}jgif]le[XjpcXj]iljkiXZ`fe\jd}jek`dXj [\leXZfdle`[X[i\Xcf`dX^`eXi`X#kXekf\ecf k\ii`kfi`XcZfdf\ecf_`jki`Zf2cXZfdle`[X[[\c Xik\\jgXfc\e\jk\ZXjf%yjkXgifp\ZkXjljXe$ j`\[X[\j`[\ek`kXi`XjjfYi\le_`kf#ledfd\ekf d\dfiXYc\#YljZXe[fi\ZfefZ\i\e\j\`e`Z`fcXj _\i\eZ`Xj#cfjgXi\ek\jZfjpcXj`[`fj`eZiXj`Xjhl\ dXiZXeZXi}Zk\i2g\if#jfYi\kf[f#cXjgifd\jXjp cXjd\kXjhl\m`eZlcXe\cgXjX[fp\cgi\j\ek\Zfe le]lklifgfj`Yc\pXcXjhl\j\gl\[\i\Zlii`igXiX [\eleZ`XiXdY`Z`fe\j\jgli`Xj#Zfii\^`iildYfj \iiX[fjpi\efmXiXc`XeqXj% 8Xhl\cdfd\ekfpXXhl\ccl^Xij\ml\cm\leX pfkiXm\q#ZfdfXc\jZ\eXi`f[\leZi`d\e#j`^l`\e$ [fcX\jkilZkliX[\lejl\f#gXi\Z`\e[fj`\dgi\ hl\efj\jXY\cfjlÔZ`\ek\fhl\cfhl\j\jXY\ \j`e\oXZkf#pXhl\j\\jg\iX#fY`\e[\j\ekiXXi Xhl\cfi`^\em\i[X[\ifhl\Xlkfi`Z\leXgfj`Z`e \e\cgi\j\ek\#fgfi\cZfekiXi`f#[XiZl\ekX[\hl\ kf[f]l\leÔXjZfphl\cfjjlgl\jkfj_\i\[\ifjef k`\e\ekklcfc\^k`dfjfYi\eX[X%J`dlck}e\Xd\e$ k\#j\e\^fZ`XZfecXgfj`Z`eZfekiXi`X1cX[\ef hl\i\ijXY\i[\dXj`X[f#cX[\efifdg\i\cZc`Z_ pXZf[`ÔZX[f#cX[\gfe\iZfkfXleZfefZ`d`\ekf [\dXj`X[f\jg\ZÔZfhl\i\jhl\YiXaXiXcfjdXiZfj Zfej\ejlX[fjf`dgl\jkfj% CXj eXiiXZ`fe\j [\ fi^\e\j ef X]\ZkXe \o$ Zclj`mXd\ek\XXhl\ccfjgfZfjhl\cXji\ZcXdXe ZfdflegXki`dfe`f^ilgXc#j`efhl\i\jgfe[\e XleX`ek\eZ`e_\^\de`ZX[\fi^Xe`qXZ`e[\ cXd\dfi`Xp[\ck\ii`kfi`f^\e\iXc\j2i\Õ\aXeleX mfclekX[ ali`j[`ZZ`feXc p c\^Xc hl\ [\c`d`kX cfj d}i^\e\j#hl\[`jki`Ylp\cfjmXcfi\jpi\Zlijfj# hl\Xlkfi`qXpgif_Y\#hl\gi\d`XpZXjk`^X#hl\ `eZclp\phl\\oZclp\%GficfkXekf#X\ccXji\Zlii\e `eZcljfXhl\ccfjXhl`\e\j[\j_\i\[XpXhl\ccfj hl\cXj`dgl^eXe#jfYi\kf[fZlXe[fcXefidXj\ _XeXkliXc`qX[fkXekfhl\cfje`Zfj`ek\i\jX[fj \ei\m`j`kXicfjfi^\e\jjfeXhl\ccfjhl\]l\ife \oZcl`[fj\ekfeZ\jfjljjlZ\jfi\j% :fdfjl\c\fZlii`i#\eÔe#cXjeXiiXZ`fe\j[\ cfjfi^\e\jjfecl^Xi\j[\ZfeÕ`Zkf#pefjfcfgfi cXj`ek\igi\kXZ`fe\j\eZfeX[Xjhl\\eZ`\iiX#j`ef gfihl\jlj_`kfjjfefi`^\eZfde[\mXi`XjZf$ dle`[X[\j[\kiXp\Zkfi`Xj[`m\i^\ek\j#pgfihl\ \o`jk\efkifj_`kfjhl\#[\ekif[\cXd`jdXZfdl$ e`[X[#c\[`jglkXecXgi`fi`[X[% <ecfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeXj\_Xe\eki\$ ZilqX[fp\eZXYXc^X[feXiiXZ`fe\j[`]\i\ek\jpX d\el[fZfekiXgl\jkXj%8jXY\i1cXZfejkilZZ`e Una de las más polémicas intervenciones fue la del Equipo Crónica y sus replicantes de la policía “secreta” dispersos por la ciudad. CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 87 DEBATE [\leX\jZ\eX[\mXe^lXi[`X\jgXfcXefidXc`$ qX[X]i\ek\XcgXefiXdXXikjk`ZfkiXjefZ_X[fp ZXjk`qf[fd`eXek\\e\c]iXehl`jdfphl\j\[\j$ gc\^XiXgc\eXd\ek\\ecX<jgXX[\dfZi}k`ZX2 cX]fidXZ`e[\leXmXe^lXi[`X\jgXfcX`[`fj`e$ Zi}k`ZX#hl\j\[\jZlYi\Xjd`jdXXkiXmj[\jl ZfekXZkf[`i\ZkfZfecXjk\e[\eZ`Xj`ek\ieXZ`feX$ c\j2cX\Zcfj`egYc`ZX[\cfjel\mfj]fidXkfjp\c Xik\effYa\klXc1\cZ`e\\og\i`d\ekXc#\cm`[\f#cXj `ejkXcXZ`fe\jdlck`d\[`Xc\j#cXjg\i]fidXeZ\j#cfj _Xgg\e`e^pcXj`ek\im\eZ`fe\j`ek\iXZk`mXj\e\c \jgXZ`fliYXef% G\ifkXdY`e\jkXYXgi\j\ek\cXgl\jkX[\cXi$ ^f[\leXel\mX^\e\iXZ`e[\Xik`jkXjjfefifjhl\ ifdg\e\cX`jcXd`\ekfp\ci\kiXjf[\cXmXe^lXi[`X dlj`ZXc\e<jgXX2cX\hl`mXc\ek\[\dfjkiXZ`e[\ cXgfk\eZ`X[\leX\jZ\eXcfZXc[\gf\$ jXm`jlXcZfe\ZkX[XZfecXklg`[Xi\[ `ek\ieXZ`feXc [\ jlj giXZk`ZXek\j2 cX dXk\i`Xc`qXZ`e[\cXik\[\mXe^lXi[`X Zfdfle\j]l\iqfZfc\Zk`mfpZfcXYfiX$ k`mfhl\j\XZklXc`qX\eZfekXZkf[`i\Z$ kfZfecXdXjXjfZ`Xcp#ÔeXcd\ek\#\c X^clk`eXd`\ekf[\leXmXe^lXi[`XmXjZX hl\i\ZfefZ\pdXe`Ô\jkXjl`[\ek`[X[ [`]\i\eZ`Xc\ele\jZ\eXi`fcfZXcZfdf \jGXdgcfeX#p]i\ek\XcXZfdle`[X[ Xikjk`ZX\jkXkXc\`ek\ieXZ`feXchl\j\ i\e\\ecfj<eZl\ekifj% :Xj`kf[Xj\jkXjeXiiXZ`fe\jZfd$ gXik\e#d}jXcc}[\cX\jkilZkliXgif$ Yc\d}k`ZXhl\XZXYXdfj[\Zfd\ekXi# cXg\Zlc`Xi`[X[[\jl\jZXjXgi\^eXeZ`X \ecXd\dfi`XZfc\Zk`mXpjlZfikfi\$ Zfii`[f_`jkfi`f^i}ÔZf%<e\jk\j\ek`$ [f#cXeXiiXZ`e[\Cfj<eZl\ekifj[\ GXdgcfeXef\jjfcXd\ek\cXeXiiXZ`e [\lefi`^\e]Xcc`[f#j`efhl\\ccXd`j$ dX]XccXZfdfeXiiXZ`e#leXj`klXZ`e hl\\cgifp\Zkf\dgi\e[`[fgfi\cDl$ j\fI\`eXJf]Xp\cZfd`jXi`fAfj;Xq:lp}j_Xe `ek\ekX[fi\jfcm\id\[`Xek\leefkXYc\\j]l\iqf [\`em\jk`^XZ`e#ZcXj`ÔZXZ`e#\ogfj`Z`ep\jZi`$ kliX% 8hljcfXglekXi\dfjXc^leXj[\cXjgfj`$ Yc\j\ogc`ZXZ`fe\j[\cXg\Zlc`Xi`dg\i]\ZZ`e[\ cX_`jkfi`f^iX]X[\cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX% CXgi`d\iXpd}jfYm`X\jcX[Y`c\jkilZkliX[\cX _`jkfi`X[\cXik\\jgXfcZfek\dgfi}e\f#leX[\$ Y`c`[X[hl\ZfekiXjkXZfecXgifc`a`[X[[\c[`jZlijf jfYi\\cXik\[\cgi\j\ek\[\jgc\^X[f\eZXk}cf^fj [\`eÔe`kXj\ogfj`Z`fe\j%<jk\[\j\hl`c`Yi`f[\i`mX [\cXd`j`e`[\fc^`ZX[\cXik\Zfek\dgfi}e\f\e el\jkifgXj[\^\e\iXi\jg\Zk}Zlcf#\c\jg\Zk}Zlcf [\cXdf[\ie`[X[#ZlpfjZXlZ\jjfecX\ogfj`Z`ep cfjd\[`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e% <e\jk\g\i`f[fj\gif[lZ\ekXdY`ecfjZfdgif$ d`jfjpcXjXc`XeqXjhl\]fiaXiXe\cgi\j\ek\kXc Zfdf\j% CXk\iZ\iXiXqe#[\i`mX[XkXdY`e[\cXjXek\$ i`fi\j#g\ifd}j\jg\ZÔZX[\cfhl\XhlefjfZlgX# \jhl\cXeXiiXZ`e[\cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX \jeXiiXZ`e[\fi`^\ep[\Ôej`dlck}e\Xd\ek\%J\ gcXek\XXd\el[fZfdf\cgi`eZ`g`f[\legifZ\jf ZfeZcl`[fgi\dXkliXd\ek\p#gficfkXekf#Zfdfle `e`Z`f\e]Xcjfhl\jcfgl\[\\mfZXij\d\cXeZc`$ ZXd\ek\[\ekif[\leX\mfZXZ`e[\cXil`eX% <jkXZX[\eZ`Xj`im\kXekfgXiXj\XcXiZfe\c [\[fXcfjZlcgXYc\j#[\ekif[\le\jhl\dXgXiif$ hl`Xc[\cX_`jkfi`X#ZfdfgXiXaljk`ÔZXi#[\j[\le g\j`d`jdfZfej\imX[fi#cXj`klXZ`eXZklXcZfdfcX e`ZXgfj`Yc\#[X[XjleXjZ`iZlejkXeZ`Xj[\cXjhl\ cfjXZklXc\jX^\ek\jpXefj\_XZ\e i\jgfejXYc\j% FkiXiXqe#k`\e\hl\m\iZfe\c ifc[\cfj<eZl\ekifj\ecX^e\j`j [\cXik\\jgXfcZfek\dgfi}e\f#p \jjlZfdg\k\eZ`XZfeeXiiXZ`fe\j dlZ_fd}jgf[\ifjXj[\jXiifccX$ [Xj[\j[\cfj[`jZlijfjeXZ`feXc\j ZXkXc}epmXjZf\egXik`ZlcXi#g\if kXdY`e[\j[\cXjdck`gc\jmfZ\j cfZXc\jhl\j\Xik`ZlcXe[liXek\cX ZfejkilZZ`e[\cel\mf<jkX[f[\ cXjXlkfefdXj% CXjeXiiXZ`fe\j[\cXik\j\_Xe [\jXiifccX[f [\ekif [\ gifZ\jfj [\ZfeÔ^liXZ`e`[\ek`kXi`Xdlp `ek\ejfj \e cfj hl\ cfj <eZl\e$ kifj[\GXdgcfeX\eZl\ekiXedXc XZfdf[f#Zfdfefjdl\jkiXAlXe Cl`jDfiXqXi\jg\ZkfXcZXjfmXjZf# ZlXe[fefjfe[`i\ZkXd\ek\`d$ gl^eX[fj#Zfdfi\m\cX=iXeZ\jZ Kfii\j[\j[\cXg\ijg\Zk`mX[\cX `qhl`\i[XZXkXcXeX%I\Zfi[\dfj# \ei\cXZ`eZfe\jkfck`df#hl\cXgi`d\iXi\Zl$ g\iXZ`e\ekf[Xi\^cX[\cXjgi}Zk`ZXjZfeZ\gklX$ c\j[\cfjj\k\ekXj\gif[lZ\[\ekif[\le[`jZlijf dXiZX[Xd\ek\ZXkXcXe`jkX\ecX\ogfj`Z`eZfd`$ jXi`X[XgfiG`cXiGXiZ\i`jXj\e(00)#YXaf\ckklcf È@[\\j`XZk`kl[jÉ(% <e\jk\Zfek\okf#cX_`jkfi`X[\cXik\\jgXfc i\Z`\ek\_Xj`[flek\dX`eZdf[f#XYfi[X[f\e gfj`k`mfZXj`\oZclj`mXd\ek\gfile\jgXfc`jdf kiXjefZ_X[ffgficXXlkfZfdgcXZ\eZ`X[\c[`j$ ZlijffÔZ`Xc[\leflfkifZfcfi%LeX\oZ\gZ`e i\j\XYc\ \j cX i\`m`e[`ZXZ`e hl\ _`Z`\iX Afj Cl`j9i\X[\cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX\e(0/0# [\ekif[\jlgifp\Zkf.)$(00)%8ek\jp[\jglj[\c \eklj`Xjdf)%CX\mfZXZ`e[\cXjgi}Zk`ZXj[\YXj\ ZfeZ\gklXchl\j\[`\ifeZ`kX\eGXdgcfeX\e(0.)# c\j`im\gXiXf]i\Z\ileXXck\ieXk`mXXcXik\\jgXfc [\c\eklj`Xdf[\jXiifccX[f\ecX[ZX[Xhl\\e$ kfeZ\jZfeZclXphl\#Xal`Z`f[\AfjCl`j9i\X# ef\iXj`ef\ci\jlckX[fmXZlf[\leXjgfck`ZXj[\ gifdfZ`eXikjk`ZX\iiX[XjkXekf\ejlji\]\i\ek\j `ek\ieXZ`feXc\jZfdf\ejljgifZ\[`d`\ekfj% <ejl[`X^ejk`ZfZf`eZ`[XZfecfjglekfj[\ m`jkX\eleZ`X[fjgfiDXiM`ccX\jg\jX\e<cje[if$ d\[\dXpfiXXYjfclkX#glYc`ZX[f\j\d`jdfXf \ecXi\m`jkX8i\eX#hl\XdYfj\[`kXYXealekfZfe \cZik`ZfB\m`eGfn\i*%<e(0/0#XegXi\ZXg\ik`$ e\ek\\jYfqXiXck\ieXk`mXjZik`ZXjXcXik\\jgXfc \ejlZfealekfZfdfi\XZZ`eXleXjgfck`ZXjXi$ kjk`ZXj[`j\X[XjkXdY`e[\j[\leXg\ijg\Zk`mX Z\ekiXc`jkX#Zfdf]l\iX\cZXjf[liXek\cX[ZX[X [\cfjfZ_\ekX%<jj`ekfd}k`Zf#j`e\dYXi^f#\chl\ [`Z_XXck\ieXk`mXhl\YljZXYXjljiXZ\j\eCfj<e$ CXeXiiXZ`e [\cfi`^\e \eZ`\iiXcXj Xjg`iXZ`fe\j d}jgif$ ]le[XjpcXj ]iljkiXZ`fe\j d}jek`dXj [\leX Zfdle`[X[ i\Xcf `dX^`eXi`X C X`em\jk`^XZ`eXZX[d`ZXjfYi\cXjgi}Z$ k`ZXjZfek\dgfi}e\Xjj\_Xm`jkfcXjkiX[X gficXc\ek`kl[[\cXi\efmXZ`ed\kf[f$ c^`ZXpgfi\c[\jmf[\Yl\eXgXik\[\ jlj\e\i^XjXjXk`j]XZ\icXj[\dXe[Xj`ed\[`XkXj [\cXj`ejk`klZ`fe\j% CXj\^le[XiXqe#[\cXhl\[\i`mXcXgi`d\iX# \jcX[`e}d`ZX[\fcm`[fhl\XZfdgXXcXZfej$ kilZZ`e[\cj`jk\dX[\cXik\\e<jgXX[liXek\cXj [ZX[Xj[\cfjfZ_\ekXp[\cfjefm\ekX%<ccf]fidX gXik\[\leXk\e[\eZ`Xd}j^\e\iXc\ecXZlckliX \jgXfcX[\cX[\dfZiXZ`X\ecfhl\i\jg\ZkXXc g\i`f[f`ed\[`XkXd\ek\Xek\i`fiXcXdl\ik\[\c [`ZkX[fi%<e\jk\g\i`f[fXgXi\Z\ecXjZXikXjhl\ j\YXiXaXiXe[liXek\cXKiXej`Z`ep\ecXjhl\j\ \eZ\iiXYXcXgifd\jX[\fkifjgi\j\ek\jgfj`Yc\j% 88 CARTA. PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2010 Zl\ekifj[\GXdgcfeX#]l\iX\eleZ`X[XXcdXi^\e [\cfjdXiZfj[\c[`jZlijfXZX[d`Zfp\e\c\jgX$ Z`f[\leX]\i`XZfd\iZ`Xc[\Xik\\eÝdjk\i[Xd% J `dlZ_XjjfecXj[`ÔZlckX[\jgXiXÔaXi\c gXg\c[\cfj<eZl\ekifj[\ekif[\c[`j$ ZlijfZ\ekiXc[\cXik\\jgXfc#d}jZfd$ gc`ZX[f\j#j`ZXY\#\c\e]fZXicf[\j[\leX ^\e\Xcf^X[\cX\j]\iXZik`ZXfXekX^fe`jkX[\c Xik\%LeXZfek\Z`d`\ekf`eZfX[fXcdXi^\e[\cX [`XcZk`ZXXek`]iXehl`jkXp\edXiZX[f\Zfed`ZX \`[\fc^`ZXd\ek\[\ekif[\cXefZ`eYli^l\jX [\cXik\#[`]Z`cd\ek\gf[X`ek\igi\kXij\XccX[f[\ XZk`m`[X[\jXikjk`ZXjhl\m`eZlcXYXe\og\i`d\ekX$ Z`ec`e^jk`ZXpjlYm\ij`egfck`ZX%CX`qhl`\i[X [\cXik\[\\ekfeZ\j#hl\i\jgfe[`[\df[f\jhl`$ qf`[\p[`jZfek`elfXcccXdXd`\ekf[\GXdgcfeX# ef`YXXk\e\ile`ek\ijgXik`ZlcXi\ej\XcXicX `dgfikXeZ`X[\\j\[\jZfeZ\ikXek\\m\ekf% <ecXj[ZX[XjjlZ\j`mXj#dlZ_fj[\Xhl\ccfj X^\ek\j# Zfem\ik`[fj [\jglj \e\jkXYc`j_d\ek# \jkXiXe[\dXj`X[ffZlgX[fj\ecXZfejkilZZ`e [\cj`jk\dX[\cXZlckliX[\cel\mfi^`d\eZfdf gXiXi\Zfi[XileXjXm\ekliXjalm\e`c\jhl\gfZf k\eXehl\m\iZfecfjel\mfjgXkife\jhl\\jkXYXe [`j\Xe[fgXiX\cXik\% ?XYiX hl\ \jg\iXi Xc el\mf d`c\e`f# \e \c dXiZf[\legifp\Zkfhl\i\leXX`em\jk`^X[f$ i\j#XZk`m`jkXj\`ejk`klZ`fe\jYXaf\c`cljkiXk`mf kklcf[\;\jXZl\i[fj#gXiXhl\cfj<eZl\ekifj[\ GXdgcfeXd\i\Z`\iXecXXk\eZ`e[\leXd`iX[X Zik`ZXi`^lifjX+%;\ekif[\cd`jdf#cXefZ`eYX$ ak`e`XeX[\ZXieXmXc`YXXj\im`iXAfj;Xq:lp}j gXiX`ek\igi\kXicXjZfekiX[`ZZ`fe\jpXdY`mXc\e$ Z`Xj[\leXZfek\Z`d`\ekfgcliXc#`eXj\hl`Yc\X`e$ k\igi\kXZ`fe\j[fZki`eXi`Xj#g\ifhl\\ejld`jdX eXkliXc\qXgXiX[a`ZX#f]i\ZX\cd\afii\kiXkf[\ leXgfZXp[\leXj`klXZ`ej`jk\d}k`ZXd\ek\ dXc\ek\e[`[X% CX`dX^\e\e]fZX[X[\cfj<eZl\ekifj[\GXd$ gcfeXhl\j\[\i`mX[\cXi\Z`\ek\\ogfj`Z`e[\c Dlj\fI\`eXJf]X[\Y\iXj\i\cglekf[\gXik`[X [\leXi\\mXclXZ`eZik`ZX[\cg\i`f[fhl\mX[\ (0.)X(0.-#]\Z_X\jkXck`dX[\cX\ogfj`Z`eMXe$ ^lXi[`Xpi\Xc`[X[jfZ`Xchl\j\`eXl^li[\ekif[\c dXiZf[\cX9`\eXc[\M\e\Z`XXcfjgfZfjd\j\j [\cXdl\ik\[\c[`ZkX[fi%<e\jk\ZXjfj\kiXkX[\ leXeXiiXZ`ei\kifjg\Zk`mX[\cifc[\cXmXe^lXi$ [`X[liXek\\c]iXehl`jdf#hl\gi\k\e[XdXiZXi cXjgXlkXj[\cifcjfZ`Xc[\cXik\\ecX]lkliX<jgXX [\dfZi}k`ZX%GXiX[a`ZXd\ek\#jlgljf\c`e`Z`f[\c Ôe[\cXXc`XeqX\eki\mXe^lXi[`XpZik`ZXjfZ`Xcp gfck`ZXhl\\cd`jdfgifp\ZkfXeXc`qXYX% <c\jkl[`f[\\jk\g\i`f[f#fYa\kf[\eXiiX$ Z`fe\j]iX^d\ekX[XjpZfekiXgl\jkXj#efjgXi\Z\ ]le[Xd\ekXcgXiX\ek\e[\icfjgifZ\jfjhl\j\ [\jXiifccXiXe\ecfjXfjp[ZX[XjjlZ\j`mfjp [\cfjhl\Xejfdfj_\i\[\ifj%x ( M\i@[\\j`XZk`kl[j%<ekfie[\cËXikZfeZ\gklXcX :XkXclepX#(0-+$(0/'#:\eki\[Ë8ikJXekXDe`ZX# >\e\iXc`kXk[\:XkXclepX%9XiZ\cfeX#(00) ) CX\ogfj`Z`em\e[iXXZfdgXX[X[\lec`Yifhl\ Zfek\eXlek\okf`ekif[lZkfi`f[\AfjCl`j9i\X pcXkiXejZi`gZ`e[\leXj\i`\[\d\jXji\[fe[Xj ZfecfjgXik`Z`gXek\j%8ek\jp[\jglj[\c\eklj`Xdf# .)$(00)%CX?XpX#J;L#(0/0% * M\iDXiM`ccX\jg\jXÈJe[ifd\[\dXpfiXXYjfcl$ kXÉ#8i\eXe²(#(0/0#gg%/($/* + M\iÈGXdgcfeX\iXleXÔ\jkX%KiX^`Zfd\[`X[\cXik\ \jgXfcÉ#;\jXZl\i[fj(%JfYi\Xik\#gfck`ZXjp\j]\iX gYc`ZX\e\c<jkX[f\jgXfc#9XiZ\cfeX#<[`Z`fe\j [\cD8:98)''+#gg%(.$.+% Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía Edificio Sabatini Santa Isabel, 52 Edificio Nouvel Plaza del Emperador Carlos V, s/n 28012 Madrid Tel. 91 774 10 00 Fax 91 774 10 56 Horarios De lunes a sábado de 10.00 a 21.00 h Domingo de 10.00 a 14.30 h Martes, cerrado La salas de exposiciones se desalojarán 15 minutos antes de la hora de cierre Biblioteca De lunes a viernes de 10.00 a 21.00 h excepto festivos Librería La Central De lunes a sábado de 10.00 a 21.00 h Domingo de 10.00 a 14.00 h Martes, cerrado Tel. 91 787 87 82 Cafetería/Restaurante De lunes a sábado de 10.00 a 21.00 h Domingo de 10.00 a 14.00 h Martes, cerrado Tel. 91 467 02 02 Otros servicios Servicio de información Visitas guiadas Visitas guiadas con intérprete en LSE Lazos de inducción magnética Programas escolares y familiares Audioguías Asistencia médica Guardarropa Teléfonos Cajero automático Parking para bicicletas